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id="toc-Wuhan_lab_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wuhan_lab_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Wuhan lab origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wuhan_lab_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bio-weapon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-weapon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Bio-weapon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-weapon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gain-of-function_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gain-of-function_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Gain-of-function research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gain-of-function_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidental_release_of_collected_sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidental_release_of_collected_sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Accidental release of collected sample </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidental_release_of_collected_sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stolen_from_Canadian_lab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stolen_from_Canadian_lab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Stolen from Canadian lab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stolen_from_Canadian_lab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_by_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_by_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Accusations by China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_by_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_by_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_by_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Accusations by Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_by_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_by_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_by_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Accusations by other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_by_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Jewish origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Muslim_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 In the Muslim world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Muslim_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 In Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 In Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslims_spreading_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslims_spreading_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Muslims spreading virus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslims_spreading_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population-control_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population-control_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Population-control scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-control_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G_mobile_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G_mobile_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 5G mobile networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G_mobile_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_scientist_selling_virus_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_scientist_selling_virus_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 American scientist selling virus to China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_scientist_selling_virus_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteor_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteor_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Meteor origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteor_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCMI_intelligence_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCMI_intelligence_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 NCMI intelligence report </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCMI_intelligence_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCR_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCR_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 PCR testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCR_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms_and_severity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_and_severity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Symptoms and severity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_and_severity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidence_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidence_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Incidence and mortality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incidence_and_mortality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Incidence and mortality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Incidence_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_under-reporting_during_early_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_under-reporting_during_early_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Chinese under-reporting during early 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_under-reporting_during_early_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurse_whistleblower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurse_whistleblower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Nurse whistleblower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurse_whistleblower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_leak_of_death_toll_by_Tencent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_leak_of_death_toll_by_Tencent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Alleged leak of death toll by Tencent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_leak_of_death_toll_by_Tencent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_cremation_in_Wuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_cremation_in_Wuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Mass cremation in Wuhan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_cremation_in_Wuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_cellphone_subscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_cellphone_subscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Decline in cellphone subscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_cellphone_subscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_inflated_death_counts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_inflated_death_counts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Allegations of inflated death counts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_inflated_death_counts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misleading_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misleading_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Misleading Johns Hopkins News-Letter article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misleading_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misinformation_targeting_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misinformation_targeting_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Misinformation targeting Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misinformation_targeting_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misrepresented_World_Population_Project_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misrepresented_World_Population_Project_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Misrepresented World Population Project map </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misrepresented_World_Population_Project_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Casedemic"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Casedemic""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 "Casedemic" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Casedemic"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Disease spread </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disease_spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disease spread subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disease_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_herd_immunity_in_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_herd_immunity_in_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 California herd immunity in 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_herd_immunity_in_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_Zero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_Zero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Patient Zero </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_Zero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airborne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Airborne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Surfaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susceptibility_based_on_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susceptibility_based_on_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Susceptibility based on ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susceptibility_based_on_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Xenophobic_blaming_by_ethnicity_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenophobic_blaming_by_ethnicity_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Xenophobic blaming by ethnicity and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenophobic_blaming_by_ethnicity_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bat_soup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat_soup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Bat soup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat_soup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Large gatherings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifetime_of_the_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifetime_of_the_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Lifetime of the virus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifetime_of_the_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosquitoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosquitoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Mosquitoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosquitoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contaminated_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contaminated_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Contaminated objects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contaminated_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise_ships_as_safe_havens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise_ships_as_safe_havens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Cruise ships as safe havens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise_ships_as_safe_havens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breastfeeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breastfeeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Breastfeeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breastfeeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_transmission_and_infertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_transmission_and_infertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Sexual transmission and infertility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_transmission_and_infertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hand_sanitizer,_antibacterial_soaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_sanitizer,_antibacterial_soaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hand sanitizer, antibacterial soaps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_sanitizer,_antibacterial_soaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_use_of_face_masks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_use_of_face_masks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Public use of face masks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_use_of_face_masks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol,_tobacco,_and_other_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol,_tobacco,_and_other_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol,_tobacco,_and_other_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warm_or_hot_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warm_or_hot_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Warm or hot drinks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warm_or_hot_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Religious protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helicopter_spraying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopter_spraying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Helicopter spraying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopter_spraying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamin_D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Vitamin D </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Hospital conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herbal_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbal_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Herbal treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbal_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamin_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamin_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Vitamin C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_cold_and_flu_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_cold_and_flu_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Common cold and flu treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_cold_and_flu_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cow_dung_and_urine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cow_dung_and_urine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Cow dung and urine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cow_dung_and_urine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2-Deoxy-D-glucose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2-Deoxy-D-glucose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 2-Deoxy-D-glucose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2-Deoxy-D-glucose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_(TCM)_prescriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_(TCM)_prescriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_(TCM)_prescriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivermectin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivermectin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Ivermectin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivermectin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangerous_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangerous_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 Dangerous treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangerous_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.10 Silver </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mustard_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mustard_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.11 Mustard oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mustard_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Untested_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Untested_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12 Untested treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Untested_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.13 Spiritual healing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organ_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.14 Organ trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Other </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_of_the_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_of_the_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Name of the disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_of_the_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simpsons_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simpsons_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Simpsons prediction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simpsons_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Return of wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virus_remains_in_body_permanently" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus_remains_in_body_permanently"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Virus remains in body permanently </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus_remains_in_body_permanently-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_denialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_denialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 COVID-19 denialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_denialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_anti-vax_anti-China_covert_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_anti-vax_anti-China_covert_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 US anti-vax anti-China covert operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_anti-vax_anti-China_covert_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Efforts to combat misinformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efforts_to_combat_misinformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Efforts to combat misinformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_combat_misinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Wikipedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_and_scholarly_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_and_scholarly_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Newspapers and scholarly journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_and_scholarly_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Podcasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Government censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">COVID-19 misinformation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samesweringsteorie%C3%AB_oor_die_Covid-19-pandemie" title="Samesweringsteorieë oor die Covid-19-pandemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samesweringsteorieë oor die Covid-19-pandemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="معلومات مغلوطة عن جائحة فيروس كورونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معلومات مغلوطة عن جائحة فيروس كورونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কোভিড-১৯ এর বৈশ্বিক মহামারী সংক্রান্ত ভুল তথ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোভিড-১৯ এর বৈশ্বিক মহামারী সংক্রান্ত ভুল তথ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F,_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B9_COVID-19_%D1%83_2019%E2%80%942020_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дэзінфармацыя, звязаная з пандэміяй COVID-19 у 2019—2020 гадах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзінфармацыя, звязаная з пандэміяй COVID-19 у 2019—2020 гадах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinformaci%C3%B3_relacionada_amb_la_pand%C3%A8mia_de_la_COVID-19" title="Desinformació relacionada amb la pandèmia de la COVID-19 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desinformació relacionada amb la pandèmia de la COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinformace_o_pandemii_covidu-19" title="Dezinformace o pandemii covidu-19 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dezinformace o pandemii covidu-19" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falschinformationen_zur_COVID-19-Pandemie" title="Falschinformationen zur COVID-19-Pandemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Falschinformationen zur COVID-19-Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_v%C3%A4%C3%A4rinfo" title="COVID-19 väärinfo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="COVID-19 väärinfo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_COVID-19" title="Παραπληροφόρηση σχετικά με την πανδημία COVID-19 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραπληροφόρηση σχετικά με την πανδημία COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinformaci%C3%B3n_sobre_la_pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Desinformación sobre la pandemia de COVID-19 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desinformación sobre la pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemia" title="Plandemia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plandemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9" title="اطلاعات نادرست درباره دنیاگیری کووید-۱۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اطلاعات نادرست درباره دنیاگیری کووید-۱۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sinformation_sur_la_pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19" title="Désinformation sur la pandémie de Covid-19 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désinformation sur la pandémie de Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%A8%E0%AB%A6%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AF-%E0%AB%A8%E0%AB%A6_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%93" title="૨૦૧૯-૨૦ કોરોનાવાયરસના રોગચાળાને સંબંધિત ખોટી માહિતીઓ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="૨૦૧૯-૨૦ કોરોનાવાયરસના રોગચાળાને સંબંધિત ખોટી માહિતીઓ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%9819%EC%9D%98_%ED%97%88%EC%9C%84_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4" title="코로나19의 허위 정보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코로나19의 허위 정보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai_na_Covid-19" title="Bayanai na Covid-19 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bayanai na Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="COVID-19 համավարակի մասին դավադրության տեսություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="COVID-19 համավարակի մասին դավադրության տեսություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कोरोनावायरस से सम्बंधित ग़लत जानकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोरोनावायरस से सम्बंधित ग़लत जानकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformasi_Covid-19" title="Misinformasi Covid-19 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misinformasi Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformazione_sul_SARS-CoV-2" title="Disinformazione sul SARS-CoV-2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disinformazione sul SARS-CoV-2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מידע כוזב על מגפת הקורונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מידע כוזב על מגפת הקורונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კორონავირუსის გავრცელებასთან დაკავშირებული დეზინფორმაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორონავირუსის გავრცელებასთან დაკავშირებული დეზინფორმაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19-f%C3%A9lret%C3%A1j%C3%A9koztat%C3%A1s" title="Covid-19-félretájékoztatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Covid-19-félretájékoztatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D-19_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="2019–20 കോവിഡ്-19 പകർച്ചവ്യാധിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട തെറ്റായ വിവരങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="2019–20 കോവിഡ്-19 പകർച്ചവ്യാധിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട തെറ്റായ വിവരങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_2019%E2%80%932020" title="معلومات غلط عن وباء ڤايروس كورونا 2019–2020 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معلومات غلط عن وباء ڤايروس كورونا 2019–2020" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maklumat_palsu_berkaitan_pandemik_COVID-19" title="Maklumat palsu berkaitan pandemik COVID-19 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maklumat palsu berkaitan pandemik COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%AA%A4%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1" title="2019年コロナウイルス感染症流行に関連する誤情報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2019年コロナウイルス感染症流行に関連する誤情報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinformasjon_om_Covid-19" title="Desinformasjon om Covid-19 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Desinformasjon om Covid-19" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%89-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="د کوویډ-۱۹ په اړه ناسم معلومات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کوویډ-۱۹ په اړه ناسم معلومات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Desinformação na pandemia de COVID-19 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desinformação na pandemia de COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezinform%C4%83ri_privind_pandemia_de_coronaviroz%C4%83_(COVID-19)" title="Dezinformări privind pandemia de coronaviroză (COVID-19) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezinformări privind pandemia de coronaviroză (COVID-19)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_COVID-19" title="Конспирологические теории о пандемии COVID-19 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конспирологические теории о пандемии COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keqinformimi_rreth_pandemis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_COVID-19" title="Keqinformimi rreth pandemisë së COVID-19 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Keqinformimi rreth pandemisë së COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="COVID-19 misinformation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%A1%D9%A9" title="زانیاری نادروست دەربارەی پەتای جیھانیی کۆڤید-١٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانیاری نادروست دەربارەی پەتای جیھانیی کۆڤید-١٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_2019-2020_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కరోనావైరస్ మహమ్మారి 2019-2020 గురించి తప్పుడు సమాచారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కరోనావైరస్ మహమ్మారి 2019-2020 గురించి తప్పుడు సమాచారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-19" title="ข้อมูลผิดเกี่ยวกับโควิด-19 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้อมูลผิดเกี่ยวกับโควิด-19" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemisi_ile_ilgili_yanl%C4%B1%C5%9F_bilgiler" title="COVID-19 pandemisi ile ilgili yanlış bilgiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="COVID-19 pandemisi ile ilgili yanlış bilgiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97_COVID-19" title="Дезінформація щодо пандемії COVID-19 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезінформація щодо пандемії COVID-19" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-2020_%D9%8A%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3_%DB%8B%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8B%DB%95%D8%B1" title="2019-2020 يېڭى تىپتىكى تاجىسىمان ۋىرۇس ۋەھىمىسىگە مۇناسىۋەتلىك يالغان خەۋەر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="2019-2020 يېڭى تىپتىكى تاجىسىمان ۋىرۇس ۋەھىمىسىگە مۇناسىۋەتلىك يالغان خەۋەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Category:COVID-19 pandemic">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom."><img alt="Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/110px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/165px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/220px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> (virus)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt>2020</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>2021</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>2022</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">2023</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">By country and territory</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>By conveyance</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">International response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic phase of COVID-19">Endemic phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of COVID-19">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country" title="COVID-19 lockdowns by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake treatments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic">World Health Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver" title="TRIPS Agreement waiver">WTO IP waiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting of deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_apps" title="COVID-19 apps">COVID-19 apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">federal government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Medical response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests" title="Development of COVID-19 tests">Development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">VITT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Current vaccines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine" title="MVC COVID-19 vaccine">Medigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern">Variants of concern</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other variants</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 global supply chain crisis">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting">sportscasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>By country</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">US</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">By sport</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports">Combat sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football">Gridiron football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league">Rugby league</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impacts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" title="Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">Neurological and psychological symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise" title="Post-exertional malaise">Post-exertional malaise</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Society</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals" title="COVID-19 pandemic and animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19" title="Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19">Alzheimer's disease patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Black_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black people">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic">Emergency evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">Notable deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Other health issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates">Suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry">Telehealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/15px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/22px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/30px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19 portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar" title="Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/False_information" class="mw-redirect" title="False information">False information</a>, including intentional <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, about the scale of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">the origin</a>, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease has been <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media#Misinformation" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">spread through social media</a>, text messaging,<a href="#cite_note-FTTextMsg-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">mass media</a>. False information has been propagated by celebrities, politicians, and other prominent public figures. Many countries have passed laws against "<a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>", and thousands of people have been arrested for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. The spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">COVID-19 misinformation by governments</a> has also been significant. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_scams" title="COVID-19 scams">Commercial scams</a> have claimed to offer <a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">at-home tests, supposed preventives, and "miracle" cures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Several religious groups have claimed their faith will protect them from the virus.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Without evidence, some people have claimed the virus is a <a href="/wiki/Bioweapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioweapon">bioweapon</a> accidentally or deliberately leaked from a laboratory, a <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population control</a> scheme, the result of a <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spy operation</a>, or the side effect of <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> upgrades to cellular networks.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) declared an "<a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">infodemic</a>" of incorrect information about the virus that poses risks to global health.<a href="#cite_note-Lowy-5">[5]</a> While belief in conspiracy theories is not a new phenomenon, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this can lead to adverse health effects. Cognitive biases, such as jumping to conclusions and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, may be linked to the occurrence of conspiracy beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Uncertainty among experts, when combined with a lack of understanding of the scientific process by laypeople, has likewise been a factor amplifying conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In addition to health effects, harms resulting from the spread of misinformation and endorsement of conspiracy theories include increasing distrust of news organizations and medical authorities as well as divisiveness and political fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19" title="Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19">Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> In January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported on the developing issue of conspiracy theories and bad health advice regarding COVID-19. Examples at the time included false health advice shared on social media and private chats, as well as conspiracy theories such as the outbreak being planned with the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Pirbright_Institute" title="Pirbright Institute">Pirbright Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_misinfo-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In January, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> listed seven instances of misinformation, adding the conspiracy theories about bioweapons and the link to <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> technology, and including varied false health advice.<a href="#cite_note-GUAR-11">[11]</a> In an attempt to speed up research sharing, many researchers have turned to <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> servers such as <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/MedRxiv" title="MedRxiv">medRxiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a>. Papers are uploaded to these servers without <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> or any other editorial process that ensures research quality. Some of these papers have contributed to the spread of conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Preprints about COVID-19 have been extensively shared online and some data suggest that they have been used by the media almost 10 times more than preprints on other topics.<a href="#cite_note-BesançonPeiffer-Smadja2020-15">[15]</a> According to a study published by the <a href="/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism" title="Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism">Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism</a>, most misinformation related to COVID-19 involves "various forms of reconfiguration, where existing and often true information is spun, twisted, recontextualised, or reworked"; less misinformation "was completely fabricated". The study also found that "top-down misinformation from politicians, celebrities, and other prominent public figures", while accounting for a minority of the samples, captured a majority of the social media engagement. According to their classification, the largest category of misinformation (39%) was "misleading or false claims about the actions or policies of public authorities, including government and international bodies like the WHO or the UN".<a href="#cite_note-reuters-institute-16">[16]</a> In addition to social media, television and radio have been perceived as sources of misinformation. In the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> adopted an editorial line that the emergency response to the pandemic was politically motivated or otherwise unwarranted,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and presenter <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> claimed on-air that the pandemic was a "hoax" (he later issued a denial).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> When evaluated by media analysts, the effect of broadcast misinformation has been found to influence health outcomes in the population. In a <a href="/wiki/Natural_experiment" title="Natural experiment">natural experiment</a> (an experiment that takes place spontaneously, without human design or intervention), two similar television news programs that were shown on the Fox News network in February–March 2020 were compared. One program reported the effects of COVID-19 more seriously, while a second program downplayed the threat of COVID-19. The study found that audiences who were exposed to the news downplaying the threat were statistically more susceptible to increased COVID-19 infection rates and death.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_Friedman_Institute-20">[20]</a> In August 2021, television broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Australia" title="Sky News Australia">Sky News Australia</a> was criticised for posting videos on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> containing misleading medical claims about COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a> in the US has also been perceived as a source of inaccurate or misleading commentary on COVID-19. In August and September 2021, several radio hosts who had discouraged COVID-19 vaccination, or expressed skepticism toward the COVID-19 vaccine, subsequently died from COVID-19 complications, among them <a href="/wiki/Dick_Farrel" title="Dick Farrel">Dick Farrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Valentine" title="Phil Valentine">Phil Valentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Enyart" title="Bob Enyart">Bob Enyart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fahri-0901-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20210921-23">[23]</a> Misinformation on the subject of COVID-19 has been used by politicians, <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">interest groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="State actor">state actors</a> in many countries for political purposes: to avoid responsibility, scapegoat other countries, and avoid criticism of their earlier decisions. Sometimes there is a financial motive as well.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-buzzfeed_042220_origin-26">[26]</a> Multiple countries have been accused of spreading disinformation with state-backed operations in the social media in other countries to generate panic, sow distrust, and undermine democratic debate in other countries, or to promote their models of government.<a href="#cite_note-rankin-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-iran_disinformation-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-russian_disinformation-30">[30]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> study of 38 million articles in English-language media around the world found that US President <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States#Trump_administration" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">Donald Trump</a> was the single largest driver of the misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-Stolberg-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist_mistrust-32">[32]</a> Analysis published by <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> in December 2021 found that as American counties showed higher vote shares for Trump in 2020, COVID-19 vaccination rates significantly decreased and death rates significantly increased. NPR attributed the findings to misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virus_origin">Virus origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">Investigations into the origin of COVID-19</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The consensus among <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virologists</a> is that the most likely <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus</a> to be natural <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">crossover from animals</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Spillover_infection" title="Spillover infection">spilled-over</a> into the human population from bats, possibly through an intermediate animal host, although the exact transmission pathway has not been determined.<a href="#cite_note-zoum-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatureDivisive-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-barh-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomic</a> evidence suggests an ancestor virus of SARS-CoV-2 originated in <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatureDivisive-35">[35]</a> An alternative hypothesis under investigation, deemed unlikely by the majority of virologists given a lack of evidence, is that the virus may have accidentally escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> in the course of standard research.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frutos2021-39">[39]</a> A poll in July 2021 found that 52% of US adults believe COVID-19 escaped from a lab.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Unsubstantiated speculation and conspiracy theories related to this topic have gained popularity during the pandemic. Common conspiracy theories state that the virus was intentionally engineered, either as a bio-weapon or to profit from the sale of vaccines. According to the World Health Organization, genetic manipulation has been ruled out by genomic analysis.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hakim-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Many other origin stories have also been told, ranging from claims of secret plots by political opponents to a conspiracy theory about mobile phones. In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that a third of Americans believed COVID-19 had been created in a lab, and a quarter thought it had been engineered intentionally.<a href="#cite_note-AP20210215-43">[43]</a> The spread of these conspiracy theories is magnified through mutual distrust and animosity, as well as nationalism and the use of propaganda campaigns for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The promotion of misinformation has been used by American far-right groups such as <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a>, by rightwing outlets such as Fox News, by former US President Donald Trump and also other prominent Republicans to stoke anti-China sentiments,<a href="#cite_note-Bannon-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrumpMuddled-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP20210215-43">[43]</a> and has led to increased anti-Asian activity on social media and in the real world.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This has also resulted in the bullying of scientists and public health officials, both online and in-person,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> fueled by a highly political and oftentimes toxic debate on many issues.<a href="#cite_note-NatureDivisive-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Such spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories has the potential to negatively affect public health and diminish trust in governments and medical professionals.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The resurgence of the lab leak and other theories was fueled in part by the publication, in May 2021, of early emails between National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) director <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> and scientists discussing the issue. Per the emails in question, Kristian Andersen (author of one study debunking genomic manipulation theories) had heavily considered the possibility, and emailed Fauci proposing possible mechanisms, before ruling out deliberate manipulation with deeper technical analysis.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianNewStudies-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> These emails were later misconstrued and used by critics to claim a conspiracy was occurring.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The ensuing controversy became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Proximal_Origin" title="Proximal Origin">Proximal Origin</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> However, despite claims to the contrary in some US newspapers, no new evidence has surfaced to support any theory of a laboratory accident, and the majority of peer-reviewed research points to a natural origin. This parallels previous outbreaks of novel diseases, such as HIV, SARS and H1N1, which have also been the subject of allegations of laboratory origin.<a href="#cite_note-LingForeign2021-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski_revisit-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wuhan_lab_origin">Wuhan lab origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about misinformation related to the Wuhan laboratory origin idea. For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">COVID-19 lab leak theory</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CCP virus", "CPC virus", "Chinese Communist Party virus", and "Communist Party of China virus" redirect here. For the virus that these names refer to, see <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a>. For the disease that the virus causes, see <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bio-weapon">Bio-weapon</h4></div> One early source of the bio-weapon origin theory was former <a href="/wiki/Israeli_secret_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli secret service">Israeli secret service</a> officer Dany Shoham, who gave an interview to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosafety level 4">biosafety level 4</a> (BSL-4) laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-66">[66]</a> A scientist from Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Li-Meng_Yan" title="Li-Meng Yan">Li-Meng Yan</a>, fled China and released a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> stating the virus was modified in a lab rather than having a natural evolution. In an ad hoc peer-review (as the paper was not submitted for traditional peer review as part of the standard scientific publishing process), her claims were labelled as misleading, unscientific, and an unethical promotion of "essentially conspiracy theories that are not founded in fact".<a href="#cite_note-RRC19⁃0-67">[67]</a> Yan's paper was funded by the Rule of Law Society and the Rule of Law Foundation, two non-profits linked to <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, a former Trump strategist, and <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wengui" title="Guo Wengui">Guo Wengui</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> Chinese billionaire.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This misinformation was further seized on by the American far-right, who have been known to promote <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">distrust of China</a>. In effect, this formed "a fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">echo chamber</a> for misinformation".<a href="#cite_note-Bannon-45">[45]</a> The idea of SARS-CoV-2 as a lab-engineered weapon is an element of the <a href="/wiki/Plandemic" title="Plandemic">Plandemic</a> conspiracy theory, which proposes that it was deliberately released by China.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski_revisit-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a>, an anti-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) newspaper affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>, has spread misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic in print and via social media including Facebook and YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-70">[70]</a> It has promoted anti-CCP rhetoric and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Misinformation_regarding_virus_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">conspiracy theories</a> around the coronavirus outbreak, for example through an 8-page special edition called "How the Chinese Communist Party Endangered the World", which was distributed unsolicited in April 2020 to mail customers in areas of the United States, Canada, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-:10-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2</a> virus is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</abbr></a> virus", and a commentary in the newspaper posed the question, "is the novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan an accident occasioned by weaponizing the virus at that [Wuhan P4 virology] lab?"<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-71">[71]</a> The paper's editorial board suggested that COVID-19 patients cure themselves by "condemning the <abbr title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</abbr>" and "maybe a miracle will happen".<a href="#cite_note-DB_Kitze-73">[73]</a> In response to the propagation of theories in the US of a Wuhan lab origin, the Chinese government promulgated the conspiracy theory that the virus was developed by the United States army at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[75]</a> The conspiracy theory was also promoted by British MP <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bridgen" title="Andrew Bridgen">Andrew Bridgen</a> in March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gain-of-function_research">Gain-of-function research</h4></div> One idea used to support a laboratory origin invokes previous <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_research" title="Gain-of-function research">gain-of-function research</a> on coronaviruses. Virologist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rasmussen" title="Angela Rasmussen">Angela Rasmussen</a> argued that this is unlikely, due to the intense scrutiny and government oversight gain-of-function research is subject to, and that it is improbable that research on hard-to-obtain coronaviruses could occur under the radar.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The exact meaning of "gain of function" is disputed among experts.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-78">[78]</a> In May 2020, Fox News host <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> accused Anthony Fauci of having "funded the creation of COVID" through gain-of-function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV).<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-77">[77]</a> Citing an essay by science writer <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wade" title="Nicholas Wade">Nicholas Wade</a>, Carlson alleged that Fauci had directed research to make bat viruses more infectious to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Dapcevich_GOF-79">[79]</a> In a hearing the next day, US senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> alleged that the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) had been funding gain-of-function research in Wuhan, accusing researchers including epidemiologist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Baric">Ralph Baric</a> of creating "super-viruses".<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-80">[80]</a> Both Fauci and NIH Director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> have denied that the US government supported such research.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_L-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dapcevich_GOF-79">[79]</a> Baric likewise rejected Paul's allegations, saying that his lab's research into the potential in bat coronaviruses for cross-species transmission was not deemed gain-of-function by NIH or the University of North Carolina, where he works.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-80">[80]</a> A 2017 study of <a href="/wiki/Chimeric_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimeric virus">chimeric</a> bat coronaviruses at the WIV listed NIH as a sponsor; however, NIH funding was only related to sample collection. Based on this and other evidence, The Washington Post rated the claim of an NIH connection to gain-of-function research on coronaviruses as "two pinocchios",<a href="#cite_note-Kessler_flap-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kessler_Oct_2021-81">[81]</a> representing "significant omissions and/or exaggerations".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accidental_release_of_collected_sample">Accidental release of collected sample</h4></div> Another theory suggests the virus arose in humans from an accidental infection of laboratory workers by a natural sample.<a href="#cite_note-Frutos2021-39">[39]</a> Unfounded online speculation about this scenario has been widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim-36">[36]</a> In March 2021, an investigatory report released by the WHO described this scenario as "extremely unlikely" and not supported by any available evidence.<a href="#cite_note-WHOJoint-83">[83]</a> The report acknowledged, however, that the possibility cannot be ruled out without further evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Frutos2021-39">[39]</a> The investigation behind this report operated as a joint collaboration between Chinese and international scientists.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> At the release briefing for the report, WHO Director-General <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a> reiterated the report's calls for a deeper probe into all evaluated possibilities, including the laboratory origin scenario.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The study and report were criticised by heads of state from the US, the EU, and other WHO member countries for a lack of transparency and incomplete access to data.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Further investigations have also been requested by some scientists, including Anthony Fauci and signatories of a letter published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Since May 2021, some media organizations softened previous language that described the laboratory leak theory as "debunked" or a "conspiracy theory".<a href="#cite_note-media_face_hard_questions-91">[91]</a> On the other hand, scientific opinion that an accidental leak is possible, but unlikely, has remained steady.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatureDivisive-35">[35]</a> A number of journalists and scientists have said that they dismissed or avoided discussing the lab leak theory during the first year of the pandemic as a result of perceived polarization resulting from Donald Trump's embrace of the theory.<a href="#cite_note-media_face_hard_questions-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrumpMuddled-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-UnravelingOrigins-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stolen_from_Canadian_lab">Stolen from Canadian lab</h3></div> Some social media users have alleged that COVID-19 was stolen from a Canadian virus research lab by Chinese scientists. <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada</a> said that this had "no factual basis".<a href="#cite_note-nofact-95">[95]</a> The stories seem to have been derived from a July 2019 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> news article stating that some Chinese researchers had their security access to the <a href="/wiki/National_Microbiology_Laboratory" title="National Microbiology Laboratory">National Microbiology Laboratory</a> in Winnipeg, a <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4" title="Biosafety level">Level 4</a> virology lab, revoked after a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> investigation.<a href="#cite_note-escorted-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-buzz_doxx-97">[97]</a> Canadian officials described this as an administrative matter and said there was no risk to the Canadian public.<a href="#cite_note-escorted-96">[96]</a> Responding to the conspiracy theories, the CBC stated that its articles "never claimed the two scientists were spies, or that they brought any version of [a] coronavirus to the lab in Wuhan". While pathogen samples were transferred from the lab in Winnipeg to Beijing in March 2019, neither of the samples contained a coronavirus. The Public Health Agency of Canada has stated that the shipment conformed to all federal policies, and that the researchers in question are still under investigation, and thus it cannot be confirmed nor denied that these two were responsible for sending the shipment. The location of the researchers under investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police has also not been released.<a href="#cite_note-nofact-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200128factcheck-99">[99]</a> In a January 2020 press conference, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>, when asked about the case, stated that he could not comment specifically on it, but expressed concerns about "increased efforts by the nations to spy on NATO allies in different ways".<a href="#cite_note-Shoham-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_by_China">Accusations by China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19 misinformation by China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations and information warfare</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, conspiracy theories exist on China's internet about COVID-19 being created by the CIA in order to "keep China down".<a href="#cite_note-20200208economist-101">[101]</a> According to an investigation by <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>, such conspiracy theories and disinformation have been propagated under the direction of <a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a>, the country's second largest government-owned media outlet controlled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200326propublica-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> have similarly been implicated in propagating disinformation related to COVID-19's origins.<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> however has noted that there have also been debunking efforts of US-related conspiracy theories posted online, with a WeChat search of "Coronavirus [disease 2019] is from the U.S." reported to mostly yield articles explaining why such claims are unreasonable.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1151291-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[a]</a> In March 2020, two spokesmen for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geng_Shuang" title="Geng Shuang">Geng Shuang</a>, alleged at a press conference that Western powers may have "bio-engineered" COVID-19. They were alluding that the US Army created and spread COVID-19, allegedly during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Military_World_Games" title="2019 Military World Games">2019 Military World Games in Wuhan</a>, where numerous cases of <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">influenza-like illness</a> were reported.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2020-03-18-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A member of the U.S. military athletics delegation based at Fort Belvoir, who competed in the <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">50mi Road Race</a> at the Wuhan games, became the subject of online targeting by netizens accusing her of being "<a href="#Patient_Zero">patient zero</a>" of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, and was later interviewed by CNN, to clear her name from the "false accusations in starting the pandemic".<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Hua_Chunying" title="Hua Chunying">Hua Chunying</a> renewed the conspiracy theory from Zhao Lijian and Geng Shuang that the SARS-CoV-2 virus originating in the United States at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">U.S. biological weapons lab</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detrick" title="Fort Detrick">Fort Detrick</a>. This conspiracy theory quickly went trending on the Chinese social media platform Weibo, and Hua Chunying continued to cite evidence on Twitter, while asking the government of the United States to open up Fort Detrick for further investigation to determine if it is the source of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Davidson-122">[121]</a> In August 2021, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman repeatedly used an official podium to elevate the Fort Detrick's origin unproven idea.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> According to a report from <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, Chinese diplomats and government officials in concert with China's propaganda apparatus and covert networks of online agitators and influencers have responded, focused on repeating <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a>'s allegation relating to Fort Detrick in Maryland, and the "over 200 U.S. biolabs" around the world.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_by_Russia">Accusations by Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare by Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the Russian Federation">Propaganda in the Russian Federation</a></div> In February 2020, US officials alleged that Russia is behind an ongoing disinformation campaign, using thousands of social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> to deliberately promote unfounded conspiracy theories, claiming the virus is a biological weapon manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and the US is waging economic war on China using the virus.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-rus-disinfo-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-scmp3051939-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo171730161-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[b]</a> In March 2022, amid the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the Russian Defense Ministry stated that US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a>, as well as billionaire <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, were closely tied to Ukrainian biolabs. American right-wing media personalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, highlighted the story, while Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid Global Times further stated that the labs had been studying bat coronaviruses, which spread widely on the Chinese internet for insinuating that the United States had created SARS-CoV-19 in Ukrainian laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_by_other_countries">Accusations by other countries</h3></div> According to Washington, DC-based nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute</a>, numerous writers in the Arabic press have promoted the conspiracy theory that COVID-19, as well as SARS and the swine flu virus, were deliberately created and spread to sell vaccines against these diseases, and it is "part of an economic and psychological war waged by the U.S. against China with the aim of weakening it and presenting it as a backward country and a source of diseases".<a href="#cite_note-MEMRI-arab-disinfo-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[c]</a> Accusations in Turkey of Americans creating the virus as a weapon have been reported,<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll from August 2020 found that 37% of Turkish respondents believed the US government was responsible for creating and spreading the virus.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reza_malekzadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Reza_malekzadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reza_Malekzadeh" title="Reza Malekzadeh">Reza Malekzadeh</a>, Iran's deputy health minister, rejected bioterrorism theories.</figcaption></figure> An Iranian cleric in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> said <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> targeted the city with coronavirus "to damage its culture and honor".<a href="#cite_note-radiofarda30449087-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reza_Malekzadeh" title="Reza Malekzadeh">Reza Malekzadeh</a>, Iran's deputy health minister and former Minister of Health, rejected claims that the virus was a biological weapon, pointing out that the US would be suffering heavily from it. He said Iran was hard-hit because its close ties to China and reluctance to cut air ties introduced the virus, and because early cases had been mistaken for influenza.<a href="#cite_note-20200314alarabiyaA-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[d]</a> In Iraq, pro-Iranian social media users waged a Twitter campaign during Trump's Presidency to end U.S. presence in the country by blaming it for the virus. The campaign centered around hashtags such as #Bases_of_the_American_pandemic and #Coronavirus_is_Trump's_weapon. A March 2020 survey by <a href="/wiki/USCENTCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="USCENTCOM">USCENTCOM</a> found that 67% of Iraqi respondents believed a foreign force was behind COVID-19, with 72% of them naming the USA as that force.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Theories blaming the USA have also circulated in the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-155">[e]</a> Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-158">[f]</a> and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> An October 2020 <a href="/wiki/Globsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Globsec">Globsec</a> poll of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries found that 38% of respondents in Montenegro and Serbia, 37% of those in North Macedonia, and 33% in Bulgaria believed the USA deliberately created COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_origin">Jewish origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">Antisemitic canard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Muslim_world">In the Muslim world</h4></div> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a> asserted that "<a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran."<a href="#cite_note-ptv-162">[156]</a> Similarly, some Arab media outlets accused Israel and the United States of creating and spreading COVID-19, <a href="/wiki/Avian_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian flu">avian flu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpost617021-163">[157]</a> Users on social media offered other theories, including the allegation that Jews had manufactured COVID-19 to precipitate a global stock market collapse and thereby profit via <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>,<a href="#cite_note-forward441421-164">[158]</a> while a guest on Turkish television posited a more ambitious scenario in which Jews and Zionists had created COVID-19, avian flu, and <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> to "design the world, seize countries, [and] neuter the world's population".<a href="#cite_note-20200314timesofisrael-165">[159]</a> Turkish politician <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Erbakan" title="Fatih Erbakan">Fatih Erbakan</a> reportedly said in a speech: "Though we do not have certain evidence, this virus serves Zionism's goals of decreasing the number of people and preventing it from increasing, and important research expresses this."<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> Israeli attempts to develop a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a> prompted negative reactions in Iran. Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Naser_Makarem_Shirazi" title="Naser Makarem Shirazi">Naser Makarem Shirazi</a> denied initial reports that he had ruled that a Zionist-made vaccine would be <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jpost621230-167">[161]</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a> journalist tweeted that "I'd rather take my chances with the virus than consume an Israeli vaccine."<a href="#cite_note-jpost620900-168">[162]</a> A columnist for the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Yeni_Akit" title="Yeni Akit">Yeni Akit</a> asserted that such a vaccine could be a ruse to carry out <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">mass sterilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpost621393-169">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h4></div> An alert by the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> regarding the possible threat of far-right extremists intentionally spreading COVID-19 mentioned blame being assigned to Jews and Jewish leaders for causing the pandemic and several statewide shutdowns.<a href="#cite_note-go69737522-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h4></div> Flyers have been found on German tram cars, falsely blaming Jews for the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> In April 2022, two members of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsb%C3%BCrger_movement" title="Reichsbürger movement">Reichsbürger movement</a> (later implicated in the <a href="/wiki/2022_German_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_plot" title="2022 German coup d'état plot">2022 German coup d'état plot</a>) were charged with conspiring to kidnap the German health minister <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lauterbach" title="Karl Lauterbach">Karl Lauterbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Britain">In Britain</h4></div> According to a study carried out by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in early 2020, nearly one-fifth of respondents in England believed to some extent that Jews were responsible for creating or spreading the virus with the motive of financial gain.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslims_spreading_virus">Muslims spreading virus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_coronavirus_hotspot_in_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi">2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi</a></div> In India, Muslims have been blamed for spreading infection following the emergence of cases linked to a <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a> religious gathering.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1496011-175">[169]</a> There are reports of vilification of Muslims on social media and attacks on individuals in India.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost8231371-176">[170]</a> Claims have been made that Muslims are selling food contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 and that a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> was sheltering people from Italy and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> These claims were shown to be false.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> In the UK, there are reports of far-right groups blaming Muslims for the pandemic and falsely claiming that mosques remained open after the national ban on large gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-20200405theguardian-179">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population-control_scheme">Population-control scheme</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#RFID_chips" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories § RFID chips</a></div> According to the BBC, Jordan Sather, a <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> supporting the <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> conspiracy theory and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vax</a> movement, has falsely claimed that the outbreak was a population-control scheme created by the <a href="/wiki/Pirbright_Institute" title="Pirbright Institute">Pirbright Institute</a> in England and by former <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_misinfo-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200123buzzfeednews-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Piers_Corbyn" title="Piers Corbyn">Piers Corbyn</a> was described as "dangerous" by physician and broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Jones_(doctor)" title="Hilary Jones (doctor)">Hilary Jones</a> during their joint interview on <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_(2014_TV_programme)" title="Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)">Good Morning Britain</a> in early September 2020. Corbyn described COVID-19 as a "psychological operation to close down the economy in the interests of mega-corporations" and stated "vaccines cause death".<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5G_mobile_networks"> 5G mobile networks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG/220px-BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG/330px-BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG/440px-BT_Openreach_Engineer_Up_Pole_2012_May_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Openreach" title="Openreach">Openreach</a> engineers appealed on anti-5G Facebook groups, saying they are not involved in mobile networks, and workplace abuse is making it difficult for them to maintain phonelines and broadband.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg/220px-2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg/330px-2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg/440px-2019-07-21_-_Vodafone_5G_Standort_Hattstedt_-_5G_Sektor0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>5G towers have been burned by people falsely blaming them for COVID-19.</figcaption></figure> The first conspiracy theories purporting a link between COVID-19 and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> mobile networks had already appeared by the end of January 2020. Such claims spread rapidly on social media networks, leading to the spread of misinformation in what has been likened to a "digital wildfire".<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> In March 2020, Thomas Cowan, a <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">holistic medical practitioner</a> who trained as a physician and operates on probation with the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Board_of_California" title="Medical Board of California">Medical Board of California</a>, alleged that COVID-19 is caused by 5G. He based this on the claims that <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">African countries had not been affected significantly by the pandemic</a> and Africa was not a 5G region.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-5g-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc-5g-185">[179]</a> Cowan also falsely alleged that the viruses were waste from <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that were poisoned by electromagnetic fields, and that historical viral pandemics coincided with major developments in radio technology.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-5g-185">[179]</a> The video of Cowan's claims went viral and was recirculated by celebrities, including <a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cusack" title="John Cusack">John Cusack</a>, and singer <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hilson" title="Keri Hilson">Keri Hilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> The claims may also have been recirculated by an alleged "coordinated disinformation campaign", similar to campaigns used by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg, Russia">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> The claims were criticized on social media and debunked by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reuters-5g-188">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>,<a href="#cite_note-usatoday2873731001-189">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a><a href="#cite_note-20200313fullfact-190">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a> executive director <a href="/wiki/Georges_C._Benjamin" title="Georges C. Benjamin">Georges C. Benjamin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-5g-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffington-5g-191">[185]</a> Cowan's claims were repeated by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Steele_(conspiracy_theorist)" title="Mark Steele (conspiracy theorist)">Mark Steele</a>, a conspiracy theorist who claimed to have first-hand knowledge that 5G was in fact a weapon system capable of causing symptoms identical to those produced by the virus.<a href="#cite_note-VICE_2020_my_dad-192">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Shemirani" title="Kate Shemirani">Kate Shemirani</a>, a former nurse who had been struck off the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">UK nursing registry</a> and had become a promoter of conspiracy theories, repeatedly claimed that these symptoms were identical to those produced by exposure to electromagnetic fields.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> Steve Powis, national medical director of <a href="/wiki/NHS_England" title="NHS England">NHS England</a>, described theories linking 5G mobile-phone networks to COVID-19 as the "worst kind of fake news".<a href="#cite_note-ie-mast-fires-surge-in-the-uk-over-easter-weekend-amid-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-195">[189]</a> Viruses cannot be transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, and COVID-19 has spread and continues to spread in many countries that do not have 5G networks.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> There were 20 suspected arson attacks on phone masts in the UK over the 2020 Easter weekend.<a href="#cite_note-ie-mast-fires-surge-in-the-uk-over-easter-weekend-amid-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-195">[189]</a> These included an incident in <a href="/wiki/Dagenham" title="Dagenham">Dagenham</a> where three men were arrested on suspicion of arson, a fire in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> that affected a mast used by emergency services, and a fire in a mast that provides mobile connectivity to the <a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ie-mast-fires-surge-in-the-uk-over-easter-weekend-amid-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-195">[189]</a> Some telecom engineers reported threats of violence, including threats to stab and murder them, by individuals who believe them to be working on 5G networks.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-murder-threats-to-telecoms-engineers-197">[191]</a> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a> and fire services were called to fires at 5G masts in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-tj-5g-masts-set-on-fire-donegal-198">[192]</a> The Gardaí were treating the fires as arson.<a href="#cite_note-tj-5g-masts-set-on-fire-donegal-198">[192]</a> After the arson attacks, British Cabinet Office Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> said the theory that COVID-19 virus may be spread by 5G wireless communication is "just nonsense, dangerous nonsense as well".<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Telecommunications provider <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_UK" title="Vodafone UK">Vodafone</a> announced that two Vodafone masts and two it shares with <a href="/wiki/O2_(UK)" title="O2 (UK)">O2</a>, another provider, had been targeted.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> By April 2020, at least 20 mobile-phone masts in the UK had been vandalised.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-at-least-20-uk-phone-masts-vandalised-over-false-5g-coronavirus-claims-202">[196]</a> Because of the slow rollout of 5G in the UK, many of the damaged masts had only 3G and 4G equipment.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-at-least-20-uk-phone-masts-vandalised-over-false-5g-coronavirus-claims-202">[196]</a> Mobile-phone and home broadband operators estimated there were at least 30 incidents where engineers maintaining equipment were confronted in the week up to 6 April.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-at-least-20-uk-phone-masts-vandalised-over-false-5g-coronavirus-claims-202">[196]</a> As of 30 May, there had been 29 incidents of attempted arson at mobile-phone masts in the Netherlands, including one case where "Fuck 5G" was written.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> There have also been incidents in Ireland and Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Facebook has deleted messages encouraging attacks on 5G equipment.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-at-least-20-uk-phone-masts-vandalised-over-false-5g-coronavirus-claims-202">[196]</a> Engineers working for <a href="/wiki/Openreach" title="Openreach">Openreach</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a>, posted pleas on anti-5G Facebook groups asking to be spared abuse as they are not involved with maintaining mobile networks.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-broadband-engineers-threatened-due-to-5g-coronavirus-conspiracies-206">[200]</a> Industry lobby group Mobile UK said the incidents were affecting the maintenance of networks that support home working and provide critical connections to vulnerable customers, emergency services, and hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-broadband-engineers-threatened-due-to-5g-coronavirus-conspiracies-206">[200]</a> A widely circulated video showed a woman accusing employees of broadband company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_Fibre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community Fibre (page does not exist)">Community Fibre</a> of installing 5G as part of a plan to kill the population.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-broadband-engineers-threatened-due-to-5g-coronavirus-conspiracies-206">[200]</a> Of those who believed that 5G networks caused COVID-19 symptoms, 60% stated that much of their knowledge about the virus came from YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> In April 2020, YouTube announced that it would reduce the amount of content claiming links between 5G and COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory-200">[194]</a> Videos that are conspiratorial about 5G that do not mention COVID-19 would not be removed, though they might be considered "borderline content" and therefore removed from search recommendations, losing advertising revenue.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-youtube-to-suppress-content-spreading-coronavirus-5g-conspiracy-theory-200">[194]</a> The discredited claims had been circulated by British conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a> in videos (subsequently removed) on YouTube and <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>, and an interview by <a href="/wiki/London_Live_(TV_channel)" title="London Live (TV channel)">London Live</a> TV network, prompting calls for action by <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc52198946-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-extremetech308888-209">[203]</a> It took YouTube on average 41 days to remove Covid-related videos containing false information in the first half of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Ofcom issued guidance to <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (TV channel)">ITV</a> following comments by <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes" title="Eamonn Holmes">Eamonn Holmes</a> about 5G and COVID-19 on <a href="/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)" title="This Morning (TV programme)">This Morning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-ofcom-rules-on-eamonn-holmes-and-david-icke-comments-211">[205]</a> Ofcom said the comments were "ambiguous" and "ill-judged" and they "risked undermining viewers' trust in advice from public authorities and scientific evidence".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-ofcom-rules-on-eamonn-holmes-and-david-icke-comments-211">[205]</a> Ofcom also found local channel London Live in breach of standards for an interview it had with David Icke. It said that he had "expressed views which had the potential to cause significant harm to viewers in London during the pandemic".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-ofcom-rules-on-eamonn-holmes-and-david-icke-comments-211">[205]</a> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> revealed that Jonathan Jones, an evangelical pastor from <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, had provided the male voice on a recording blaming 5G for deaths caused by COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-vodafone-exec-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-video-revealed-pastor-luton-jonathon-james-212">[206]</a> He claimed to have formerly headed the largest business unit at Vodafone, but insiders at the company said that he was hired for a sales position in 2014 when 5G was not a priority for the company and that 5G would not have been part of his job.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-vodafone-exec-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-video-revealed-pastor-luton-jonathon-james-212">[206]</a> He had left Vodafone after less than a year.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-vodafone-exec-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-video-revealed-pastor-luton-jonathon-james-212">[206]</a> A tweet started an internet meme that <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_%C2%A320_note" title="Bank of England £20 note">£20 banknotes</a> contained a picture of a 5G mast and the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> virus. Facebook and YouTube removed items pushing this story, and <a href="/wiki/Fact_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact checking">fact checking</a> organisations established that the picture is of <a href="/wiki/Margate_Lighthouse" title="Margate Lighthouse">Margate Lighthouse</a> and the "virus" is the staircase at the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_scientist_selling_virus_to_China">American scientist selling virus to China</h3></div> In April 2020, rumors circulated on Facebook, alleging that the US Government had "just discovered and arrested" <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lieber" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lieber">Charles Lieber</a>, chair of the Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> for "manufacturing and selling" the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) to China. According to a report from <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, posts spreading the rumor were shared in multiple languages over 79,000 times on Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Lieber was arrested in January 2020, and later charged with two federal counts of making an allegedly false statement about his links to a Chinese university, unrelated to the virus. The rumor of Lieber, a chemist in an area entirely unrelated to the virus research, developing COVID-19 and selling it to China has been discredited.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteor_origin">Meteor origin</h3></div> In 2020, a group of researchers that included <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Steele" title="Edward J. Steele">Edward J. Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Wickramasinghe" title="Chandra Wickramasinghe">Chandra Wickramasinghe</a>, the foremost living proponent of <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">panspermia</a>, speculated in ten research papers that COVID-19 originated from a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteor</a> spotted as a bright fireball over the city of <a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a> in Northeast China in October 2019 and that a fragment of the meteor landed in the Wuhan area, which started the first COVID-19 outbreaks. However, the group of researchers did not provide any direct evidence proving this conjecture.<a href="#cite_note-Wild_theory-218">[212]</a> In an August 2020 article, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy.com">Astronomy.com</a> called the meteor origin conjecture "so remarkable that it makes the others look boring by comparison".<a href="#cite_note-Wild_theory-218">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NCMI_intelligence_report">NCMI intelligence report</h3></div> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> reported that, in November 2019, "U.S. intelligence officials were warning that a contagion was sweeping through China's Wuhan region, changing the patterns of life and business and posing a threat to the population". The article stated that the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Medical_Intelligence" title="National Center for Medical Intelligence">National Center for Medical Intelligence</a> (NCMI), had produced an intelligence report in November 2019 which raised concerns about the situation. The director of the NCMI, Col. R. Shane Day said "media reporting about the existence/release of a National Center for Medical Intelligence Coronavirus-related product/assessment in November 2019 is not correct. No such NCMI product exists".<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PCR_testing"> PCR testing</h2></div> Social media posts have falsely claimed that <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR), said that <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2</a> does not work. Mullis, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for the invention of PCR, died in August 2019 before the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and never made these statements.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_inventor-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAP_inventor-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Full_Fact_inventor-223">[217]</a> Several posts claim Mullis said "PCR tests cannot detect free infectious viruses at all",<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_inventor-221">[215]</a> that PCR testing was designed to detect any non-human DNA<a href="#cite_note-AAP_inventor-222">[216]</a> or the DNA and RNA of the person being tested,<a href="#cite_note-Full_Fact_inventor-223">[217]</a> or that the process of DNA amplification used in PCR will lead to contamination of the samples.<a href="#cite_note-AAP_inventor-222">[216]</a> A video of a 1997 interview with Mullis has also been widely circulated, in which Mullis says PCR will find "anything"; the video description asserts that this means PCR cannot be used to reliably detect SARS-CoV-2.<a href="#cite_note-Poynter_PCR-224">[218]</a> In reality, the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction">reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</a> (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 is highly sensitive to the virus, and testing laboratories have controls in place to prevent and detect contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_inventor-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAP_inventor-222">[216]</a> However, the tests only reveal the presence of the virus and not whether it remains infectious.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_inventor-221">[215]</a> A claim attributed to the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Public_Health" title="Federal Office of Public Health">Federal Office of Public Health</a> that PCR testing is fraudulent became popular in the Philippines and remains a widespread belief. According to a report from <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>, research associate Joshua Miguel Danac of the University of the Philippines' <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Molecular_Biology_and_Biotechnology" title="National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology">National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology</a> debunked the claim, calling PCR tests "the gold standard for diagnosis".<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Fake testing and perception of fake testing remains a problem in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms_and_severity">Symptoms and severity</h2></div> In early 2020, there were a number of viral photos and videos that were mischaracterized as showing an extreme severity to COVID-19 exposure. In January and February 2020, a number of videos from China were circulated on social media that purported to show people infected with COVID-19 either suddenly collapsing, or having already collapsed, on the street.<a href="#cite_note-are_people_collapsing-227">[221]</a> Some of these videos were republished or referenced by some tabloid newspapers, including the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-are_people_collapsing-227">[221]</a> However, the people in these videos are generally believed to have been suffering from something other than COVID-19, such as one who was drunk.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> A video from February 2020 purported to be of dead COVID-19 victims in China was actually a video from <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> of people sleeping on the street.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Similarly, a photo that circulated in March 2020 of dozens of people lying down in the street, purported to be of COVID-19 victims in either China or Italy, was in fact a photo of living people from a 2014 art project in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidence_and_mortality">Incidence and mortality</h2></div> Correctly reporting the number of people who were sick or who had died was difficult, especially during the earliest days of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-FAX_machines-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_China">In China</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_under-reporting_during_early_2020">Chinese under-reporting during early 2020</h4></div> Leaked documents show that China's public reporting of cases gave an incomplete picture during the early stages of the pandemic. For example, in February 2020, China publicly reported 2,478 new confirmed cases. However, confidential internal documents that later leaked to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> showed 5,918 new cases in February. These were broken down as 2,345 confirmed cases[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is in the same ballpark as the official report of 'confirmed' cases, it's unclear that this is really 'underreporting'. This kind of underreporting probably can be said about most of the places throughout the world because not even the 'clicnically diagnosed' cases get confirmed especially when there is little capacity to test. Should provide more information why it is 'willful' misreporting. (February 2021)">clarification needed</a>], 1,772 clinically diagnosed cases and 1,796 suspected cases.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nurse_whistleblower">Nurse whistleblower</h4></div> In January 2020, a video circulated online appearing to be of a nurse named Jin Hui<a href="#cite_note-theinitium20200130-234">[228]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, describing a far more dire situation in Wuhan than reported by Chinese officials. However, the BBC said that, contrary to its English subtitles in one of the video's existing versions, the woman does not claim to be either a nurse or a doctor in the video and that her suit and mask do not match the ones worn by medical staff in Hubei.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_misinfo-9">[9]</a> The video claimed that more than 90,000 people had been infected with the virus in China, that the virus could spread from one person to 14 people (<a href="/wiki/R_number" class="mw-redirect" title="R number">R0</a> = 14) and that the virus was starting a second mutation.<a href="#cite_note-:Ghaffary-235">[229]</a> The video attracted millions of views on various social media platforms and was mentioned in numerous online reports. The claimed R0 of 14 in the video was noted by the BBC to be inconsistent with the expert estimation of 1.4 to 2.5 at that time.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> The video's claim of 90,000 infected cases was noted to be 'unsubstantiated'.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_misinfo-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Ghaffary-235">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_leak_of_death_toll_by_Tencent">Alleged leak of death toll by Tencent</h4></div> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_News" title="Taiwan News">Taiwan News</a> published an article claiming that <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> may have accidentally leaked the real numbers of death and infection in China. Taiwan News suggested that the Tencent Epidemic Situation Tracker had briefly showed infected cases and death tolls many times higher of the official figure, citing a Facebook post by a 38-year-old Taiwanese beverage store owner and an anonymous Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Netizen" title="Netizen">netizen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> The article, referenced by other news outlets such as the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> and widely circulated on Twitter, Facebook and 4chan, sparked a wide range of conspiracy theories that the screenshot indicates the real death toll instead of the ones published by health officials.<a href="#cite_note-bloommag-238">[232]</a> The author of the original news article defended the authenticity and newsworthiness of the leak on a <a href="/wiki/WION_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="WION (TV channel)">WION</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-bloommag-238">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_cremation_in_Wuhan">Mass cremation in Wuhan</h4></div> In February 2020, a report emerged on Twitter claiming that data showed a massive increase in sulfur emissions over Wuhan, China. The Twitter thread then claimed the reason was due to the mass cremation those who died from COVID-19. The story was shared on multiple media outlets, including <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_News" title="Taiwan News">Taiwan News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloommag-238">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a> debunked the misinformation, pointing out that the maps used by the claims were not real-time observations of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) concentrations above Wuhan. Instead, the data was a computer-generated model based on historical information and forecast on SO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> A story in <a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a> in February 2020 shared a map from the Internet that falsely alleged massive sulfur dioxide releases from crematoriums during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in China, speculating that 14,000 bodies may have been burned.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_map-241">[235]</a> A fact check by <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> reported that the map was a NASA forecast taken out of context.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_map-241">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_in_cellphone_subscriptions">Decline in cellphone subscriptions</h4></div> There was a decrease of nearly 21 million cellphone subscriptions among the three largest cellphone carriers in China, which led to misinformation that this is evidence for millions of deaths due to COVID-19 in China.<a href="#cite_note-laj-dicu-242">[236]</a> The drop is attributed to cancellations of phone services due to a downturn in the <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic life</a> during the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-laj-dicu-242">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_US">In the US</h3></div> Accusations have been made of under-reporting, over-reporting, and other problems. Necessary data was corrupted in some places, for example, on the state level in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Data_corrupted_on_the_state_level-243">[237]</a> The public health handling of the pandemic has been hampered by the use of archaic technology (including <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> machines and incompatible formats),<a href="#cite_note-FAX_machines-231">[225]</a> poor data flow and management (or even no access to data), and general lack of standardization and leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Bad_data_or_no_access_to_data-244">[238]</a> Privacy laws hampered <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_finding" class="mw-redirect" title="Case finding">case finding</a> efforts, which resulted in under-diagnosis and under-reporting.<a href="#cite_note-Privacy_law_flaws_&_the_Law_of_unintended_consequences-245">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_inflated_death_counts">Allegations of inflated death counts</h4></div> In August 2020, President Donald Trump retweeted a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> alleging that COVID-19 deaths are systematically overcounted, and that only 6% of the reported deaths in the United States were actually from the disease.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> This 6% number is based on only counting death certificates where COVID-19 is the sole condition listed. The lead mortality statistician at the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>'s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics said that those death certificates likely did not include all the steps that led to the death and thus were incomplete. The CDC collects data based on case surveillance, <a href="/wiki/National_Vital_Statistics_System" title="National Vital Statistics System">vital records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality displacement">excess deaths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> A <a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a> article on the issue reported that while 6% of the death certificates included COVID-19 exclusively as the cause of death and 94% had additional conditions that contributed to it, COVID-19 was listed as the underlying cause of death in 92% of them, as it may directly cause other severe conditions such as pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> The U.S. experienced 882,000 "excess deaths" (i.e., deaths above the baseline expected from normal mortality in previous years) between February 2020 and January 2022, which is somewhat higher than the officially recorded mortality from COVID-19 during that period (835,000 deaths). Analysis of weekly data from each U.S. state shows that the calculated excess deaths are strongly correlated with COVID-19 infections, undercutting the notion that the deaths were primarily caused by some factor other than the disease.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misleading_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter_article">Misleading Johns Hopkins News-Letter article</h4></div> In November 2020, an article by Genevieve Briand (assistant director for the Master's program in Applied Economics at JHU)<a href="#cite_note-GB_Profile-250">[244]</a> was published in the student-run <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter" title="The Johns Hopkins News-Letter">Johns Hopkins News-Letter</a> claiming to have found "no evidence that COVID-19 create[d] any excess deaths".<a href="#cite_note-JHUNewsLetterResponse-251">[245]</a> The article was later retracted after it was used to promote conspiracy theories on right-wing social media accounts and misinformation websites,<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> but the presentation was not removed from YouTube, where it had been viewed more than 58,000 times as of 3 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Briand compared data from spring 2020 and January 2018, ignoring expected seasonal variations in mortality and unusual peaks in the spring and summer of 2020 compared to previous spring and summer months.<a href="#cite_note-JHUNewsLetterResponse-251">[245]</a> Briand's article failed to account for the total excess mortality from all causes reported during the pandemic,<a href="#cite_note-HealthFeedbackJHUNewsLetter-254">[248]</a> with 300,000 deaths associated with the virus per CDC data in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-HealthFeedbackJHUNewsLetter-254">[248]</a> Deaths per age group were also shown as a proportion percentage rather than as raw numbers, obscuring the effects of the pandemic when the number of deaths increases but the proportions are maintained.<a href="#cite_note-HealthFeedbackJHUNewsLetter-254">[248]</a> The article also suggested that deaths attributed to cardiac and respiratory diseases in infected persons were incorrectly categorized as deaths due to COVID-19. This view fails to recognize that those with such conditions are more vulnerable to the virus and therefore more likely to die from it.<a href="#cite_note-JHUNewsLetterResponse-251">[245]</a> The retraction of Briand's article went viral on social media under false claims of censorship.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misinformation_targeting_Taiwan">Misinformation targeting Taiwan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div> In February 2020, the Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central News Agency (Republic of China)">Central News Agency</a> reported that large amounts of misinformation had appeared on Facebook claiming <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan">the pandemic in Taiwan</a> was out of control, the Taiwanese government had covered up the total number of cases, and that President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> had been infected. The Taiwan fact-checking organization had suggested the misinformation on Facebook shared similarities with <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> due to its use of <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese characters</a> and mainland China vocabulary. The organization warned that the purpose of the misinformation is to attack the government.<a href="#cite_note-cna2020022604-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-taipeitimes2003731764-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200229reuters-258">[252]</a> In March 2020, Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau</a> warned that China was trying to undermine trust in factual news by portraying the Taiwanese government reports as fake news. Taiwanese authorities have been ordered to use all possible means to track whether the messages were linked to instructions given by the Chinese Communist Party. The PRC's <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> denied the claims, calling them lies, and said that Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> was "inciting hatred" between the two sides. They then claimed that the "DPP continues to politically manipulate the virus".<a href="#cite_note-20200303reuters-259">[253]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, China has used organized disinformation campaigns against Taiwan for decades.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost3400200-260">[254]</a> Nick Monaco, the research director of the Digital Intelligence Lab at <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Future" title="Institute for the Future">Institute for the Future</a>, analyzed the posts and concluded that the majority appear to have come from ordinary users in China, not the state. However, he criticized the Chinese government's decision to allow the information to spread beyond China's <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a>, which he described as "malicious".<a href="#cite_note-npr814709530-261">[255]</a> According to Taiwan News, nearly one in four cases of misinformation are believed to be connected to China.<a href="#cite_note-taiwannews3904042-262">[256]</a> In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_in_Taiwan" title="American Institute in Taiwan">American Institute in Taiwan</a> announced that it was partnering with the Taiwan FactCheck Center to help combat misinformation about the COVID-19 outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misrepresented_World_Population_Project_map">Misrepresented World Population Project map</h3></div> In early February 2020, a decade-old map illustrating a hypothetical viral outbreak published by the World Population Project (part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>) was misappropriated by a number of Australian media news outlets (and British tabloids The Sun, Daily Mail and Metro)<a href="#cite_note-Misleading_map-264">[258]</a> which claimed the map represented the COVID-19 pandemic. This misinformation was then spread via the social media accounts of the same media outlets, and while some outlets later removed the map, the BBC reported, in February, that a number of news sites had yet to retract the map.<a href="#cite_note-Misleading_map-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Casedemic"">"Casedemic"</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 denial">COVID-19 deniers</a> use the word casedemic as a shorthand for a conspiracy theory holding that COVID-19 is harmless and that the reported disease figures are merely a result of increased testing. The concept is particularly attractive to <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccination">anti-vaccination</a> activists, who use it to argue that public health measures, and particularly vaccines, are not needed to counter what they say is a fake epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski_casedemic-265">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gorski" title="David Gorski">David Gorski</a> writes that the word casedemic was seemingly coined by Ivor Cummins—an engineer whose views are popular among COVID-19 deniers—in August 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski_casedemic-265">[259]</a> The term has been adopted by alternative medicine advocate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a>, who has exaggerated the effect of false positives in <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) tests to construct a false narrative that testing is invalid because it is not perfectly accurate <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see also <a href="#PCR_testing">§ PCR testing</a>, above). In reality, the problems with PCR testing are well-known and accounted for by public health authorities. Such claims also disregard the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19#Asymptomatic_transmission" title="Transmission of COVID-19">asymptomatic spread</a>, the number of potentially-undetected cases during the initial phases of the pandemic in comparison to the present due to increased testing and knowledge since, and other variables that can influence PCR tests.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski_casedemic-265">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_spread">Disease spread</h2></div> Early in the pandemic, little information was known about how the virus spreads, when the first people became sick, or who was most vulnerable to infection, serious complications, or death. During 2020, it became clear that the main route of spread was through exposure to the virus-laden <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a> produced by an infected person.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> There were also some early questions about whether the disease might have been present earlier than reported; however, subsequent research disproved this idea.<a href="#cite_note-20200410slate-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rana-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_herd_immunity_in_2019">California herd immunity in 2019</h3></div> In March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> publicized a theory that COVID-19 may have been in California in the fall of 2019 resulting in a level of herd immunity to at least partially explain differences in infection rates in cities such as New York City vs Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> Jeff Smith of Santa Clara County stated that evidence indicated the virus may have been in California since December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Early genetic and antibody analyses refute the idea that the virus was in the United States prior to January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-20200410slate-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rana-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Blood donations from Washington residents in mid December 2019 show COVID antibodies, see https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-likely-in-u-s-in-mid-december-2019-cdc-scientists-report-11606782449 (January 2021)">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patient_Zero">Patient Zero</h3></div> In March 2020, conspiracy theorists started the false rumor that Maatje Benassi, a US army reservist, was "<a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Patient Zero</a>" of the pandemic, the first person to be infected with COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Benassi was targeted because of her participation in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Military_World_Games" title="2019 Military World Games">2019 Military World Games</a> at Wuhan before the pandemic started, even though she never tested positive for the virus. Conspiracy theorists even connected her family to the DJ <a href="/wiki/Benny_Benassi" title="Benny Benassi">Benny Benassi</a> as a Benassi virus plot, even though they are not related and Benny had also not had the virus.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne">Airborne</h3></div> Before mid-2021 the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) denied that COVID readily spread through the air;<a href="#cite_note-CR2023-278">[272]</a> although, they acknowledged such spread could occur during certain medical procedures as of July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> In February 2020 the Director-General of WHO, <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a>, initially stated COVID was airborne during a press conference, only to retract this statement a few minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> In March 2020 WHO tweeted "FACT: #COVID19 is NOT airborne."<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The air quality researcher <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Morawska" title="Lidia Morawska">Lidia Morawska</a> viewed their initial position as "spreading misinformation".<a href="#cite_note-CR2023-278">[272]</a> Hundreds of scientists, by mid 2020, viewed airborne spread as occurring and called on the WHO to change their position.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2020-283">[277]</a> Concerns were raised that "conservative voices" within the WHO committee tasked with these guidelines were preventing new evidence from being incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2020-283">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surfaces">Surfaces</h3></div> Early in the pandemic it was claimed that COVID-19 could be spread by contact with contaminated surfaces or <a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">fomites</a>—even though this is an uncommon transmission route for other respiratory viruses. This led to recommendations that high-contact surfaces (like playground equipment or school desks) be frequently deep-cleaned and that certain items (like groceries or mailed packages) be disinfected.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> Ultimately, the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) concluded that the likelihood of transmission under these scenarios was less than 1 in 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-286">[280]</a> They further concluded that <a href="/wiki/Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">handwashing</a> reduced the risk of exposure to COVID-19, but surface disinfection did not.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-286">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susceptibility_based_on_ethnicity">Susceptibility based on ethnicity</h3></div> There have been claims that specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicities">ethnicities</a> are more or less vulnerable to COVID-19. COVID-19 is a new <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> disease, so no population has yet had the time to develop <a href="/wiki/Population_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Population immunity">population immunity</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] Beginning in February 2020, reports quickly spread via Facebook, implied that a Cameroonian student in China had been completely cured of the virus due to his African genetics. While a student was successfully treated, other media sources have indicated that no evidence implies Africans are more resistant to the virus and labeled such claims as false information.<a href="#cite_note-20200212afp-287">[281]</a> Kenyan Secretary of Health <a href="/wiki/Mutahi_Kagwe" title="Mutahi Kagwe">Mutahi Kagwe</a> explicitly refuted rumors that "those with black skin cannot get coronavirus [disease 2019]", while announcing Kenya's first case in March.<a href="#cite_note-20200313cnn-288">[282]</a> This false claim was cited as a contributing factor in the disproportionately high rates of infection and death observed among African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday2961323001-290">[284]</a> There have been claims of "Indian immunity": that the people of India have more immunity to the COVID-19 virus due to living conditions in India. This idea was deemed "absolute drivel" by Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> (AIIMS). He said there was no <a href="/wiki/Population_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Population immunity">population immunity</a> to the COVID-19 virus yet, as it is new, and it is not even clear whether people who have recovered from COVID-19 will have lasting immunity, as this happens with some viruses but not with others.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh_2020-291">[285]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> claimed the virus was genetically targeted at Iranians by the US, giving this explanation for the pandemic having <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">seriously affected Iran</a>. He did not offer any evidence.<a href="#cite_note-independent-corona-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-france2420200322-293">[287]</a> A group of Jordanian researchers published a report claiming that Arabs are less vulnerable to COVID-19 due to a genetic variation specific to those of Middle East heritage. This paper had not been debunked by November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xenophobic_blaming_by_ethnicity_and_religion">Xenophobic blaming by ethnicity and religion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/220px-seek%3D2-IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm/IOM_-_Fighting_Stigma_and_Discrimination_against_Migrants_during_COVID-19.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>UN video warns that misinformation against groups may lower testing rates and increase transmission.</figcaption></figure> COVID-19-related <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> attacks have been made against individuals with the attacker blaming the victim for COVID-19 on the basis of the victim's ethnicity. People who are considered to look Chinese have been subjected to COVID-19-related verbal and physical attacks in many other countries, often by people accusing them of transmitting the virus.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Racism-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> Within China, there has been discrimination (such as evictions and refusal of service in shops) against people from anywhere closer to Wuhan (where the pandemic started) and against anyone perceived as being non-Chinese (especially those considered African), as the Chinese government has blamed continuing cases on re-introductions of the virus from abroad (90% of reintroduced cases were by Chinese passport-holders). Neighbouring countries have also discriminated against people seen as Westerners.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian29032020-299">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> People have also simply blamed other local groups along the lines of pre-existing social tensions and divisions, sometimes citing reporting of COVID-19 cases within that group. For instance, Muslims have been widely blamed, shunned, and discriminated against in India (including some violent attacks), amid unfounded claims that Muslims are deliberately spreading COVID-19, and a Muslim event at which the disease did spread has received far more public attention than many similar events run by other groups and the government.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">White supremacist</a> groups have blamed COVID-19 on non-whites and advocated deliberately infecting minorities they dislike, such as Jews.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bat_soup">Bat soup</h3></div> Some media outlets, including <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a>, as well as individuals, disseminated a video showing a Chinese woman eating a bat, falsely suggesting it was filmed in Wuhan and connecting it to the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-20200127foreignpolicy-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200130theguardianB-304">[298]</a> However, the widely circulated video contains unrelated footage of a Chinese travel <a href="/wiki/Vlogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlogger">vlogger</a>, Wang Mengyun, eating bat soup in the island country of <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-20200127foreignpolicy-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200130theguardianB-304">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200129news-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-fx-bso-306">[300]</a> Wang posted an apology on <a href="/wiki/Microblogging_in_China" title="Microblogging in China">Weibo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20200129news-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-fx-bso-306">[300]</a> in which she said she had been abused and threatened,<a href="#cite_note-20200129news-305">[299]</a> and that she had only wanted to showcase <a href="/wiki/Palauan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauan cuisine">Palauan cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200129news-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-fx-bso-306">[300]</a> The spread of misinformation about bat consumption has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">xenophobic and racist sentiment</a> toward Asians.<a href="#cite_note-al-watsm-307">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200301washingtonpost-308">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200203latimes-309">[303]</a> In contrast, scientists suggest the virus originated in bats and migrated into an intermediary host animal before infecting people.<a href="#cite_note-al-watsm-307">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-bru-14bc-310">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_gatherings">Large gatherings</h3></div> South Korean "conservative populist" Jun Kwang-hun told his followers there was no risk to mass public gatherings as the virus was impossible to contract outdoors. Many of his followers are elderly.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifetime_of_the_virus">Lifetime of the virus</h3></div> Misinformation has spread that the lifetime of SARS-CoV-2 is only 12 hours and that staying home for 14 hours during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India#Janata_Curfew" title="COVID-19 lockdown in India">Janata curfew</a> would break the chain of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-indiatoday1-312">[306]</a> Another message claimed that observing the Janata curfew would result in the reduction of COVID-19 cases by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-indiatoday1-312">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosquitoes">Mosquitoes</h3></div> It has been claimed that <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> transmit COVID-19. There is no evidence that this is true.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminated_objects">Contaminated objects</h3></div> A fake <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_recall" title="Product recall">product recall</a> notice circulated on social media purporting that Kirkland-brand bath tissue had been contaminated with COVID-19 (meaning SARS-CoV-2) due to the item being made in China. No evidence supports that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces for prolonged periods of time (as might happen during shipping), and Costco has not issued such a recall.<a href="#cite_note-20200313afp-313">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Achenbach_infectious-315">[309]</a> A warning claiming to be from the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Department_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Department of Health">Australia Department of Health</a> said COVID-19 spreads through petrol pumps and that everyone should wear gloves when filling up petrol in their cars.<a href="#cite_note-20200325afpA-316">[310]</a> There were claims that wearing shoes in one's home was the reason behind the spread of COVID-19 in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-20200409afp-317">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise_ships_as_safe_havens">Cruise ships as safe havens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/400px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/600px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/800px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Claims by cruise-ship operators notwithstanding, there are many cases of coronaviruses in hot climates; some countries in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> are severely affected.</figcaption></figure> In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Miami_New_Times" title="Miami New Times">Miami New Times</a> reported that managers at <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Line" title="Norwegian Cruise Line">Norwegian Cruise Line</a> had prepared a set of responses intended to convince wary customers to book cruises, including "blatantly false" claims that COVID-19 "can only survive in cold temperatures, so the Caribbean is a fantastic choice for your next cruise", that "Scientists and medical professionals have confirmed that the warm weather of the spring will be the end of the Coronavirus [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]", and that the virus "cannot live in the amazingly warm and tropical temperatures that your cruise will be sailing to".<a href="#cite_note-nmt-cardona-318">[312]</a> Flu is seasonal (becoming less frequent in the summer) in some countries, but not in others. While it is possible that COVID-19 will also show some seasonality, this has not yet been determined.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-02-11-2020-319">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-gunia-320">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox-farber-321">[315]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] When COVID-19 spread along international air travel routes, it did not bypass tropical locations.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Outbreaks on cruise ships</a>, where an older population lives in close quarters, frequently touching surfaces which others have touched, were common.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> It seems that COVID-19 can be transmitted in all climates.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> It has seriously affected many warm-climate countries. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Dubai" title="Climate of Dubai">year-round average daily high of 28.0 Celsius (82.3 °F)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">the airport said to have the world's most international traffic</a>, has had <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">thousands of cases</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</h3></div> While commercial companies that make breastmilk substitutes promote their products during the pandemic, the WHO and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> advise that women should continue to breastfeed during the COVID-19 pandemic even if they have confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Evidence as of May 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_misinformation&action=edit">[update]</a> indicates that it is unlikely that COVID-19 can be transmitted through breast milk.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_transmission_and_infertility">Sexual transmission and infertility</h3></div> COVID-19 can persist in men's <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> even after they have begun to recover, although the virus cannot replicate in the <a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">reproductive system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> Chinese researchers who found the virus in the semen of men infected with COVID-19, claimed that this opened up a small chance the disease could be sexually transmitted, though this claim has been questioned by other academics since this has been shown with many other viruses such as <a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">Ebola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-327">[321]</a> A team of Italian scholars found that 11 of 43 men who recovered from infections, or one-quarter of the test subjects, had either <a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">azoospermia</a> (no sperm in semen) or <a href="/wiki/Oligospermia" title="Oligospermia">oligospermia</a> (low sperm count). Mechanisms through which infectious diseases affect sperm is roughly divided into two categories. One involves viruses entering the testes, where they attack <a href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">spermatogonia</a>. The other involves high fever exposing the testes to heat and thereby killing sperm.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-327">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">List of unproven methods against COVID-19</a></div>People tried many different things to prevent infection. Sometimes the misinformation was false claims of efficacy, such as claims that the virus could not spread during religious ceremonies, and at other times the misinformation was false claims of inefficacy, such as claiming that alcohol-based hand sanitizer did not work. In other cases, especially with regard to public health advice about wearing <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a>, additional scientific evidence resulted in different advice over time.<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_sanitizer,_antibacterial_soaps">Hand sanitizer, antibacterial soaps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG/220px-Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG/330px-Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG/440px-Soap_in_blue_dish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is the best way to clean hands. The second-best is a hand sanitizer that is at least 60% alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-soap-329">[323]</a></figcaption></figure> Claims that <a href="/wiki/Hand_sanitizer" title="Hand sanitizer">hand sanitizer</a> is merely "antibacterial not antiviral", and therefore ineffective against COVID-19, have spread widely on Twitter and other social networks. While the effectiveness of sanitiser depends on the specific ingredients, most hand sanitiser sold commercially inactivates SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> Hand sanitizer is recommended against COVID-19,<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> though unlike soap, it is not effective against all types of germs.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are not available, a hand sanitizer that is at least 60% alcohol can be used instead, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.<a href="#cite_note-soap-329">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> The CDC and the Food and Drug Administration both recommend plain soap; there is no evidence that <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial_soap" title="Antibacterial soap">antibacterial soaps</a> are any better, and limited evidence that they might be worse long-term.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_use_of_face_masks">Public use of face masks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> Authorities, especially in Asia, recommended wearing face masks in public early in the pandemic. In other parts of the world, authorities made conflicting (or contradictory) statements.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-amhb-336">[330]</a> Several governments and institutions, such as in the United States, initially dismissed the use of face masks by the general population, often with misleading or incomplete information about their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-thenational.scot-337">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-338">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-wta-339">[333]</a> Commentators have attributed the anti-mask messaging to attempts at managing mask shortages caused by initial inaction, remarking that the claims went beyond the science, or were simply lies.<a href="#cite_note-npr-wta-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tufekci-342">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_(49810101702).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg/220px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg/330px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg/440px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2849810101702%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Surgeon General">U.S. Surgeon General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Adams" title="Jerome Adams">Jerome Adams</a> urged people to wear face masks and acknowledged that it is difficult to correct earlier messaging that masks do not work for the general public.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a></figcaption></figure> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Surgeon_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Surgeon General">U.S. Surgeon General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Adams" title="Jerome Adams">Jerome Adams</a> tweeted "Seriously people—STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching #Coronavirus [disease 2019]"; he later reversed his position with increasing evidence that masks can limit the spread of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (a key member of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a>) confirmed that the American public were told not to wear masks from the beginning, due to a shortage of masks, and then explained that masks do actually work.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> Some media outlets <a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter#2020" title="Neck gaiter">claimed</a> that <a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter" title="Neck gaiter">neck gaiters</a> were worse than not wearing masks at all in the COVID-19 pandemic, misinterpreting a study which was intended to demonstrate a method for evaluating masks (and not actually to determine the effectiveness of different types of masks).<a href="#cite_note-lam-4-350">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-ls-syd-351">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> The study also only looked at one wearer wearing the one neck gaiter made from a polyester/<a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a> blend, which is not sufficient evidence to support the claim about gaiters made in the media.<a href="#cite_note-ls-syd-351">[345]</a> The study found that the neck gaiter, which was made from a thin and stretchy material, appeared to be ineffective at limiting airborne droplets expelled from the wearer; Isaac Henrion, one of the co-authors, suggests that the result was likely due to the material rather than the style, stating that "Any mask made from that fabric would probably have the same result, no matter the design."<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_S._Warren" title="Warren S. Warren">Warren S. Warren</a>, a co-author, said that they tried to be careful with their language in interviews, but added that the press coverage has "careened out of control" for a study testing a measuring technique.<a href="#cite_note-lam-4-350">[344]</a> There are false claims spread that the usage of masks causes adverse health-related issues such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">low blood oxygen levels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cbc-ox-354">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">high blood carbon dioxide levels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> and a weakened immune system.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> Some also falsely claimed that masks cause <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic-resistant">antibiotic-resistant</a> <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> by preventing pathogenic organisms to be exhaled away from the body.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> Individuals have speciously claimed legal or medical exemptions to avoid complying with mask mandates.<a href="#cite_note-dwyer-358">[352]</a> Individuals have, for instance, claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> (ADA; designed to prohibit discrimination based on disabilities) allows exemption from mask requirements. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) responded that the Act "does not provide a blanket exemption to people with disabilities from complying with legitimate safety requirements necessary for safe operations".<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> The DOJ also issued a warning about cards (sometimes featuring DOJ logos or ADA notices) that claim to "exempt" their holders from wearing masks, stating that these cards are fraudulent and not issued by any government agency.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol,_tobacco,_and_other_drugs">Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs</h3></div> Contrary to some reports, drinking alcohol does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">short term</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">long term</a> health risks.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drinking_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking alcohol">Drinking alcohol</a> is made with pure <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Other substances such as <a href="/wiki/Hand_sanitizer" title="Hand sanitizer">hand sanitizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood alcohol">wood alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol#Denatured_alcohol" title="Ethanol">denatured alcohol</a> contain other alcohols, such as <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. These other alcohols are <a href="/wiki/Methanol_toxicity" title="Methanol toxicity">poisonous</a>, and may cause gastric ulcers, blindness, liver failure, or death. Such chemicals are commonly present in improperly fermented or distilled alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> Several countries, including Iran<a href="#cite_note-independent-methanol-363">[357]</a> and Turkey<a href="#cite_note-20200325cnnturk-364">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-hurriyet41473161-365">[359]</a> have reported incidents of methanol poisoning, caused by the false belief that drinking alcohol would cure or protect against COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-independent-methanol-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-methanol-366">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-nytimes-methanol-367">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Alcohol is banned in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootleg alcohol">bootleg alcohol</a> may <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_alcohol#Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootleg alcohol">contain methanol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate-methanol-366">[360]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> in March 2020, 480 people had died and 2,850 become ill due to methanol poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-ap-nytimes-methanol-367">[361]</a> That figure reached 700 by April.<a href="#cite_note-time_methanol-368">[362]</a> In Kenya, in April 2020, the Governor of Nairobi <a href="/wiki/Mike_Sonko" title="Mike Sonko">Mike Sonko</a> came under scrutiny for including small bottles of the cognac <a href="/wiki/Hennessy" title="Hennessy">Hennessy</a> in care packages, falsely claiming that alcohol serves as "throat sanitizer".<a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a> spread on social media as a false remedy to COVID-19 after a few small observational studies were published in which <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a> was shown to be preventative against SARS-CoV-2. In April 2020, researchers at a Paris hospital noted an inverse relationship between smoking and COVID-19 infections, which led to an increase in tobacco sales in France. These results were at first so astonishing that the French government initiated a clinical trial with <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> patches. More recent clinical evidence based on larger studies clearly demonstrates that smokers have an increased chance of COVID-19 infection and experience more severe respiratory symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32464099-372">[366]</a> In early 2020, several viral tweets spread around Europe and Africa, suggesting that snorting cocaine would sterilize one's nostrils of SARS-CoV-2. In response, the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Health">French Ministry of Health</a> released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people's health." The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> also debunked the claim.<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warm_or_hot_drinks">Warm or hot drinks</h3></div> There were several claims that drinking warm drinks at a temperature of around 30 °C (86 °F) protects one from COVID-19, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a>, the president of Argentina said "The WHO recommends that one drink many hot drinks because heat kills the virus." Scientists commented that the WHO had made no such recommendation, and that drinking hot water can damage the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_protection">Religious protection</h3></div> A number of religious groups have claimed protection due to their faith. Some refused to stop practices, such as gatherings of large groups, that promoted the transmission of the virus. In Israel, some Ultra-Orthodox Jews initially refused to close synagogues and religious seminaries and disregarded government restrictions because "The Torah protects and saves",<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> which resulted in an eight-fold faster rate of infection among some groups.<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> In South Korea the <a href="/wiki/River_of_Grace_Community_Church" title="River of Grace Community Church">River of Grace Community Church</a> in Gyeonggi Province spread the virus after spraying salt water into their members' mouths in the belief that it would kill the virus,<a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Shincheonji_Church_of_Jesus" title="Shincheonji Church of Jesus">Shincheonji Church of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a> where a church leader claimed that no Shincheonji worshipers had caught the virus in February while hundreds died in Wuhan, later caused the biggest spread of the virus in the country.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> In Tanzania, President <a href="/wiki/John_Magufuli" title="John Magufuli">John Magufuli</a>, instead of banning congregations, urged the faithfuls to go to pray in churches and mosques in the belief that it will protect them. He said that COVID-19 is a devil, therefore "cannot survive in the body of Jesus Christ; it will burn" (the "<a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">body of Jesus Christ</a>" refers to the Christian church).<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, in which churchgoers eat pieces of bread soaked in wine from the same chalice, would continue as a practice.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_9_March-382">[376]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod#The_Greek_Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> said Holy Communion "cannot be the cause of the spread of illness", with Metropolitan Seraphim saying the wine was without blemish because it represented the blood and body of Christ, and that "whoever attends Holy Communion is approaching God, who has the power to heal".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_9_March-382">[376]</a> The Church refused to restrict Christians from taking Holy Communion,<a href="#cite_note-dw52742226-383">[377]</a> which was supported by several clerics,<a href="#cite_note-Brzozowski_Michalopoulos_2020-384">[378]</a> some politicians, and health professionals.<a href="#cite_note-Brzozowski_Michalopoulos_2020-384">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-385">[379]</a> The Greek Association of Hospital Doctors criticized these professionals for putting their religious beliefs before science.<a href="#cite_note-Brzozowski_Michalopoulos_2020-384">[378]</a> A review of the medical publications on the subject, published by a Greek physician, claims that the transmission of any infectious disease through the Holy Communion has never been documented. This controversy divided the Greek society, the politics and medical experts.<a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> The Islamic missionary movement <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a> organised <a href="/wiki/Ijtema" title="Ijtema">Ijtema</a> mass gatherings in <a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_coronavirus_hotspot_in_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_coronavirus_hotspot_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> whose participants believed that God will protect them, causing the biggest rise in COVID-19 cases in these and other countries.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_mosque-387">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-pakistan_tablighi-388">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> In Iran, the head of <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a> encouraged pilgrims to visit the shrine despite calls to close the shrine, saying that they "consider this holy shrine to be a place of healing".<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, false claims have spread <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> are immune to the virus.<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helicopter_spraying">Helicopter spraying</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, it has been claimed that one should stay at home on particular days when helicopters spray "COVID-19 disinfectant" over homes. No such spraying has taken place, nor is it planned, nor, as of July 2020, is there any such agent that could be sprayed.<a href="#cite_note-20200326afpA-392">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200320afp-393">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> In India, fake news circulated that the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> warned against eating cabbage to prevent COVID-19 infection.<a href="#cite_note-20200331afp-394">[388]</a> Claims that the poisonous fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a> plant is a preventive measure for COVID-19 resulted in eleven people being hospitalized in India. They ate the fruit, following the instructions from a <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> video that propagated misinformation regarding the prevention of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-thenewsminute122136-395">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-Twelve_taken_ill-396">[390]</a> Claims that <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarians</a> are immune to COVID-19 spread online in India, causing "#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus" to trend on Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a> Such claims are false.<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_D">Vitamin D</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D#COVID-19" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D § COVID-19</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research#Vitamin_D" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">COVID-19 drug repurposing research § Vitamin D</a></div> In February 2020, claims that <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> pills could help prevent COVID-19 circulated on social media in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200227afp-399">[393]</a> Some conspiracy theorists have claimed that vitamin D was being intentionally suppressed as a preventative option by governments.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> One meta-analysis found weak evidence that increased vitamin D levels may reduce the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive care">intensive care</a> admission for people with COVID-19; but found no effect of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> A preprint of a journal article from Indonesia purporting to show a beneficial effect of vitamin D for COVID-19 went viral across social media, and was cited several times in mainstream academic literature, including in a recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE</a>. Tabloid newspapers such as the Daily Mail and The Sun likewise promoted the story. Subsequent investigation, however, found none of the authors seemed to be known of at the hospitals listed as their affiliations, suggesting the paper was entirely fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> A study of YouTube content concerning vitamin D and COVID-19 in 2020 found that over three quarters of the 77 videos analysed as part of the study contained false and misleading information. Most alarmingly according to the study's authors, the majority of the purveyors of misinformation in these videos were medical professionals. The study concluded that much of the advice given by these YouTube videos may result in adverse health outcomes such as increases in rates of skin cancer if viewers followed it.<a href="#cite_note-Infodemiology-403">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaccines">Vaccines</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to vaccination">General misinformation related to vaccination and immunisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">Vaccine hesitancy</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> In many countries a variety of unfounded <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> about <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> have spread based on misunderstood or misrepresented science, religion, and law. These have included exaggerated claims about side effects, misrepresentations about how the immune system works and when and how COVID-19 vaccines are made, a story about COVID-19 being spread by <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#5G_mobile-phone_networks">5G</a>, and other false or distorted information. This misinformation, some created by <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaccination">anti-vaccination</a> activists, has proliferated and may have made many people averse to vaccination.<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> This has led to governments and private organizations around the world introducing measures to incentivize or coerce vaccination, such as lotteries,<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> mandates,<a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a> and free entry to events,<a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a> which has in turn led to further misinformation about the legality and effect of these measures themselves.<a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a> In the US, some prominent biomedical scientists who publicly advocate vaccination have been attacked and threatened in emails and on social media by anti-vaccination activists.<a href="#cite_note-COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy_Hotez_2023-409">[403]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hospital_conditions">Hospital conditions</h2></div> Some conservative figures in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Richard Epstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> downplayed the scale of the pandemic, saying it has been exaggerated as part of an effort to hurt President Trump. Some people pointed to empty hospital parking lots as evidence that the virus has been exaggerated. Despite the empty parking lots, many hospitals in New York City and other places experienced thousands of COVID-19-related hospitalizations.<a href="#cite_note-20200401nationalobserver-411">[405]</a> In the course of 2020, conspiracy theorists used the #FilmYourHospital <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> to encourage people to record videos in seemingly empty, or sparsely populated hospitals, in order to prove that the pandemic was a "<a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>".<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">List of unproven methods against COVID-19</a></div> Widely circulated posts on social media have made many unfounded claims of treatment methods of COVID-19. Some of these claims are scams, and some promoted methods are dangerous and unhealthy.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbal_treatments">Herbal treatments</h3></div> Various national and party-held Chinese media heavily advertised an "overnight research" report by Wuhan Institute of Virology and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, on how <a href="/wiki/Shuanghuanglian" title="Shuanghuanglian">shuanghuanglian</a>, an herb mixture from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> (TCM), can effectively inhibit COVID-19. The report led to a purchase craze of shuanghuanglian.<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a> The president of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a> launched and promoted in April 2020 a herbal drink based on an <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">artemisia plant</a> as a miracle cure that can treat and prevent COVID-19 despite a lack of medical evidence. The drink has been exported to other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-madagascar-416">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a> Based on in-vitro studies, extracts of <a href="/wiki/Echinacea" title="Echinacea">E. purpurea</a> (Echinaforce) showed <a href="/wiki/Virucidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virucidal">virucidal</a> activity against <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>, including <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>. Because the data was experimental and solely derived from <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell cultures</a>, antiviral effects in humans have not been elucidated. As a result, regulatory agencies have not recommended the use of Echinacea preparations for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitamin_C">Vitamin C</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C#COVID-19" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C § COVID-19</a></div> During the early years of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> was the subject of more FDA warning letters than any other <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quack treatment</a> for COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> In April 2021, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines stated that "there are insufficient data to recommend either for or against the use of vitamin C for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19."<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> In an update posted December 2022, the NIH position was unchanged: <ul><li>There is insufficient evidence for the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) to recommend either for or against the use of vitamin C for the treatment of COVID-19 in nonhospitalized patients.</li> <li>There is insufficient evidence for the Panel to recommend either for or against the use of vitamin C for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_cold_and_flu_treatments">Common cold and flu treatments</h3></div> In March 2020, a photo circulated online showing a 30-year-old Indian textbook that lists <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>, and nasal spray as treatments for coronavirus diseases. False claims spread asserting that the book was evidence that COVID-19 started much earlier than reported and that common cold treatments could be a cure for COVID-19. The textbook actually talks about <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a> in general, as a family of viruses.<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> A rumor circulated on social media posts on Weibo, Facebook and Twitter claiming that Chinese experts said saline solutions could kill COVID-19. There is no evidence for this.<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a> A tweet from French health minister <a href="/wiki/Olivier_V%C3%A9ran" title="Olivier Véran">Olivier Véran</a>, a bulletin from the French health ministry, and a small speculative study in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet_Respiratory_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lancet Respiratory Medicine">The Lancet Respiratory Medicine</a> raised concerns about <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> worsening COVID-19, which spread extensively on social media. The <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-emanpr-424">[418]</a> and the World Health Organization recommended COVID-19 patients keep taking ibuprofen as directed, citing lack of convincing evidence of any danger.<a href="#cite_note-msnff-425">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cow_dung_and_urine">Cow dung and urine</h3></div> Indian political activist <a href="/wiki/Chakrapani_(politician)" title="Chakrapani (politician)">Swami Chakrapani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> <a href="/wiki/Suman_Haripriya" title="Suman Haripriya">Suman Haripriya</a> claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes73952691-426">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstpost8111021-427">[421]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, two people were arrested under the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act</a> for social media posts which said cow urine and dung did not cure the virus. (They were arrested under Section 153 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> for allegedly promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc. and acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony).<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> WHO's chief scientist <a href="/wiki/Soumya_Swaminathan_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soumya Swaminathan (scientist)">Soumya Swaminathan</a> criticised politicians incautiously spreading such misinformation without evidence.<a href="#cite_note-20200303ndtv-429">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2-Deoxy-D-glucose">2-Deoxy-D-glucose</h3></div> A drug based on <a href="/wiki/2-Deoxy-D-glucose" title="2-Deoxy-D-glucose">2-deoxy-D-glucose</a> (2-DG) was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Drugs_Controller_General_of_India" title="Drugs Controller General of India">Drugs Controller General of India</a> for emergency use as adjunct therapy in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients.<a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-dscgi-431">[425]</a> The drug was launched at a press conference with a false claim that it was approved by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/DRDO" class="mw-redirect" title="DRDO">DRDO</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Dr._Reddy%27s_Laboratories" title="Dr. Reddy's Laboratories">Dr. Reddy's Laboratories</a>, who stated in a press release, that the drug "helps in faster recovery of hospitalised patients and reduces supplemental oxygen dependence".<a href="#cite_note-dscgi-431">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-borona-433">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-shoddy-434">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> noted that the approval was based on poor evidence; no journal publication (or <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a>) concerning efficacy and safety are yet available.<a href="#cite_note-borona-433">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-shoddy-434">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_(TCM)_prescriptions">Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions</h3></div> Since its third version, the COVID management guidelines from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a> recommends using <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicines</a> to treat the disease.<a href="#cite_note-bbc51485559-435">[429]</a> In Wuhan, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> reported that local authorities have pushed for a set of TCM prescriptions to be used for every case since early February.<a href="#cite_note-cctv200125-436">[430]</a> One formula was promoted at the national level by mid-February.<a href="#cite_note-sina2164147-437">[431]</a> The local field hospitals were explicitly TCM-oriented. According to <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a>, as of 16 March 2020, 91.91% of all Hubei patients have used TCM, with the rate reaching 99% in field hospitals and 94% in bulk quarantine areas.<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet1125720410-438">[432]</a> In March 2020, the online insert of the official <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, distributed in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, published an article stating that Traditional Chinese medicine "helps fight coronavirus [disease 2019]".<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research#Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">COVID-19 drug repurposing research § Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine#COVID-19" title="Hydroxychloroquine">Hydroxychloroquine § COVID-19</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine#COVID-19" title="Chloroquine">Chloroquine § COVID-19</a></div> There were claims that <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a> was used to cure more than 12,000 COVID-19 patients in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-20200221afp-440">[434]</a> In March 2020, Adrian Bye, a tech startup leader who is not a doctor, suggested to cryptocurrency investors Gregory Rigano and James Todaro that "chloroquine will keep most people out of hospital". (Bye later admitted that he had reached this conclusion through "philosophy" rather than medical research.) Two days later, Rigano and Todaro promoted chloroquine in a self-published article that claimed affiliation with the Stanford University School of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences and the Birmingham School of Medicine – the three institutions mentioned that they had no links to the article, and Google removed the article for violating its terms of service.<a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">antiparasitic</a> drug that is well established for use in animals and people.<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_Ramadan2021-442">[436]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO),<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_WHO2021-443">[437]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA),<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_EMA2021-444">[438]</a> the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA),<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_USFDA2021-445">[439]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America" title="Infectious Diseases Society of America">Infectious Diseases Society of America</a> (IDSA)<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_IDSA2023-446">[440]</a> all advise against using ivermectin in an attempt to treat or prevent <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. Early in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, laboratory research suggested ivermectin might have a role in preventing or treating COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_Caly2020-447">[441]</a> Online misinformation campaigns and advocacy boosted the drug's profile among the public. While scientists and physicians largely remained skeptical, some nations adopted ivermectin as part of their pandemic-control efforts. Some people, desperate to use ivermectin without a prescription, took veterinary preparations, which led to shortages of supplies of ivermectin for animal treatment. The FDA responded to this situation by saying "You are not a horse" in a Tweet to draw attention to the issue, for which they were later sued.<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_shortage-448">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_langford-449">[443]</a> Subsequent research failed to confirm the utility of ivermectin for COVID-19,<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_coch2022-450">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a> and in 2021 it emerged that many of the studies demonstrating benefit were faulty, misleading, or <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">fraudulent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a> Nevertheless, misinformation about ivermectin continued to be propagated on social media and the drug remained a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> for <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccinationists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_Guardian2021-454">[448]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangerous_treatments">Dangerous treatments</h3></div> Some <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> proponents, including Jordan Sather and others, have promoted gargling "<a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a>" (actually <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">chlorine dioxide</a>, a chemical used in some industrial applications as a bleach that may cause life-threatening reactions and even death) as a way of preventing or curing the disease. The Food and Drug Administration has warned multiple times that drinking MMS is "dangerous" as it may cause "severe vomiting" and "acute liver failure".<a href="#cite_note-bleach-455">[449]</a> Twelve people were hospitalized in India when they ingested the poisonous <a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">thornapple</a> (Datura stramonium AKA Jimsonweed) after seeing the plant recommended as a 'coronavirus [disease 2019] home remedy' in a <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> video.<a href="#cite_note-Twelve_taken_ill-396">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a> Datura species contain many substances poisonous to humans, mainly through <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver">Silver</h3></div> In February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Televangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Televangelist">televangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a> promoted a <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">colloidal silver</a> solution, sold on his website, as a remedy for COVID-19; <a href="/wiki/Naturopath" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturopath">naturopath</a> Sherrill Sellman, a guest on his show, falsely stated that it "hasn't been tested on this strain of the coronavirus, but it's been tested on other strains of the coronavirus and has been able to eliminate it within 12 hours".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1487069-460">[454]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The US Food and Drug Administration and New York Attorney General's office both issued cease-and-desist orders against Bakker, and he was sued by the state of Missouri over the sales.<a href="#cite_note-npr814550474-461">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200309theguardian-462">[456]</a> The New York Attorney General's office also issued a cease-and-desist order to radio host <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a>, who was selling silver-infused toothpaste that he falsely claimed could kill the virus and had been verified by federal officials,<a href="#cite_note-theverge21177998-463">[457]</a> causing a Jones spokesman to deny the products had been sold for the purpose of treating any disease.<a href="#cite_note-alex_jones-464">[458]</a> The FDA later threatened Jones with legal action and seizure of several silver-based products if he continued to promote their use against COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-politico178629-465">[459]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mustard_oil">Mustard oil</h3></div> The yoga guru <a href="/wiki/Ramdev" title="Ramdev">Ramdev</a> claimed that one can treat COVID-19 by pouring mustard oil through the nose, causing the virus to flow into the stomach where it would be destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a>. He also claimed that if a person can hold their breath for a minute, it means they do not have any type of coronavirus, symptomatic or asymptomatic. Both these claims were found to be false.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Untested_treatments">Untested treatments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/220px-seek%3D59-President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm/President_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Donald_Trump_suggests_measures_to_treat_COVID-19_during_Coronavirus_Task_Force_press_briefing.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> suggested at a press briefing in April 2020 that <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectant</a> injections or exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> might help treat COVID-19. There is no evidence that either could be a viable method.<a href="#cite_note-468">[462]</a></figcaption></figure> Misinformation that the Indian government was spreading an "anti-corona" drug in the country during <a href="/wiki/Janata_curfew" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata curfew">Janata curfew</a>, a stay-at-home curfew enforced in India, went viral on social media.<a href="#cite_note-20200320hindustantimes-469">[463]</a> Following the first reported case of COVID-19 in Nigeria in February, untested cures and treatments began to spread via platforms such as <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qz1810219-470">[464]</a> In March 2020, the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> arrested actor Keith Lawrence Middlebrook for <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a> with a fake COVID-19 cure.<a href="#cite_note-keith-471">[465]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_healing">Spiritual healing</h3></div> Another televangelist, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland" title="Kenneth Copeland">Kenneth Copeland</a>, claimed on Victory Channel during a programme called "Standing Against Coronavirus", that he can cure television viewers of COVID-19 directly from the television studio. The viewers had to touch the television screen to receive the spiritual healing.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1492044-472">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-20200313pinknews-473">[467]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organ_trafficking">Organ trafficking</h3></div> In India, baseless rumours spread saying that people were being taken to care centres and killed to harvest their organs, with their bodies then being swapped to avoid suspicion. These rumours spread more quickly through online platforms such as WhatsApp, and resulted in protests, attacks against healthcare workers, and reduced willingness to seek COVID-19 testing and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_of_the_disease">Name of the disease</h3></div> Social media posts and <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet memes</a> claimed that COVID-19 derives from "Chinese Originated Viral Infectious Disease 19", or similar, as supposedly the "19th virus to come out of China".<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-475">[469]</a> In fact, the WHO named the disease as follows: CO stands for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<a href="#cite_note-476">[470]</a> Another false social media rumor claimed COVID-19 was an acronym derived from a series of ancient symbols interpreted as "see a sheep surrender."<a href="#cite_note-477">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simpsons_prediction">Simpsons prediction</h3></div> Claims that <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> had predicted the COVID-19 pandemic in 1993, accompanied by a doctored screenshot from the episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Fool_Monty" title="The Fool Monty">The Fool Monty</a>" (where the text "Corona Virus" was layered over the original text "Apocalypse Meow", without blocking it from view), were later found to be false. The claim had been widely spread on social media.<a href="#cite_note-20200303afp-478">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune20200229-479">[473]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_wildlife">Return of wildlife</h3></div> During the pandemic, many false and misleading images or news reports about the environmental impact of the COVID-19 pandemic were shared by <a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">clickbait</a> journalism sources and social media.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-480">[474]</a> A viral post that originated on <a href="/wiki/Weibo_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weibo (company)">Weibo</a> and spread on Twitter claimed that a pack of elephants descended on a village under quarantine in China's <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, got drunk on corn wine, and passed out in a tea garden.<a href="#cite_note-20200319ktvb-481">[475]</a> A Chinese news report debunked the claim that the elephants got drunk on corn wine and noted that wild elephants were a common sight in the village; the image attached to the post was originally taken at the Asian Elephant Research Center in Yunnan in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-480">[474]</a> Following reports of reduced pollution levels in Italy as a result of lockdowns, images purporting to show swans and dolphins swimming in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> canals went viral on social media. The image of the swans was revealed to have been taken in <a href="/wiki/Burano" title="Burano">Burano</a>, where swans are common, while footage of the dolphins was filmed at a port in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> hundreds of miles away.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-480">[474]</a> The Venice mayor's office clarified that the reported water clarity in the canals was due to the lack of sediment being kicked up by boat traffic, not a reduction in water pollution as initially reported.<a href="#cite_note-thehill488286-482">[476]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India" title="COVID-19 lockdown in India">lockdown of India</a>, a video clip purporting to show the extremely rare <a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar civet</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>, species) walking the empty streets of <a href="/wiki/Meppayur" title="Meppayur">Meppayur</a> went viral on social media. Experts later identified the civet in the video as actually being the much commoner <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small Indian civet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[477]</a> Another viral Indian video clip showed a pod of <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a> allegedly returning to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> offshore from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> following the shutdown of shipping routes; however, this video was found to have actually been taken in 2019 in the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20200405hindustantimes-484">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virus_remains_in_body_permanently">Virus remains in body permanently</h3></div> It has been wrongly claimed that anyone infected with COVID-19 will have the virus in their bodies for life. While there is no <a href="/wiki/Curative_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Curative treatment">curative treatment</a>, most infected people recover from the disease and eliminate the virus from their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_myths-196">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_denialism">COVID-19 denialism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27COVID_is_a_lie%27,_Sports_pavilion,_playing_field,_Wakefield_Road,_Pontefract_(4th_September_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg/300px-%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg/450px-%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg/600px-%27COVID_is_a_lie%27%2C_Sports_pavilion%2C_playing_field%2C_Wakefield_Road%2C_Pontefract_%284th_September_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID</a> is a lie" graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, West Yorkshire, England</figcaption></figure> COVID-19 denialism or merely COVID denialism is the thinking of those who deny the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-485">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[480]</a> or deny that deaths are happening in the manner or proportions scientifically recognized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. The claims that the COVID-19 pandemic has been faked, exaggerated, or mischaracterized are <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[481]</a> Some famous people who have engaged in COVID-19 denialism include businessman <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a> former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>,<a href="#cite_note-489">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a> and former Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3></div> An October 2021 report by the UK-based anti-racism group <a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a> found that COVID-19 conspiracy theories were a primary gateway into <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> rhetoric, due to what they described as "conspiratorial antisemitism".<a href="#cite_note-492">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-493">[487]</a> According to the report, "An important bridge between COVID-19 conspiracy theories and antisemitism are ideologies that provide overarching explanations for smaller alleged deceptions. For example, the need for <a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">anti-5G campaigners</a> to explain why telecom companies, healthcare providers and authorities are conspiring to expose the population to supposedly dangerous radiation has driven attention towards 'superconspiracies'."<a href="#cite_note-494">[488]</a> Also in October 2021, the fact-checking organisation <a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a> found that antisemitic conspiracy theories related to the pandemic were being promoted on one of the largest COVID-19 conspiracy groups on <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, including posts highlighting Jewish people in leadership positions at <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, the CDC and US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s White House, and claims that mask and vaccine mandates were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-493">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_anti-vax_anti-China_covert_operation">US anti-vax anti-China covert operation</h3></div> At the beginning of the pandemic, <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> President <a href="/wiki/Duterte" class="mw-redirect" title="Duterte">Duterte</a> had sought Chinese assistance for vaccines, easing claims in the South China Sea, and improving relations between the two countries. To counter China's influence in the Philippines, under <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s presidency, the US military conducted a covert operation aimed at spreading doubts about the safety of Chinese aid, including vaccines. This campaign of misinformation has contributed to low vaccination coverage and increased death rates from COVID-19 in the Philippines. Health experts condemned these actions, pointing out the damage done to public trust and global health. The operation involved the creation of fake social media accounts posing as Filipinos and spreading anti-vaccine messages. The campaign was described by then-Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> as "payback" for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19 disinformation by China</a> directed against the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-495">[489]</a> The operation spread to other regions such as in the Middle East and Central Asia like <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, where the Pentagon aimed to intensify fears that the Chinese vaccine produced by Sinovac Biotech contained pork derivatives, and could be considered "haram", i.e. forbidden by Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-reutersUsNovax-496">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a> The operation ended in mid-2021, when the Biden administration banned the anti-vaccine campaign.<a href="#cite_note-reutersUsNovax-496">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_to_combat_misinformation">Efforts to combat misinformation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/220px-seek%3D1-ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm/ITU_-_AI_for_Good_Webinar_Series_-_COVID-19_Misinformation_and_Disinformation_during_COVID-19.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></figcaption></figure> In February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) described a "massive <a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">infodemic</a>", citing an over-abundance of reported information, which was false, about the virus that "makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it". The WHO stated that the high demand for timely and trustworthy information has incentivised the creation of a direct WHO 24/7 myth-busting hotline where its communication and social media teams have been monitoring and responding to misinformation through its website and social media pages.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_situation_report-499">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-un1056672-500">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-501">[495]</a> The WHO specifically debunked several claims as false, including the claim that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; the claim that drinking large amounts of water will protect against the virus; and the claim that gargling salt water prevents infection.<a href="#cite_note-20200317cnn-502">[496]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media</a></div> In early February 2020, Facebook, Twitter, and Google announced that they were working with WHO to address misinformation on their platforms.<a href="#cite_note-20200206nytimes-503">[497]</a> In a blog post, Facebook stated that it would remove content flagged by global health organizations and local authorities that violate its content policy on misinformation leading to "physical harm".<a href="#cite_note-20200201reuters-504">[498]</a> Facebook is also giving free advertising to WHO.<a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a> Nonetheless, a week after Trump's speculation that sunlight could kill the virus, The New York Times found "780 Facebook groups, 290 Facebook pages, nine Instagram accounts and thousands of tweets pushing UV light therapies", material which those companies declined to remove from their platforms.<a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a> In August 2020, Facebook removed seven million posts with misinformation about COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> At the end of February 2020, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> removed more than a million products that claimed to cure or protect against COVID-19, and removed tens of thousands of listings for health products whose prices were "significantly higher than recent prices offered on or off Amazon", although numerous items were "still being sold at unusually high prices" as of 28 February.<a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a> Millions of instances of COVID-19 misinformation have occurred across multiple online platforms.<a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a> Other researchers monitoring the spread of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> observed certain rumors started in China; many of them later spread to Korea and the United States, prompting several universities in Korea to start the multilingual "Facts Before Rumors" campaign to evaluate common claims seen online.<a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a> The proliferation of such misinformation on social media has led to workshops for the application of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> resources to detect misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a> Party and ideology partisanship has also contributed to the public's lack of trust in messages delivered via social media channels, leading to a greater proclivity to follow fake news and misinformation campaigns. According to research, COVID mass media communication should prioritize increasing trust in scientific medicine over attempting to bridge the issue's partisan divide.<a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a> In addition, the divisive nature of the issue, being mired in existing political tensions, has led to online bullying of scientists.<a href="#cite_note-NatureDivisive-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> The media have praised Wikipedia's coverage of COVID-19 and its combating the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> through efforts led by the English-language Wikipedia's WikiProject Medicine, among other groups.<a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a> From May 2020, Wikipedia's consensus for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> page has been to "not mention the theory that the virus was accidentally leaked from a laboratory in the article."<a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a> However, in June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia editors</a> began debating the inclusion of the lab leak hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-520">[514]</a> WHO began working with Wikipedia to provide much of its infographics and reports on COVID-19 to help fight misinformation, with plans to use similar approaches for fighting misinformation about other infectious diseases in the future.<a href="#cite_note-521">[515]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_and_scholarly_journals">Newspapers and scholarly journals</h3></div> Initially, many newspapers with <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalls</a> lowered them for some or all their COVID-19 coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Paywalls-522">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-newspaywalls-523">[517]</a> Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> (free).<a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-255-524">[518]</a> The scientific publishing community, while intent on producing quality scholarly publications, has itself been negatively impacted by the infiltration of inferior or false research leading to the retraction of several articles on the topic of COVID-19, as well as polluting valid and reliable scientific study, bringing into question the reliability of research undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-fid1-525">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Retraction_Watch" title="Retraction Watch">Retraction Watch</a> maintains a database of retracted COVID-19 articles.<a href="#cite_note-Retracted-COVID-papers-526">[520]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcasts">Podcasts</h3></div> In January 2022, 270 US healthcare professionals, scientists and professors wrote an open letter to <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> complaining that podcast host <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a> had a "concerning history of broadcasting misinformation, particularly regarding the Covid-19 pandemic" and describing him as a "menace to public health". This was in part due to Rogan platforming and promoting the conspiracy theories of <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Malone" title="Robert W. Malone">Robert W. Malone</a> who was one of two recent guests on <a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience" title="The Joe Rogan Experience">The Joe Rogan Experience</a> who compared pandemic policies to the holocaust. The letter described the interview as a "mass-misinformation events of this scale have extraordinarily dangerous ramifications".<a href="#cite_note-527">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_censorship">Government censorship</h3></div> In many countries, censorship was performed by governments, with "fake news" laws being enacted to criminalize certain types of speech regarding COVID-19. Often, people were arrested for making posts online. In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Turkish Interior Ministry</a> reported 93 suspects and 19 <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">arrests</a> of social media users whose posts were "targeting officials and spreading panic and fear by suggesting the virus had spread widely in Turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures".<a href="#cite_note-529">[523]</a> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran's military</a> said that 3600 people had been arrested for "spreading rumors" about COVID-19 in the country.<a href="#cite_note-530">[524]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, at least 17 individuals who expressed concerns about the spread of COVID-19 were arrested between January and March 2020 on "fake news" charges.<a href="#cite_note-531">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[526]</a> In April 2020, Algerian lawmakers passed a law criminalizing "fake news" deemed harmful to "public order and state security".<a href="#cite_note-533">[527]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-534">[528]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-535">[529]</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-536">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-straitstimes-537">[531]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-538">[532]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-539">[533]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-540">[534]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-541">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-542">[536]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-543">[537]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-544">[538]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-545">[539]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-546">[540]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-straitstimes-537">[531]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-straitstimes-537">[531]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-547">[541]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-548">[542]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-549">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-550">[544]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-551">[545]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-552">[546]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-553">[547]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-554">[548]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-555">[549]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-556">[550]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-arrested-journalist-1-557">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-559">[553]</a> Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-560">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[555]</a> and Hong Kong, people have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-straitstimes-537">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[556]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> has introduced criminal penalties for the spread of misinformation and rumours related to the outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-563">[557]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> blocked access to 221 news websites,<a href="#cite_note-564">[558]</a> including several leading media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-565">[559]</a> In the United States, some elected officials aided the spread of misinformation. In January 2022, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Troy_Nehls" title="Troy Nehls">Troy Nehls</a> entered a full transcript<a href="#cite_note-JRE-Transcript-Nehls-566">[560]</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[561]</a> of the Malone interview on <a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience" title="The Joe Rogan Experience">The Joe Rogan Experience</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> in order to circumvent what he said was censorship by social media.<a href="#cite_note-news.com.au333-568">[562]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRE-Transcript-Nehls-566">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scams">Scams</h2></div> The WHO has warned of criminal scams involving perpetrators who misrepresent themselves as representatives of the WHO seeking personal information from victims.<a href="#cite_note-un1058381-569">[563]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> has advised consumers not to click on links in suspicious emails and not to give out personal information.<a href="#cite_note-570">[564]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> has also warned of charity scams related to the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-571">[565]</a> Cybersecurity firm <a href="/wiki/Check_Point" title="Check Point">Check Point</a> stated there has been a large increase in <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks to lure victims into unwittingly installing a computer virus under the guise of emails related to COVID-19 containing attachments. Cyber-criminals use deceptive domains such as "cdc-gov.org" instead of the correct "cdc.gov", or even <a href="/wiki/Website_spoofing" title="Website spoofing">spoof the original domain</a> so it resembles specific websites. More than 4,000 domains related to COVID-19 have been registered.<a href="#cite_note-vox21164745-572">[566]</a> Police in New Jersey, United States, reported incidents of criminals knocking on people's doors and claiming to be from the CDC. They then attempt to sell products at inflated prices or otherwise scam victims under the guise of educating and protecting the public from COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo171111975-573">[567]</a> Links that purportedly direct to the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> COVID-19 map, but instead direct to a false site that spreads <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, have been circulating on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-574">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[569]</a> Since the passage in March 2020, of the <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a>, criminals have taken advantage of the stimulus bill by asking people to pay in advance to receive their stimulus payment. Because of this, the IRS has advised consumers to only use the official IRS COVID-19 web address to submit information to the IRS (and not in response to a text, email, or phone call).<a href="#cite_note-576">[570]</a> In response to these schemes, many financial companies, like <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a><a href="#cite_note-577">[571]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LoanDepot" title="LoanDepot">LoanDepot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-578">[572]</a> as well as health insurers, like <a href="/wiki/Humana" title="Humana">Humana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-579">[573]</a> for example, have posted similar advisories on their websites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/26px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/39px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/52px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19 portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/28px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/42px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/56px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">COVID-19 misinformation in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19 misinformation by the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Multiple conspiracy articles in Chinese from the SARS era resurfaced during the outbreak with altered details, claiming SARS is biological warfare. Some said <a href="/wiki/BGI_Group" title="BGI Group">BGI Group</a> from China sold genetic information of the Chinese people to the US, which then specifically targeted the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of Chinese individuals.<a href="#cite_note-setn677313-105">[105]</a> In January 2020, Chinese military enthusiast website Xilu published an article, claimed how the US artificially combined the virus to "precisely target Chinese people."<a href="#cite_note-xilu1000010001-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The article was removed in early February. The article was further distorted on social media in Taiwan, which claimed "Top Chinese military website admitted novel coronavirus was Chinese-made bioweapon."<a href="#cite_note-tfc_xilu-108">[108]</a> Taiwan Fact-check center debunked the original article and its divergence, suggesting the original Xilu article distorted the conclusion from a legitimate research on Chinese scientific magazine Science China Life Sciences, which never mentioned the virus was engineered.<a href="#cite_note-tfc_xilu-108">[108]</a> The fact-check center explained Xilu is a military enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> established by a private company, thus it does not represent the voice of Chinese military.<a href="#cite_note-tfc_xilu-108">[108]</a> Some articles on popular sites in China have also cast suspicion on US military athletes participating in the Wuhan <a href="/wiki/2019_Military_World_Games" title="2019 Military World Games">2019 Military World Games</a>, which lasted until the end of October 2019, and have suggested they deployed the virus. They claim the inattentive attitude and disproportionately below-average results of American athletes in the games indicate they might have been there for other purposes and they might actually be bio-warfare operatives. Such posts stated that their place of residence during their stay in Wuhan was also close to the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</a>, where the first known cluster of cases occurred.<a href="#cite_note-szhgh221836-109">[109]</a> In March 2020, this conspiracy theory was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lijian" title="Zhao Lijian">Zhao Lijian</a>, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_News_March_2020-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehill487308-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In March 2020, the US government summoned Chinese Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Cui_Tiankai" title="Cui Tiankai">Cui Tiankai</a> to Washington over the coronavirus conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-20200314alarabiyaB-114">[114]</a> Over the next month, conspiracy theorists narrowed their focus to one US Army Reservist, a woman who participated in the games in Wuhan as a cyclist, claiming she is <a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">"patient zero."</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> report, these theories have been spread by George Webb, who has nearly 100,000 followers on YouTube, and have been amplified by Chinese Communist Party media,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> for example the CPC-owned newspaper <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> The acting assistant secretary of state for Europe and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Reeker" title="Philip T. Reeker">Philip Reeker</a>, said "Russia's intent is to sow discord and undermine U.S. institutions and alliances from within" and "by spreading disinformation about coronavirus, Russian malign actors are once again choosing to threaten public safety by distracting from the global health response."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-rus-disinfo-125">[124]</a> Russia denies the allegation, saying "this is a deliberately false story."<a href="#cite_note-bbc51599009-128">[127]</a> According to US-based <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a> magazine, although official Russian channels had been muted on pushing the US biowarfare conspiracy theory, other Russian media elements do not share the Kremlin's restraint.<a href="#cite_note-TNI-russia-129">[128]</a> Zvezda, a news outlet funded by the Russian Defense Ministry, published an article titled "Coronavirus: American biological warfare against Russia and China", claiming that the virus is intended to damage the Chinese economy, weakening its hand in the next round of trade negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-TNI-russia-129">[128]</a> Ultra-nationalist politician and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a>, claimed on a Moscow radio station that the virus was an experiment by <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> and pharmaceutical companies. Politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Nikulin_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Nikulin (politician) (page does not exist)">Igor Nikulin</a> made rounds on Russian television and news media, arguing that Wuhan was chosen for the attack because the presence of a BSL-4 virus lab provided a cover story for the Pentagon and CIA about a Chinese bio-experiment leak.<a href="#cite_note-TNI-russia-129">[128]</a> An EU-document claims 80 attempts by Russian media to spread disinformation related to the epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2020-03-18-130">[129]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a>, the Russian-funded <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)" title="Sputnik (news agency)">Sputnik</a> news agency had published stories speculating that the virus could have been invented in Latvia (by a Latvian affiliate), that it was used by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> to curb <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">protests in Hong Kong</a>, that it was introduced intentionally to reduce the number of elder people in Italy, that it was targeted against the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow vests movement">Yellow Vests</a> movement, and making many other speculations. Sputnik branches in countries including Armenia, Belarus, Spain, and in the Middle East came up with versions of these stories.<a href="#cite_note-Russphb20200315-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Iraqi political analyst Sabah Al-Akili on <a href="/wiki/Aletejah_TV" title="Aletejah TV">Al-Etejah TV</a>, Saudi daily <a href="/wiki/Al_Watan_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Al Watan (Saudi Arabia)">Al-Watan</a> writer Sa'ud Al-Shehry, Syrian daily <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a> columnist Hussein Saqer, and Egyptian journalist Ahmad Rif'at on Egyptian news website Vetogate, were some examples given by MEMRI as propagators of the US biowarfare conspiracy theory in the Arabic world.<a href="#cite_note-MEMRI-arab-disinfo-136">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a>, Iranian cleric Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi accused US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> of targeting <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> with coronavirus "to damage its culture and honor." Saeedi claimed that Trump is fulfilling his promise to hit Iranian cultural sites, if Iranians took revenge for the <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">airstrike</a> that killed of <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> Commander <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radiofarda30449087-141">[138]</a> Iranian TV personality <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Raefipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Raefipour">Ali Akbar Raefipour</a> claimed the coronavirus was part of a "hybrid warfare" programme waged by the United States on Iran and China.<a href="#cite_note-bbc51677530-143">[140]</a> Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, head of Iranian Civil Defense Organization, claimed the coronavirus is likely a biological attack on China and Iran with economic goals.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-civildefense-145">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Salami" title="Hossein Salami">Hossein Salami</a>, the head of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC), claimed that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic in Iran</a> may be due to a US "biological attack."<a href="#cite_note-20200305alarabiya-146">[143]</a> Several Iranian politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amir-Abdollahian" title="Hossein Amir-Abdollahian">Hossein Amir-Abdollahian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasoul_Falahati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasoul Falahati (page does not exist)">Rasoul Falahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Panahian" title="Alireza Panahian">Alireza Panahian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolfazl_Hasanbeigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolfazl Hasanbeigi (page does not exist)">Abolfazl Hasanbeigi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gholamali_Jafarzadeh_Imanabadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gholamali Jafarzadeh Imanabadi (page does not exist)">Gholamali Jafarzadeh Imanabadi</a>, also made similar remarks.<a href="#cite_note-20200316iranwire-147">[144]</a> Iranian <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>, the Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, made similar suggestions.<a href="#cite_note-20200314alarabiyaA-142">[139]</a> Former Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> sent a letter to the United Nations in March 2020, claiming that "it is clear to the world that the mutated coronavirus was produced in lab" and that COVID-19 is "a new weapon for establishing and/or maintaining political and economic upper hand in the global arena."<a href="#cite_note-20200309washingtonexaminer-148">[145]</a> The late<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Bathaie_Golpayegani" title="Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani">Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani</a> claimed that "America is the source of coronavirus, because America went head to head with China and realised it cannot keep up with it economically or militarily."<a href="#cite_note-20200319alarabiya-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reza_Malekzadeh" title="Reza Malekzadeh">Reza Malekzadeh</a>, Iran's deputy health minister and former Minister of Health, rejected claims that the virus was a biological weapon, pointing out that the US would be suffering heavily from it. He said Iran was hard-hit because its close ties to China and reluctance to cut air ties introduced the virus, and because early cases had been mistaken for influenza.<a href="#cite_note-20200314alarabiyaA-142">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> A Filipino Senator, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Sotto" title="Tito Sotto">Tito Sotto</a>, played a bioweapon conspiracy video in a February 2020 Senate hearing, suggesting the coronavirus is biowarfare waged against China.<a href="#cite_note-nypost-rubio-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-philstar1990332-154">[150]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Venezuela <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> member Elvis Méndez declared that the coronavirus was a "bacteriological sickness created in '89, in '90 and historically" and that it was a sickness "inoculated by the <a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">gringos</a>." Méndez theorized that the virus was a weapon against Latin America and China and that its purpose was "to demoralize the person, to weaken to install their system."<a href="#cite_note-20200307somostuvoz-156">[151]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> made similar claims, claiming that the epidemic was a biological weapon targeted at China.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-157">[152]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTTextMsg-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FTTextMsg_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurphyDi_StefanoManson2020" class="citation web cs1">Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/34b6df5a-ea4a-471f-8ac9-606580480049">"Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+says+China+behind+%27huge+wave%27+of+Covid-19+disinformation&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F10%2Feu-says-china-behind-huge-wave-covid-19-disinformation-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2020" class="citation news cs1">Galloway A (16 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/foreign-minister-marise-payne-hits-out-at-chinese-russian-disinformation-20200616-p552y9.html">"Foreign Minister Marise Payne hits out at Chinese, Russian 'disinformation'"</a>. 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Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509081035/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2020/04/15/iran-linked-group-caught-spreading-covid-19-disinformation-on-facebook-and-instagram/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020. 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Winnipeg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427213014/https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg-epidemiologist-faces-online-threats-as-concerns-about-covid-19-misinformation-deepen-1.5163774">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021. <q>Experts say the hostility against public health officials is being fueled in part by online conspiracy theories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winnipeg&rft.atitle=Winnipeg+epidemiologist+faces+online+threats%2C+as+concerns+about+COVID-19+misinformation+deepen&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Izri&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinnipeg.ctvnews.ca%2Fwinnipeg-epidemiologist-faces-online-threats-as-concerns-about-covid-19-misinformation-deepen-1.5163774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcelo2021" class="citation web cs1">Marcelo P (20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-public-health-media-social-media-coronavirus-pandemic-878549db9eb8f2d26eb26a54c2d8c8b2">"They were experts in viruses, and now in pitfalls of fame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204221717/https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-public-health-media-social-media-coronavirus-pandemic-878549db9eb8f2d26eb26a54c2d8c8b2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=They+were+experts+in+viruses%2C+and+now+in+pitfalls+of+fame&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Marcelo&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpandemics-public-health-media-social-media-coronavirus-pandemic-878549db9eb8f2d26eb26a54c2d8c8b2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan" class="citation web cs1">Ryan J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/features/how-the-coronavirus-origin-story-is-being-rewritten-by-a-guerrilla-twitter-group/">"How the coronavirus origin story is being rewritten by a guerrilla Twitter group"</a>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616154637/https://www.cnet.com/features/how-the-coronavirus-origin-story-is-being-rewritten-by-a-guerrilla-twitter-group/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. <q>Bostickson has dubbed him a "Chinese puppet," and others have erroneously suggested that Holmes, with researchers working at the Wuhan Institute of Virology including Shi Zhengli, conspired to keep the origins of the pandemic a secret. Holmes has blocked many Drastic members on Twitter because member's tweets have descended into personal attacks. He vehemently denies Bostickson's baseless claims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=How+the+coronavirus+origin+story+is+being+rewritten+by+a+guerrilla+Twitter+group&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-the-coronavirus-origin-story-is-being-rewritten-by-a-guerrilla-twitter-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay_Cortez" class="citation news cs1">Fay Cortez M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-27/did-covid-come-from-a-lab-scientist-at-wuhan-institute-speaks-out">"The Last–And Only–Foreign Scientist in the Wuhan Lab Speaks Out"</a>. www.bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703120349/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-27/did-covid-come-from-a-lab-scientist-at-wuhan-institute-speaks-out">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021. <q>One of a dozen experts appointed to an international taskforce in November to study the origins of the virus, Anderson hasn't sought public attention, especially since being targeted by U.S. extremists in early 2020 after she exposed false information about the pandemic posted online. The vitriol that ensued prompted her to file a police report. The threats of violence many coronavirus scientists have experienced over the past 18 months have made them hesitant to speak out because of the risk that their words will be misconstrued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Last%E2%80%93And+Only%E2%80%93Foreign+Scientist+in+the+Wuhan+Lab+Speaks+Out&rft.aulast=Fay+Cortez&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2021-06-27%2Fdid-covid-come-from-a-lab-scientist-at-wuhan-institute-speaks-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achenbach_scientists-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Achenbach_scientists_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2021" class="citation news cs1">Achenbach J (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622181611/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-lab-leak-theory/2021/06/20/30b10be2-c3d9-11eb-8c18-fd53a628b992_story.html">"Scientists battle over the ultimate origin story: Where did the coronavirus come from?"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-lab-leak-theory/2021/06/20/30b10be2-c3d9-11eb-8c18-fd53a628b992_story.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. <q>Perlman, a mild-mannered, grandfatherly virologist at the University of Iowa, didn't know the author of the dyspeptic email and had nothing to do with the emergence of the coronavirus. 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Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=The+Memo%3A+Media+face+hard+questions+on+Trump%2C+Wuhan+lab&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F555394-the-memo-media-face-hard-questions-on-trump-wuhan-lab%3Frl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> See, for example, the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation news cs1">Taylor A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/27/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence/">"Analysis – The Wuhan lab-leak theory is getting more attention. That's because key evidence is still missing"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527133526/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/27/wuhan-lab-theory-evidence/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%E2%80%93+The+Wuhan+lab-leak+theory+is+getting+more+attention.+That%27s+because+key+evidence+is+still+missing.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F05%2F27%2Fwuhan-lab-theory-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2021" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont P (27 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far">"Did Covid come from a Wuhan lab? What we know so far"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601204151/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/27/did-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Did+Covid+come+from+a+Wuhan+lab%3F+What+we+know+so+far&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmay%2F27%2Fdid-covid-come-from-a-wuhan-lab-what-we-know-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation news cs1">Rogers A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty/">"The Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory Is a Tale of Weaponized Uncertainty"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211840/https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Covid-19+Lab+Leak+Theory+Is+a+Tale+of+Weaponized+Uncertainty&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fcovid-19-lab-leak-theory-weaponized-uncertainty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamBaric2020" class="citation journal cs1">Graham RL, Baric RS (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110">"SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence"</a>. Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016">10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207110">7207110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392464">32392464</a>. <q>the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunity&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2%3A+Combating+Coronavirus+Emergence&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=734-736&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7207110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32392464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2020.04.016&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Baric%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7207110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarhSilva_AndradeTiwariGiovanetti2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barh D, Silva Andrade B, Tiwari S, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Alcantara LC, et al. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565/">"Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2"</a>. Le Infezioni in Medicina (in Italian). 28 (3): 302–311. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565">32920565</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102043952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021. <q>Conspiracy theories about a possible accidental leak from either of these laboratories known to be experimenting with bats and bat CoVs that has shown some structural similarity to human SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested, but largely dismissed by most authorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Infezioni+in+Medicina&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+versus+creation%3A+a+review+on+the+origin+of+SARS-COV-2&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=302-311&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32920565&rft.aulast=Barh&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Silva+Andrade%2C+B&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+S&rft.au=Giovanetti%2C+M&rft.au=G%C3%B3es-Neto%2C+A&rft.au=Alcantara%2C+LC&rft.au=Azevedo%2C+V&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32920565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdilRahmanWhitelawJain2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996">"SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19"</a>. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1144): 110–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386">10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10016996">10016996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788312">32788312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221124011">221124011</a>. <q>the findings suggest that the laboratory incident hypothesis is extremely unlikely to explain introduction of the virus into the human population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2+and+the+pandemic+of+COVID-19&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1144&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10016996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221124011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32788312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpostgradmedj-2020-138386&rft.aulast=Adil&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Rahman%2C+R&rft.au=Whitelaw%2C+D&rft.au=Jain%2C+V&rft.au=Al-Taan%2C+O&rft.au=Rashid%2C+F&rft.au=Munasinghe%2C+A&rft.au=Jambulingam%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10016996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hakim MS (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">"SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories"</a>. Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.2222">10.1002/rmv.2222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7995093">7995093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33586302">33586302</a>. <q>There is today no evidence that such an accident had happened with SARS-CoV-2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Virology&rft.atitle=SARS-CoV-2%2C+Covid-19%2C+and+the+debunking+of+conspiracy+theories&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2222&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33586302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frmv.2222&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7995093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnravelingOrigins-93"><a href="#cite_ref-UnravelingOrigins_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/nature-based-man-made-unraveling-debate-origins-covid/story?id=78268577">"Nature-based or lab leak? Unraveling the debate over the origins of COVID-19"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618131343/https://abcnews.go.com/US/nature-based-man-made-unraveling-debate-origins-covid/story?id=78268577">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021. <q>Political voices in favor of the lab-leak theory, particularly from President Donald Trump, served to polarize the issue further and largely pushed the scientific community away from a willingness to consider the lab-leak theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nature-based+or+lab+leak%3F+Unraveling+the+debate+over+the+origins+of+COVID-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fnature-based-man-made-unraveling-debate-origins-covid%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78268577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2021" class="citation web cs1">Chow D (16 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/science-around-lab-leak-theory-204525152.html">"There's still no evidence of a Chinese lab leak. But here's what's changed, scientists say"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618150916/https://news.yahoo.com/science-around-lab-leak-theory-204525152.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021. <q>Chan said there had been trepidation among some scientists about publicly discussing the lab leak hypothesis for fear that their words could be misconstrued or used to support racist rhetoric about how the coronavirus emerged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=There%27s+still+no+evidence+of+a+Chinese+lab+leak.+But+here%27s+what%27s+changed%2C+scientists+say.&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fscience-around-lab-leak-theory-204525152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nofact-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nofact_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nofact_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatesPauls" class="citation news cs1">Yates K, Pauls J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/china-coronavirus-online-chatter-conspiracy-1.5442376">"Online claims that Chinese scientists stole coronavirus from Winnipeg lab have 'no factual basis'"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Event occurs at 27 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208134329/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/china-coronavirus-online-chatter-conspiracy-1.5442376">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+claims+that+Chinese+scientists+stole+coronavirus+from+Winnipeg+lab+have+%27no+factual+basis%27&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Pauls%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fchina-coronavirus-online-chatter-conspiracy-1.5442376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-escorted-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escorted_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-escorted_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauls2019" class="citation news cs1">Pauls K (14 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/chinese-researcher-escorted-from-infectious-disease-lab-amid-rcmp-investigation-1.5211567">"Chinese researcher escorted from infectious disease lab amid RCMP investigation"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206011635/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/chinese-researcher-escorted-from-infectious-disease-lab-amid-rcmp-investigation-1.5211567">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+researcher+escorted+from+infectious+disease+lab+amid+RCMP+investigation&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft.aulast=Pauls&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fchinese-researcher-escorted-from-infectious-disease-lab-amid-rcmp-investigation-1.5211567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buzz_doxx-97"><a href="#cite_ref-buzz_doxx_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroderick2020" class="citation web cs1">Broderick R (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanhatesthis/a-pro-trump-blog-has-doxed-a-chinese-scientist-it-falsely">"A Pro-Trump Blog Doxed A Chinese Scientist It Falsely Accused Of Creating The Coronavirus As A Bioweapon"</a>. BuzzFeed News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210034232/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanhatesthis/a-pro-trump-blog-has-doxed-a-chinese-scientist-it-falsely">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=A+Pro-Trump+Blog+Doxed+A+Chinese+Scientist+It+Falsely+Accused+Of+Creating+The+Coronavirus+As+A+Bioweapon&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Broderick&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fryanhatesthis%2Fa-pro-trump-blog-has-doxed-a-chinese-scientist-it-falsely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatesPauls" class="citation news cs1">Yates K, Pauls J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/中国科学家从温尼伯实验室中窃取-冠状病毒的网络传言-没有事实根据-1.5448165">"Chinese scientists have stolen the coronavirus from the Winnipeg laboratory and the online rumors are'unfounded' Chinese translation: 中国科学家从温尼伯实验室中窃取冠状病毒的网络传言'没有事实根据'"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Event occurs at 27 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201040447/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8E%E6%B8%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E7%AA%83%E5%8F%96-%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%A8%80-%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE-1.5448165">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+scientists+have+stolen+the+coronavirus+from+the+Winnipeg+laboratory+and+the+online+rumors+are%27unfounded%27+Chinese+translation%3A+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8E%E6%B8%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E7%AA%83%E5%8F%96+%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%A8%80%27%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%27&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Pauls%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8E%E6%B8%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E7%AA%83%E5%8F%96-%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%A8%80-%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE-1.5448165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20200128factcheck-99"><a href="#cite_ref-20200128factcheck_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2020" class="citation web cs1">Spencer SH (28 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/coronavirus-wasnt-sent-by-spy-from-canada/">"Coronavirus Wasn't Sent by 'Spy' From Canada"</a>. Factcheck.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130160015/https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/coronavirus-wasnt-sent-by-spy-from-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020. 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Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=How+China+Built+a+Twitter+Propaganda+Machine+Then+Let+It+Loose+on+Coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Kao&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Li%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fhow-china-built-a-twitter-propaganda-machine-then-let-it-loose-on-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodds-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodds_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2020" class="citation news cs1">Dodds L (5 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/05/china-floods-facebook-instagram-undeclared-coronavirus-propaganda/">"China floods Facebook with undeclared coronavirus propaganda ads blaming Trump"</a>. 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NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308171109/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/coronavirus-rumors-misinformation-swirl-unchecked-china-n1151291">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus+rumors+%E2%80%93+and+misinformation+%E2%80%93+swirl+unchecked+in+China&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2020-03-06&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Shi%2C+A&rft.au=Smith%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcoronavirus-rumors-misinformation-swirl-unchecked-china-n1151291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-setn677313-105"><a href="#cite_ref-setn677313_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=677313"><bdi lang="zh">中國家長指稱「武漢肺炎是美國投放病毒」網友傻爆眼</bdi></a> [Chinese parents claim that "Wuhan pneumonia is a virus delivered by the United States" netizens are stupid] (in Chinese (China)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219211548/https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=677313">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%95%B7%E6%8C%87%E7%A8%B1%E3%80%8C%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%98%AF%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8A%95%E6%94%BE%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E3%80%8D+%E7%B6%B2%E5%8F%8B%E5%82%BB%E7%88%86%E7%9C%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setn.com%2FNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D677313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xilu1000010001-106"><a href="#cite_ref-xilu1000010001_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211022551/http://www.xilu.com/20200126/1000010001119697.html"><bdi lang="zh">武汉病毒4个关键蛋白被替换，可精准攻击华人</bdi></a> [Four key proteins of Wuhan virus have been replaced, which can accurately attack Chinese]. 西陆网 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xilu.com/20200126/1000010001119697.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2020. 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Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Fact+Checking+Organization&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E3%80%91%E7%B6%B2%E5%82%B3%E3%80%8C%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8E%E8%A5%BF%E9%99%B8%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E3%80%8F%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%A3%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D%EF%BC%88%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%EF%BC%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%98%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftfc-taiwan.org.tw%2Farticles%2F2508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-szhgh221836-109"><a href="#cite_ref-szhgh221836_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szhgh.com/Article/opinion/zatan/2020-01-30/221836.html"><bdi lang="zh">为什么武汉这场瘟疫，必须得靠解放军？</bdi></a> [Why does Wuhan have to rely on the PLA?] (in Chinese (China)). 红歌会网. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221185358/http://www.szhgh.com/Article/opinion/zatan/2020-01-30/221836.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. 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Taiwan News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161737/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3896257">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020. 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Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+5G+and+coronavirus+are+not+connected&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftech%2Fcolumnist%2F2020%2F03%2F21%2Fdid-5-g-cause-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic%2F2873731001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20200313fullfact-190"><a href="#cite_ref-20200313fullfact_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2020" class="citation web cs1">Krishna R (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fullfact.org/online/coronavirus-5G/">"These claims about the new coronavirus and 5G are unfounded"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320160841/https://fullfact.org/online/coronavirus-5G/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. 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World Health Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+disease+%28COVID-19%29+advice+for+the+public%3A+Mythbusters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Femergencies%2Fdiseases%2Fnovel-coronavirus-2019%2Fadvice-for-public%2Fmyth-busters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/coronavirus/">"Coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolitiFact&rft.atitle=Coronavirus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fcoronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centerforinquiry.org/coronavirus/">"Coronavirus Resource Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>. 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+Resource+Center&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcenterforinquiry.org%2Fcoronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOVID-19+misinformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div 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id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic">Pre-pandemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Contagion" title="Crimson Contagion">Crimson Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Event 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus" title="Exercise Cygnus">Exercise Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_timeline_by_country_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa">timeline</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">national responses</a>)</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland">Puntland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa" title="List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa">list of deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana">Ghana</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(March%E2%80%93July_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)">March–July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(August%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)">August–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">education</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central/North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo">Tokyo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics">2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">respirator diplomacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">Mainland China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China" title="COVID-19 lockdown in China">lockdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">detail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing">Beijing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics">2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak" title="2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak">2022 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India#Evacuations_by_India_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India" title="COVID-19 lockdown in India">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">migrant workers' crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">statistics</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(January%E2%80%93May_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)">January–May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(June%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)">June–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">union government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri" title="Vaccine Maitri">Vaccine Maitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi">Delhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi">Tablighi Jamaat hotspot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">Kerala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_East_Timor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions" title="Indonesia large-scale social restrictions">social restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement" title="Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement">Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">Singapore</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures" title="2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures">circuit breaker response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Aid and relief efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order" title="Malaysian movement control order">movement control order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia" title="2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia">Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor">Selangor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">community quarantines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon" title="Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon">Luzon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic">evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#COVID-19_testing_controversy" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">testing controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga">Caraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region">Davao Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic">Overseas Filipinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(country)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">history</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)">January–June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)">July–December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)">January–June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)">July–December 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rescript" title="Operation Rescript">Operation Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li></ul></li> <li>impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">England</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England" title="COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England">local lockdown regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England" title="First COVID-19 tier regulations in England">first tier regulations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus">Belarus</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">political impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia">statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla">Melilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gloria" title="Operation Gloria">Operation Gloria</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EFTA countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microstates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino" title="COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">federal aid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laser" title="Operation Laser">military response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble" title="Atlantic Bubble">Atlantic Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">Alberta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York">York Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">Provincial government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal">Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic">boroughs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French West Indies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">vaccination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Trump administration communication</a></li> <li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)">2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19" title="2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19">2021 hospital crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">responses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">state and local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">California government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New York government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Texas government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council" title="Eastern States Multi-state Council">Eastern States Multi-state Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact" title="Midwest Governors Regional Pact">Midwest Governors Regional Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_States_Pact" title="Western States Pact">Western States Pact</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona">Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="COVID-19 pandemic in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area">S.F. Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">Nevada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon">Oregon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C." title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)">2020</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand">Alert levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework" title="COVID-19 Protection Framework">Traffic light system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand">managed isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">human rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco">Cusco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess">Diamond Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess">Grand Princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt">USS Theodore Roosevelt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and cultural heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">References in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films affected</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-chan" title="Corona-chan">Corona-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">U.S.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting">U.S. sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs affected</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy" title="2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy">exam grading controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble" title="Bio-secure bubble">Bio-secure bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season" title="Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season">NBA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports">Combat sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football">Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Social impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19" title="Social stigma associated with COVID-19">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party#COVID-19_party" title="Pox party">COVID-19 parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">Children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States">foster care in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_baking" title="Pandemic baking">Pandemic baking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers">Healthcare workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">Indian migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Resignation" title="Great Resignation">Great Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong#Protests" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea#History" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan#0" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States">Abortion in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention" title="COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention">U.S. immigration detention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">African communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities">Native American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Charitable activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_scams" title="COVID-19 scams">COVID-19 scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment" title="COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment">COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada">meat industry in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">meat industry in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States">restaurant industry in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity">ICU capacity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Mink farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supply and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage" title="2020–2023 global chip shortage">Chip supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">Global supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">Global stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 inflation surge">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia's response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misinformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">Governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plandemic" title="Plandemic">Plandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation" title="List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Political impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest" title="2021 Abkhazia unrest">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17A" title="17A">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 protests in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra" title="Convoy to Canberra">Convoy to Canberra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests" title="2022 Brussels protests">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Brazil" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests" title="2020 Brazilian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests" title="2021 Brazilian protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 protests in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests" title="2019–2022 Chilean protests">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest" title="2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest">Beijing Sitong Bridge protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests" title="2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests">healthcare reform protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Colombia" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests" title="2021 Colombian protests">2021 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests" title="2022 Colombian protests">2022 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#France" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies" title="2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies">French West Indies social unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_convoy_protest" title="France convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 protests in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting" title="2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting">Idar-Oberstein shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Greek_protests" title="2021 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu">protests against Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy" title="Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests" title="2021 Mongolian protests">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots" title="2021 Dutch curfew riots">curfew riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 protests in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest" title="2022 Wellington protest">Wellington protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests" title="2021 Paraguayan protests">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests" title="2020–2022 Serbian protests">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests" title="2021 Tunisian protests">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_the_States" title="Open the States">Open the States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">International relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Moldovan–Romanian collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6104900" class="extiw" title="d:Q6104900">Nicaragua–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy" title="Vaccine diplomacy">Vaccine diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropause" title="Anthropause">Anthropause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology#Telecommunications" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Quarantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspreading_event" title="Superspreading event">Superspreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_town" title="Zoom town">Zoom towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals" title="COVID-19 pandemic and animals">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women">Pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer" title="COVID-19 and cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">Endemic COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19" title="Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19">Skin manifestations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Non-COVID-19–related health issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve#Raising_the_line" title="Flattening the curve">Raise the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19" title="Rehabilitation after COVID-19">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Unproven medical methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and epidemiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_datasets" title="COVID-19 datasets">Datasets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moonshot" title="Operation Moonshot">Operation Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_to_Release" title="Test to Release">Test to Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium" title="UK Rapid Test Consortium">UK Rapid Test Consortium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test" title="AbC-19 rapid antibody test">AbC-19 rapid antibody test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations into the origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test" title="COVID-19 rapid antigen test">Rapid antigen test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" title="Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance" title="COVID-19 surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting COVID-19 deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_apps" title="COVID-19 apps">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarogya_Setu" title="Aarogya Setu">Aarogya Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CareFIJI" title="CareFIJI">careFIJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia" title="Coronavirus Australia">Coronavirus Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-Warn-App" title="Corona-Warn-App">Corona-Warn-App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application" title="COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application">COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Alert" title="COVID Alert">COVID Alert</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa#COVID_AlertSA" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID AlertSA</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Code">Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_Together" title="Healthy Together">Healthy Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuni" title="Immuni">Immuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronavilkku" title="Koronavilkku">Koronavilkku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe" title="LeaveHomeSafe">LeaveHomeSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySejahtera" title="MySejahtera">MySejahtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer" title="NZ COVID Tracer">NZ COVID Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier" title="NZ Pass Verifier">NZ Pass Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PathCheck" title="PathCheck">PathCheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeduliLindungi" title="PeduliLindungi">PeduliLindungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeEntry" title="SafeEntry">SafeEntry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafePass" title="SafePass">SafePass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StaySafe.ph" title="StaySafe.ph">StaySafe.ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCN_Protocol" title="TCN Protocol">TCN Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect" title="Test, Trace, Protect">Test, Trace, Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chana" title="Thai Chana">Thai Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TousAntiCovid" title="TousAntiCovid">TousAntiCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TraceTogether" title="TraceTogether">TraceTogether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtrace" title="Valtrace">Valtrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study" title="Zoe Health Study">Zoe Health Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box" title="Corsi–Rosenthal Box">Corsi–Rosenthal Box</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_fatigue#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic fatigue">COVID fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-mask sentiment">Anti-mask sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration" title="Great Barrington Declaration">Great Barrington Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge" title="Safe Hands Challenge">Safe Hands Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate" title="EU Digital COVID Certificate">EU Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19" title="Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19">Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">Post-vaccination complications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZyCoV-D" title="ZyCoV-D">ZyCoV-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIran_Barekat" title="COVIran Barekat">COVIran Barekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoviVac_(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine)" title="CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)">CoviVac (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAKHRAVAC" title="FAKHRAVAC">FAKHRAVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Minhai COVID-19 vaccine">Minhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QazCovid-in" title="QazCovid-in">QazCovid-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm WIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkovac" title="Turkovac">Turkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdala_(vaccine)" title="Abdala (vaccine)">Abdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a> (Bio E COVID-19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVAX-19" title="COVAX-19">COVAX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndoVac" title="IndoVac">IndoVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine" title="MVC COVID-19 vaccine">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noora_(vaccine)" title="Noora (vaccine)">Noora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars" title="Razi Cov Pars">Razi Cov Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm CNBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_02" title="Soberana 02">Soberana 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_Plus" title="Soberana Plus">Soberana Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">ZF2001</a> (Zifivax)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">Viral vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Light" title="Sputnik Light">Sputnik Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoVLP" title="CoVLP">CoVLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVI-VAC_(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine)" title="COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)">COVI-VAC (United States)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119" title="AG0302-COVID‑19">AG0302-COVID‑19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GX-19" title="GX-19">GX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Inovio COVID-19 vaccine">Inovio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactivated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KD-414" title="KD-414">KD-414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-021" title="ARCT-021">ARCT-021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-154" title="ARCT-154">ARCT-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangavax" title="Bangavax">Bangavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine" title="CureVac COVID-19 vaccine">CureVac</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGC019" title="HGC019">HGC019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA-1283" title="MRNA-1283">mRNA-1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B" title="PTX-COVID19-B">PTX-COVID19-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–Translate Bio</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine">Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Walvax COVID-19 vaccine">Walvax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subunit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/202-CoV" title="202-CoV">202-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKS-452" title="AKS-452">AKS-452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCorVac-19" title="EuCorVac-19">EuCorVac-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVX-411" title="IVX-411">IVX-411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocovax" title="Nanocovax">Nanocovax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCOV" title="ReCOV">ReCOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-268019" title="S-268019">S-268019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCB-2019" title="SCB-2019">SCB-2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCTV01C" title="SCTV01C">SCTV01C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-612" title="UB-612">UB-612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-01" title="V-01">V-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V451_vaccine" title="V451 vaccine">V451</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine">Vabiotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine" title="West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine">West China Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral vector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19" title="AdCLD-CoV19">AdCLD-CoV19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriLife" title="BriLife">BriLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COH04S1" title="COH04S1">COH04S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT" title="DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT">DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAd-COV2" title="GRAd-COV2">GRAd-COV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine">ImmunityBio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INCOVACC" title="INCOVACC">iNCOVACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INNA-051" title="INNA-051">INNA-051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNCoV2" title="ABNCoV2">ABNCoV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYB001" title="LYB001">LYB001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MigVax-101" title="MigVax-101">MigVax-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBI-2902" title="VBI-2902">VBI-2902</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment by location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">Mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France" title="COVID-19 vaccination in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States">mandates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone#COVID‑19" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation#Use_in_COVID-19_patients" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Open-source ventilator">Open-source ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial" title="PANORAMIC trial">PANORAMIC trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY Trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_trial" title="Solidarity trial">Solidarity trial</a> (WHO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab" title="Bamlanivimab/etesevimab">Bamlanivimab/etesevimab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab" title="Bamlanivimab">Bamlanivimab</a></li> <li>Etesevimab</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebtelovimab" title="Bebtelovimab">Bebtelovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab" title="Casirivimab/imdevimab">Casirivimab/imdevimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regdanvimab" title="Regdanvimab">Regdanvimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotrovimab" title="Sotrovimab">Sotrovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab" title="Tixagevimab/cilgavimab">Tixagevimab/cilgavimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Small molecule antivirals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug" title="Broad-spectrum antiviral drug">Broad-spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensitrelvir" title="Ensitrelvir">Ensitrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">Molnupiravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remdesivir#COVID-19" title="Remdesivir">Remdesivir</a></li></ul></li> <li>Co-packaged <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir" title="Nirmatrelvir">Nirmatrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir" title="Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir">ritonavir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2#B.1.640.2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Lineage B.1.640.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern">Variant of concern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals and medical clinics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre" title="Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre">Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcang_hospital" title="Fangcang hospital">Fangcang hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital" title="Huoshenshan Hospital">Huoshenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital" title="Leishenshan Hospital">Leishenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel" title="Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel">Xinjia Express Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital" title="Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital">Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic">Hospital ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre" title="Garran Surge Centre">Garran Surge Centre</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador" title="Hospital El Salvador">Hospital El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SevenHills_Hospital#COVID-19_hospital" title="SevenHills Hospital">SevenHills Hospital</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village" title="Kemayoran Athletes Village">Kemayoran Athletes Village</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a> (North Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang" title="Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang">Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers" title="Mega Ligtas COVID Centers">Mega Ligtas COVID Centers</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre">Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital" title="Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital">Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital" title="Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital">Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom#NHS_England" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">NHS Nightingale Hospitals</a> (England) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North East">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan" title="NHS Louisa Jordan">NHS Louisa Jordan</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Dragon's Heart Hospital</a> (Wales)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="National Cabinet (Australia)">National Cabinet</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceUpFirst" title="ScienceUpFirst">ScienceUpFirst</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_SAGE" title="Independent SAGE">Independent SAGE</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (African Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre" title="Ghana Infectious Disease Centre">Ghana Infectious Disease Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Department of Health (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency" title="Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency">Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases" title="National Institute for Communicable Diseases">National Institute for Communicable Diseases</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control" title="Taiwan Centers for Disease Control">Taiwan Centers for Disease Control</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pandemic institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board" title="National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board">National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Immunity Task Force">COVID-19 Immunity Task Force</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council" title="COVID-19 Supply Council">COVID-19 Supply Council</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREPARE" title="PREPARE">PREPARE</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19" title="National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19">National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force">COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_(2020)" title="National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)">National Public Health Emergency Team</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting" title="Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting">Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre" title="Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre">Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee" title="Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee">Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases">Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center" title="Central Epidemic Command Center">Central Epidemic Command Center</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board" title="Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board">Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium" title="COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre" title="Joint Biosecurity Centre">Joint Biosecurity Centre</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce" title="Vaccine Taskforce">Vaccine Taskforce</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups" title="Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups">Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GACH" title="GACH">GACH</a> (Uruguay)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_Relief" title="Artist Relief">Artist Relief</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical professionals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Fen" title="Ai Fen">Ai Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Rintawan" title="Corona Rintawan">Corona Rintawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(doctor)" title="Liu Wen (doctor)">Liu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Linka" title="Xie Linka">Xie Linka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong" title="Zhang Wenhong">Zhang Wenhong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers" title="Category:Coronavirus researchers">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud" title="Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud">Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burioni" title="Roberto Burioni">Roberto Burioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wei_(medical_scientist)" title="Chen Wei (medical scientist)">Chen Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett" title="Kizzmekia Corbett">Kizzmekia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_(scientist)" title="Andrea Crisanti (scientist)">Andrea Crisanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Fisher" title="Dale Fisher">Dale Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Gao" title="George F. Gao">George F. Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azra_Ghani" title="Azra Ghani">Azra Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata" title="Kentaro Iwata">Kentaro Iwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Keeling" title="Matt Keeling">Matt Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudie_Lang" title="Trudie Lang">Trudie Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanjuan" title="Li Lanjuan">Li Lanjuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin" title="W. Ian Lipkin">W. Ian Lipkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei" title="Ma Xiaowei">Ma Xiaowei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Madhi" title="Shabir Madhi">Shabir Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_McGeer" title="Allison McGeer">Allison McGeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Rothe" title="Camilla Rothe">Camilla Rothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui" title="Moncef Slaoui">Moncef Slaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tildesley" title="Mike Tildesley">Mike Tildesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Todd_(British_biologist)" title="John Todd (British biologist)">John Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(physician)" title="Wang Chen (physician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangfa" title="Wang Guangfa">Wang Guangfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung" title="Yuen Kwok-yung">Yuen Kwok-yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guang" title="Zeng Guang">Zeng Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen" title="Zhang Yongzhen">Zhang Yongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom</a> (Director-General of the WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Aylward" title="Bruce Aylward">Bruce Aylward</a> (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove" title="Maria Van Kerkhove">Maria Van Kerkhove</a> (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_(doctor)" title="Michael J. Ryan (doctor)">Michael J. Ryan</a> (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Atherton" title="Frank Atherton">Frank Atherton</a> (Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield" title="Ashley Bloomfield">Ashley Bloomfield</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood" title="Catherine Calderwood">Catherine Calderwood</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen" title="Chang Shan-chwen">Chang Shan-chwen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul" title="Anutin Charnvirakul">Anutin Charnvirakul</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung" title="Chen Shih-chung">Chen Shih-chung</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching" title="Chuang Yin-ching">Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Costache" title="Victor Costache">Victor Costache</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio" title="Fabrizio Curcio">Fabrizio Curcio</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Deseda" title="Carmen Deseda">Carmen Deseda</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel" title="Jaap van Dissel">Jaap van Dissel</a> (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III" title="Francisco Duque III">Francisco Duque III</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo" title="Francesco Paolo Figliuolo">Francesco Paolo Figliuolo</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas" title="Graça Freitas">Graça Freitas</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo" title="Henrique Gouveia e Melo">Henrique Gouveia e Melo</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_Hasan" title="Hamad Hasan">Hamad Hasan</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hunt" title="Greg Hunt">Greg Hunt</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Holohan" title="Tony Holohan">Tony Holohan</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong" title="Jeong Eun-kyeong">Jeong Eun-kyeong</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca" title="Fahrettin Koca">Fahrettin Koca</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez">Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McBride_(doctor)" title="Michael McBride (doctor)">Michael McBride</a> (Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Oriol Mitjà">Oriol Mitjà</a> (Andorra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize" title="Zweli Mkhize">Zweli Mkhize</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_Monardo" title="Doni Monardo">Doni Monardo</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alma Möller">Alma Möller</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Namaki" title="Saeed Namaki">Saeed Namaki</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco" title="Ala Nemerenco">Ala Nemerenco</a> (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long" title="Nguyễn Thanh Long">Nguyễn Thanh Long</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah" title="Noor Hisham Abdullah">Noor Hisham Abdullah</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pilli" title="Ali Pilli">Ali Pilli</a> (Northern Cyprus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salinas" title="Daniel Salinas">Daniel Salinas</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon" title="Jérôme Salomon">Jérôme Salomon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Simón">Fernando Simón</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Smith" title="Gregor Smith">Gregor Smith</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Ih-jen" title="Su Ih-jen">Su Ih-jen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Tam" title="Theresa Tam">Theresa Tam</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Tegnell" title="Anders Tegnell">Anders Tegnell</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason" title="Þórólfur Guðnason">Þórólfur Guðnason</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras" title="Sotiris Tsiodras">Sotiris Tsiodras</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_(Delhi_politician)" title="Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)">Harsh Vardhan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson" title="Víðir Reynisson">Víðir Reynisson</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti" title="Carla Vizzotti">Carla Vizzotti</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu" title="Vlad Voiculescu">Vlad Voiculescu</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiushi" title="Chen Qiushi">Chen Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Crozier" title="Brett Crozier">Brett Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bin" title="Fang Bin">Fang Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond" title="Joseph Ashitey Hammond">Joseph Ashitey Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehua" title="Li Zehua">Li Zehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore" title="Captain Tom Moore">Captain Tom Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang" title="Qiu Menghuang">Qiu Menghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang" title="Ren Zhiqiang">Ren Zhiqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_(templates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Data (templates)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory#Statistics" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Cases, deaths, recoveries by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Virus_testing_statistics_by_country_subdivision" title="COVID-19 testing">Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision</a></li> <li>WHO situation reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_September_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_October_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_November_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_December_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2021">August 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">World map by countries: confirmed per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China#Graphics" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#Numbers" title="List of countries by hospital beds">Hospital beds by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns#Table_of_pandemic_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Algeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Algeria medical cases chart">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Angola_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Angola medical cases chart">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Benin_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Benin medical cases chart">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Botswana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Botswana medical cases chart">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burkina_Faso_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burkina Faso medical cases chart">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Burundi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Burundi medical cases chart">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cameroon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cameroon medical cases chart">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Comoros_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Comoros medical cases chart">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Eswatini_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Eswatini medical cases chart">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ethiopia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ethiopia medical cases chart">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases">Ghana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ghana_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ghana medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ivory_Coast_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ivory Coast medical cases chart">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kenya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kenya medical cases chart">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Libya_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Libya medical cases chart">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malawi_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malawi medical cases chart">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mali_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mali medical cases chart">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritania medical cases chart">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mauritius_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mauritius medical cases chart">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Morocco_(including_occupied_Western_Sahara)_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara) medical cases chart">Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mozambique_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mozambique medical cases chart">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases">Nigera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nigeria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nigeria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/São Tomé and Príncipe medical cases chart">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Senegal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Senegal medical cases chart">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Seychelles_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Seychelles medical cases chart">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sierra_Leone_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sierra Leone medical cases chart">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Africa_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Africa medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Sudan medical cases chart">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sudan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sudan medical cases chart">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tanzania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tanzania medical cases chart">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Togo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Togo medical cases chart">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tunisia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tunisia medical cases chart">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uganda_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uganda medical cases chart">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zambia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zambia medical cases chart">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases">Zimbabwe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Zimbabwe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Zimbabwe medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bolivia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bolivia medical cases">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brazil_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brazil medical cases">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Canada_vaccinations_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Canada vaccinations by province">vaccinations by province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Chile_medical_cases_by_commune" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Chile medical cases by commune">by commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Colombia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Colombia medical cases chart">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases">Costa Rica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Costa_Rica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Costa Rica medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cuba_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cuba medical cases chart">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Dominican_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Dominican Republic medical cases chart">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ecuador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ecuador medical cases chart">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/El_Salvador_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/El Salvador medical cases chart">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Guatemala_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Guatemala medical cases chart">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Haiti_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Haiti medical cases chart">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Honduras_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Honduras medical cases chart">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mexico_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mexico medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nicaragua_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nicaragua medical cases chart">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Panama_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Panama medical cases chart">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Paraguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Paraguay medical cases chart">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Peru_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Peru medical cases chart">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_States_medical_cases_by_state" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uruguay_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uruguay medical cases chart">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Venezuela_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Venezuela medical cases chart">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Afghanistan medical cases chart">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart">Artsakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Azerbaijan medical cases chart">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bahrain medical cases chart">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases chart">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases by division">by division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases">Bhutan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brunei medical cases chart">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_(dots)" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)">confirmed per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China">lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province">by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hong Kong medical cases chart">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Macau medical cases chart">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/East_Timor_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/East Timor medical cases chart">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Egypt_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Egypt medical cases chart">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Georgia medical cases chart">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/India medical cases chart">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iraq medical cases chart">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Jordan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Jordan medical cases chart">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kazakhstan medical cases chart">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kuwait medical cases chart">Kuwait cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Laos medical cases">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lebanon medical cases chart">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">charts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Myanmar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases summary">summary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases">Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases">Oman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">areas of quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Qatar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Qatar medical cases chart">Qatar</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Singapore_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Singapore medical cases chart">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccinations charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sri Lanka medical cases chart">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Syria medical cases chart">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Taiwan medical cases chart">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts" title="Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts">vaccination charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tajikistan medical cases chart">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Thailand medical cases chart">Thailand cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vietnam medical cases chart">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Yemen_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Yemen medical cases chart">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Europe_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Europe medical cases chart">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Albania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Albania medical cases chart">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Austria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Austria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belarus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belarus medical cases chart">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Belgium_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Belgium medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bosnia and Herzegovina medical cases chart">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bulgaria_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bulgaria medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Croatia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Croatia medical cases chart">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cyprus_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cyprus medical cases chart">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Czech_Republic_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Czech Republic medical cases chart">Czech Republic</a></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Denmark_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Denmark medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Faroe_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Faroe Islands medical cases chart">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Estonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Estonia medical cases chart">Estonia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Finland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Finland medical cases chart">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/France_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/France medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Germany_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Germany medical cases chart">Germany cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Greece_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Greece medical cases chart">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hungary_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hungary medical cases chart">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iceland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iceland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Ireland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Ireland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_statistics_charts" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy statistics charts">statistics charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Italy_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Italy vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kosovo_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kosovo medical cases chart">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Latvia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Latvia medical cases chart">Latvia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lithuania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lithuania medical cases chart">Lithuania cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Luxembourg_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Luxembourg medical cases chart">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malta_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malta medical cases chart">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Moldova_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Moldova medical cases chart">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Monaco_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Monaco medical cases chart">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Montenegro_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Montenegro medical cases chart">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Netherlands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Netherlands medical cases chart">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/North_Macedonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/North Macedonia medical cases chart">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Norway_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Norway medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Poland_medical_cases_by_voivodeship" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Poland medical cases by voivodeship">by voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Portugal_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Portugal medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Romania_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Romania medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Russia_medical_cases_by_federal_subject" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Russia medical cases by federal subject">by federal subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/San_Marino_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Marino medical cases chart">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Serbia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Serbia medical cases chart">Serbia</a></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovakia_medical_cases_by_region" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovakia medical cases by region">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Slovenia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Slovenia medical cases chart">Slovenia cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Spain_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Spain medical cases chart">Spain cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sweden_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sweden medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Switzerland_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Switzerland medical cases chart">Switzerland cases chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Turkey_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Turkey medical cases chart">cases chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Ukraine_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Ukraine medical cases chart">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom medical cases">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Gibraltar_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Gibraltar medical cases chart">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations chart">vaccinations chart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_daily_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations daily chart">daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Kingdom_vaccinations_weekly_by_nation_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Kingdom vaccinations weekly by nation chart">by nation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vatican_City_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vatican City medical cases chart">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Australia_cases_by_state/territory" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Australia cases by state/territory">Australia by state/territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Fiji_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Fiji medical cases chart">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/French_Polynesia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/French Polynesia medical cases chart">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Caledonia_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Caledonia medical cases chart">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/New_Zealand_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/New Zealand medical cases chart">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Papua_New_Guinea_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Papua New Guinea medical cases chart">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Solomon_Islands_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Solomon Islands medical cases chart">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Antarctica_medical_cases_chart" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Antarctica medical cases chart">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Diamond_Princess_medical_cases" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Diamond Princess medical cases">Diamond Princess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"></a></li></ul><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> </a><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory">California drought manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas (outside the United States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)">Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)">Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> / Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Opposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opposition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checking website">Fact-checking website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">COVID-19 misinformation at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="wikt:COVID-19">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19" class="extiw" title="c:Category:COVID-19">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="n:COVID-19">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="q:COVID-19">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="s:COVID-19">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="b:COVID-19">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="v:COVID-19">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="voy:COVID-19">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/COVID-19" class="extiw" title="species:COVID-19">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85173778" class="extiw" title="d:Q85173778">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_misinformation&oldid=1257535464">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_misinformation&oldid=1257535464</a>"</div></div> 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