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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Рэалізацыі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Рэалізацыі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Рэалізацыі</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Рэалізацыі-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Рэалізацыі</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Рэалізацыі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ICRF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICRF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ICRF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICRF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HCRF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HCRF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>HCRF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HCRF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гл._таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гл._таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Гл. таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гл._таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Міжнародная нябесная сістэма каардынат</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 18 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نظام الإسناد الفلكي الدولي – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام الإسناد الفلكي الدولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_de_Refer%C3%A8ncia_Celeste" title="Sistema Internacional de Referència Celeste – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema Internacional de Referència Celeste" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_System" title="International Celestial Reference System – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Celestial Reference System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_System_and_its_realizations" title="International Celestial Reference System and its realizations – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="International Celestial Reference System and its realizations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Referencia_Celeste_Internacional" title="Sistema de Referencia Celeste Internacional – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de Referencia Celeste Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سامانه بین‌المللی مرجع آسمانی – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه بین‌المللی مرجع آسمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_c%C3%A9leste_international" title="Système de référence céleste international – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de référence céleste international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="国際天文基準座標系 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際天文基準座標系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRS_(astrometrija)" title="ICRS (astrometrija) – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ICRS (astrometrija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Меѓународен небесен координатен систем – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународен небесен координатен систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRS" title="ICRS – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ICRS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_de_Refer%C3%AAncia_Celeste" title="Sistema Internacional de Referência Celeste – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema Internacional de Referência Celeste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemul_Interna%C8%9Bional_de_Referin%C8%9B%C4%83_Cereasc%C4%83" title="Sistemul Internațional de Referință Cerească – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistemul Internațional de Referință Cerească" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Международная небесная система координат – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международная небесная система координат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_System" title="International Celestial Reference System – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="International Celestial Reference System" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_G%C3%B6ksel_Referans_Sistemi" title="Uluslararası Göksel Referans Sistemi – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Göksel Referans Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Міжнародна небесна система координат – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародна небесна система координат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="国际天球参考系 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际天球参考系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1666400#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Змяніць моўны варыянт" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Віды"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=history" title="Ранейшыя версіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструменты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><p><b>International Celestial Reference System</b> (ICRS, <b>Міжнародная нябесная сістэма каардынат</b> або <b>Міжнародная сістэма астранамічных каардынат</b>) — з 1998 года стандартная <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сістэма нябесных каардынат">нябесная сістэма каардынат</a>. Прынята на 23-м з'ездзе <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Міжнародны астранамічны саюз">МАС</a> ў 1997 годзе. Пачаткам адліку з'яўляецца барыцэнтр <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сонечная сістэма">Сонечнай сістэмы</a>. Каардынаты ў гэтай сістэме максімальна набліжаны да экватарыяльнай эпохі <a href="/wiki/J2000.0" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a> (разыходжанне складае долі секунды дугі). Восі сістэмы зафіксаваныя ў прасторы адносна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Квазар">квазараў</a>, якія лічацца найбольш аддаленымі аб'ектамі назіранага <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сусвет">Сусвету</a><sup id="cite_ref-icrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Іх меркаваны ўласны рух настолькі малы, што ім можна занядбаць. Укараненне сістэмы абумоўлена неабходнасцю павышэння дакладнасці астранамічных вымярэнняў да 0,05″. Атрыманая сістэма каардынат незалежная ад кручэння <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Планета Зямля">Зямлі</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Рэалізацыі"><span id=".D0.A0.D1.8D.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.96"></span>Рэалізацыі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Рэалізацыі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Рэалізацыі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Варта адзначыць, што ICRS — гэта ўсяго толькі набор дамоўленасцей і асноўных прынцыпаў пабудовы сістэмы каардынат, які ўключае выбар пункты адліку, кірункі восей, мадэлей, канстант і алгарытмаў ператварэння<sup id="cite_ref-icrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Справа ў тым, што асноўныя пункты сістэмы (галоўны полюс, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Экватар">экватар</a>, пункт адліку на экватары) на небе ніяк не пазначаныя. Таму для практычнага выкарыстання неабходна выбраць на небе некаторы колькасць апорных пунктаў (крыніц выпраменьвання), для якіх вызначыць і зафіксаваць каардынаты. У цяперашні час міжнародная нябесная сістэма каардынат рэалізавана ў выглядзе двух апорных каардынатных сістэм (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англійская мова">англ.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="en">{{{1}}}</span> Reference Frame): ICRF — у радыёдыяпазоне і HCRF — у бачным дыяпазоне. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICRF">ICRF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: ICRF" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: ICRF"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>International Celestial Reference Frame</i> (ICRF, Міжнародны набор рэпераў сістэмы астранамічных каардынат) — рэалізацыя нябеснай сістэмы каардынат ICRS ў радыёдыяпазоне <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Па сваёй сутнасці гэта каталог, які змяшчае каардынаты апорных бясконца аддаленых аб'ектаў. У каталог уваходзяць 212 пазагалактычных радыёкрыніц (квазараў), каардынаты якіх вымераныя з дакладнасцю да 1 mas (мілісекунды дугі) з дапамогай <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радыёінтэрфераметрыя са звышдоўгімі базамі (няма такой старонкі)">РСЗБ</a> назіранняў. У каталог таксама ўключаны дадаткова 396 аб'ектаў, каардынаты якіх вымераныя з меншай дакладнасцю. </p><p>Хоць агульная тэорыя адноснасці мае на ўвазе, што не існуе абсалютна інерцыйных сістэм, пазагалактычныя аб'екты, якія выкарыстоўваюцца для вызначэння ICRF, знаходзяцца настолькі далёка, што іх вуглавы рух практычна роўны нулю і ICRF з'яўляецца інерцыйнай з максімальна дасягальнай на сёння дакладнасцю. ICRF з'яўляецца стандартнай сістэмай адліку, якая выкарыстоўваецца для вызначэння пазіцый планет (уключаючы Зямлю) і іншых астранамічных аб'ектаў. Абазначэнне было прынята Міжнародным астранамічным саюзам <a href="/wiki/1_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="1 студзеня">1 студзеня</a> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998 г.</a> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HCRF">HCRF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: HCRF" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: HCRF"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У аптычным (бачным) дыяпазоне папярэдняй рэалізацыяй сістэмы быў каталог «FK5», які змяшчае каардынаты 3117 зорак, які ў <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> быў заменены каталогам «Hipparcos»<sup id="cite_ref-icrs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гл._таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гл. таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Гл. таксама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гл. таксама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сістэма нябесных каардынат">Сістэма нябесных каардынат</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нябесная сфера">Нябесная сфера</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-icrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-icrs_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icrs_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icrs_1-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Science/ICRS/ICRS.html">The International Celestial Reference System, ICRS</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/IERSHome/home.html">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></i>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65tmdrlBf?url=http://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Science/ICRS/ICRS.html">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 3 сакавіка 2012.</small> <small>Праверана 16 снежня 2011.</small></span> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="англійскай мовай">(англ.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rorf.usno.navy.mil/ICRF">The International Celestial Reference Frame</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112090650/http://rorf.usno.navy.mil/ICRF/">Архівавана</a> 12 студзеня 2008.</span></small> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="англійскай мовай">(англ.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/ICRS_doc.html">http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/ICRS_doc.html</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060805073908/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/ICRS_doc.html">Архівавана</a> 5 жніўня 2006.</span></small> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="англійскай мовай">(англ.)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Нябесная_механіка" data-name="Нябесная механіка" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Закон сусветнага прыцягнення">Закон сусветнага прыцягнення</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Законы Кеплера">Законы Кеплера</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Задача двух цел">Задача двух цел</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Задача трох цел">Задача трох цел</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_N_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Гравітацыйная задача N цел">Гравітацыйная задача N цел</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Задача Бертрана">Задача Бертрана</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ураўненне Кеплера">Ураўненне Кеплера</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нябесная сфера">Нябесная сфера</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сістэма нябесных каардынат">Сістэма нябесных каардынат</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Галактычная сістэма каардынат">галактычная</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гарызантальная сістэма каардынат">гарызантальная</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экватарыяльная сістэма каардынат">экватарыяльная</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экліптычая сістэма каардынат">экліптычая</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Міжнародная нябесная сістэма каардынат</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сферычная сістэма каардынат">Сферычная сістэма каардынат</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вось свету (астраномія) (няма такой старонкі)">Вось свету</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нябесны экватар">Нябесны экватар</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прамое ўзыходжанне">Прамое ўзыходжанне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Схіленне (астраномія)">Схіленне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экліптыка">Экліптыка</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Раўнадзенства">Раўнадзенства</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сонцастаянне">Сонцастаянне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Фундаментальная плоскасць">Фундаментальная плоскасць</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Параметры <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Арбіта">арбіт</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кеплеравы элементы арбіты">Кеплеравы элементы арбіты</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Эксцэнтрысітэт">эксцэнтрысітэт</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вялікая паўвось">вялікая паўвось</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B#Сярэдняя_анамалія" title="Кеплеравы элементы арбіты">сярэдняя анамалія</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B#Даўгата_ўзыходнага_вузла" title="Кеплеравы элементы арбіты">даўгата ўзыходнага вузла</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B#Аргумент_перыцэнтра" title="Кеплеравы элементы арбіты">аргумент перыцэнтра</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Апацэнтр і перыцэнтр">Апацэнтр і перыцэнтр</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Арбітальная скорасць">Арбітальная скорасць</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Вузел арбіты">Вузел арбіты</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Эпоха (астраномія)">Эпоха</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Рух <br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Астранамічны аб’ект">нябесных цел</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Рух Сонца і планет па нябеснай сферы">Рух Сонца і планет па нябеснай сферы</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эфемерыда">Эфемерыды</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Канфігурацыя (астраномія)">Канфігурацыі планет</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Процістаянне планеты">процістаянне</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Квадратура (астраномія)">квадратура</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Парад планет">парад планет</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кульмінацыя (астраномія)">Кульмінацыя</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сідэрычны перыяд">Сідэрычны перыяд</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Арбітальны рэзананс">Арбітальны рэзананс</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сідэрычны перыяд">Перыяд вярчэння</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Апярэджванне раўнадзенстваў">Апярэджванне раўнадзенстваў</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сінадычны перыяд">Сінадычны перыяд</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Збліжэнне">Збліжэнне</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Зацьменне">Зацьменне</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сонечнае зацьменне">сонечнае зацьменне</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Месячнае зацьменне">месячнае зацьменне</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Сарас">сарас</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Метонаў цыкл">Метонаў цыкл</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Пакрыццё (астраномія)">Пакрыццё</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Праходжанне (астраномія)">Праходжанне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лібрацыя">Лібрацыя</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Элангацыя (астраномія)">Элангацыя</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Эфект Кодзаі">Эфект Кодзаі</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Эфект Яркоўскага">Эфект Яркоўскага</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эфект Джанібекава (няма такой старонкі)">Эфект Джанібекава</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Астрадынаміка" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрадынаміка">Астрадынаміка</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82" title="Касмічны палёт">Касмічны палёт</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Касмічная скорасць">Касмічная скорасць</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Першая касмічная скорасць">першая (кругавая)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Другая касмічная скорасць">другая (парабалічная)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Трэцяя касмічная скорасць">трэцяя</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чацвёртая касмічная скорасць">чацвёртая</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Формула Цыялкоўскага (няма такой старонкі)">Формула Цыялкоўскага</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80" title="Гравітацыйны манеўр">Гравітацыйны манеўр</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гоманаўская траекторыя">Гоманаўская траекторыя</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%8E%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метад аскулюючых элементаў (няма такой старонкі)">Метад аскулюючых элементаў</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прыліўное паскарэнне">Прыліўное паскарэнне</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Змена нахілу арбіты">Змена нахілу арбіты</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стыкоўка">Стыкоўка</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Пункты Лагранжа">Пункты Лагранжа</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Эфект «Піянера»">Эфект «Піянера»</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Арбіты <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Касмічны апарат">КА</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геастацыянарная арбіта">Геастацыянарная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геліяцэнтрычная арбіта">Геліяцэнтрычная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геасінхронная арбіта">Геасінхронная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геацэнтрычная арбіта">Геацэнтрычная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Геапераходная арбіта">Геапераходная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нізкая апорная арбіта">Нізкая апорная арбіта</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палярная арбіта (няма такой старонкі)">Палярная арбіта</a></li> 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