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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Maldivians in South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldivians_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Maldivian diaspora</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/220px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/330px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/440px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Sri Lanka"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-minivannewsarchive.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minivannewsarchive.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">~15,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-A_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Malaysia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-sinhalaya.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinhalaya.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Singapore"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-sinhalaya.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinhalaya.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">500 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">450 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maldivian diaspora</b> refers to the community of <a href="/wiki/Maldivians" title="Maldivians">Maldivians</a>, speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian language</a>, who have either emigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Maldives">Republic of Maldives</a> or grew up outside of the Maldives speaking <a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhivehi language">Dhivehi</a> as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. The Republic of Maldives is a <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> country geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Maldivians have historically emigrated from the Maldives for numerous reasons including low economic opportunity, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> currently host the most Maldivians living outside of the Maldives, but other <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities can be found in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maldivian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> can be divided into two major subcategories: Maldivian citizens living abroad and Dhivehi speaking communities with no legal connection to the Maldivian state. The 2014 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> found a total of 5,589 Maldivian citizens living abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is little information on the exact size of the non-citizen Dhivehi speaking diaspora. While a 2011 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report found that the majority of Maldivian citizens living outside of the Maldives were sailors operating foreign commercial vessels, Maldivians have also left their country for political, economic, and academic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Out-migration_Situation_Report_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Out-migration_Situation_Report-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maldivians_in_South_Asia">Maldivians in South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maldivians in South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_India" title="Maldivians in India">Maldivians in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Maldivians in Sri Lanka">Maldivians in Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Pakistan" title="Maldivians in Pakistan">Maldivians in Pakistan</a></div> <p>The majority of Maldivian speakers living abroad can currently be found in India and Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_India" title="Maldivians in India">Maldivians in India</a>, the largest community of Maldivians abroad, are predominantly found in the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> that lies off the coast of the Indian mainland. Ethnic Maldivians living in Lakshadweep are concentrated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a>, an Indian territory of the <a href="/wiki/Maldive_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldive Islands">Maldive Islands</a>. These Maldivians are known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahl_people" title="Mahl people">Mahl people</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Maldivians in Sri Lanka">Maldivians in Sri Lanka</a> are thought to have migrated to the island nation centuries ago, but many still maintain their cultural ties to the greater Maldivian community. </p><p>While the largest Maldivian communities outside of the Maldives can be found in India and Sri Lanka, there are currently numerous <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Pakistan" title="Maldivians in Pakistan">Maldivians in Pakistan</a> as well. These Maldivians are largely students who travel to Pakistan to study in <a href="/wiki/Madrassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassas">madrassas</a> across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a> is one reason many Maldivians have chosen to <a href="/wiki/Emigrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrate">emigrate</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> have been arrested after expressing anti-government views, and some have disappeared entirely under suspicious circumstances. Journalists have even been sentenced to death for their reporting, at least five of whom were below the age of 18. In 2017, four independent Maldivian journalists living abroad were threatened with arrest for espousing pro-democratic and openly <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> viewpoints on their respective <a href="/wiki/Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogs">blogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> observers such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have noted that the criminal justice system has been used to silence political opponents as well as the free press.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nasheed" title="Mohamed Nasheed">Mohamed Nasheed</a>, the former president of the Maldives, also found himself living in exile in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> after being charged with terrorism in a 2015 trial many outside observers perceived as being politically motivated. After the charges were cleared by the Maldives' Supreme Court in 2018, Nasheed announced that he would run against the previously unopposed President <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Yameen" title="Abdulla Yameen">Abdulla Yameen</a> in the upcoming 2018 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasheed's presidential campaign has included numerous trips to Maldivian communities living outside of the Maldives, such as the sizable Maldivian community in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it remains unclear whether the Yameen administration will bow to U.N. pressure and allow Mohamed Nasheed to run as a candidate in the 2018 election.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maldivians have also left the country in order to fight for various <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>. In fact, a 2015 study by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Soufan" title="Ali Soufan">The Soufan Group</a> found the Maldives to be the world's greatest supplier per-capita of independent foreign fighters to Iraq and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these insurgent fighters have been known to bring their families with them, either immediately or a few months after becoming established in their new location. Maldivian foreign fighters have become <a href="/wiki/Radicalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalized">radicalized</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a> and the Maldives' many smaller island communities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have attributed the proportionally high number of radicalized individuals leaving the Maldives to fight in conflicts abroad to the growing strength of the Islamist movement in the country and the Yameen administration's newfound support for its proponents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant percentage of Maldivians living abroad are <a href="/wiki/Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Students">students</a> pursuing an education at various foreign <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>. Maldivian students go abroad for both <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> educations and often find themselves studying in universities and madrassas in Malaysia, Australia, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, India, Sri Lanka, and other countries. A 2011 UNESCO report found that approximately 1,200 Maldivian students were studying abroad in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Out-migration_Situation_Report_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Out-migration_Situation_Report-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This student diaspora can in large part be attributed to the lack of educational facilities on most of the Maldives' islands. Until recently, the only secondary education provider was located in Malé.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some wealthy Maldivians have also chosen to migrate in order to ensure that their children will have access to superior primary, secondary, and tertiary educational facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a> is a growing social issue in the Maldives. 45% of the population was under 24 years of age as of 2014, and the competition for work among young Maldivians remains severe. A 2010 study found that the unemployment rate in the Maldives was 25% for those between 15 and 24. Youth unemployment has become a major reason for emigration from the Maldives.<sup id="cite_ref-documents.worldbank.org_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-documents.worldbank.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maldivians often consider migrating in order to improve their access to financial resources, especially the wealth of job opportunities that exist in foreign countries. In fact, Maldivians’ primary migration-related interests remain jobs. When young Maldivians move abroad for work, older members of their families sometimes join them as migrants in order to continue living alongside their children and grandchildren. This pattern of migration can also be seen in Maldivians moving from the outlying islands to Malé.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maldivians also choose to move abroad because the cost of living in Malé is higher than most places in Sri Lanka and India.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also attribute this migration to a lack of housing and overcrowding around the Maldivian capital, a problem which has grown increasingly pressing as Maldivians continue to migrate from the outer islands to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of the Maldives has recently made efforts to deepen its relationship with Maldivians living abroad. In 2013, the government expanded the Maldives' universal health insurance, <a href="/wiki/Aasandha" title="Aasandha">Aasandha</a>, to Maldivians living abroad in Sri Lanka and India provided they visit a select few "empanelled" hospitals. This expansion of health insurance to Maldivians living abroad has come under criticism given the poor state of the Maldivian healthcare system and the difficulty many Maldivians currently face finding adequate healthcare services in their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maldives has, in recent years, become one of the epicenters of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate refugee">climate refugee</a> debate. The Maldives has an average estimated <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> of 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Meters" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters">meters</a> above <a href="/wiki/Sea-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-level">sea-level</a>, with 80 percent of its islands currently resting less than 1 meter above sea-level.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> of the islands is continuously decreasing due to rising sea-levels, and many of the smaller islands are thought to be years away from becoming completely submerged. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has recently become a long-term security issue for the Maldives which, according to numerous <a href="/wiki/Climate_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate scientists">climate scientists</a>, could disappear entirely within one or two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rising ocean temperatures are also a major environmental challenge facing the Maldives. Rising <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea surface temperatures">sea surface temperatures</a> cause significant damage to <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a>, which serve as natural <a href="/wiki/Breakwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakwaters">breakwaters</a>. The death of the coral reefs surrounding the Maldives could lead to the loss of the natural protection those reefs provide from waves and currents, in turn increasing the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">beach erosion</a>. The rise in sea surface temperatures also leads to <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a>. A significant increase in the water temperature causes <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> to expel the <a href="/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">zooxanthellae</a> which live in the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> of the coral, making the coral turn white in color. Since the devastating <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> of 1998, marine biologists in the Maldives have been particularly concerned about the impact on the local marine environment. Since 2015 was the warmest year on record, by September 2015, many coral reefs in the Maldives had become severely bleached. The rapid degradation of the coral reefs around the Maldives could negatively influences the country's tourism industry, which currently makes up 34% of the Maldives's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a>, the country's second largest <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>, could also be affected by climate change. Fish might <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrate</a> to other ocean areas if the sea temperatures around the Maldives continue to increase, which could lead to a decrease in the country's GDP as high as 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several kinds of natural disasters affect the Maldives, including <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flash_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash floods">flash floods</a> caused by heavy rains and <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell waves</a>. The threats posed by many of these environmental hazards have been amplified by climate changes in recent decades. Rainfall has been erratic and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> patterns have changed, causing prolonged <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a> and unusual <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This directly affects the Maldives’ <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, causing the already limited farmland to shrink continuously. As a consequence, the country has had to depend on imported goods for a steadily increasing percentage of its food supply. For the same reason, communities have had to manage increasingly saline <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. The majority of islands in the Maldives do not have a secure supply of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> or distribution networks that can ensure sufficient safe freshwater during dry periods. It is also due to these prolonged dry periods that many islands have experienced severe shortages of drinking water, often necessitating emergency water supply initiatives on the part of the government. Freshwater security is currently a pressing issue in the Maldives.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many climate related diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">scrub typhus</a>, have also become more common. The incidence of these vector-borne diseases in the Maldives are expected to steadily increase over the next few decades. In December 2006, the country had its first outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya</a>, another climate related vector-borne disease.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.iom.int_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.iom.int-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many Maldivians are expected to become either climate refugees or <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a> due to rising sea levels, the 1951 United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees does not recognize climate change as a valid reason for refugee status.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ongoing environmental changes have affected housing, freshwater access, food production, and fisheries, Maldivians are currently more likely to consider leaving their homeland in order to improve their financial education or to receive a tertiary education. In fact, migration is only one of the strategies being considered by the government of the Maldives for dealing with the threat posed by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Stojanov,_Robert_2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stojanov,_Robert_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_response">Government response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the government of Mohamed Nasheed began to spend a portion of its annual <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> revenue on the search for a new <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a>. Nasheed argued that "We can do nothing to stop climate change on our own and so we have to buy land elsewhere. It's an insurance policy for the worst possible outcome. After all, the Israelis [began by buying] land in Palestine."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his ouster in 2012, Nasheed launched numerous initiatives and publicity stunts in order to raise global awareness about the threat posed by rising sea levels to the Maldives. One of the most famous of which was an underwater <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet meeting">cabinet meeting</a> in which he and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (politics)">cabinet</a> donned <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba gear">scuba gear</a> in order to discuss state <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policies">environmental policies</a> at the bottom of the Indian Ocean in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Nasheed administration set aside a sovereign savings account with which to buy land in Australia in preparation for the eventual evacuation of the citizens of the Maldives from their country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nasheed administration also considered moving the country's population to India or Sri Lanka as well.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nasheed's close defeat in the contested elections that proceeded his ouster, he was replaced by Abdulla Yameen. The Yameen administration has been less concerned with the environmental threat to the Maldives and reemphasized the need to focus on development and foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move has been criticized by Nasheed and his supporters as politically motivated and a <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> bid for influence over the islands. However, the Yameen administration has touted Chinese investment as a critical factor in the <a href="/wiki/Land_restoration" title="Land restoration">land restoration</a> projects being pursued by his administration in order to preserve the islands. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Policy_analysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy analysts">policy analysts</a> have pointed to the conflict between proponents of land restoration and proponents of relocation in the Maldives as part of the greater struggle between China and India for influence in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Maldivian government and a number of external research agencies have considered numerous methods for adapting to and overcoming the environmental problems currently facing the Maldives. Their proposals include <a href="/wiki/Sea_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea walls">sea walls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, expansion of beach vegetation, population relocation, flood warning systems, and large-scale island expansion and reconstruction. The Maldivian government has put some of these suggestions into practice, but there are still major uncertainties regarding future climate change and its impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Stojanov,_Robert_2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stojanov,_Robert_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the current policies of the Yameen administration indicate that the mass migration of the Maldives' residents to Australia or Sri Lanka is no longer the government's primary strategy for dealing with rising sea levels, it remains to be seen how future administrations will deal with this problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_assistance">International assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> have provided assistance to the Maldives in order to help it mitigate the environmental and socio-economic problems which have led to emigration from the country. This assistance has taken the form of improving the economic opportunities available to the local population both in the island nation's traditional economic areas such as tourism and fishing as well as entirely new industries. Such assistance has also strengthened the Maldives' capacity for natural resource management and <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a>, as well as enhanced its ability to manage its public finances efficiently. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> also provides consultation in policy-making.<sup id="cite_ref-documents.worldbank.org_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-documents.worldbank.org-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maldives also regularly receives <a href="/wiki/Economic_aid_to_the_Maldives" title="Economic aid to the Maldives">economic aid</a> from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and Australia. Between 1987 and 2002, Japan helped construct six kilometers of coastal protection works around the city of Malé in order to protect the capital from major storms, tsunamis, and the constant threat of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the completion of these coastal barriers, Japan has continued to be a major supplier of economic aid and other forms of non-monetary assistance to the Maldives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_term_"climate_migrants""><span id="Criticism_of_the_term_.22climate_migrants.22"></span>Criticism of the term "climate migrants"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism of the term "climate migrants""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phrases such as "<a href="/wiki/Climate_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate refugees">climate refugees</a>" and "climate migrants" have come under an increasing amount of scrutiny by various political analysts and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some analysts, such as Robert Stojanov and Ilan Kelman, have suggested the Maldivian government should, instead of simply responding to climate change in a vacuum, place climate change within wider development contexts, such as employment, education, health care, public services and the livelihoods of Maldivian citizens. They argue that climate change must always be considered in relation to other social and environmental issues, especially considering the fact that climate change is currently far from the dominant reason behind <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> from the Maldives. These critics believe that a more nuanced analysis of Maldivian social and environmental conditions would allow the government to make migration-related policies based on more than assumptions about climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Stojanov,_Robert_2018_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stojanov,_Robert_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5,000 <a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_India" title="Maldivians in India">citizens</a> and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Mahl_people" title="Mahl people">Mahls</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minivannewsarchive.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minivannewsarchive.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visabureau.com&rft.atitle=Maldives+look+to+mass+Australian+migration+as+solution+to+rising+sea+levels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visabureau.com%2Faustralia%2Fnews%2F10-01-2012%2Fmaldives-look-to-mass-australian-migration-as-solution-to-rising-sea-levels.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaldivian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2012" class="citation web cs1">Boyle, Rebecca (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-01/maldivian-leaders-are-buying-foreign-land-future-climate-refugees">"Maldivian Leaders Might Move the Entire Nation to Australia If Sea Keeps Rising"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Maldivian+Leaders+Might+Move+the+Entire+Nation+to+Australia+If+Sea+Keeps+Rising&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2012-01%2Fmaldivian-leaders-are-buying-foreign-land-future-climate-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaldivian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2017" class="citation web cs1">Vidal, John (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/03/maldives-plan-to-embrace-mass-tourism-sparks-criticism-and-outrage">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We need development': Maldives switches focus from climate threat to mass tourism"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+need+development%27%3A+Maldives+switches+focus+from+climate+threat+to+mass+tourism&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fmar%2F03%2Fmaldives-plan-to-embrace-mass-tourism-sparks-criticism-and-outrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaldivian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Kumuda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/climate-change-and-shifting-alliances-maldives">"Climate change and shifting alliances"</a>. <i>The Interpreter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interpreter&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+shifting+alliances&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Kumuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fclimate-change-and-shifting-alliances-maldives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaldivian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawasaki" class="citation web cs1">Kawasaki, Tami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201408/201408_04_en.html">"Ring Of Protection August 2014 Highlighting Japan"</a>. <i>www.gov-online.go.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov-online.go.jp&rft.atitle=Ring+Of+Protection+August+2014+Highlighting+Japan&rft.aulast=Kawasaki&rft.aufirst=Tami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov-online.go.jp%2Feng%2Fpublicity%2Fbook%2Fhlj%2Fhtml%2F201408%2F201408_04_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaldivian+diaspora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062212/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a9bc/473662ec87e181a145860548e5c5a1880886.pdf">Hartmann, Betsy. 2010. "Rethinking Climate Refugees And Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality And The Politics Of Policy Discourse". Journal Of International Development 22 (2): 233-246. doi:10.1002/jid.1676.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_diaspora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Category:Maldivian_dynasties" title="Category:Maldivian dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Maldivian_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Maldivian constitutional referendum">1952 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Maldivian_constitutional_referendum" title="1953 Maldivian constitutional referendum">1953 monarchy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Maldivian_constitutional_referendum" title="1968 Maldivian constitutional referendum">1968 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">1988 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Maldives_civil_unrest" title="2003 Maldives civil unrest">2003 civil unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(2004)" title="Black Friday (2004)">2004 Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Maldives_civil_unrest" title="2005 Maldives civil unrest">2005 civil unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Maldivian_presidential_election" title="2008 Maldivian presidential election">2008 Multi-party democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">2011–13 political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Maldives" title="Emblem of Maldives"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem_of_Maldives.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem_of_Maldives.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Emblem_of_Maldives.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_the_Maldives" title="Atolls of the Maldives">Atolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channels_of_the_Maldives" title="Channels of the Maldives">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives#Climate" title="Geography of the Maldives">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Maldives" title="Climate change in the Maldives">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Maldives" title="List of islands of the Maldives">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_the_Maldives" title="List of cities, towns and villages in the Maldives">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Maldives" title="Wildlife of the Maldives">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_wildlife_of_Baa_Atoll" title="Marine wildlife of Baa Atoll">Baa Atoll UNESCO biosphere reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Maldives" title="Administrative divisions of the Maldives">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Maldives" title="Cabinet of the Maldives">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives" title="Constitution of the Maldives">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Maldives" title="Elections in the Maldives">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Maldives" title="Foreign relations of the Maldives">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Category:Human rights in the Maldives">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Maldives" title="Judiciary of the Maldives">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Maldives" title="Law enforcement in the Maldives">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Majlis" title="People's Majlis"><i>Majlis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Maldives" title="List of political parties in the Maldives">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Maldives" title="President of the Maldives">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_aid_to_the_Maldives" title="Economic aid to the Maldives">Economic aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Maldives" title="Fishing industry in the Maldives">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industries_in_Maldives" title="Industries in Maldives">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_rufiyaa" title="Maldivian rufiyaa">Rufiyaa <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Stock_Exchange" title="Maldives Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Maldives" title="Tourism in the Maldives">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Maldives" title="Transport in the Maldives">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Maldives" title="List of airports in the Maldives">Airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivians" title="Maldivians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaumii_Salaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaumii Salaam">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Maldives" title="Crime in the Maldives">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Maldives">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Maldives">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Maldives">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Maldives">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Maldives" title="Names of the Maldives">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Maldives" title="Islam in Maldives">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_the_Maldives" title="Category:Sport in the Maldives">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Maldives" title="Television in the Maldives">Television</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Maldives" title="List of newspapers in the Maldives">Newspapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Maldives" title="Outline of Maldives">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldives-related_topics" title="List of Maldives-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maldives" title="Category:Maldives">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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