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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-wheeled_and_cycle-type_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-wheeled_and_cycle-type_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-wheeled_and_cycle-type_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Heavy vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Cranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_transport,_commercial_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport,_commercial_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Road transport, commercial vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport,_commercial_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_off-road_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_off-road_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Military off-road vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_off-road_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Engine type</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engine_type-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Engine type subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Engine_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrid_electric-petroleum_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_electric-petroleum_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_electric-petroleum_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuously_outboard_recharged_electric_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuously_outboard_recharged_electric_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuously_outboard_recharged_electric_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_fuel_(dual_mode)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_fuel_(dual_mode)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hybrid fuel (dual mode)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_fuel_(dual_mode)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluid_power_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluid_power_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fluid power hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluid_power_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petro-air_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petro-air_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Petro-air hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petro-air_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petro-hydraulic_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petro-hydraulic_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Petro-hydraulic hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petro-hydraulic_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric-human_power_hybrid_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric-human_power_hybrid_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Electric-human power hybrid vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric-human_power_hybrid_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_vehicle_power_train_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_vehicle_power_train_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hybrid vehicle power train configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hybrid_vehicle_power_train_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hybrid vehicle power train configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_vehicle_power_train_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parallel_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Parallel hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mild_parallel_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mild_parallel_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mild parallel hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mild_parallel_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Power-split or series-parallel hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Series hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_safety_for_cyclists,_pedestrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_safety_for_cyclists,_pedestrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_safety_for_cyclists,_pedestrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fuel consumption and emissions reductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_vehicle_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_vehicle_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hybrid vehicle emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_vehicle_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_hybrid_car_battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_of_hybrid_car_battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Environmental impact of hybrid car battery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_hybrid_car_battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_materials_increasing_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_materials_increasing_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Raw materials increasing costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_materials_increasing_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_hybrid-electric_vehicles_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_hybrid-electric_vehicles_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>How hybrid-electric vehicles work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_hybrid-electric_vehicles_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_green_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_green_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative green vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_green_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marketing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misleading_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misleading_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Misleading advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misleading_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Adoption rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_2020_regulation_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_2020_regulation_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>European Union 2020 regulation standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_2020_regulation_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybrid vehicle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مركبة هجينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة هجينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइब्रिड वाहन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हाइब्रिड वाहन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrid_avtomobil" title="Hibrid avtomobil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hibrid avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="هیبرید آراجی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیبرید آراجی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Хибриден автомобил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хибриден автомобил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_h%C3%ADbrid" title="Vehicle híbrid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle híbrid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridbil" title="Hybridbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hybridbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridfahrzeug" title="Hybridfahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hybridfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCbriidauto" title="Hübriidauto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hübriidauto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Υβριδικό αυτοκίνητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υβριδικό αυτοκίνητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_h%C3%ADbrido" title="Vehículo híbrido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo híbrido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrida_veturilo" title="Hibrida veturilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hibrida veturilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="خودروی هیبریدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی هیبریدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_hybride" title="Véhicule hybride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véhicule hybride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feithicil_hibrideach" title="Feithicil hibrideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feithicil hibrideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%B0%A8%EB%9F%89" title="하이브리드 차량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이브리드 차량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइब्रिड वाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइब्रिड वाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridni_automobil" title="Hibridni automobil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hibridni automobil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendaraan_hibrida" title="Kendaraan hibrida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kendaraan hibrida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvinnb%C3%ADll" title="Tvinnbíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvinnbíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veicolo_ibrido" title="Veicolo ibrido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veicolo ibrido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8" title="ಹೈಬ್ರಿಡ್‌ ವಾಹನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈಬ್ರಿಡ್‌ ವಾಹನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gari_mseto" title="Gari mseto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gari mseto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibr%C4%ABdauto" title="Hibrīdauto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hibrīdauto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridinis_automobilis" title="Hibridinis automobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hibridinis automobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridaut%C3%B3" title="Hibridautó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hibridautó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹൈബ്രിഡ് വാഹനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈബ്രിഡ് വാഹനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenderaan_hibrid" title="Kenderaan hibrid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kenderaan hibrid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybride_voertuig" title="Hybride voertuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hybride voertuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridbil" title="Hybridbil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hybridbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridbil" title="Hybridbil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hybridbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobila_ibrida" title="Automobila ibrida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Automobila ibrida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%90_(%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%89)_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%87" title="اصلاح شوې (هایبرېډ) نقلیه واسطه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اصلاح شوې (هایبرېډ) نقلیه واسطه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojazd_hybrydowy" title="Pojazd hybrydowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pojazd hybrydowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vel_h%C3%ADbrido" title="Automóvel híbrido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Automóvel híbrido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicul_hibrid" title="Vehicul hibrid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vehicul hibrid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гибридный автомобиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гибридный автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1" title="දෙමුහුම් වාහන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමුහුම් වාහන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hybrid vehicle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridno_vozilo" title="Hibridno vozilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hibridno vozilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridni_pogon" title="Hibridni pogon – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hibridni pogon" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibridni_automobil" title="Hibridni automobil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hibridni automobil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridiauto" title="Hybridiauto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hybridiauto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridbil" title="Hybridbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hybridbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலப்பு வாகனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலப்பு வாகனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ยานพาหนะไฮบริด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยานพาหนะไฮบริด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibrit_(otomobil)" title="Hibrit (otomobil) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hibrit (otomobil)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гібридне авто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гібридне авто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C" title="مختلف العناصر گاڑی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مختلف العناصر گاڑی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_t%C3%B4_hybrid" title="Ô tô hybrid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô tô hybrid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90" title="הייבריד אויטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייבריד אויטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B" title="混合動力車輛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混合動力車輛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193075#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hybrid_vehicle" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vehicle using two or more power sources</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a vehicle that combines the electric motor with <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> generator power and battery power or concurrent configuration, see <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a>. For other types of hybrid transportation, see <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation)">Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_Toyota_Prius_NHW10_Silver_Strara_Metallic_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1998_Toyota_Prius_NHW10_Silver_Strara_Metallic_%28front%29.jpg/220px-1998_Toyota_Prius_NHW10_Silver_Strara_Metallic_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1998_Toyota_Prius_NHW10_Silver_Strara_Metallic_%28front%29.jpg/330px-1998_Toyota_Prius_NHW10_Silver_Strara_Metallic_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hybrid vehicle</b> is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic hybrid">hydraulic hybrids</a>. </p><p>Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">energy efficiency</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicles</a>, for instance, the electric motor is more efficient at producing <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>, or turning power, while the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Improved efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced running costs relative to non-hybrid vehicles are three primary benefits of hybridization. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_types">Vehicle types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vehicle types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-wheeled_and_cycle-type_vehicles">Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">Mopeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorized bicycles">electric bicycles</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">electric kick scooters</a> are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion engine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> and the rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle. </p> <ul><li>In a <b>parallel hybrid bicycle</b> human and motor torques are mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Most <a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorized bicycles">motorized bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">mopeds</a> are of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a <b>series hybrid bicycle</b> (<b>SHB</b>) (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Chainless_bicycle" title="Chainless bicycle">chainless bicycle</a>) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being simple in theory and manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SHB with power electronics allowing <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a> and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a <a href="/wiki/Leitra" title="Leitra">Leitra</a> tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH <a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">tricycles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadracycle_(human-powered_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)">quadricycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. </p> <ul><li>A <b>series hybrid electric–petroleum bicycle</b> (<b>SHEPB</b>) is powered by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-in charger—providing flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only bicycles.</li></ul> <p>A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2014 used a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">brushless DC electric motor</a> from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printed</a> drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_vehicle">Heavy vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heavy vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg/220px-Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg/330px-Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg/440px-Mettis_BRT_Metz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, a diesel–electric hybrid driving system by <a href="/wiki/Van_Hool" title="Van Hool">Van Hool</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Power_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Power train">power trains</a> use <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbine%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Turbine–electric powertrain">turbo-electric</a> to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulic machinery</a>, and ships. A <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine engine</a> drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors—strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives—e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator" title="Hydraulic accumulator">hydraulic accumulators</a>—excepting non-nuclear <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a>, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HB-E300kei-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HB-E300kei-2.JPG/220px-HB-E300kei-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HB-E300kei-2.JPG/330px-HB-E300kei-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/HB-E300kei-2.JPG/440px-HB-E300kei-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">East Japan Railway Company</a> <a href="/wiki/HB-E300_series" title="HB-E300 series">HB-E300 series</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Europe</b><br /> The new <a href="/wiki/Autorail_%C3%A0_grande_capacit%C3%A9" title="Autorail à grande capacité">Autorail à grande capacité</a> (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000 V on different rail systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a <a href="/wiki/Genesee_%26_Wyoming" title="Genesee & Wyoming">Genesee & Wyoming</a> company. </p><p><b>China</b><br /> The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center <a href="/wiki/Matrai" title="Matrai">Matrai</a> in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an <a href="/wiki/EMD_G12" title="EMD G12">EMD G12</a> locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel generator, and four AC motors. </p><p><b>Japan</b><br /> Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is the <a href="/wiki/KiHa_E200" title="KiHa E200">KiHa E200</a>, with roof-mounted <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>India</b><br /> Indian railway launched one of its kind <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a>-Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel. </p><p><b>North America</b><br /> In the US, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> made a locomotive with <a href="/wiki/Sodium-Nickel-Chloride_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-Nickel-Chloride battery">sodium–nickel chloride</a> (Na-NiCl<sub>2</sub>) battery storage. They expect ≥10% fuel economy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Variant <a href="/wiki/Diesel_electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel electric locomotive">diesel electric locomotive</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Green_Goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Goat">Green Goat</a> (GG) and <a href="/wiki/Green_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Kid">Green Kid</a> (GK) <a href="/wiki/Switcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Switcher">switching/yard engines</a> built by Canada's <a href="/wiki/Railpower_Technologies" title="Railpower Technologies">Railpower Technologies</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead acid</a> (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ≈160 hp diesel generator. No fuel is wasted for idling: ≈60–85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized. </p><p>Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over a "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway" title="Kansas City Southern Railway">Kansas City Southern Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cranes">Cranes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel–electric power unit with battery storage for use in <a href="/wiki/Rubber_Tyred_Gantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber Tyred Gantry">Rubber Tyred Gantry</a> (RTG) <a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">cranes</a>. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First systems are expected to be operational in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road_transport,_commercial_vehicles"><span id="Road_transport.2C_commercial_vehicles"></span>Road transport, commercial vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Road transport, commercial vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg/220px-Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg/330px-Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg/440px-Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid_--_04-26-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade" title="Cadillac Escalade">Cadillac Escalade</a> hybrid version</figcaption></figure> <p>Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (September 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few years. The diesel engines run at a constant <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> for peak efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-09.30.14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-09.30.14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a <a href="/wiki/VW_Beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="VW Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph.<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Earth_News_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Earth_News-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed a petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-veh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-veh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid <a href="/wiki/Ford_Expedition" title="Ford Expedition">Ford Expedition</a> returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-veh_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-veh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Capturing_the_power_of_hydraulics_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capturing_the_power_of_hydraulics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a> currently has two trucks in service using this technology.<sup id="cite_ref-autoblog.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoblog.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_off-road_vehicles">Military off-road vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military off-road vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1985, the US military has been testing <a href="/wiki/Serial_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial hybrid">serial hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvees</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a> mode with low <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">thermal signature</a>, near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ships">Ships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ships with both mast-mounted <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be recharged by the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> when the craft is on the surface. </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6 MWh of batteries. The average was 500 kWh in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large <a href="/wiki/Power_kite" title="Power kite">towing kites</a> manufactured by companies such as <a href="/wiki/SkySails" title="SkySails">SkySails</a>. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. </p><p>The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wingspan of 16.3 meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100 km/h (62 mph) on power from the fuel cell.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine_type">Engine type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Engine type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_electric-petroleum_vehicles">Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybrid-bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hybrid-bus.jpg/220px-Hybrid-bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hybrid-bus.jpg/330px-Hybrid-bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hybrid-bus.jpg/440px-Hybrid-bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid <a href="/wiki/New_Flyer" title="New Flyer">New Flyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)">Metrobus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg/220px-Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg/330px-Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg/440px-Arriva_North_West_and_Wales_655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Optare_Solo" title="Optare Solo">Optare Solo</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></div> <p>When the term <i>hybrid vehicle</i> is used, it most often refers to a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a>. These encompass such vehicles as the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Vue" title="Saturn Vue">Saturn Vue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Toyota Yaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Camry Hybrid">Toyota Camry Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Kluger#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Kluger">Toyota Highlander Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX_400h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus RX 400h">Lexus RX 400h</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX_450h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus RX 450h">450h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid">Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Sonata_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Sonata Hybrid">Hyundai Sonata Hybrid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyundai_Elantra_Hybrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyundai Elantra Hybrid (page does not exist)">Hyundai Elantra Hybrid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kia_Sportage_Hybrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kia Sportage Hybrid (page does not exist)">Kia Sportage Hybrid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kia_Niro_Hybrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kia Niro Hybrid (page does not exist)">Kia Niro Hybrid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kia_Sorento_Hybrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kia Sorento Hybrid (page does not exist)">Kia Sorento Hybrid</a> and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engines</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a> to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric battery set</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Vehicle_Drivetrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrains">types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains</a>, from <b>Full hybrid</b> to <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">Mild hybrid</a>, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> and sold a small <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid locomotive">hybrid locomotive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Pieper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieper">Henri Pieper</a> developed the world's first petro-electric <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">hybrid</a> automobile. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series-hybrid</a> using two <a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor" title="Wheel hub motor">motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements</a> with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, in 1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuously_outboard_recharged_electric_vehicle">Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> can be recharged while the user drives. Such a vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms (see <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a>). The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. </p><p>Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides, the technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">Conduit current collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams">trams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric (rail)">electric rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolleys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_fuel_(dual_mode)"><span id="Hybrid_fuel_.28dual_mode.29"></span>Hybrid fuel (dual mode)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybrid fuel (dual mode)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/220px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/330px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/440px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid">Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Flexible_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible fuel">flexible fuel</a> capability to run on <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for <a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">propulsion</a>, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types ("<a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>") using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as <a href="/wiki/Dual_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual mode">dual mode</a> vehicles: </p> <ul><li>Some <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> can switch between an onboard <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead electrical power</a> depending on conditions (see <a href="/wiki/Dual-mode_bus" title="Dual-mode bus">dual-mode bus</a>). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> trolleybus, although as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no such design seems to have been announced.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicles</a> can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank—typically <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biobutanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobutanol">biobutanol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be challenging to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. For example, some Chevrolet <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chevrolet.com/culture/article/bi-fuel-silverado-natural-gas.html">Silverado 2500 HDs</a> can effortlessly switch between petroleum and natural gas, offering a range of over 1000 km (650 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel, and flexibility where <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> or <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. While the US Natural gas infrastructure is partially incomplete, it is increasing and in 2013 had 2600 <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> stations in place.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising gas prices may push consumers to purchase these vehicles. In 2013 when gas prices traded around US$1.1 per litre ($4.0/US gal), the price of gasoline was US$95.5 per <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">megawatt-hour</a> ($28.00 per <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">million British thermal units</a>), compared to natural gas's $13.6/MWh ($4.00 per million British thermal units).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this makes natural gas much cheaper than gasoline.</li> <li>Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on <a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">autogas (LPG)</a> and diesels modified to run on <a href="/wiki/Waste_vegetable_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste vegetable oil">waste vegetable oil</a> that has not been processed into biodiesel.</li> <li>Power-assist mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">human-powered vehicles</a> are also included (see <a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluid_power_hybrid">Fluid power hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fluid power hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg/220px-2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg/330px-2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg/440px-2011_Chrysler_Town_%26_Country_Touring_-_L_--_04-22-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Chrysler minivan, petro-hydraulic hybrid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catvertroquette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catvertroquette.jpg/220px-Catvertroquette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catvertroquette.jpg/330px-Catvertroquette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Catvertroquette.jpg/440px-Catvertroquette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>French MDI petro-air hybrid car developed with Tata</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic hybrid">Hydraulic hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_hybrid_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic hybrid vehicle">pneumatic hybrid vehicles</a> use an engine or regenerative braking (or both) to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> (liquid) or <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> (compressed gas) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petro-air_hybrid">Petro-air hybrid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Petro-air hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A French company, <a href="/wiki/Motor_Development_International" title="Motor Development International">MDI</a>, has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata Motors</a> of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petro-hydraulic_hybrid">Petro-hydraulic hybrid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Petro-hydraulic hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG/220px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG/330px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG/440px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0304.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic concept car</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG/220px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG/330px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG/440px-Peugeot_2008_HYbrid_air_SAO_2014_0299.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic cutaway</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles. </p><p>In petro-hydraulic hybrids, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">energy recovery</a> rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than electric battery charged hybrids using the current electric battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in <a href="/wiki/Energy_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy economy">energy economy</a> in US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) testing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid <a href="/wiki/Ford_Expedition" title="Ford Expedition">Ford Expedition</a> returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>) highway.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-veh_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-veh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Capturing_the_power_of_hydraulics_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capturing_the_power_of_hydraulics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a> currently has two trucks in service using this technology.<sup id="cite_ref-autoblog.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoblog.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles, the high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a <a href="/wiki/VW_Beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="VW Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg<sub>‑US</sub> (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>) was returning 75 mpg<sub>‑US</sub> (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>) with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph (110 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Earth_News_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Earth_News-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the base cost of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-veh_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-veh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and is also cheaper to build. The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size. </p><p>Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British company (<a href="/wiki/Artemis_Intelligent_Power" title="Artemis Intelligent Power">Artemis Intelligent Power</a>) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement® motor/pump. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minivan was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-veh_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-veh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OG032313_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG032313-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a>. Mileage was estimated to be about 118 mpg<sub>‑US</sub> (2 L/100 km; 142 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>) on the Euro test cycle if installed in a <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3" title="Citroën C3">Citroën C3</a> type of body.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT030113_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT030113-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PSA Although the car was ready for production and was proven and feasible delivering the claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until a partnership can be arranged.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric-human_power_hybrid_vehicle">Electric-human power hybrid vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electric-human power hybrid vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_C5" title="Sinclair C5">Sinclair C5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twike" title="Twike">Twike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">electric bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_skateboard" title="Electric skateboard">electric skateboards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_vehicle_power_train_configurations">Hybrid vehicle power train configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hybrid vehicle power train configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrains">Hybrid vehicle drivetrains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micro_HEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro HEV">Micro HEV</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_hybrid">Parallel hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parallel hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg/220px-2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg/330px-2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg/440px-2010_Honda_Insight_LX_--_10-03-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>, a <a href="#Mild_parallel_hybrid">mild parallel hybrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Toyota_Prius_(ZVW50R)_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_(2018-12-19)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/220px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/330px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/440px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Series-parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-parallel hybrid">series-parallel hybrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg/220px-2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg/330px-2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg/440px-2nd_Ford_Escape_Hybrid_--_04-29-2011_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a>, with a series-parallel drivetrain</figcaption></figure> <p>In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. </p><p>The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>. </p><p>The Mercedes-Benz <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W212)" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)">E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID</a> released in 2012 only in European markets is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_OM651_engine" title="Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine">Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine</a> developing 152 kW (204 hp) paired with a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of 170 kW (228 hp). The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of 24–26 km/L (56–62 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>; 67–74 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mild_parallel_hybrid">Mild parallel hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mild parallel hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>). </p><p>On-road examples include <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> 2nd generation, <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-Z" title="Honda CR-Z">Honda CR-Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Accord Hybrid">Honda Accord Hybrid</a>, Mercedes Benz <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class#S-Class_hybrids" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">S400 BlueHYBRID</a>, BMW 7 Series hybrids, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> <a href="/wiki/BAS_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BAS Hybrid">BAS Hybrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_S-Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki S-Cross">Suzuki S-Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Wagon_R" title="Suzuki Wagon R">Suzuki Wagon R</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_fortwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart fortwo">Smart fortwo</a> with micro hybrid drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid">Power-split or series-parallel hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Power-split or series-parallel hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary gear</a> set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries. </p><p>Modern versions such as the Toyota <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Synergy_Drive" title="Hybrid Synergy Drive">Hybrid Synergy Drive</a> have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device, this provides a continuously variable transmission. </p><p>On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example, to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions. </p><p>Passenger car installations include <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX" title="Lexus RX">Lexus RX</a>400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_hybrid">Series hybrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Series hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/220px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/330px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/440px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series hybrid</a>, also called an <i>extended range electric vehicle</i> (<i>EREV</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>series- or serial-hybrid vehicle</b> is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Series-hybrids have also been referred to as <a href="/wiki/Range_extender_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range extender (vehicle)">extended range electric vehicle</a>, range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> with range extender is a production series-hybrid. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Karma" title="Fisker Karma">Fisker Karma</a> was the first series-hybrid production vehicle. </p><p>When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in—but a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration purposes), and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine. Series arrangements have been common in <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> and ships. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid</a>. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a <a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor" title="Wheel hub motor">wheel hub motor</a> design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an <i>electric transmission</i>, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. </p><p>In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Volt">Chevy Volt</a> series plug-in hybrid in 2010, aiming for an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> of 40 mi (64 km),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this car also has a mechanical connection between the engine and drivetrain.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercapacitors">Supercapacitors</a> combined with a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion">lithium-ion</a> battery bank have been used by <a href="/wiki/AFS_Trinity" title="AFS Trinity">AFS Trinity</a> in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercapacitors">supercapacitors</a> they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nissan Note e-power is an example of a series hybrid technology since 2016 in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg/220px-Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg/330px-Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg/440px-Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid_-_Paris_Motor_Show_2016_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid#XW50" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Prime</a> has an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> of 25 mi (40 km).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG/220px-Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG/330px-Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG/440px-Ford_Fusion_Energi_SEL_WAS_2012_0573.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid#Ford_Fusion_Energi" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Energi</a> is a plug-in hybrid with an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> of 21 mi (34 km).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></div> <p>Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a>. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>, which allows the vehicle to drive on <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a> a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding—or at least minimizing—the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO<sub>2</sub> terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company. </p><p>For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_safety_for_cyclists,_pedestrians"><span id="Road_safety_for_cyclists.2C_pedestrians"></span>Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Nissan_LEAF_(ZE0_MY17)_hatchback_(2018-11-02)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/220px-2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/330px-2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/440px-2017_Nissan_LEAF_%28ZE0_MY17%29_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3671" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric car</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>'s Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">Electric vehicle warning sounds</a></div> <p>A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a> accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles (ICEV). The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering, or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several automakers developed <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">electric vehicle warning sounds</a> designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Electric_drive_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drive vehicle">electric drive vehicles</a> such as hybrid electric vehicle, <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric vehicle">all-electric vehicles</a> (EVs) travelling at low speeds. Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TMC0810_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMC0810-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACB_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S841_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S841-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smart_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vehicles in the market with such safety devices include the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Karma" title="Fisker Karma">Fisker Karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_FCX_Clarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda FCX Clarity">Honda FCX Clarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_M#M35h_(Hybrid_version)_(2011–2019)" title="Infiniti M">Nissan Fuga Hybrid/Infiniti M35</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_ix35_FCEV" title="Hyundai ix35 FCEV">Hyundai ix35 FCEV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Sonata_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Sonata Hybrid">Hyundai Sonata Hybrid</a>, 2012 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Fit_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Fit EV">Honda Fit EV</a>, the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV50)#Camry_Hybrid" title="Toyota Camry (XV50)">Toyota Camry Hybrid</a>, 2012 <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT200h">Lexus CT200h</a>, and all the <a href="/wiki/Prius_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius family">Prius family</a> of cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions">Fuel consumption and emissions reductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fuel consumption and emissions reductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion engine vehicle">internal combustion engine vehicles</a> (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: </p> <ol><li>Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine size more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have fewer internal losses and lower weight.</li> <li>Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city <a href="/wiki/Driving_cycle" title="Driving cycle">driving cycle</a>.</li> <li>Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator;</li></ol> <p>Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include: </p> <ol><li>Using <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson cycle</a> engines instead of <a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto cycle</a> engines for improved fuel economy.</li> <li>Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods.</li> <li>Improving <a href="/wiki/Automotive_aerodynamics" title="Automotive aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box-shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle handling">vehicle handling</a> at the same time.</li> <li>Using low <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> <a href="/wiki/Tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Tires">tires</a> (tires were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause mechanical <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiffer or by choice of <a href="/wiki/Tire#Components" title="Tire">carcass</a> structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source.</li> <li>Powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts.</li></ol> <p>These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting, and idling periods. In addition <a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">noise emissions</a> are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high-speed highway use, these features are much less useful in reducing emissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_vehicle_emissions">Hybrid vehicle emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hybrid vehicle emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hybrid vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Honda Civic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. Hybrid vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon dioxide emissions in half.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increase in fossil fuels is needed to build hybrid vehicles versus conventional cars. This increase is more than offset by reduced emissions when running the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hybrid CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions have been understated when comparing certification cycles to real-world driving. In one study using real-world driving data, it was shown they use on average 120 g of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per km instead of the 44 g per km in official tests.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> states that three Hybrid vehicles equal one <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> in CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> reduction effect from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> viewpoint which means reducing CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions to zero throughout the entire life cycle of a product, starting from procurement of raw materials, manufacturing, and transportation to use, recycling, and disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact_of_hybrid_car_battery">Environmental impact of hybrid car battery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental impact of hybrid car battery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Special:EditPage/Hybrid vehicle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22">"Hybrid vehicle"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hybrid+vehicle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most hybrid car batteries are <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion">Lithium-ion</a>, which has higher energy density than <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">nickel–metal hydride batteries</a> and is more environmentally friendly than <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead-based batteries</a> which constitute the bulk of petrol car starter batteries today.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_2019_43–77_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner_2019_43–77-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. Lithium-ion is the least toxic of the batteries mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type previously used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium according to one source.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source claims nickel metal hydride batteries are much more toxic than lead batteries, also that recycling them and disposing of them safely is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general various soluble and insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel chloride and nickel oxide, have known carcinogenic effects in chick embryos and rats.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main nickel compound in NiMH batteries is nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), which is used as the positive electrode. However Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries have fallen out of favour in hybrid vehicles as various lithium-ion chemistries have become more mature to market. </p><p>The lithium-ion battery has become a market leader in this segment due to its high energy density, stability, and cost when compared to other technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A market leader in this area is <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> with their partnership with <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–metal hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Warner_2019_43–77_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warner_2019_43–77-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The batteries also produce higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions helping to prevent global warming. <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithium-ion batteries are also safer to recycle, with <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> pioneering processes to recycle lithium-ion batteries;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is also being chased by various other large companies, such as <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main goal within many of these companies is to combat disinformation about the nature of lithium batteries, primarily that they are not recyclable, which primarily stem from articles discussing the difficulties of recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging">Charging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two different levels of charging in plug-in hybrids. Level one charging is the slower method as it uses a 120 V/15 A single-phase grounded outlet. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from 208 V or 240 V (at up to 80 A, 19.2 kW). It may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimum charging window for lithium-ion batteries is 3–4.2 V. Recharging with a 120-volt household outlet takes several hours, a 240-volt charger takes 1–4 hours, and a quick charge takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. Three important factors—distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order for hybrids to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Regenerative braking is obviously helpful, but not essential (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In 2014, hybrid electric car batteries can run on solely electricity for 70–130 miles (110–210 km) on a single charge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Most hybrids cannot run on elevtricity anywhere near 70 miles on a single charge – not now, and certainly not in 2014. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4.4 kWh to 85 kWh on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_materials_increasing_costs">Raw materials increasing costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Raw materials increasing costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth element</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> is required to fabricate many of the advanced <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a> and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nishiyama_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishiyama-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">rare-earth elements</a> in the world come from China,<sup id="cite_ref-haxel_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haxel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare-earth elements have resulted in an unknown amount of supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishiyama_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishiyama-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lunn_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunn-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced <a href="/wiki/Hoidas_Lake" title="Hoidas Lake">Hoidas Lake</a> project in northern Canada as well as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weld">Mount Weld</a> in Australia are currently under development;<sup id="cite_ref-Lunn_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunn-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the barriers to entry are high<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and require years to go online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_hybrid-electric_vehicles_work">How hybrid-electric vehicles work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: How hybrid-electric vehicles work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of gasoline engines and electric motors. The key areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power sources, and less idling.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">Regenerative braking</a>.</b> The electric motor normally converts electricity into physical motion. Used in reverse as a generator, it can also convert physical motion into electricity. This both slows the car (braking) and recharges (regenerates) the batteries.</li> <li><b>Dual power.</b> Power can come from either the engine, motor, or both depending on driving circumstances. Additional power to assist the engine in accelerating or climbing might be provided by the electric motor. Or more commonly, a smaller electric motor provides all of the power for low-speed driving conditions and is augmented by the engine at higher speeds.</li> <li><b>Automatic start/shutoff.</b> It automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This automation is much simpler with an electric motor. Also, see dual power above.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_green_vehicles">Alternative green vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Alternative green vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle#Types" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle § Types</a></div> <p>Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>. Another option is to use alternative fuel composition (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>) in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them go partly on renewable energy sources. </p><p>Other approaches include <a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">personal rapid transit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a> concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially built guideways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Automakers spend around $US8 million in marketing Hybrid vehicles each year. With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hybrid car companies like Toyota, Honda, Ford, and BMW have pulled together to create a movement of Hybrid vehicle sales pushed by Washington lobbyists to lower the world's emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2005, sales went beyond 200,000 Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by 200,000 gallons per day—a tiny fraction of the 360 million gallons used per day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Bradley Berman author of <i>Driving Change—One Hybrid at a time</i>, "cold economics shows that in real dollars, except for a brief spike in the 1970s, gas prices have remained remarkably steady and cheap. Fuel continues to represent a small part of the overall cost of owning and operating a personal vehicle".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other marketing tactics include <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> which is the "unjustified appropriation of environmental virtue."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temma Ehrenfeld explained in an article by Newsweek. Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely inaccurate. </p><p>Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green. According to Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means people buy what they want, if they want a fuel efficient car they buy a Hybrid without thinking about the actual efficiency of the product. This "green myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness. </p><p>Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill-ups. Secondly, people find it rewarding to own the better, newer, flashier, and so-called greener car. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misleading_advertising">Misleading advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Misleading advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019 the term <i>self-charging hybrid</i> became prevalent in advertising, though cars referred to by this name do not offer any different functionality than a standard <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a> provides. The only self-charging effect is in energy recovery via regenerative braking, which is also true of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell electric vehicles</a> and battery electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, using this term has been prohibited in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Misleading_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Misleading advertising">misleading advertising</a> by <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Our claim is based on the fact that customers never have to charge the battery of their vehicle, as it is recharged during the vehicle use. There is no intention to mislead customers, on the contrary: the point is to clearly explain the difference with plug-in hybrid vehicles." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_rate">Adoption rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Adoption rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the adoption rate for hybrids in the US is small today (2.2% of new car sales in 2011),<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this compares with a 17.1% share of new car sales in Japan in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has the potential to be very large over time as more models are offered and incremental costs decline due to learning and scale benefits. However, forecasts vary widely. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Lutz_(businessman)" title="Bob Lutz (businessman)">Bob Lutz</a>, a long-time skeptic of hybrids, indicated he expects hybrids "will never comprise more than 10% of the US auto market."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources also expect hybrid penetration rates in the US will remain under 10% for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More optimistic views as of 2006 include predictions that hybrids would dominate new car sales in the US and elsewhere over the next 10 to 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach, taken by Saurin Shah, examines the penetration rates (or S-curves) of four analogs (historical and current) to hybrid and electrical vehicles in an attempt to gauge how quickly the vehicle stock could be hybridized and/or electrified in the United States. The analogs are (1) the electric motors in US factories in the early 20th century, (2) diesel-electric locomotives on US railways in the 1920–1945 period, (3) a range of new automotive features/technologies introduced in the US over the past fifty years, and 4) e-bike purchases in China over the past few years. These analogs collectively suggest it would take at least 30 years for hybrid and electric vehicles to capture 80% of the US passenger vehicle stock.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EPA expects the combined market share of new gasoline hybrid light-duty vehicles to reach 13.6% for the 2023 model year from 10.2% in the 2022 model year.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union_2020_regulation_standards">European Union 2020 regulation standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: European Union 2020 regulation standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European Parliament, Council, and European Commission have reached an agreement which is aimed at reducing the average CO<sub>2</sub> passenger car emissions to 95 g/km by 2020, according to a European Commission press release. </p><p>According to the release, the key details of the agreement are as follows: </p><p>Emissions target: The agreement will reduce average CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from new cars to 95 g/km from 2020, as proposed by the commission. This is a 40% reduction from the mandatory 2015 target of 130 g/km. The target is an average for each manufacturer's new car fleet; it allows OEMs to build some vehicles that emit less than the average and some that emit more. 2025 target: The commission is required to propose a further emissions reduction target by the end-2015 to take effect in 2025. This target will be in line with the EU's long-term climate goals. Super credits for low-emission vehicles: The Regulation will give manufacturers additional incentives to produce cars with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of 50 g/km or less (which will be electric or plug-in hybrid cars). Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicles in 2020, 1.67 in 2021, 1.33 in 2022, and then as one vehicle from 2023 onwards. These super credits will help manufacturers further reduce the average emissions of their new car fleet. However, to prevent the scheme from undermining the environmental integrity of the legislation, there will be a 2.5 g/km cap per manufacturer on the contribution that super credits can make to their target in any year.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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(engine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperation" title="Global Hybrid Cooperation">Global Hybrid Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-electric_hybrid_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicles" title="List of hybrid vehicles">List of hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Multifuel stove">Multifuel stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNGV" class="mw-redirect" title="PNGV">PNGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_oxide_fuel_cell" title="Solid oxide fuel cell">Solid oxide fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-hybrid" title="Triple-hybrid">Triple-hybrid</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air <br />engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1272" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160835-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hybrid electric vehicles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96007414">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125265027">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125265027">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01069858">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hybridní vozidla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph921296&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558724905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&oldid=1270548139">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&oldid=1270548139</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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