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id="toc-Major_subsystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascending_reticular_activating_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascending_reticular_activating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ascending reticular activating system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascending_reticular_activating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulating_sleep-wake_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulating_sleep-wake_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Regulating sleep-wake transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulating_sleep-wake_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance_of_the_ARAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance_of_the_ARAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Clinical significance of the ARAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance_of_the_ARAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Developmental influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descending_reticulospinal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descending_reticulospinal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Descending reticulospinal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descending_reticulospinal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A" title="تشكل شبكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشكل شبكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEasta_formacija_srednjeg_mozga" title="Mrežasta formacija srednjeg mozga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrežasta formacija srednjeg mozga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaci%C3%B3_reticular" title="Formació reticular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formació reticular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retikul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_formace" title="Retikulární formace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Retikulární formace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatio_reticularis" title="Formatio reticularis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Formatio reticularis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δικτυωτός σχηματισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δικτυωτός σχηματισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaci%C3%B3n_reticular" title="Formación reticular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Formación reticular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare-antzeko_eraketa" title="Sare-antzeko eraketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare-antzeko eraketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="تشکیلات مشبک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تشکیلات مشبک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_r%C3%A9ticul%C3%A9e" title="Formation réticulée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formation réticulée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%AC%BC%EC%B2%B4" title="그물체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그물체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formazione_reticolare" title="Formazione reticolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formazione reticolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תצורה רשתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תצורה רשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ретикул формациясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ретикул формациясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinklinis_darinys" title="Tinklinis darinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tinklinis darinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyt%C3%B6rzsi_h%C3%A1l%C3%B3zatos_%C3%A1llom%C3%A1ny" title="Agytörzsi hálózatos állomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agytörzsi hálózatos állomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatio_reticularis" title="Formatio reticularis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Formatio reticularis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E6%A7%98%E4%BD%93" title="網様体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="網様体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retikulyar_formatsiya" title="Retikulyar formatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Retikulyar formatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%B3r_siatkowaty" title="Twór siatkowaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Twór siatkowaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_reticular" title="Formação reticular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Formação reticular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ретикулярная формация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ретикулярная формация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C5%A5kovit%C3%BD_%C3%BAtvar" title="Sieťkovitý útvar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sieťkovitý útvar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivoverkosto" title="Aivoverkosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivoverkosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เรติคูลาร์ฟอร์เมชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรติคูลาร์ฟอร์เมชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retik%C3%BCler_aktive_edici_sistem" title="Retiküler aktive edici sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Retiküler aktive edici sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ретикулярна формація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ретикулярна формація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="网状结构 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="网状结构" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q750588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Reticular_formation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spinal trigeminal nucleus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Reticular formation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray701.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/300px-Gray701.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/450px-Gray701.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Gray701.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="434" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">Coronal</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, at its upper part.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Formatio reticularis labeled at left.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray694.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/300px-Gray694.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/450px-Gray694.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Traverse section of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> at about the middle of the olive. (Formatio reticularis grisea and formatio reticularis alba labeled at left.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">Brainstem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and other regions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>formatio reticularis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012154">D012154</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1223">1223</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nlx_143558">nlx_143558</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.00.021%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.00.021</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.403%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.05.403</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.06.327%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.06.327</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5367">5367</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma77719">77719</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750588" class="extiw" title="d:Q750588">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>reticular formation</b> is a set of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> that spans from the lower end of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> to the upper end of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of <a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(biology)" title="Neural network (biology)">neural networks</a> in the core of the brainstem.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reticular formation is made up of a diffuse net-like formation of <a href="/wiki/Reticular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular nuclei">reticular nuclei</a> which is not well-defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines2018c_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines2018c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be seen as being made up of all the interspersed cells in the brainstem between the more compact and named structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines2018c_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines2018c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reticular formation is functionally divided into the <b>ascending reticular activating system</b> (<b>ARAS</b>), ascending pathways to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, and the <b>descending reticular system</b>, descending pathways (<a href="/wiki/Reticulospinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulospinal tract">reticulospinal tracts</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Augustine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its extent along the brainstem it may be divided into different areas such as the midbrain reticular formation, the central mesencephalic reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation, the <a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">paramedian pontine reticular formation</a>, the dorsolateral pontine reticular formation, and the medullary reticular formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neurons of the ARAS basically act as an on/off switch to the cerebral cortex and hence play a crucial role in regulating <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">behavioral arousal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> are functionally related in the reticular formation using a number of neurotransmitter arousal systems. The overall functions of the reticular formation are modulatory and premotor,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, and habituation.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modulatory functions are primarily found in the rostral sector of the reticular formation and the premotor functions are localized in the neurons in more caudal regions. </p><p>The reticular formation is divided into three columns: <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">raphe nuclei</a> (median), <a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantocellular reticular nuclei">gigantocellular reticular nuclei</a> (medial zone), and <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvocellular reticular nuclei">parvocellular reticular nuclei</a> (lateral zone). The raphe nuclei are the place of synthesis of the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, which plays an important role in mood regulation. The gigantocellular nuclei are involved in motor coordination. The parvocellular nuclei regulate <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reticular formation is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms. It is <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetically</a> old and found in <a href="/wiki/Lower_vertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower vertebrate">lower vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/330px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/495px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg/660px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>A cross section of the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> showing the pontine reticular formation labeled as #9</figcaption></figure> <p>The human reticular formation is composed of almost 100 <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> and contains many projections into the <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, among other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular nuclei">reticular nuclei</a>, reticulothalamic projection fibers, diffuse <a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">thalamocortical projections</a>, ascending <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron" title="Cholinergic neuron">cholinergic projections</a>, descending non-cholinergic projections, and descending reticulospinal projections.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustine_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reticular formation also contains two major <a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">neural subsystems</a>, the ascending reticular activating system and descending reticulospinal tracts, which mediate distinct cognitive and physiological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Augustine_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been functionally cleaved both <a href="/wiki/Sagittal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittal">sagittally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">coronally</a>. </p><p>Traditionally the reticular nuclei are divided into three columns:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>In the median column – the raphe nuclei</li> <li>In the medial column – gigantocellular nuclei (because of larger size of the cells)</li> <li>In the lateral column – parvocellular nuclei (because of smaller size of the cells)</li></ul> <p>The original functional differentiation was a division of <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">caudal and rostral</a>. This was based upon the observation that the lesioning of the rostral reticular formation induces a <a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">hypersomnia</a> in the cat brain, while lesioning the caudal portion causes <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>. This study has led to the idea that the caudal portion inhibits the rostral portion of the reticular formation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sagittal division reveals more morphological distinctions. The <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">raphe nuclei</a> form a ridge in the middle of the reticular formation, and, directly to its periphery, there is a division called the medial reticular formation. The medial RF is large and has long ascending and descending fibers, and is surrounded by the lateral reticular formation. The lateral RF is close to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, and mostly mediates their function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_and_lateral_reticular_formation">Medial and lateral reticular formation <span class="anchor" id="Medial_and_lateral_reticular_formation"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medial and lateral reticular formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medial reticular formation and lateral reticular formation are two columns of <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> with ill-defined boundaries that send projections through the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>. The nuclei can be differentiated by function, cell type, and projections of <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Efferent nerves">efferent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Afferent nerves">afferent</a> nerves. Moving caudally from the rostral <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, at the site of the rostral <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and the midbrain, the medial RF becomes less prominent, and the lateral RF becomes more prominent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Existing on the sides of the medial reticular formation is its <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomical_terms#Anatomical_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomical terms">lateral</a> cousin, which is particularly pronounced in the rostral medulla and caudal pons. Out from this area spring the cranial nerves, including the very important <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Why is 'vagus nerve' very important in this context? (September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lateral RF is known for its <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglions</a> and areas of <a href="/wiki/Interneurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneurons">interneurons</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>, which serve to mediate their characteristic reflexes and functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_subsystems">Major subsystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major subsystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subsystems of the reticular formation are the ascending reticular activating system, and the descending reticular system.<sup id="cite_ref-Augustine_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascending_reticular_activating_system">Ascending reticular activating system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascending reticular activating system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray690.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/220px-Gray690.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/330px-Gray690.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray690.png/440px-Gray690.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Ascending reticular activating system. Reticular formation labeled near center.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also known as the <i>extrathalamic control modulatory system</i> or simply the <i>reticular activating system</i> (RAS), is a set of connected <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a> of vertebrates that is responsible for regulating <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep-wake_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep-wake cycle">sleep-wake transitions</a>. The ARAS is in the midbrain reticular formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mostly composed of various nuclei in the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenergic">noradrenergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">histaminergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">cholinergic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">glutamatergic</a> brain nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_2">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ARAS is composed of several <a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">neural circuits</a> connecting the dorsal part of the posterior <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_pons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral pons">ventral pons</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> via distinct pathways that project through the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARAS is a collection of different nuclei – more than 20 on each side in the upper brainstem, the pons, medulla, and posterior hypothalamus.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neurotransmitters that these neurons release include <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They exert cortical influence through direct axonal projections and indirect projections through thalamic relays.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Squire2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thalamic pathway consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">cholinergic</a> neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">pontine tegmentum</a>, whereas the hypothalamic pathway is composed primarily of neurons that release <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitters</a>, namely dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glutamate-releasing neurons in the ARAS were identified much more recently relative to the monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei;<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the glutamatergic component of the ARAS includes one nucleus in the hypothalamus and various brainstem nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">orexin</a> neurons of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus" title="Lateral hypothalamus">lateral hypothalamus</a> innervate every component of the ascending reticular activating system and coordinate activity within the entire system.<sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burlet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_orexinergic_innervation_of_the_ARAS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_orexinergic_innervation_of_the_ARAS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Key components of the ascending reticular activating system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nucleus type </th> <th scope="col">Corresponding nuclei that mediate arousal </th> <th scope="col"><small>Sources</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars compacta">Substantia nigra pars compacta</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenergic">Noradrenergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Dorsolateral pontine reticular formation">Dorsolateral pontine reticular formation</a></li> <li>Other related noradrenergic brainstem nuclei</li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">Dorsal raphe nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median raphe nucleus</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">Histaminergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberomammillary_nucleus" title="Tuberomammillary nucleus">Tuberomammillary nucleus</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Cholinergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_forebrain" title="Basal forebrain">Basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">Pontine tegmental nuclei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus">laterodorsal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_tegmental_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus">pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">Glutamatergic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li>Brainstem nuclei: <a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial nucleus">parabrachial nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precoeruleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Precoeruleus">precoeruleus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_tegmental_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus">pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus</a></li> <li>Hypothalamic nuclei: <a href="/wiki/Supramammillary_nucleus" title="Supramammillary nucleus">supramammillary nucleus</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinc_&_sleep_2017_review-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Glutamatergic_neurons_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Glutamatergic_neurons-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 3.7em"><a href="/wiki/Thalamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalamic">Thalamic</a> nuclei </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_reticular_nucleus" title="Thalamic reticular nucleus">Thalamic reticular nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intralaminar_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralaminar nucleus">Intralaminar nucleus</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Centromedian_nucleus" title="Centromedian nucleus">centromedian nucleus</a></li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinomura_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinomura-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ARAS consists of evolutionarily ancient areas of the brain, which are crucial to the animal's survival and protected during adverse periods, such as during inhibitory periods of <a href="/wiki/Animal_hypnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal hypnosis">animal hypnosis</a> also known as <i>Totstellreflex</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svorad_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svorad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ascending reticular activating system which sends neuromodulatory projections to the cortex - mainly connects to the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There seems to be low connectivity to the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor areas</a> of the cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ascending reticular activating system is an important enabling factor for the state of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ascending system is seen to contribute to wakefulness as characterised by cortical and behavioural arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulating_sleep-wake_transitions">Regulating sleep-wake transitions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulating sleep-wake transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Neuroscience of sleep</a></div> <p>The main function of the ARAS is to modify and potentiate thalamic and cortical function such that <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a> (EEG) desynchronization ensues.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steriade1996_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steriade1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reiner_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiner-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are distinct differences in the brain's electrical activity during periods of wakefulness and sleep: Low voltage fast burst <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">brain waves</a> (EEG desynchronization) are associated with wakefulness and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM sleep</a> (which are electrophysiologically similar); high voltage slow waves are found during non-REM sleep. Generally speaking, when thalamic relay neurons are in <a href="/wiki/Bursting" title="Bursting">burst</a> mode the EEG is synchronized and when they are in <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(physiology)" title="Tonic (physiology)">tonic</a> mode it is desynchronized.<sup id="cite_ref-Reiner_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiner-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulation of the ARAS produces EEG desynchronization by suppressing slow cortical waves (0.3–1 Hz), <a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">delta waves</a> (1–4 Hz), and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_spindles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep spindles">spindle wave oscillations</a> (11–14 Hz) and by promoting <a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">gamma band</a> (20–40 Hz) oscillations.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlet_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physiological change from a state of deep sleep to wakefulness is reversible and mediated by the ARAS.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral_preoptic_nucleus" title="Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus">ventrolateral preoptic nucleus</a> (VLPO) of the hypothalamus inhibits the neural circuits responsible for the awake state, and VLPO activation contributes to the sleep onset.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During sleep, neurons in the ARAS will have a much lower firing rate; conversely, they will have a higher activity level during the waking state.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6479280_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6479280-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order that the brain may sleep, there must be a reduction in ascending afferent activity reaching the cortex by suppression of the ARAS.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus">paraventricular</a> nucleus of the hypothalamus can lead to <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">drowsiness</a> for up to 20 hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attention">Attention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ARAS also helps mediate transitions from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinomura_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinomura-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is increased regional blood flow (presumably indicating an increased measure of neuronal activity) in the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">midbrain reticular formation</a> (MRF) and thalamic intralaminar nuclei during tasks requiring increased alertness and attention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clinical_significance_of_the_ARAS">Clinical significance of the ARAS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinical significance of the ARAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass lesions in the ARAS nuclei can cause a loss of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tindall90_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindall90-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilateral damage to the ARAS nuclei may lead to coma or death.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolte_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolte-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct electrical stimulation of the ARAS produces pain responses in cats and elicits verbal reports of pain in humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ascending reticular activation in cats can produce <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">mydriasis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid196879_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid196879-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can result from prolonged pain. These results suggest some relationship between ARAS circuits and physiological pain pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid196879_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid196879-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pathologies of the ARAS may be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>, as there appears to be a general decline in reactivity of the ARAS with advancing years.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in electrical coupling<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been suggested to account for some changes in ARAS activity: if coupling were <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">down-regulated</a>, there would be a corresponding decrease in higher-frequency synchronization (gamma band). Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">up-regulated</a> electrical coupling would increase synchronization of fast rhythms that could lead to increased arousal and REM sleep drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, disruption of the ARAS has been implicated in the following disorders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a>: Lesions along the <a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">pedunculopontine</a> (PPN) and <a href="/wiki/Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus">laterodorsal tegmental nuclei</a> are associated with narcolepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a significant down-regulation of PPN output and a loss of orexin peptides, promoting the excessive daytime sleepiness that is characteristic of this disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlet_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">Progressive supranuclear palsy</a> (PSP) : Dysfunction of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> signaling has been implicated in the development of PSP.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>: REM sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson's. It is mainly a dopaminergic disease, but cholinergic nuclei are depleted as well. Degeneration in the ARAS begins early in the disease process.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developmental_influences">Developmental influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Developmental influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several potential factors that may adversely influence the development of the ascending reticular activating system: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18372212_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18372212-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of birth weight or weeks of gestation, premature birth induces persistent deleterious effects on pre-attentional (arousal and sleep-wake abnormalities), attentional (reaction time and sensory gating), and cortical mechanisms throughout development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_smoking_during_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of smoking during pregnancy">Smoking during pregnancy</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17368773_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17368773-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal">Prenatal</a> exposure to cigarette smoke is known to produce lasting arousal, attentional and cognitive deficits in humans. This exposure can induce up-regulation of <a href="/wiki/%CE%914%CE%B22_nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α4β2 nicotinic receptor">α4β2 nicotinic receptors</a> on cells of the <a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">pedunculopontine nucleus</a> (PPN), resulting in increased tonic activity, <a href="/wiki/Resting_membrane_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting membrane potential">resting membrane potential</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">hyperpolarization-activated cation current</a>. These major disturbances of the intrinsic membrane properties of PPN neurons result in increased levels of arousal and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_gating" title="Sensory gating">sensory gating</a>, deficits (demonstrated by a diminished amount of habituation to repeated auditory stimuli). It is hypothesized that these physiological changes may intensify <a href="/wiki/Attentional_deficits" class="mw-redirect" title="Attentional deficits">attentional dysregulation</a> later in life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descending_reticulospinal_system">Descending reticulospinal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Descending reticulospinal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>reticulospinal tracts</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">extrapyramidal</a> motor tracts that descend from the reticular formation<sup id="cite_ref-Squire_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in two tracts to act on the motor neurons supplying the trunk and proximal limb flexors and extensors. The reticulospinal tracts are involved mainly in locomotion and postural control, although they do have other functions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descending reticulospinal tracts are one of four major cortical pathways to the spinal cord for musculoskeletal activity. The reticulospinal tracts work with the other three pathways to give a coordinated control of movement, including delicate manipulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four pathways can be grouped into two main system pathways – a medial system and a lateral system. The medial system includes the reticulospinal tract and the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">vestibulospinal tract</a>, and provides control of posture. The <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">corticospinal tract</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">rubrospinal tract</a> belong to the lateral system which provides fine control of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Squire_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squire-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/220px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/330px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg/440px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Spinal cord tracts - reticulospinal tract labeled in red, near-center at left in figure</figcaption></figure> <p>The reticulospinal tracts are the medial reticulospinal tract, and the lateral reticulospinal tract.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>medial reticulospinal tract</b> (pontine) is responsible for exciting anti-gravity, extensor muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the <a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">caudal pontine reticular nucleus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">oral pontine reticular nucleus</a> and project to <a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">lamina VII and lamina VIII</a> of the spinal cord.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <b>lateral reticulospinal tract</b> (medullary) is responsible for inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement. It is also responsible for automatic breathing. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantocellular nucleus">gigantocellular nucleus</a>, and descend the length of the spinal cord in the anterior part of the lateral white column (funiculus). The tract terminates in lamina VII mostly with some fibers terminating in lamina IX of the spinal cord.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The ascending sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is the <a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">spinoreticular tract</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Function_2">Function</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reticular_formation" title="Special:EditPage/Reticular formation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture</li> <li>Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement; influences muscle tone</li> <li>Mediates autonomic functions</li> <li>Modulates pain impulses</li> <li>Influences blood flow to <a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a> of the thalamus.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reticulospinal tracts provide a pathway by which the hypothalamus can control sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow and parasympathetic sacral outflow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two major descending systems carrying signals from the brainstem and cerebellum to the spinal cord can trigger automatic postural response for <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a> and orientation: <a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulospinal tracts">vestibulospinal tracts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> and reticulospinal tracts from the pons and medulla. <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">Lesions</a> of these tracts result in profound <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postural_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural instability">postural instability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical or vascular damage to the brainstem disconnecting the <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a> (midbrain) and the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> (pons) may cause <a href="/wiki/Decerebrate_rigidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Decerebrate rigidity">decerebrate rigidity</a>, which has the neurological sign of increased <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a> and hyperactive <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch reflexes">stretch reflexes</a>. Responding to a startling or painful stimulus, both arms and legs extend and turn internally. The cause is the tonic activity of lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts stimulating extensor motoneurons without the inhibitions from <a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">rubrospinal tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-Titus2010-p1722-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brainstem damage above the red nucleus level may cause <a href="/wiki/Decorticate_rigidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorticate rigidity">decorticate rigidity</a>. Responding to a startling or painful stimulus, the arms flex and the legs extend. The cause is the red nucleus, via the rubrospinal tract, counteracting the extensor motorneuron's excitation from the lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts. Because the rubrospinal tract only extends to the cervical spinal cord, it mostly acts on the arms by exciting the flexor muscles and inhibiting the extensors, rather than the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-Titus2010-p1722-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damage to the medulla below the vestibular nuclei may cause <a href="/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis" title="Flaccid paralysis">flaccid paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory drive">respiratory drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegia">quadriplegia</a>. There are no reflexes resembling early stages of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_shock" title="Spinal shock">spinal shock</a> because of complete loss of activity in the motorneurons, as there is no longer any tonic activity arising from the lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-Titus2010-p1722-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "reticular formation" was coined in the late 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Deiters" title="Otto Deiters">Otto Deiters</a>, coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Ramon_y_Cajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon y Cajal">Ramon y Cajal</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Neuron_doctrine" title="Neuron doctrine">neuron doctrine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hobson" title="Allan Hobson">Allan Hobson</a> states in his book <i>The Reticular Formation Revisited</i> that the name is an etymological vestige from the fallen era of the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience#Aggregate_field_view" title="Cognitive neuroscience">aggregate field theory</a> in the neural sciences. The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulum" class="extiw" title="wikt:reticulum">reticulum</a>" means "netlike structure", which is what the reticular formation resembles at first glance. It has been described as being either too complex to study or an undifferentiated part of the brain with no organization at all. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> describes the reticular formation as being organized in a similar manner to the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord. This chaotic, loose, and intricate form of organization is what has turned off many researchers from looking farther into this particular area of the brain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The cells lack clear <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">ganglionic</a> boundaries, but do have clear functional organization and distinct cell types. The term "reticular formation" is seldom used anymore except to speak in generalities. Modern scientists usually refer to the individual nuclei that compose the reticular formation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Moruzzi" title="Giuseppe Moruzzi">Moruzzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Winchell_Magoun" title="Horace Winchell Magoun">Magoun</a> first investigated the neural components regulating the brain's sleep-wake mechanisms in 1949. Physiologists had proposed that some structure deep within the brain controlled mental wakefulness and alertness.<sup id="cite_ref-Steriade1996_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steriade1996-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been thought that wakefulness depended only on the direct reception of <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> (sensory) stimuli at the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As direct electrical stimulation of the brain could simulate electrocortical relays, Magoun used this principle to demonstrate, on two separate areas of the brainstem of a cat, how to produce wakefulness from sleep. He first stimulated the ascending <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic</a> and auditory paths; second, a series of "ascending relays from the reticular formation of the lower brain stem through the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">midbrain tegmentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subthalamus" title="Subthalamus">subthalamus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_capsule" title="Internal capsule">internal capsule</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was of particular interest, as this series of relays did not correspond to any known anatomical pathways for the wakefulness signal transduction and was coined the <i>ascending reticular activating system</i> (ARAS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Next, the significance of this newly identified relay system was evaluated by placing lesions in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">lateral</a> portions of the front of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>. Cats with mesencephalic interruptions to the ARAS entered into a deep sleep and displayed corresponding brain waves. In alternative fashion, cats with similarly placed interruptions to ascending auditory and somatic pathways exhibited normal sleeping and wakefulness, and could be awakened with physical stimuli. Because these external stimuli would be blocked on their way to the cortex by the interruptions, this indicated that the ascending transmission must travel through the newly discovered ARAS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, Magoun recorded potentials within the medial portion of the brain stem and discovered that auditory stimuli directly fired portions of the reticular activating system. Furthermore, single-shock stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> also activated the medial reticular formation, <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>. Excitation of the ARAS did not depend on further signal propagation through the cerebellar circuits, as the same results were obtained following decerebellation and decortication. The researchers proposed that a column of cells surrounding the midbrain reticular formation received input from all the ascending tracts of the brain stem and relayed these afferents to the cortex and therefore regulated wakefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Medial pontine reticular formation">Medial pontine reticular formation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>premotor function</b> as in integrating feedback sensory signals with commands from <a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper motor neurons">upper motor neurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">deep cerebellar nuclei</a>, and organizing the efferent activities of lower visceral motor and some <a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">somatic motor neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An EEG's <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a> measures the activity of a very large number of <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal neurons">pyramidal neurons</a> in the underlying brain region. Each neuron generates a small electrical field that changes over time. In the sleep state, the neurons activate at approximately the same time, and the EEG wave, representing the summation of the neurons' electrical fields, tend to be in phase and has higher amplitude, and hence it is "synchronized." In the waking state, they do not activate at the same time because of irregular or out-of-phase inputs, the EEG wave, representing the algebraic sum, will have a smaller amplitude, and hence "dysynchronized."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography#Mechanisms" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography § Mechanisms</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Electrical coupling</b> is the passive flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> from one cell into an adjacent cell through <a href="/wiki/Gap_junctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap junctions">gap junctions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac muscle cell">cells in the heart muscle</a> or the neurons with <a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical synapses">electrical synapses</a>. Electrically coupled cells fire synchronously because generated currents in one cell rapidly spread to the other cells.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction#Areas_of_electrical_coupling" title="Gap junction">Gap junction § Areas of electrical coupling</a></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094316/http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus701.html">"Fig. 701: Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918"</a>. Bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/107/illus701.html">the original</a> on 2018-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fig.+701%3A+Henry+Gray+%281825%E2%80%931861%29.+Anatomy+of+the+Human+Body.+1918.&rft.pub=Bartleby.com&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F107%2Fillus701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brodal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodal2010" class="citation book cs1">Brodal, Per (2010). <i>The central nervous system: structure and function</i> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195381153" title="Special:BookSources/9780195381153"><bdi>9780195381153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+central+nervous+system%3A+structure+and+function&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=373&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195381153&rft.aulast=Brodal&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purves-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurves2011" class="citation book cs1">Purves, Dale (2011). <i>Neuroscience</i> (5th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. pp. <span class="nowrap">390–</span>395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878936953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878936953"><bdi>978-0878936953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0878936953&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines2018c-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haines2018c_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines2018c_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2018" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Duane (2018). <i>Fundamental neuroscience for basic and clinical applications</i> (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">168–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323396325" title="Special:BookSources/9780323396325"><bdi>9780323396325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+neuroscience+for+basic+and+clinical+applications&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780323396325&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Vishram (2014). <i>Volume of Anatomy Volume III</i>. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131237274" title="Special:BookSources/9788131237274"><bdi>9788131237274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+of+Anatomy+Volume+III&rft.pages=372&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788131237274&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vishram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARAS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwańczukGuźniczak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Iwańczuk W, Guźniczak P (2015). "Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and consciousness phenomena. Part 1". <i>Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5603%2FAIT.2015.0015">10.5603/AIT.2015.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25940332">25940332</a>. <q>The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is responsible for a sustained wakefulness state. It receives information from sensory receptors of various modalities, transmitted through spinoreticular pathways and cranial nerves (trigeminal nerve – polymodal pathways, olfactory nerve, optic nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve – monomodal pathways). These pathways reach the thalamus directly or indirectly via the medial column of reticular formation nuclei (magnocellular nuclei and reticular nuclei of pontine tegmentum). The reticular activating system begins in the dorsal part of the posterior midbrain and anterior pons, continues into the diencephalon, and then divides into two parts reaching the thalamus and hypothalamus, which then project into the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1). The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei [17, 18]. The hypothalamic projection involves noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR), which pass through the lateral hypothalamus and reach axons of the histaminergic tubero-mamillary nucleus (TMN), together forming a pathway extending into the forebrain, cortex and hippocampus. Cortical arousal also takes advantage of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmenti area (VTA) and the periaqueductal grey area (PAG). Fewer cholinergic neurons of the pons and midbrain send projections to the forebrain along the ventral pathway, bypassing the thalamus [19, 20].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaesthesiol+Intensive+Ther&rft.atitle=Neurophysiological+foundations+of+sleep%2C+arousal%2C+awareness+and+consciousness+phenomena.+Part+1&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5603%2FAIT.2015.0015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25940332&rft.aulast=Iwa%C5%84czuk&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Gu%C5%BAniczak%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine2016" class="citation book cs1">Augustine JR (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lvEDQAAQBAJ&q=%22descending%20reticular%20formation%22%20reticulospinal&pg=PT426">"Chapter 9: The Reticular Formation"</a>. <i>Human Neuroanatomy</i> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119073994" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119073994"><bdi>978-1119073994</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504013716/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lvEDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT426&lpg=PT426&dq=%22descending%20reticular%20formation%22%20reticulospinal">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+Reticular+Formation&rft.btitle=Human+Neuroanatomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1119073994&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lvEDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522descending%2520reticular%2520formation%2522%2520reticulospinal%26pg%3DPT426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_E._Jones" title="Barbara E. Jones">Jones, BE</a> (2008). "Modulation of cortical activation and behavioral arousal by cholinergic and orexinergic systems". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1129</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NYASA1129...26J">2008NYASA1129...26J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1417.026">10.1196/annals.1417.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18591466">18591466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16682827">16682827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+cortical+activation+and+behavioral+arousal+by+cholinergic+and+orexinergic+systems&rft.volume=1129&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1417.026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16682827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18591466&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NYASA1129...26J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2017_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangPerkinsZhouWarren2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, N; Perkins, E; Zhou, L; Warren, S; May, PJ (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403835">"Reticular Formation Connections Underlying Horizontal Gaze: The Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (cMRF) as a Conduit for the Collicular Saccade Signal"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. <b>11</b>: 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnana.2017.00036">10.3389/fnana.2017.00036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403835">5403835</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28487639">28487639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroanatomy&rft.atitle=Reticular+Formation+Connections+Underlying+Horizontal+Gaze%3A+The+Central+Mesencephalic+Reticular+Formation+%28cMRF%29+as+a+Conduit+for+the+Collicular+Saccade+Signal.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5403835%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28487639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnana.2017.00036&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Perkins%2C+E&rft.au=Zhou%2C+L&rft.au=Warren%2C+S&rft.au=May%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5403835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladin1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saladin1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2011" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011). <i>Human anatomy</i> (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071222075" title="Special:BookSources/9780071222075"><bdi>9780071222075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=410&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780071222075&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_11/a_11_cr/a_11_cr_cyc/a_11_cr_cyc.html">"The Brain From Top To Bottom"</a>. Thebrain.mcgill.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423222339/http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_11/a_11_cr/a_11_cr_cyc/a_11_cr_cyc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brain+From+Top+To+Bottom&rft.pub=Thebrain.mcgill.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebrain.mcgill.ca%2Fflash%2Fa%2Fa_11%2Fa_11_cr%2Fa_11_cr_cyc%2Fa_11_cr_cyc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Squire2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Squire2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Squire2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Squire2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Squire2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Squire2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquire2013" class="citation book cs1">Squire L (2013). <i>Fundamental neuroscience</i> (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 1095. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123858702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123858702"><bdi>978-0123858702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+neuroscience&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1095&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FAcademic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0123858702&rft.aulast=Squire&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHM_-_ascending_reticular_activating_system_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 12: Sleep and Arousal". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). <i>Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience</i> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071481274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071481274"><bdi>978-0071481274</bdi></a>. <q>The RAS is a complex structure consisting of several different circuits including the four monoaminergic pathways ... The norepinephrine pathway originates from the locus ceruleus (LC) and related brainstem nuclei; the serotonergic neurons originate from the raphe nuclei within the brainstem as well; the dopaminergic neurons originate in ventral tegmental area (VTA); and the histaminergic pathway originates from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus. As discussed in Chapter 6, these neurons project widely throughout the brain from restricted collections of cell bodies. Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and histamine have complex modulatory functions and, in general, promote wakefulness. The PT in the brain stem is also an important component of the ARAS. Activity of PT cholinergic neurons (REM-on cells) promotes REM sleep. During waking, REM-on cells are inhibited by a subset of ARAS norepinephrine and serotonin neurons called REM-off cells.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Sleep+and+Arousal&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0071481274&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS_Nuclei_primary_neurotransmitters_2014_review_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrudzynski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brudzynski SM (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/070f1866276d1f1ff224384dcce6c9ed958b7063">"The ascending mesolimbic cholinergic system – a specific division of the reticular activating system involved in the initiation of negative emotional states"</a>. <i>Journal of Molecular Neuroscience</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">436–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12031-013-0179-1">10.1007/s12031-013-0179-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24272957">24272957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14615039">14615039</a>. <q>Understanding of arousing and wakefulness-maintaining functions of the ARAS has been further complicated by neurochemical discoveries of numerous groups of neurons with the ascending pathways originating within the brainstem reticular core, including pontomesencephalic nuclei, which synthesize different transmitters and release them in vast areas of the brain and in the entire neocortex (for review, see Jones 2003; Lin et al. 2011). They included glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, and orexinergic systems (for review, see Lin et al. 2011). ... The ARAS represented diffuse, nonspecific pathways that, working through the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, could change activity of the entire neocortex, and thus, this system was suggested initially as a general arousal system to natural stimuli and the critical system underlying wakefulness (Moruzzi and Magoun 1949; Lindsley et al. 1949; Starzl et al. 1951, see stippled area in Fig. 1). ... It was found in a recent study in the rat that the state of wakefulness is mostly maintained by the ascending glutamatergic projection from the parabrachial nucleus and precoeruleus regions to the basal forebrain and then relayed to the cerebral cortex (Fuller et al. 2011). ... Anatomical studies have shown two main pathways involved in arousal and originating from the areas with cholinergic cell groups, one through the thalamus and the other, traveling ventrally through the hypothalamus and preoptic area, and reciprocally connected with the limbic system (Nauta and Kuypers 1958; Siegel 2004). ... As counted in the cholinergic connections to the thalamic reticular nucleus ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+ascending+mesolimbic+cholinergic+system+%E2%80%93+a+specific+division+of+the+reticular+activating+system+involved+in+the+initiation+of+negative+emotional+states&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14615039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24272957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12031-013-0179-1&rft.aulast=Brudzynski&rft.aufirst=SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F070f1866276d1f1ff224384dcce6c9ed958b7063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAS,_sleep,_and_the_parafacial_zone_review_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzKilduff2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz MD, Kilduff TS (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660253">"The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness"</a>. <i>The Psychiatric Clinics of North America</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psc.2015.07.002">10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660253">4660253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26600100">26600100</a>. <q>This ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is comprised of cholinergic laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmentum (LDT/PPT), noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), serotonergic (5-HT) Raphe nuclei and dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN) and periaqueductal gray projections that stimulate the cortex directly and indirectly via the thalamus, hypothalamus and BF.<sup>6, 12-18</sup> These aminergic and catecholaminergic populations have numerous interconnections and parallel projections which likely impart functional redundancy and resilience to the system.<sup>6, 13, 19</sup> ... More recently, the medullary parafacial zone (PZ) adjacent to the facial nerve was identified as a sleep-promoting center on the basis of anatomical, electrophysiological and chemo- and optogenetic studies.<sup>23, 24</sup> GABAergic PZ neurons inhibit glutamatergic parabrachial (PB) neurons that project to the BF,<sup>25</sup> thereby promoting NREM sleep at the expense of wakefulness and REM sleep. ... The Hcrt neurons project widely throughout the brain and spinal cord<sup>92, 96, 99, 100</sup> including major projections to wake-promoting cell groups such as the HA cells of the TM,<sup>101</sup> the 5-HT cells of the dorsal Raphe nuclei (DRN),<sup>101</sup> the noradrenergic cells of the LC,<sup>102</sup> and cholinergic cells in the LDT, PPT, and BF.<sup>101, 103</sup> ... Hcrt directly excites cellular systems involved in waking and arousal including the LC,<sup>102, 106, 107</sup> DRN,<sup>108, 109</sup> TM,<sup>110-112</sup> LDT,<sup>113, 114</sup> cholinergic BF,<sup>115</sup> and both dopamine (DA) and non-DA neurons in the VTA.<sup>116, 117</sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=The+Neurobiology+of+Sleep+and+Wakefulness&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4660253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26600100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psc.2015.07.002&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Kilduff%2C+TS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4660253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sleep-wake_circuitry_circuitry_2017_review_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaperFuller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Saper CB, Fuller PM (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5531075">"Wake-sleep circuitry: an overview"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>44</b>: <span class="nowrap">186–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2017.03.021">10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5531075">5531075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28577468">28577468</a>. <q>Parabrachial and pedunculopontine glutamatergic arousal system<br />Retrograde tracers from the BF have consistently identified one brainstem site of input that is not part of the classical monoaminergic ascending arousal system: glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial and pedunculopontine nucleus ... Juxtacellular recordings from pedunculopontine neurons have found that nearly all cholinergic neurons in this region, as well as many glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, are most active during wake and REM sleep [25], although some of the latter neurons were maximally active during either wake or REM, but not both. ... [Parabrachial and pedunculopontine glutamatergic neurons] provide heavy innervation to the lateral hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, and BF</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Wake-sleep+circuitry%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5531075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28577468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2017.03.021&rft.aulast=Saper&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Fuller%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5531075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supramammillary_glutamate_neurons_in_the_ARAS_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenFerrariVennerWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen NP, Ferrari L, Venner A, Wang JL, Abbott SG, Vujovic N, Arrigoni E, Saper CB, Fuller PM (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5680228">"Supramammillary glutamate neurons are a key node of the arousal system"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 1405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...8.1405P">2017NatCo...8.1405P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01004-6">10.1038/s41467-017-01004-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5680228">5680228</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29123082">29123082</a>. <q>Basic and clinical observations suggest that the caudal hypothalamus comprises a key node of the ascending arousal system, but the cell types underlying this are not fully understood. Here we report that glutamate-releasing neurons of the supramammillary region (SuMvglut2) produce sustained behavioral and EEG arousal when chemogenetically activated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Supramammillary+glutamate+neurons+are+a+key+node+of+the+arousal+system&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1405&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5680228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29123082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01004-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...8.1405P&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=NP&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+L&rft.au=Venner%2C+A&rft.au=Wang%2C+JL&rft.au=Abbott%2C+SG&rft.au=Vujovic%2C+N&rft.au=Arrigoni%2C+E&rft.au=Saper%2C+CB&rft.au=Fuller%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5680228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burlet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burlet_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burlet_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burlet_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurletTylerLeonard2002" class="citation journal cs1">Burlet S, Tyler CJ, Leonard CS (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6758338">"Direct and indirect excitation of laterodorsal tegmental neurons by Hypocretin/Orexin peptides: implications for wakefulness and narcolepsy"</a>. <i>J. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915564">"Reticulospinal Systems for Tuning Motor Commands"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neural Circuits</i>. <b>12</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffncir.2018.00030">10.3389/fncir.2018.00030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-5110">1662-5110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915564">5915564</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29720934">29720934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neural+Circuits&rft.atitle=Reticulospinal+Systems+for+Tuning+Motor+Commands&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915564%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-5110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29720934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffncir.2018.00030&rft.aulast=Brownstone&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Chopek%2C+Jeremy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5915564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonGordon2013" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Keir G; Gordon, James E (2013). "Chapter 41 / Posture". In Kandel, Eric R; Schwartz, James H; Jessell, Thomas M; Siegelbaum, Steven A; Hudspeth, AJ (eds.). <i>Principles of Neural Science</i> (5th ed.). United States: McGraw-Hill. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Integrate Sensory Signals for Posture, p. 954. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071390118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071390118"><bdi>978-0071390118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+41+%2F+Posture&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neural+Science&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=The+Brain+Stem+and+Cerebellum+Integrate+Sensory+Signals+for+Posture%2C+p.+954&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0071390118&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Keir+G&rft.au=Gordon%2C+James+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael-Titus2010-p1722-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael-Titus2010-p1722_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichael-Titus_et_al2010b">Michael-Titus et al (2010b)</a>, Box 9.5 Decorticate and decrebrate regidity, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoun-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagoun1952" class="citation journal cs1">Magoun HW (February 1952). "An ascending reticular activating system in the brain stem". <i>AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry</i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>154, discussion 167–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1952.02320140013002">10.1001/archneurpsyc.1952.02320140013002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14893989">14893989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMA+Arch+Neurol+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=An+ascending+reticular+activating+system+in+the+brain+stem&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E154%2C+discussion+167-171&rft.date=1952-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1952.02320140013002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14893989&rft.aulast=Magoun&rft.aufirst=HW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_references">Other references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Systems of The Body (2010)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael-Titus_et_al2010a" class="citation book cs1">Michael-Titus, Adina T; Revest, Patricia; Shortland, Peter, eds. (2010a). "Chapter 6 – Cranial Nerves and the Brainstem". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nervoussystembas0002mich"><i>Systems of The Body: The Nervous System – Basic Science and Clinical Conditions</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702033735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702033735"><bdi>978-0702033735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+%E2%80%93+Cranial+Nerves+and+the+Brainstem&rft.btitle=Systems+of+The+Body%3A+The+Nervous+System+%E2%80%93+Basic+Science+and+Clinical+Conditions&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0702033735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnervoussystembas0002mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael-Titus_et_al2010b" class="citation book cs1">Michael-Titus, Adina T; Revest, Patricia; Shortland, Peter, eds. (2010b). "Chapter 9 – Descending Pathways and Cerebellum". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nervoussystembas0002mich"><i>Systems of The Body: The Nervous System – Basic Science and Clinical Conditions</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702033735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702033735"><bdi>978-0702033735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+%E2%80%93+Descending+Pathways+and+Cerebellum&rft.btitle=Systems+of+The+Body%3A+The+Nervous+System+%E2%80%93+Basic+Science+and+Clinical+Conditions&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0702033735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnervoussystembas0002mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Neuroscience (2018)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurves_et_al2018b" class="citation book cs1">Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C; Lamantia, Anthony Samuel; Mooney, Richard D; Platt, Michael L; White, Leonard E, eds. (2018b). "Chapter 28 – Cortical State". <i>Neuroscience</i> (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605353807" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605353807"><bdi>978-1605353807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+28+%E2%80%93+Cortical+State&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1605353807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Anatomy and Physiology (2018)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2018a" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, KS (2018a). "Chapter 13 – The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes". <i>Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function</i> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1259277726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1259277726"><bdi>978-1259277726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+%E2%80%93+The+Spinal+Cord%2C+Spinal+Nerves%2C+and+Somatic+Reflexes&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology%3A+The+Unity+of+Form+and+Function&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1259277726&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2018b" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, KS (2018b). "Chapter 14 – The Brain and Cranial Nerves". <i>Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function</i> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. The Reticular Formation, pp. 518–519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1259277726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1259277726"><bdi>978-1259277726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14+%E2%80%93+The+Brain+and+Cranial+Nerves&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology%3A+The+Unity+of+Form+and+Function&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=The+Reticular+Formation%2C+pp.+518-519&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1259277726&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReticular+formation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticular_formation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticular_formation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:reticular formation"><i>reticular formation</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinal_cord" title="Template:Spinal cord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spinal_cord" title="Template talk:Spinal cord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal_cord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal cord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinal_cord80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_enlargement" title="Cervical enlargement">Cervical enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_enlargement" title="Lumbar enlargement">Lumbar enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conus_medullaris" title="Conus medullaris">Conus medullaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filum_terminale" title="Filum terminale">Filum terminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauda_equina" title="Cauda equina">Cauda equina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">Meninges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_canal" title="Central canal">Central canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal ventricle">Terminal ventricle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey column">Grey columns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior grey column">Posterior grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Marginal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa_of_Rolando" title="Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando">Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_proprius_of_spinal_cord" title="Nucleus proprius of spinal cord">Nucleus proprius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed lamina V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed lamina VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_grey_column" title="Lateral grey column">Lateral grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediolateral_nucleus" title="Intermediolateral nucleus">Intermediolateral nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus" title="Posterior thoracic nucleus">Posterior thoracic nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior grey column">Anterior grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">Alpha motor neuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onuf%27s_nucleus" title="Onuf's nucleus">Onuf's nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">Gamma motor neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed laminae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_gelatinous_substance_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Central gelatinous substance of spinal cord">Central gelatinous substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_commissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray commissure">Gray commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_funiculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior funiculus">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway">Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">Gracile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">Cuneate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_funiculus" title="Lateral funiculus">Lateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">Spinocerebellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">ventral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinothalamic tract">anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_tract" title="Posterolateral tract">Posterolateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_funiculus" title="Anterior funiculus">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spino-olivary_tract" title="Spino-olivary tract">Spino-olivary tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_funiculus" title="Lateral funiculus">Lateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract" title="Lateral corticospinal tract">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_raphespinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral raphespinal tract">Raphespinal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts">Reticulospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamospinal_tract" title="Hypothalamospinal tract">Hypothalamospinal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_funiculus" title="Anterior funiculus">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Corticospinal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract" title="Anterior corticospinal tract">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extrapyramidal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts">Reticulospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_raphespinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior raphespinal tract">Raphespinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivospinal_tract" title="Olivospinal tract">Olivospinal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">Anterior white commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ventral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_spinal_cord" title="Anterior median fissure of spinal cord">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dorsal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Posterior median sulcus of spinal cord">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Posterolateral sulcus of spinal cord">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_medulla102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medulla" title="Template:Medulla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medulla" title="Template talk:Medulla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medulla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_medulla102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sensory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Descending tracts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pons" title="Template talk:Pons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface148" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li>Trigeminal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br />reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reticular formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Oral pontine reticular nucleus">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neural_tracts" title="Template talk:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural tracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">fasciculi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">DCML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#First_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">1°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column">Posterior column</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">Gracile fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">Cuneate fasciculus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Second_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">2°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <i><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">sensory decussation</a>/arcuate fibers</i> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Posterior external arcuate fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_arcuate_fibers" title="Internal arcuate fibers">Internal arcuate fibers</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">VPM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Third_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">3°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Neospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Fast</a>/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a> → <a href="/wiki/A_delta_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="A delta fiber">A delta fiber</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">Anterior white commissure</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">Lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinothalamic tract">Anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a>)</li></ul> <p>2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Spinomesencephalic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinomesencephalic tract">Spinomesencephalic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a>) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Paleospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Slow</a>/medial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">Group C nerve fiber</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular tract</a></b> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reticular formation</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">MD</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>flexion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of pyramids">Decussation of pyramids</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract" title="Lateral corticospinal tract">Lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract" title="Anterior corticospinal tract">Anterior</a>)</b> → <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Genu_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of internal capsule">Genu of internal capsule</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_muscles" title="Facial muscles">Facial muscles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reticular formation</a> → <b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts">Reticulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></b> → muscles of neck</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Direct_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct pathway of movement"><i>direct:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Indirect_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect pathway of movement"><i>indirect:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral globus pallidus">GPe</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">Subthalamic nucleus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 6° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 7° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars compacta">Pars compacta</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a> → <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Efferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">Dentate nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">Interposed nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reticular formation</a>, or → <b><a href="/wiki/Cerebellothalamic_tract" title="Cerebellothalamic tract">Cerebellothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bidirectional:<br /><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">Spinocerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprioception#Conscious_and_unconscious_proprioception" title="Proprioception">Unconscious<br /> proprioception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus" title="Posterior thoracic nucleus">Posterior thoracic nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe of cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reflex_arc" title="Reflex arc">Reflex arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b>→ <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Rostral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostral spinocerebellar tract">Rostral spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> 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