CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adenosine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8604894f-f415-4b30-9cb5-4644188e8ad8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adenosine","wgTitle":"Adenosine","wgCurRevisionId":1273022872,"wgRevisionId":1273022872,"wgArticleId":89108,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Short description is different from Wikidata","Drugs with non-standard legal status","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input","Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields","Drugs that are a physiological drug","Adenosine receptor agonists","Antiarrhythmic agents", "Chemical substances for emergency medicine","Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system","Ghrelin receptor agonists","Nucleosides","Purines","Neurotransmitters","Vasodilators","Hydroxymethyl compounds"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adenosine","wgRelevantArticleId":89108,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190012","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/1200px-Adenosin.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1104"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/800px-Adenosin.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/640px-Adenosin.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="589"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adenosine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adenosine rootpage-Adenosine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adenosine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adenosine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adenosine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adenosine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supraventricular_tachycardia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supraventricular_tachycardia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Supraventricular tachycardia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supraventricular_tachycardia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_stress_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_stress_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nuclear stress test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_stress_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dosage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dosage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Drug interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contraindications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pharmacological effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacological_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacological effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adenosine_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adenosine_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adenosine receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adenosine_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghrelin/growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghrelin/growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghrelin/growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-inflammatory_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-inflammatory_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Anti-inflammatory properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-inflammatory_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasodilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasodilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vasodilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasodilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adenosine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أدينوزين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدينوزين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آدنوزین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدنوزین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Адэназін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адэназін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosiin" title="Adenosiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adenosiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αδενοσίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδενοσίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozino" title="Adenozino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adenozino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آدنوزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدنوزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9nosine" title="Adénosine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adénosine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adan%C3%B3is%C3%ADn" title="Adanóisín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adanóisín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="아데노신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아데노신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ադենոզին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադենոզին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אדנוזין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדנוזין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადენოზინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადენოზინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozinas" title="Adenozinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adenozinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അഡിനോസിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡിനോസിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adenosine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="アデノシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アデノシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆଡେନୋସିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଡେନୋସିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozyna" title="Adenozyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adenozyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina" title="Adenosina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adenosina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoz%C3%ADn" title="Adenozín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adenozín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosiini" title="Adenosiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adenosiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin" title="Adenosin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adenosin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adenosine" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin" title="Adenozin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adenozin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аденозин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аденозин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="腺苷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腺苷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="腺苷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腺苷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190012#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adenosine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Adenosine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Adenosine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&oldid=1273022872" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Adenosine&id=1273022872&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdenosine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdenosine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adenosine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adenosine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190012" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Adenosine">Adenosine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/220px-Adenosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/330px-Adenosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Adenosin.svg/440px-Adenosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenosine-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adenosine-3D-balls.png/220px-Adenosine-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adenosine-3D-balls.png/330px-Adenosine-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Adenosine-3D-balls.png/440px-Adenosine-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Adenocard; Adenocor; Adenic; Adenoco; Adeno-Jec; Adenoscan; Adenosin; Adrekar; Krenosin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">SR-96225 (developmental code name)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>C</li></ul> <p>(adenosine may be safe to the fetus in pregnant women) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Intravenous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C01" title="ATC code C01">C01EB10</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01EB10">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">Physiological</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Source <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily liver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rapidly converted to inosine and adenosine monophosphate</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rapidly cleared from circulation via enzyme degradation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rapidly converted to inosine and adenosine monophosphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">cleared plasma <30 seconds; half-life <10 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">can leave cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-2-(6-amino-9<i>H</i>-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-61-7">58-61-7</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/60961">60961</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2844">2844</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00640">DB00640</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.54923.html">54923</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/K72T3FS567">K72T3FS567</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00212">C00212</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16335">CHEBI:16335</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL477">ChEMBL477</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1022558">DTXSID1022558</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190012#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.354">100.000.354</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190012#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>10</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>13</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>5</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>4</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002267245000000000♠"></span>267.245</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=n2c1c%28ncnc1n%28c2%29%5BC%40%40H%5D3O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D3O%29CO%29N">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">n2c1c(ncnc1n(c2)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)CO)N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C10H13N5O4/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-7(18)6(17)4(1-16)19-10/h2-4,6-7,10,16-18H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:OIRDTQYFTABQOQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477242323&page2=Adenosine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adenosine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nucleoside#List_of_nucleosides_and_corresponding_nucleobases" title="Nucleoside">symbol</a> <b>A</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. The molecule consists of an <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> attached to a <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> via a β-N<sub>9</sub>-<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a>. Adenosine is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a> building blocks of <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> (and its derivative <a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine" title="Deoxyadenosine">deoxyadenosine</a> is a building block of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>), which are essential for all life on Earth. Its derivatives include the energy carriers <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate</a>, also known as AMP/ADP/ATP. <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">Cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP) is pervasive in <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a>. Adenosine is used as an intravenous medication for some <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmias</a>. </p><p><b>Adenosyl</b> (abbreviated <b>Ado</b> or <b>5'-dAdo</b>) is the chemical group formed by removal of the 5′-hydroxy (OH) group. It is found in <a href="/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin" title="Adenosylcobalamin">adenosylcobalamin</a> (an active form of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and as a radical in the <a href="/wiki/Radical_SAM" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical SAM">radical SAM</a> enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supraventricular_tachycardia">Supraventricular tachycardia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supraventricular tachycardia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In individuals with <a href="/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">supraventricular tachycardia</a> (SVT), adenosine is a first line treatment used to help identify and convert the rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid39033975_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid39033975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain SVTs can be successfully terminated with adenosine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19000353_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19000353-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes any <a href="/wiki/Re-entrant_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-entrant arrhythmia">re-entrant arrhythmias</a> that require the AV node for the re-entry, e.g., <a href="/wiki/AV_reentrant_tachycardia" class="mw-redirect" title="AV reentrant tachycardia">AV reentrant tachycardia</a> (AVRT) and <a href="/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia" title="AV nodal reentrant tachycardia">AV nodal reentrant tachycardia</a> (AVNRT). In addition, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia" title="Atrial tachycardia">atrial tachycardia</a> can sometimes be terminated with adenosine.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyal_2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyal_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fast rhythms of the heart that are confined to the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrium (anatomy)">atria</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">atrial flutter</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Monomorphic_ventricular_tachycardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia">monomorphic ventricular tachycardia</a>), and do not involve the AV node as part of the re-entrant circuit, are not typically converted by adenosine. However, the ventricular response rate is temporarily slowed with adenosine in such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyal_2022_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyal_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent SVTs, adenosine is considered a class V <a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiarrhythmic agents">antiarrhythmic agent</a>. When adenosine is used to <a href="/wiki/Cardioversion" title="Cardioversion">cardiovert</a> an abnormal rhythm, it is normal for the heart to enter ventricular <a href="/wiki/Asystole" title="Asystole">asystole</a> for a few seconds. This can be disconcerting to a normally conscious patient, and is associated with angina-like sensations in the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_stress_test">Nuclear stress test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nuclear stress test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine is used as an adjunct to <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> (TI 201) or <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium (Tc99m)</a> <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy">myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</a> (nuclear stress test) in patients unable to undergo adequate stress testing with exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dosage">Dosage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dosage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used to treat SVT, adenosine is administered <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a> as a rapid <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">bolus</a> (typically 0.10–0.15 mg/kg initially) over 1-2 seconds, followed by a rapid <a href="/wiki/Saline_flush" title="Saline flush">saline flush</a> (often using a 2-way or 3-way stopcock). If the initial dose is ineffective, it may be repeated every 2 minutes with a slightly increased dose (0.05–0.1 mg/kg increments) every 2 minutes up to a maximum total dose of 0.3 mg/kg (not exceeding 12 mg). Due to adenosine's extremely short half-life (less than 10 seconds), it is often injected through a <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Central venous line">central venous line</a> or a large proximal peripheral vein; administration into lower extremities, <a href="/wiki/PICC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PICC line">PICC lines</a>, or smaller veins may lead to therapeutic failure due to rapid metabolism before reaching the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid39033975_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid39033975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When given to dilate the arteries, such as in a "stress test", the dosage is typically 0.14 mg/kg/min, administered for 4 or 6 minutes, depending on the protocol. </p><p>The recommended dose may be increased in patients on theophylline since methylxanthines prevent binding of adenosine at receptor sites. The dose is often decreased in patients on <a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">dipyridamole</a> (Persantine) and <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> (Valium) because adenosine potentiates the effects of these drugs. The recommended dose is also reduced by half in patients presenting <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, and/or chronic liver disease or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a> patients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverse effects associated with adenosine administration are primarily due to its activation of adenosine receptors on vascular tissue, resulting in vasodilation. Side effects of adenosine include skin flushing, lightheadedness, nausea, sweating, nervousness, numbness, and a <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_impending_doom" title="Sense of impending doom">sense of impending doom</a>. These effects are typically very short-lived due to adenosine's rapid metabolism and short half-life. Less common, but more serious, cardiovascular effects can occur, such as cardiac arrhythmias (including premature atrial and ventricular contractions and atrioventricular (AV) block), hypotension, cardiac ischemia, and prolonged asystole.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_interactions">Drug interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drug interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a> potentiates the action of adenosine, requiring the use of lower doses. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg/350px-Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg/525px-Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg/700px-Caffeine_and_adenosine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>'s principal mode of action is as an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of adenosine receptors in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Methylxanthines" title="Methylxanthines">Methylxanthines</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> found in coffee, <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> found in tea, or <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> found in chocolate) have a <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> structure and bind to some of the same receptors as adenosine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methylxanthines act as competitive antagonists of adenosine and can blunt its pharmacological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals taking large quantities of methylxanthines may require increased doses of adenosine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> acts by blocking binding of adenosine to the <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptor</a>, which enhances release of the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine," which allows it to bind and block its receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a> for adenosine include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a>, traditionally considered an absolute <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindication</a>. This is being contested, and it is now considered a relative contraindication (however, selective adenosine antagonists are being investigated for use in treatment of asthma)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18311158_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18311158-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacological_effects">Pharmacological effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pharmacological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes. Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four known adenosine receptor subtypes (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A<sub>2A</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A<sub>2B</sub></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A<sub>3</sub></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18758473_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18758473-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extracellular adenosine concentrations from normal cells are approximately 300 nM; however, in response to cellular damage (e.g., in inflammatory or <a href="/wiki/Ischemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic">ischemic</a> tissue), these concentrations are quickly elevated (600–1,200 nM). Thus, in regard to stress or injury, the function of adenosine is primarily that of cytoprotection preventing tissue damage during instances of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>, and seizure activity. Activation of A<sub>2A</sub> receptors produces a constellation of responses that in general can be classified as anti-inflammatory.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enzymatic production of adenosine can be anti-<a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppressive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30513816_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30513816-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31878283_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31878283-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23601906_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23601906-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adenosine_receptors">Adenosine receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adenosine receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine receptor</a></div> <p>All adenosine receptor subtypes (A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2A</sub>, A<sub>2B</sub>, and A<sub>3</sub>) are <a href="/wiki/G-protein-coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein-coupled receptors">G-protein-coupled receptors</a>. The four receptor subtypes are further classified based on their ability to either stimulate or inhibit <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> activity. The A<sub>1</sub> receptors couple to G<sub>i/o</sub> and decrease cAMP levels, while the A<sub>2</sub> adenosine receptors couple to G<sub>s</sub>, which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, A<sub>1</sub> receptors couple to G<sub>o</sub>, which has been reported to mediate adenosine inhibition of Ca<sup>2+</sup> conductance, whereas A<sub>2B</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors also couple to G<sub>q</sub> and stimulate <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">phospholipase</a> activity. Researchers at Cornell University have recently shown adenosine receptors to be key in opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mice dosed with adenosine have shown increased transport across the BBB of amyloid plaque antibodies and prodrugs associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, and cancers of the central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghrelin/growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor"><span id="Ghrelin.2Fgrowth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor"></span>Ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine is an <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KordonRobinson2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KordonRobinson2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while it is able to increase <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, unlike other agonists of this receptor, adenosine is unable to induce the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> and increase its plasma levels.<sup id="cite_ref-KordonRobinson2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KordonRobinson2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it is administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient <a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular (AV) node</a>. This is mediated via the <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub> receptor</a>, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP and so causing cell hyperpolarization by increasing K<sup>+</sup> efflux via <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">inward rectifier K<sup>+</sup> channels</a>, subsequently inhibiting Ca<sup>2+</sup> current.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also causes endothelial-dependent relaxation of smooth muscle as is found inside the artery walls. This causes dilation of the "normal" segments of arteries, i.e. where the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> is not separated from the tunica media by <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerotic_plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherosclerotic plaque">atherosclerotic plaque</a>. This feature allows physicians to use adenosine to test for blockages in the coronary arteries, by exaggerating the difference between the normal and abnormal segments. </p><p>The administration of adenosine also reduces blood flow to coronary arteries past the occlusion. Other coronary arteries dilate when adenosine is administered while the segment past the occlusion is already maximally dilated, which is a process called <a href="/wiki/Coronary_steal" title="Coronary steal">coronary steal</a>. This leads to less blood reaching the ischemic tissue, which in turn produces the characteristic chest pain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine used as a <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messenger</a> can be the result of <i>de novo</i> <a href="/wiki/Purine_biosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine biosynthesis">purine biosynthesis</a> via <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">adenosine monophosphate</a> (AMP), though it is possible other pathways exist.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When adenosine enters the circulation, it is broken down by <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase" title="Adenosine deaminase">adenosine deaminase</a>, which is present in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> and the vessel wall. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a>, an inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_nucleoside_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosine nucleoside transporter">adenosine nucleoside transporter</a>, allows adenosine to accumulate in the blood stream. This causes an increase in coronary <a href="/wiki/Vasodilatation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilatation">vasodilatation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficiency" title="Adenosine deaminase deficiency">Adenosine deaminase deficiency</a> is a known cause of immunodeficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses">Viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_analogue" title="Nucleoside analogue">Nucleoside analogue</a></div> <p>The adenosine analog <a href="/wiki/NITD008" title="NITD008">NITD008</a> has been reported to directly inhibit the recombinant RNA-dependent <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">dengue virus</a> by terminating its RNA chain synthesis. This interaction suppresses peak <a href="/wiki/Viremia" title="Viremia">viremia</a> and rise in <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> and prevents lethality in infected animals, raising the possibility of a new treatment for this <a href="/wiki/Flavivirus" title="Flavivirus">flavivirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 7-deaza-adenosine analog has been shown to inhibit the replication of the <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">hepatitis C virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BCX4430" class="mw-redirect" title="BCX4430">BCX4430</a> is protective against <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus_disease" title="Marburg virus disease">Marburg</a> viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such adenosine analogs are potentially clinically useful since they can be taken orally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-inflammatory_properties">Anti-inflammatory properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anti-inflammatory properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine is believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> agent at the A<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18461129_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18461129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18846036_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18846036-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topical treatment of adenosine to foot wounds in <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> has been shown in lab animals to drastically increase tissue repair and reconstruction. Topical administration of adenosine for use in wound-healing deficiencies and diabetes mellitus in humans is currently under clinical investigation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a>'s anti-inflammatory effect may be due to its stimulation of adenosine release.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21044428_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21044428-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, adenosine has an inhibitory effect in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS). <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>'s stimulatory effects are credited primarily (although not entirely) to its capacity to block adenosine receptors, thereby reducing the inhibitory tonus of adenosine in the CNS. This reduction in adenosine activity leads to increased activity of the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental evidence suggests that adenosine and adenosine agonists can activate <a href="/wiki/Trk_receptor" title="Trk receptor">Trk receptor</a> phosphorylation through a mechanism that requires the adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11248116_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11248116-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair">Hair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine has been shown to promote thickening of hair on people with thinning hair.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19239555_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19239555-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22020741_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22020741-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study compared topical adenosine with <a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">minoxidil</a> in male <a href="/wiki/Androgenetic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenetic alopecia">androgenetic alopecia</a>, finding it was as potent as minoxidil (in overall treatment outcomes) but with higher satisfaction rate with patients due to “faster prevention of hair loss and appearance of the newly grown hairs” (further trials were called for to clarify the findings).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sleep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine is a key factor in regulating the body's <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">sleep-wake cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenosine levels rise during periods of wakefulness and lowers during sleep. Higher adenosine levels correlate with a stronger feeling of <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, also known as sleep drive or sleep pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia">Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia</a> (CBT-I), which is considered one of the most effective treatments for <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, utilizes short-term <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> to raise and regulate adenosine levels in the body, for the intended promotion of consistent and sustained sleep in the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A principal component of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) and the <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">endocannabinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide</a> (AEA) induces <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> by increasing adenosine levels in the <a href="/wiki/Basal_forebrain" title="Basal forebrain">basal forebrain</a>. These components also significantly increase <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep cycle</a>, mediated by <a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB1 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid agonist">activation</a>. These findings identify a potential <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">therapeutic use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a> to induce sleep in conditions where sleep may be severely attenuated.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vasodilation">Vasodilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vasodilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It also plays a role in regulation of blood flow to various organs through <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15772334_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15772334-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9576114_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9576114-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1884445_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1884445-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_growth_hormone_secretagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of growth hormone secretagogues">List of growth hormone secretagogues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButlerKräutler2006" class="citation book cs1">Butler P, Kräutler B (2006). "Biological Organometallic Chemistry of B12". <i>Bioorganometallic Chemistry</i>. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 17. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3418_004">10.1007/3418_004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-33047-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-33047-X"><bdi>3-540-33047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+Organometallic+Chemistry+of+B12&rft.btitle=Bioorganometallic+Chemistry&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3418_004&rft.isbn=3-540-33047-X&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4utler%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonCox2005" class="citation book cs1">Nelson DL, Cox MM (2005). <i>Principles of Biochemistry</i> (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6"><bdi>0-7167-4339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7167-4339-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Cox%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid39033975-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid39033975_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid39033975_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirielloSoriceOrlandoPapaccioli2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ciriello GD, Sorice D, Orlando A, Papaccioli G, Colonna D, Correra A, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480843">"Antiarrhythmic therapy for narrow QRS supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in newborns and infants in the first year of life: Potent tools to be handled with care"</a>. <i>Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ipej.2024.07.005">10.1016/j.ipej.2024.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480843">11480843</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39033975">39033975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Pacing+and+Electrophysiology+Journal&rft.atitle=Antiarrhythmic+therapy+for+narrow+QRS+supraventricular+tachyarrhythmias+in+newborns+and+infants+in+the+first+year+of+life%3A+Potent+tools+to+be+handled+with+care&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11480843%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39033975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ipej.2024.07.005&rft.aulast=Ciriello&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Sorice%2C+D&rft.au=Orlando%2C+A&rft.au=Papaccioli%2C+G&rft.au=Colonna%2C+D&rft.au=Correra%2C+A&rft.au=Romeo%2C+E&rft.au=Esposito%2C+R&rft.au=De+Marco%2C+M&rft.au=Diana%2C+V&rft.au=Giordano%2C+M&rft.au=Barrile%2C+LS&rft.au=Russo%2C+MG&rft.au=Sarubbi%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11480843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoreaGessiMerighiVincenzi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00049.2017">"Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art"</a>. <i>Physiological Reviews</i>. <b>98</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1591–</span>1625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00049.2017">10.1152/physrev.00049.2017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2391482">11392/2391482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29848236">29848236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44107679">44107679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+Adenosine+Receptors%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1591-%3C%2Fspan%3E1625&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11392%2F2391482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44107679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29848236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.00049.2017&rft.aulast=Borea&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Gessi%2C+S&rft.au=Merighi%2C+S&rft.au=Vincenzi%2C+F&rft.au=Varani%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1152%252Fphysrev.00049.2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacrétaz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Delacrétaz E (March 2006). "Clinical practice. Supraventricular tachycardia". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>354</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1039–</span>1051. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp051145">10.1056/NEJMcp051145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16525141">16525141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice.+Supraventricular+tachycardia&rft.volume=354&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1039-%3C%2Fspan%3E1051&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMcp051145&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16525141&rft.aulast=Delacr%C3%A9taz&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelhassenPelleg1984" class="citation journal cs1">Belhassen B, Pelleg A (August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2884%2980233-8">"Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine on the mammalian heart: clinical and experimental aspects"</a>. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2884%2980233-8">10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80233-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6376597">6376597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21575090">21575090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Electrophysiologic+effects+of+adenosine+triphosphate+and+adenosine+on+the+mammalian+heart%3A+clinical+and+experimental+aspects&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21575090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6376597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2884%2980233-8&rft.aulast=Belhassen&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Pelleg%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0735-1097%252884%252980233-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19000353-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19000353_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellLazarenko2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell J, Lazarenko G (November 2008). "Wide QRS complex tachycardia. Diagnosis: Supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction; intravenous (IV) adenosine". <i>CJEM</i>. <b>10</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">572–</span>3, 581. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19000353">19000353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CJEM&rft.atitle=Wide+QRS+complex+tachycardia.+Diagnosis%3A+Supraventricular+tachycardia+with+aberrant+conduction%3B+intravenous+%28IV%29+adenosine&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E572-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+581&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19000353&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lazarenko%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goyal_2022-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goyal_2022_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goyal_2022_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyalBasitBhyanZeltser2022" class="citation book cs1">Goyal A, Basit H, Bhyan P, Zeltser R (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537089/">"Reentry Arrhythmia"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725774">30725774</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reentry+Arrhythmia&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.place=Treasure+Island%2C+FL&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30725774&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Basit%2C+H&rft.au=Bhyan%2C+P&rft.au=Zeltser%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK537089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPijlsDe_Bruyne2000" class="citation book cs1">Pijls NH, De Bruyne B (2000). <i>Coronary Pressure</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-6170-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-6170-9"><bdi>0-7923-6170-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronary+Pressure&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7923-6170-9&rft.aulast=Pijls&rft.aufirst=NH&rft.au=De+Bruyne%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'KeefeBatemanSilvestriBarnhart1992" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keefe JH, Bateman TM, Silvestri R, Barnhart C (September 1992). "Safety and diagnostic accuracy of adenosine thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients unable to exercise and those with left bundle branch block". <i>American Heart Journal</i>. <b>124</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">614–</span>621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-8703%2892%2990268-z">10.1016/0002-8703(92)90268-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1514488">1514488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heart+Journal&rft.atitle=Safety+and+diagnostic+accuracy+of+adenosine+thallium-201+scintigraphy+in+patients+unable+to+exercise+and+those+with+left+bundle+branch+block&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E614-%3C%2Fspan%3E621&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0002-8703%2892%2990268-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1514488&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Bateman%2C+TM&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+R&rft.au=Barnhart%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2023_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghMcKintosh2023" class="citation web cs1">Singh S, McKintosh R (August 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519049/">"Adenosine"</a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30085591">30085591</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adenosine&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30085591&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=McKintosh%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK519049%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayginTabibBittarValenzi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"</a>. <i>Pulmonary Circulation</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2045894020908782">10.1177/2045894020908782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">7052475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166015">32166015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulmonary+Circulation&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+profiling+of+lung+cell+populations+in+idiopathic+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32166015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2045894020908782&rft.aulast=Saygin&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tabib%2C+T&rft.au=Bittar%2C+HE&rft.au=Valenzi%2C+E&rft.au=Sembrat%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+SY&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M&rft.au=Lafyatis%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiroSebastião2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-2010-1379">"Caffeine and adenosine"</a>. <i>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</i>. <b>20</b> (Suppl 1): S3-15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-2010-1379">10.3233/JAD-2010-1379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F6361">10451/6361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164566">20164566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.atitle=Caffeine+and+adenosine&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S3-15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F6361&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20164566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FJAD-2010-1379&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Sebasti%C3%A3o%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3233%252FJAD-2010-1379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715213918/http://www.rspharmchem.com/vitamin-b4.htm">"Vitamin B4"</a>. R&S Pharmchem. April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rspharmchem.com/vitamin-b4.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitamin+B4&rft.pub=R%26S+Pharmchem&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rspharmchem.com%2Fvitamin-b4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterO'ConnorCarterUngerstedt1995" class="citation journal cs1">Carter AJ, O'Connor WT, Carter MJ, Ungerstedt U (May 1995). "Caffeine enhances acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in vivo by a selective interaction with adenosine A1 receptors". <i>The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i>. <b>273</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>642. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7752065">7752065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Caffeine+enhances+acetylcholine+release+in+the+hippocampus+in+vivo+by+a+selective+interaction+with+adenosine+A1+receptors&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7752065&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+WT&rft.au=Carter%2C+MJ&rft.au=Ungerstedt%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaudoneArifiMerk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Faudone G, Arifi S, Merk D (June 2021). "The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine". <i>Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>64</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">7156–</span>7178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00261">10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34019396">34019396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235094871">235094871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Medicinal+Chemistry+of+Caffeine&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7156-%3C%2Fspan%3E7178&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235094871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34019396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00261&rft.aulast=Faudone&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Arifi%2C+S&rft.au=Merk%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillisSadavaHillPrice2015" class="citation book cs1">Hillis DM, Sadava D, Hill RW, Price MV (2015). <i>Principles of Life</i> (2 ed.). Macmillan Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8652-3"><bdi>978-1-4641-8652-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4641-8652-3&rft.aulast=Hillis&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Sadava%2C+D&rft.au=Hill%2C+RW&rft.au=Price%2C+MV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18311158-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18311158_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSpinaPage2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brown RA, Spina D, Page CP (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268070">"Adenosine receptors and asthma"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>153</b> (Suppl 1): <span class="nowrap">S446 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S456</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.22">10.1038/bjp.2008.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268070">2268070</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18311158">18311158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Adenosine+receptors+and+asthma&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES446+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES456%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18311158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.22&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Spina%2C+D&rft.au=Page%2C+CP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18758473-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18758473_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskóLindenCronsteinPacher2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568887">"Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery</i>. <b>7</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">759–</span>770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrd2638">10.1038/nrd2638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568887">2568887</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18758473">18758473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=Adenosine+receptors%3A+therapeutic+aspects+for+inflammatory+and+immune+diseases&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E759-%3C%2Fspan%3E770&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2568887%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18758473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrd2638&rft.aulast=Hask%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Linden%2C+J&rft.au=Cronstein%2C+B&rft.au=Pacher%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2568887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskóCronstein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haskó G, Cronstein BN (January 2004). "Adenosine: an endogenous regulator of innate immunity". <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.it.2003.11.003">10.1016/j.it.2003.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14698282">14698282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Adenosine%3A+an+endogenous+regulator+of+innate+immunity&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.it.2003.11.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14698282&rft.aulast=Hask%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Cronstein%2C+BN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30513816-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30513816_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekMølckStewartKats2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sek K, Mølck C, Stewart GD, Kats L, Darcy PK, Beavis PA (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6321150">"Targeting Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Cancer Immunotherapy"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>19</b> (12): 3837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms19123837">10.3390/ijms19123837</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6321150">6321150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30513816">30513816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Targeting+Adenosine+Receptor+Signaling+in+Cancer+Immunotherapy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3837&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6321150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30513816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms19123837&rft.aulast=Sek&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=M%C3%B8lck%2C+C&rft.au=Stewart%2C+GD&rft.au=Kats%2C+L&rft.au=Darcy%2C+PK&rft.au=Beavis%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6321150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31878283-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31878283_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonenFradetteGibbons2019" class="citation journal cs1">Konen JM, Fradette JJ, Gibbons DL (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016859">"The Good, the Bad and the Unknown of CD38 in the Metabolic Microenvironment and Immune Cell Functionality of Solid Tumors"</a>. <i>Cells</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcells9010052">10.3390/cells9010052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7016859">7016859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31878283">31878283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells&rft.atitle=The+Good%2C+the+Bad+and+the+Unknown+of+CD38+in+the+Metabolic+Microenvironment+and+Immune+Cell+Functionality+of+Solid+Tumors&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7016859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31878283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcells9010052&rft.aulast=Konen&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Fradette%2C+JJ&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7016859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23601906-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23601906_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioliPacherViziHaskó2013" class="citation journal cs1">Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674206">"CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation"</a>. <i>Trends in Molecular Medicine</i>. <b>19</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molmed.2013.03.005">10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674206">3674206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23601906">23601906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Molecular+Medicine&rft.atitle=CD39+and+CD73+in+immunity+and+inflammation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3674206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23601906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molmed.2013.03.005&rft.aulast=Antonioli&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Pacher%2C+P&rft.au=Vizi%2C+ES&rft.au=Hask%C3%B3%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3674206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmanMillsKrenzKim2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carman AJ, Mills JH, Krenz A, Kim DG, Bynoe MS (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328085">"Adenosine receptor signaling modulates permeability of the blood-brain barrier"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>31</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">13272–</span>13280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3337-11.2011">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3337-11.2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328085">3328085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21917810">21917810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Adenosine+receptor+signaling+modulates+permeability+of+the+blood-brain+barrier&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13272-%3C%2Fspan%3E13280&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328085%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21917810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3337-11.2011&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Mills%2C+JH&rft.au=Krenz%2C+A&rft.au=Kim%2C+DG&rft.au=Bynoe%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KordonRobinson2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KordonRobinson2012_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KordonRobinson2012_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBetancourtSun2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith RG, Betancourt L, Sun Y (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml7vCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">"Role of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor in the Central Nervous System"</a>. In Kordon C, Robinson I, Hanoune J, Dantzer R (eds.). <i>Brain Somatic Cross-Talk and the Central Control of Metabolism</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 42–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-18999-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-18999-9"><bdi>978-3-642-18999-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Growth+Hormone+Secretagogue+Receptor+in+the+Central+Nervous+System&rft.btitle=Brain+Somatic+Cross-Talk+and+the+Central+Control+of+Metabolism&rft.pages=42-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-642-18999-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RG&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+L&rft.au=Sun%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMl7vCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimito.com.ua/adenozin-v-kosmetike/">"Аденозин в косметике - Польза антивозрастной корейской косметики"</a>. <i>KIMITO</i> (in Russian). 2021-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KIMITO&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimito.com.ua%2Fadenozin-v-kosmetike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzung2012" class="citation book cs1">Katzung B (2012). <i>Basic & Clinical Pharmacology</i> (12th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-176402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-176402-5"><bdi>978-0-07-176402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+%26+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-07-176402-5&rft.aulast=Katzung&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller-PatrickVincentEarlyWeems1993" class="citation journal cs1">Miller-Patrick K, Vincent DL, Early RJ, Weems YS, Tanaka Y, Ashimine DT, et al. (1993). "Effects of the purine biosynthesis pathway inhibitors azaserine, hadacidin, and mycophenolic acid on the developing ovine corpus luteum". <i>The Chinese Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8020339">8020339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chinese+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+purine+biosynthesis+pathway+inhibitors+azaserine%2C+hadacidin%2C+and+mycophenolic+acid+on+the+developing+ovine+corpus+luteum&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8020339&rft.aulast=Miller-Patrick&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Vincent%2C+DL&rft.au=Early%2C+RJ&rft.au=Weems%2C+YS&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Y&rft.au=Ashimine%2C+DT&rft.au=Nusser%2C+KD&rft.au=Lee%2C+CN&rft.au=Ledgerwood%2C+KS&rft.au=Weems%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinChenSchulWang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yin Z, Chen YL, Schul W, Wang QY, Gu F, Duraiswamy J, et al. (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787148">"An adenosine nucleoside inhibitor of dengue virus"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>106</b> (48): <span class="nowrap">20435–</span>20439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620435Y">2009PNAS..10620435Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0907010106">10.1073/pnas.0907010106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787148">2787148</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19918064">19918064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=An+adenosine+nucleoside+inhibitor+of+dengue+virus&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20435-%3C%2Fspan%3E20439&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2787148%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19918064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0907010106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10620435Y&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Chen%2C+YL&rft.au=Schul%2C+W&rft.au=Wang%2C+QY&rft.au=Gu%2C+F&rft.au=Duraiswamy%2C+J&rft.au=Kondreddi%2C+RR&rft.au=Niyomrattanakit%2C+P&rft.au=Lakshminarayana%2C+SB&rft.au=Goh%2C+A&rft.au=Xu%2C+HY&rft.au=Liu%2C+W&rft.au=Liu%2C+B&rft.au=Lim%2C+JY&rft.au=Ng%2C+CY&rft.au=Qing%2C+M&rft.au=Lim%2C+CC&rft.au=Yip%2C+A&rft.au=Wang%2C+G&rft.au=Chan%2C+WL&rft.au=Tan%2C+HP&rft.au=Lin%2C+K&rft.au=Zhang%2C+B&rft.au=Zou%2C+G&rft.au=Bernard%2C+KA&rft.au=Garrett%2C+C&rft.au=Beltz%2C+K&rft.au=Dong%2C+M&rft.au=Weaver%2C+M&rft.au=He%2C+H&rft.au=Pichota%2C+A&rft.au=Dartois%2C+V&rft.au=Keller%2C+TH&rft.au=Shi%2C+PY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2787148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenEldrupBartholomewBhat2004" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen DB, Eldrup AB, Bartholomew L, Bhat B, Bosserman MR, Ceccacci A, et al. (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521892">"A 7-deaza-adenosine analog is a potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication with excellent pharmacokinetic properties"</a>. <i>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</i>. <b>48</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">3944–</span>3953. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.48.10.3944-3953.2004">10.1128/AAC.48.10.3944-3953.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521892">521892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15388457">15388457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrobial+Agents+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=A+7-deaza-adenosine+analog+is+a+potent+and+selective+inhibitor+of+hepatitis+C+virus+replication+with+excellent+pharmacokinetic+properties&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3944-%3C%2Fspan%3E3953&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15388457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAAC.48.10.3944-3953.2004&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Eldrup%2C+AB&rft.au=Bartholomew%2C+L&rft.au=Bhat%2C+B&rft.au=Bosserman%2C+MR&rft.au=Ceccacci%2C+A&rft.au=Colwell%2C+LF&rft.au=Fay%2C+JF&rft.au=Flores%2C+OA&rft.au=Getty%2C+KL&rft.au=Grobler%2C+JA&rft.au=LaFemina%2C+RL&rft.au=Markel%2C+EJ&rft.au=Migliaccio%2C+G&rft.au=Prhavc%2C+M&rft.au=Stahlhut%2C+MW&rft.au=Tomassini%2C+JE&rft.au=MacCoss%2C+M&rft.au=Hazuda%2C+DJ&rft.au=Carroll%2C+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenWellsPanchalStuthman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Warren TK, Wells J, Panchal RG, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Van Tongeren SA, et al. (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095208">"Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>508</b> (7496): <span class="nowrap">402–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.508..402W">2014Natur.508..402W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13027">10.1038/nature13027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095208">7095208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24590073">24590073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Protection+against+filovirus+diseases+by+a+novel+broad-spectrum+nucleoside+analogue+BCX4430&rft.volume=508&rft.issue=7496&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7095208%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24590073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.508..402W&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=TK&rft.au=Wells%2C+J&rft.au=Panchal%2C+RG&rft.au=Stuthman%2C+KS&rft.au=Garza%2C+NL&rft.au=Van+Tongeren%2C+SA&rft.au=Dong%2C+L&rft.au=Retterer%2C+CJ&rft.au=Eaton%2C+BP&rft.au=Pegoraro%2C+G&rft.au=Honnold%2C+S&rft.au=Bantia%2C+S&rft.au=Kotian%2C+P&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Taubenheim%2C+BR&rft.au=Welch%2C+LS&rft.au=Minning%2C+DM&rft.au=Babu%2C+YS&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+WP&rft.au=Bavari%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7095208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18461129-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18461129_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakavChaimovitzSufaroLewis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nakav S, Chaimovitz C, Sufaro Y, Lewis EC, Shaked G, Czeiger D, et al. (May 2008). Bozza P (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329854">"Anti-inflammatory preconditioning by agonists of adenosine A1 receptor"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>3</b> (5): e2107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2107N">2008PLoSO...3.2107N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002107">10.1371/journal.pone.0002107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329854">2329854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18461129">18461129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Anti-inflammatory+preconditioning+by+agonists+of+adenosine+A1+receptor&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e2107&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2329854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18461129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLoSO...3.2107N&rft.aulast=Nakav&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Chaimovitz%2C+C&rft.au=Sufaro%2C+Y&rft.au=Lewis%2C+EC&rft.au=Shaked%2C+G&rft.au=Czeiger%2C+D&rft.au=Zlotnik%2C+M&rft.au=Douvdevani%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2329854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18846036-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18846036_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevethickMantellStuartBarnard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trevethick MA, Mantell SJ, Stuart EF, Barnard A, Wright KN, Yeadon M (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2579671">"Treating lung inflammation with agonists of the adenosine A2A receptor: promises, problems and potential solutions"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>155</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">463–</span>474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.329">10.1038/bjp.2008.329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2579671">2579671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18846036">18846036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Treating+lung+inflammation+with+agonists+of+the+adenosine+A2A+receptor%3A+promises%2C+problems+and+potential+solutions&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2579671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18846036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.329&rft.aulast=Trevethick&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Mantell%2C+SJ&rft.au=Stuart%2C+EF&rft.au=Barnard%2C+A&rft.au=Wright%2C+KN&rft.au=Yeadon%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2579671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21044428-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21044428_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cronstein B (2010). "How does methotrexate suppress inflammation?". <i>Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology</i>. <b>28</b> (5 Suppl 61): <span class="nowrap">S21 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S23</span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21044428">21044428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=How+does+methotrexate+suppress+inflammation%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5+Suppl+61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES21+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES23%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21044428&rft.aulast=Cronstein&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolinasFerréYouKarcz-Kubicha2002" class="citation journal cs1">Solinas M, Ferré S, You ZB, Karcz-Kubicha M, Popoli P, Goldberg SR (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6758129">"Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>22</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">6321–</span>6324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6758129">6758129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12151508">12151508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Caffeine+induces+dopamine+and+glutamate+release+in+the+shell+of+the+nucleus+accumbens&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6321-%3C%2Fspan%3E6324&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6758129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12151508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.22-15-06321.2002&rft.aulast=Solinas&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ferr%C3%A9%2C+S&rft.au=You%2C+ZB&rft.au=Karcz-Kubicha%2C+M&rft.au=Popoli%2C+P&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6758129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11248116-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11248116_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeChao2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lee FS, Chao MV (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30691">"Activation of Trk neurotrophin receptors in the absence of neurotrophins"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>98</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">3555–</span>3560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.3555L">2001PNAS...98.3555L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.061020198">10.1073/pnas.061020198</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC30691">30691</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11248116">11248116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Activation+of+Trk+neurotrophin+receptors+in+the+absence+of+neurotrophins&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3555-%3C%2Fspan%3E3560&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC30691%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11248116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.061020198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.3555L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=FS&rft.au=Chao%2C+MV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC30691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19239555-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19239555_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuraIinoNakazawaTajima2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oura H, Iino M, Nakazawa Y, Tajima M, Ideta R, Nakaya Y, et al. (December 2008). "Adenosine increases anagen hair growth and thick hairs in Japanese women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial". <i>The Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>35</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">763–</span>767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1346-8138.2008.00564.x">10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00564.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239555">19239555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12289511">12289511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Adenosine+increases+anagen+hair+growth+and+thick+hairs+in+Japanese+women+with+female+pattern+hair+loss%3A+a+pilot%2C+double-blind%2C+randomized%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E763-%3C%2Fspan%3E767&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12289511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19239555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1346-8138.2008.00564.x&rft.aulast=Oura&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Iino%2C+M&rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Tajima%2C+M&rft.au=Ideta%2C+R&rft.au=Nakaya%2C+Y&rft.au=Arase%2C+S&rft.au=Kishimoto%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22020741-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22020741_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwangHwangLeeKim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hwang KA, Hwang YL, Lee MH, Kim NR, Roh SS, Lee Y, et al. (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fijmm.2011.817">"Adenosine stimulates growth of dermal papilla and lengthens the anagen phase by increasing the cysteine level via fibroblast growth factors 2 and 7 in an organ culture of mouse vibrissae hair follicles"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Medicine</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fijmm.2011.817">10.3892/ijmm.2011.817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020741">22020741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Adenosine+stimulates+growth+of+dermal+papilla+and+lengthens+the+anagen+phase+by+increasing+the+cysteine+level+via+fibroblast+growth+factors+2+and+7+in+an+organ+culture+of+mouse+vibrissae+hair+follicles&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3892%2Fijmm.2011.817&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22020741&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Hwang%2C+YL&rft.au=Lee%2C+MH&rft.au=Kim%2C+NR&rft.au=Roh%2C+SS&rft.au=Lee%2C+Y&rft.au=Kim%2C+CD&rft.au=Lee%2C+JH&rft.au=Choi%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3892%252Fijmm.2011.817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaghihiIrajiRajaee_HarandiNilforoushzadeh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Faghihi G, Iraji F, Rajaee Harandi M, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Askari G (2013). "Comparison of the efficacy of topical minoxidil 5% and adenosine 0.75% solutions on male androgenetic alopecia and measuring patient satisfaction rate". <i>Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24183218">24183218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Dermatovenerologica+Croatica&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+efficacy+of+topical+minoxidil+5%25+and+adenosine+0.75%25+solutions+on+male+androgenetic+alopecia+and+measuring+patient+satisfaction+rate&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24183218&rft.aulast=Faghihi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Iraji%2C+F&rft.au=Rajaee+Harandi%2C+M&rft.au=Nilforoushzadeh%2C+MA&rft.au=Askari%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichertDeboerLandolt2022" class="citation journal cs1">Reichert CF, Deboer T, Landolt HP (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541543">"Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep-wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives"</a>. <i>Journal of Sleep Research</i>. <b>31</b> (4): e13597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsr.13597">10.1111/jsr.13597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541543">9541543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35575450">35575450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sleep+Research&rft.atitle=Adenosine%2C+caffeine%2C+and+sleep-wake+regulation%3A+state+of+the+science+and+perspectives&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e13597&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9541543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35575450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsr.13597&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=CF&rft.au=Deboer%2C+T&rft.au=Landolt%2C+HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9541543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/adenosine-and-sleep">"Adenosine and Sleep"</a>. <i>Sleep Foundation</i>. 2022-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sleep+Foundation&rft.atitle=Adenosine+and+Sleep&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sleepfoundation.org%2Fhow-sleep-works%2Fadenosine-and-sleep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlisShawCanoEspie2011" class="citation journal cs1">Perlis M, Shaw PJ, Cano G, Espie CA (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/cbti/assets/user-content/documents/ppsmmodelsofinsomnia20115theditionproof.pdf">"Models of insomnia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine</i>. <b>5</b> (1). Elsevier Inc.: <span class="nowrap">850–</span>865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-6645-3.00078-5">10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00078-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416066453" title="Special:BookSources/9781416066453"><bdi>9781416066453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Sleep+Medicine.&rft.atitle=Models+of+insomnia.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E850-%3C%2Fspan%3E865&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-6645-3.00078-5&rft.isbn=9781416066453&rft.aulast=Perlis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Shaw%2C+PJ&rft.au=Cano%2C+G&rft.au=Espie%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.upenn.edu%2Fcbti%2Fassets%2Fuser-content%2Fdocuments%2Fppsmmodelsofinsomnia20115theditionproof.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurillo-RodriguezBlanco-CenturionSanchezPiomelli2003" class="citation journal cs1">Murillo-Rodriguez E, Blanco-Centurion C, Sanchez C, Piomelli D, Shiromani PJ (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsleep%2F26.8.943">"Anandamide enhances extracellular levels of adenosine and induces sleep: an in vivo microdialysis study"</a>. <i>Sleep</i>. <b>26</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsleep%2F26.8.943">10.1093/sleep/26.8.943</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746372">14746372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sleep&rft.atitle=Anandamide+enhances+extracellular+levels+of+adenosine+and+induces+sleep%3A+an+in+vivo+microdialysis+study&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E943-%3C%2Fspan%3E947&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsleep%2F26.8.943&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14746372&rft.aulast=Murillo-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Blanco-Centurion%2C+C&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+C&rft.au=Piomelli%2C+D&rft.au=Shiromani%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fsleep%252F26.8.943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15772334-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15772334_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatoTerataMiuraToyama2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sato A, Terata K, Miura H, Toyama K, Loberiza FR, Hatoum OA, et al. (April 2005). "Mechanism of vasodilation to adenosine in coronary arterioles from patients with heart disease". <i>American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology</i>. <b>288</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">H1633 –</span> <span class="nowrap">H1640</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpheart.00575.2004">10.1152/ajpheart.00575.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772334">15772334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71178">71178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Heart+and+Circulatory+Physiology&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+vasodilation+to+adenosine+in+coronary+arterioles+from+patients+with+heart+disease&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EH1633+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EH1640%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpheart.00575.2004&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Terata%2C+K&rft.au=Miura%2C+H&rft.au=Toyama%2C+K&rft.au=Loberiza%2C+FR&rft.au=Hatoum%2C+OA&rft.au=Saito%2C+T&rft.au=Sakuma%2C+I&rft.au=Gutterman%2C+DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9576114-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9576114_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaBiaggioni1998" class="citation journal cs1">Costa F, Biaggioni I (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.31.5.1061">"Role of nitric oxide in adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans"</a>. <i>Hypertension</i>. <b>31</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1061–</span>1064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.31.5.1061">10.1161/01.HYP.31.5.1061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9576114">9576114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.atitle=Role+of+nitric+oxide+in+adenosine-induced+vasodilation+in+humans&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1061-%3C%2Fspan%3E1064&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.HYP.31.5.1061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9576114&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Biaggioni%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.HYP.31.5.1061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1884445-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1884445_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganMcCormackGriffithsMorgan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan JM, McCormack DG, Griffiths MJ, Morgan CJ, Barnes PJ, Evans TW (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.84.3.1145">"Adenosine as a vasodilator in primary pulmonary hypertension"</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>84</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1145–</span>1149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.84.3.1145">10.1161/01.CIR.84.3.1145</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1884445">1884445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Adenosine+as+a+vasodilator+in+primary+pulmonary+hypertension&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1145-%3C%2Fspan%3E1149&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.CIR.84.3.1145&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1884445&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=McCormack%2C+DG&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+MJ&rft.au=Morgan%2C+CJ&rft.au=Barnes%2C+PJ&rft.au=Evans%2C+TW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.CIR.84.3.1145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotransmitters114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitters" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurotransmitters114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Major excitatory /<br />inhibitory systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glutamate system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid (aspartate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">GSNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_disulfide" title="Glutathione disulfide">GSSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartic acid">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartylglutamic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid">NAAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">GABA system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Amino-%CE%B2-hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glycine system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">α-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-HCA" title="T-HCA">T-HCA (GHC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">Biogenic amines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Monoamines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxymelatonin" title="6-Hydroxymelatonin">6-OHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">NAS (normelatonin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Trace amines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyltryptamine" title="N-Methyltryptamine">N-Methyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine"><i>m</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine"><i>p</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine"><i>m</i>-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine"><i>p</i>-Tyramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Endocannabinoids33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Endocannabinoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonyl_glyceryl_ether" title="2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether">2-AGE (noladin ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Arachidonoyl_lysophosphatidylinositol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (page does not exist)">2-ALPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Oleoylglycerol" title="2-Oleoylglycerol">2-OG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonoyl_serotonin" title="Arachidonoyl serotonin">AA-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide (AEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosatetraenoylethanolamide" title="Docosatetraenoylethanolamide">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol" title="Lysophosphatidylinositol">LPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">OEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleamide" title="Oleamide">Oleamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylethanolamide" title="Palmitoylethanolamide">PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoylethanolamide" title="Stearoylethanolamide">SEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine (O-AEA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nucleosides11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Nucleosides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenosine_system20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cholinergic_system18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Cholinergic system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gasotransmitters16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Gasotransmitters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide (CO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide (COS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medicine519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medicine" title="Template talk:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medicine519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">Golden hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">Medical emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_emergency_medicine" title="International emergency medicine">International emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_emergency_medicine" title="Pre-hospital emergency medicine">Pre-hospital emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_equipment" title="Category:Emergency medical equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a> (BVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (IO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combitube" title="Combitube">Combitube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway" title="Nasopharyngeal airway">Nasopharyngeal airway</a> (NPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway" title="Oropharyngeal airway">Oropharyngeal airway</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine / Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_organisations" title="Category:Emergency medicine organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Federation for Emergency Medicine">International Federation for Emergency Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Conference on Emergency Medicine">International Conference on Emergency Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="Australasian College for Emergency Medicine">Australasian College for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians">Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="Royal College of Emergency Medicine">Royal College of Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="European Society for Emergency Medicine">European Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Society for Emergency Medicine">Asian Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="American Academy of Emergency Medicine">American Academy of Emergency Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_courses" title="Category:Emergency medicine courses">Courses</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_life_support" title="Category:Emergency life support">Life support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a> (BLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_cardiac_life_support" title="Advanced cardiac life support">Advanced cardiac life support</a> (ACLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a> (ATLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Resuscitation_Program" title="Neonatal Resuscitation Program">Neonatal Resuscitation Program</a> (NRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_Care_of_at-Risk_Newborns" title="Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns">Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns</a> (ACoRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_basic_life_support" title="Pediatric basic life support">Pediatric basic life support</a> (PBLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric Advanced Life Support">Pediatric Advanced Life Support</a> (PALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support_in_Obstetrics" title="Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics">Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics</a> (ALSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_the_Critically_Ill_Surgical_Patient" title="Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient">Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient</a> (CCrISP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine" title="Category:Emergency medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine" title="Outline of emergency medicine">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nucleic_acid_constituents152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Template:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Template talk:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nucleic_acid_constituents152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a> constituents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">Purine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">Guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_analogue" title="Purine analogue">Purine analogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">Uracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">Thymine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">Cytosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_analogue" title="Pyrimidine analogue">Pyrimidine analogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)" title="Base pair">Unnatural base pair (UBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">Nucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleoside" title="Ribonucleoside">Ribonucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">Guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyluridine" title="5-Methyluridine">5-Methyluridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methylcytidine" title="5-Methylcytidine">5-Methylcytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">Cytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudouridine" title="Pseudouridine">Pseudouridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">Inosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Methyladenosine" title="N6-Methyladenosine"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Methyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine" title="Xanthosine">Xanthosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wybutosine" title="Wybutosine">Wybutosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleoside">Deoxyribonucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine" title="Deoxyadenosine">Deoxyadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine" title="Deoxyguanosine">Deoxyguanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine" title="Thymidine">Thymidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyuridine" title="Deoxyuridine">Deoxyuridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine" title="Deoxycytidine">Deoxycytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinosine (page does not exist)">Deoxyinosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine (page does not exist)">Deoxyxanthosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a><br />(Nucleoside monophosphate)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">Ribonucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methyluridine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methyluridine monophosphate (page does not exist)">m<sup>5</sup>UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_monophosphate" title="Cytidine monophosphate">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate" title="Xanthosine monophosphate">XMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxyribonucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate">dAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine monophosphate">dGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_monophosphate" title="Thymidine monophosphate">dTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyuridine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyuridine monophosphate">dUMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_monophosphate" title="Deoxycytidine monophosphate">dCMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyinosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyinosine monophosphate">dIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine monophosphate (page does not exist)">dXMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide" title="Cyclic nucleotide">Cyclic nucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP" title="Cyclic di-GMP">c-di-GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_di-AMP" title="Cyclic di-AMP">c-di-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose" title="Cyclic ADP-ribose">cADPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate%E2%80%93adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate">cGAMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nucleoside diphosphate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methyluridine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methyluridine diphosphate (page does not exist)">m<sup>5</sup>UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_diphosphate" title="Cytidine diphosphate">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">Xanthosine diphosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_diphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine diphosphate">dADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_diphosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine diphosphate">dGDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_diphosphate" title="Thymidine diphosphate">dTDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyuridine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridine diphosphate (page does not exist)">dUDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_diphosphate" title="Deoxycytidine diphosphate">dCDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate">Nucleoside triphosphate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyluridine_triphosphate" title="5-Methyluridine triphosphate">m<sup>5</sup>UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_triphosphate" title="Xanthosine triphosphate">XTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine triphosphate">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine triphosphate">dGTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_triphosphate" title="Thymidine triphosphate">dTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyuridine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dUTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_triphosphate" title="Deoxycytidine triphosphate">dCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dITP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dXTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiarrhythmic_agents_(C01B)186" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Template:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Template talk:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antiarrhythmic_agents_(C01B)186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmic agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C01#C01B" title="ATC code C01">C01B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="class_I(Na+_channel_blockers)442" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_I_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class I</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Na<sup>+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ia (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_0" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 0</a>→ and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>→)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroquinidine" title="Dihydroquinidine">Hydroquinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ib (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>←)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteral">enteral</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ic (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_0" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 0</a>→)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacizine" title="Ethacizine">Ethacizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecainide" title="Indecainide">Indecainide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moracizine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_III_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">K<sup>+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_IV_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class IV</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_4" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 4</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_II_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class II</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_4" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 4</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">β blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><i>cardioselective</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub> agonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">muscarinic antagonist</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">muscarinic agonist</a>: <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">Digoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">Ion transporters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Na+/_K+-ATPase54" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/ K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">Digitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">Digoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouabain" title="Ouabain">Ouabain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Purine_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine receptor">Purine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P0_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="P0 receptor">P0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Aminoadenine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Aminoadenine (page does not exist)">8-Aminoadenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">P1</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">adenosine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine (page does not exist)">2-(1-Hexynyl)-<i>N</i>-methyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Cl-IB-MECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Cl-IB-MECA (page does not exist)">2-Cl-IB-MECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Chloroadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Chloroadenosine (page does not exist)">2-Chloroadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2%27-MeCCPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2'-MeCCPA (page does not exist)">2'-MeCCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4%27-O-%CE%B2-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6%27-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6'-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil (page does not exist)">4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (page does not exist)">5'-<i>N</i>-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadenoson (page does not exist)">Apadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-146e" class="mw-redirect" title="ATL-146e">ATL-146e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY_60%E2%80%936583" title="BAY 60–6583">BAY 60–6583</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binodenoson (page does not exist)">Binodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capadenoson (page does not exist)">Capadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCPA_(biochemistry)" title="CCPA (biochemistry)">CCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-532,903" title="CP-532,903">CP-532,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CV-1808&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CV-1808 (page does not exist)">CV-1808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evodenoson (page does not exist)">Evodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR_79236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR 79236 (page does not exist)">GR 79236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HENECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HENECA (page does not exist)">HENECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5835 (page does not exist)">LUF-5835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5845 (page does not exist)">LUF-5845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Cyclopentyladenosine" title="N6-Cyclopentyladenosine"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Cyclopentyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namodenoson" title="Namodenoson">Namodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NECA_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="NECA (drug)">NECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neladenoson_dalanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neladenoson dalanate (page does not exist)">Neladenoson dalanate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piclidenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piclidenoson (page does not exist)">Piclidenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regadenoson" title="Regadenoson">Regadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_WAG_994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ WAG 994 (page does not exist)">SDZ WAG 994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selodenoson (page does not exist)">Selodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonedenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonedenoson (page does not exist)">Sonedenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecadenoson (page does not exist)">Tecadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trabodenoson (page does not exist)">Trabodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK-432,097" title="UK-432,097">UK-432,097</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine" title="3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine">3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine (CSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methylxanthine" title="7-Methylxanthine">7-Methylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (page does not exist)">8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefylline" title="Acefylline">Acefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-444" title="ATL-444">ATL-444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-4635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-4635 (page does not exist)">AZD-4635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamifylline" title="Bamifylline">Bamifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafedrine" title="Cafedrine">Cafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_citrate" title="Caffeine citrate">Caffeine citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGH-2466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGH-2466 (page does not exist)">CGH-2466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_theophyllinate" title="Choline theophyllinate">Choline theophyllinate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciforadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciforadenant (page does not exist)">Ciforadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">CPX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVT-6883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVT-6883 (page does not exist)">CVT-6883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMPX" title="DMPX">DMPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine">DPCPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyphylline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyphylline">Dyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprofylline" title="Enprofylline">Enprofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etrumadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etrumadenant (page does not exist)">Etrumadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBMX" title="IBMX">IBMX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imaradenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imaradenant (page does not exist)">Imaradenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inupadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inupadenant (page does not exist)">Inupadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISAM-140" title="ISAM-140">ISAM-140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISAM-R316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISAM-R316 (page does not exist)">ISAM-R316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF-26777" title="KF-26777">KF-26777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA41063" title="Lu AA41063">Lu AA41063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA47070" title="Lu AA47070">Lu AA47070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRE3008F20" class="mw-redirect" title="MRE3008F20">MRE3008F20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1191" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1191">MRS-1191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1220 (page does not exist)">MRS-1220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1334 (page does not exist)">MRS-1334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1523" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1523">MRS-1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1706" title="MRS-1706">MRS-1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1754 (page does not exist)">MRS-1754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-3777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-3777 (page does not exist)">MRS-3777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-2" title="MSX-2">MSX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-3" title="MSX-3">MSX-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-4" title="MSX-4">MSX-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muvadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muvadenant (page does not exist)">Muvadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preladenant" title="Preladenant">Preladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxyphylline" title="Proxyphylline">Proxyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSB-10" title="PSB-10">PSB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-11 (page does not exist)">PSB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-36 (page does not exist)">PSB-36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-603&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-603 (page does not exist)">PSB-603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-788 (page does not exist)">PSB-788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1115&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1115 (page does not exist)">PSB-1115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1901 (page does not exist)">PSB-1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversine" title="Reversine">Reversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolofylline" title="Rolofylline">Rolofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-442,416" title="SCH-442,416">SCH-442,416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipagladenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipagladenant (page does not exist)">Sipagladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taminadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taminadenant (page does not exist)">Taminadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theacrine" title="Theacrine">Theacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tozadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tozadenant (page does not exist)">Tozadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipadenant (page does not exist)">Vipadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VUF-5574&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VUF-5574 (page does not exist)">VUF-5574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-241,385" title="ZM-241,385">ZM-241,385</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2_receptor" title="P2 receptor">P2</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2X_purinoreceptor" title="P2X purinoreceptor">P2X</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate"><abbr title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthio-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthio-ATP (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibacron_blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibacron blue (page does not exist)">Cibacron blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">D-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HT-AMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HT-AMP (page does not exist)">HT-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">L-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2219&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2219 (page does not exist)">MRS-2219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-BDBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-BDBD (page does not exist)">5-BDBD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317491 (page does not exist)">A-317491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-438079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-438079 (page does not exist)">A-438079</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-740003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-740003 (page does not exist)">A-740003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-804598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-804598 (page does not exist)">A-804598</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-839977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-839977 (page does not exist)">A-839977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF-353" title="AF-353">AF-353</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-10606120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-10606120 (page does not exist)">AZ-10606120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-11645373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-11645373 (page does not exist)">AZ-11645373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Blue_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliant Blue G">BBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmidazolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calmidazolium (page does not exist)">Calmidazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelerythrine" title="Chelerythrine">Chelerythrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emodin" title="Emodin">Emodin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_officinale" title="Rheum officinale">Rheum officinale</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefapixant" title="Gefapixant">Gefapixant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-791343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-791343 (page does not exist)">GW-791343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride (page does not exist)">HMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IsoPPADS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IsoPPADS (page does not exist)">isoPPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-47965567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-47965567 (page does not exist)">JNJ-47965567</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KN-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KN-04 (page does not exist)">KN-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KN-62" title="KN-62">KN-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2159&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2159 (page does not exist)">MRS-2159</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-023 (page does not exist)">NF-023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-110 (page does not exist)">NF-110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-279 (page does not exist)">NF-279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-449 (page does not exist)">NF-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidized-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidized-ATP (page does not exist)">Oxidized-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenol Red">Phenol Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolphthalein" title="Phenolphthalein">Phenolphthalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PPNDS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPNDS (page does not exist)">PPNDS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-12062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-12062 (page does not exist)">PSB-12062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">Puerarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Radix_puerariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Radix puerariae">Radix puerariae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purotoxin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purotoxin 1 (page does not exist)">Purotoxin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_0437626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 0437626 (page does not exist)">Ro 0437626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 51 (page does not exist)">Ro 51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO-3 (page does not exist)">RO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferulate" title="Sodium ferulate">Sodium ferulate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_sinensis" title="Angelica sinensis">Angelica sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-P_262&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-P 262 (page does not exist)">TC-P 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylpyrazine" title="Tetramethylpyrazine">Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNP-ATP" title="TNP-ATP">TNP-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Thio-UTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Thio-UTP (page does not exist)">2-Thio-UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromouridine_5%E2%80%B2-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromouridine 5′-diphosphate (page does not exist)">5-Br-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-OMe-UDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-OMe-UDP (page does not exist)">5-OMe-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">ADPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine triphosphate">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denufosol" title="Denufosol">Denufosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquafosol" title="Diquafosol">Diquafosol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS-365" class="mw-redirect" title="INS-365">INS-365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INS-37217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INS-37217 (page does not exist)">INS-37217</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2365 (page does not exist)">MRS-2365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2690&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2690 (page does not exist)">MRS-2690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2693&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2693 (page does not exist)">MRS-2693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2768 (page does not exist)">MRS-2768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2957&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2957 (page does not exist)">MRS-2957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-4062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-4062 (page does not exist)">MRS-4062</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-546&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-546 (page does not exist)">NF-546</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0474 (page does not exist)">PSB-0474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1114 (page does not exist)">PSB-1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine_5%C2%B4-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine 5´-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">UDPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_galactose" title="Uridine diphosphate galactose">UDP-galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_glucose" title="Uridine diphosphate glucose">UDP-glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_N-acetylglucosamine" title="Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine">UDP-N-acetylglucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diuridine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diuridine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Up3U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">UTPγS</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine monophosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A3P5PS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A3P5PS (page does not exist)">A3P5PS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMP%CE%B1S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPαS (page does not exist)">AMPαS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_66096&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 66096 (page does not exist)">AR-C 66096</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_69931MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 69931MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 69931MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_118925XX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 118925XX (page does not exist)">AR-C 118925XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C1330-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C1330-7 (page does not exist)">C1330-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">Cangrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">Clopidogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinogrel" title="Elinogrel">Elinogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2179 (page does not exist)">MRS-2179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2211 (page does not exist)">MRS-2211</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2279 (page does not exist)">MRS-2279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2395 (page does not exist)">MRS-2395</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2500 (page does not exist)">MRS-2500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2578 (page does not exist)">MRS-2578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-340 (page does not exist)">NF-340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27-Pyridylisatogen_tosylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate (page does not exist)">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">Prasugrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0739 (page does not exist)">PSB-0739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regrelor" title="Regrelor">Regrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">Ticlopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">blockers</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Concentrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters">CNTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (page does not exist)">6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMeThPmR (page does not exist)">dMeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2142 (page does not exist)">KGO-2142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2173 (page does not exist)">KGO-2173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeThPmR (page does not exist)">MeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloridzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phloridzin">Phloridzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Equilibrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters">ENTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilostazol" title="Cilostazol">Cilostazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilazep" title="Dilazep">Dilazep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobendine" title="Hexobendine">Hexobendine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine (page does not exist)">NBMPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane_monoamine_transporter" title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter"><abbr title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter">PMAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decynium-22" title="Decynium-22">Decynium-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase"><abbr title="Xanthine oxidase">XO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Xanthine oxidase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">Allopurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amflutizole" title="Amflutizole">Amflutizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzbromarone" title="Benzbromarone">Benzbromarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_osmophloeum" title="Cinnamomum osmophloeum">Cinnamomum osmophloeum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febuxostat" title="Febuxostat">Febuxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo-inositol" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo-inositol">Myo-inositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">Myricetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niraxostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niraxostat (page does not exist)">Niraxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxipurinol" title="Oxipurinol">Oxipurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">Phytic acid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pistacia_integerrima" title="Pistacia integerrima">Pistacia integerrima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisopurine" title="Tisopurine">Tisopurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiroxostat" title="Topiroxostat">Topiroxostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminopterin" title="Aminopterin">Aminopterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">Pemetrexed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralatrexate" title="Pralatrexate">Pralatrexate</a></li> <li><i>Many others</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Precursors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">Cytosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">Cytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_monophosphate" title="Cytidine monophosphate">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_diphosphate" title="Cytidine diphosphate">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">Guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">Guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">Inosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">Uracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chrysophanol" title="Chrysophanol">Chrysophanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators886" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Template:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators886" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93somatic_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis"><abbr title="Growth hormone">GH</abbr>/<abbr title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</abbr> axis</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone">GH</abbr><br /><small>(somatotropin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albusomatropin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albusomatropin (page does not exist)">Albusomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">Bovine somatotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efpegsomatropin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efpegsomatropin (page does not exist)">Efpegsomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eftansomatropin_alfa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eftansomatropin alfa (page does not exist)">Eftansomatropin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonapegsomatropin" title="Lonapegsomatropin">Lonapegsomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somagrebove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somagrebove (page does not exist)">Somagrebove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somapacitan" title="Somapacitan">Somapacitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatosalm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatosalm (page does not exist)">Somatosalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">Somatotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatropin_pegol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatropin pegol (page does not exist)">Somatropin pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatrem" title="Somatrem">Somatrem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sometribove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sometribove (page does not exist)">Sometribove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatrogon" title="Somatrogon">Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somavaratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somavaratan (page does not exist)">Somavaratan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somavubove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somavubove (page does not exist)">Somavubove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somidobove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somidobove (page does not exist)">Somidobove</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G120K-hGH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G120K-hGH (page does not exist)">G120K-hGH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegvisomant" title="Pegvisomant">Pegvisomant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antisense oligonucleotides:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atesidorsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atesidorsen (page does not exist)">Atesidorsen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Binding proteins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone-binding_protein" title="Growth hormone-binding protein"><abbr title="Growth hormone-binding protein">GHBP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Growth hormone-binding protein</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone">GHIH</abbr><br /><small>(somatostatin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIM-23052&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIM-23052 (page does not exist)">BIM-23052</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-275 (page does not exist)">CH-275</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-14 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depreotide (page does not exist)">Depreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edotreotide" title="Edotreotide">Edotreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilatreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilatreotide (page does not exist)">Ilatreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-803,087&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-803,087 (page does not exist)">L-803,087</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-817,818&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-817,818 (page does not exist)">L-817,818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanreotide" title="Lanreotide">Lanreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_26-9100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 26-9100 (page does not exist)">NNC 26-9100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotate" title="Octreotate">Octreotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasireotide" title="Pasireotide">Pasireotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentetreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentetreotide (page does not exist)">Pentetreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RC-160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RC-160 (page does not exist)">RC-160</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seglitide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seglitide (page does not exist)">Seglitide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatostatin_(1-28)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatostatin (1-28) (page does not exist)">Somatostatin (1-28)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRIF-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRIF-14 (page does not exist)">SRIF-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRIF-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRIF-28 (page does not exist)">SRIF-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TT-232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TT-232 (page does not exist)">TT-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapreotide" title="Vapreotide">Vapreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veldoreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veldoreotide (page does not exist)">Veldoreotide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIM-23056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIM-23056 (page does not exist)">BIM-23056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclosomatostatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclosomatostatin (page does not exist)">Cyclosomatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYN-154806&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYN-154806 (page does not exist)">CYN-154806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satoreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satoreotide (page does not exist)">Satoreotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone releasing hormone">GHRH</abbr><br /><small>(somatocrinin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALRN-5281&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALRN-5281 (page does not exist)">ALRN-5281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJC-1295" title="CJC-1295">CJC-1295</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumorelin (page does not exist)">Dumorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_GRF_(1-29)" title="Modified GRF (1-29)">Modified GRF (1-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rismorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rismorelin (page does not exist)">Rismorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermorelin" title="Sermorelin">Sermorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatorelin" title="Somatorelin">Somatorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesamorelin" title="Tesamorelin">Tesamorelin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MZ-5-156&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZ-5-156 (page does not exist)">MZ-5-156</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone secretagogue">GHS</abbr><br /><small>(ghrelin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexamorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexamorelin (page does not exist)">Alexamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-14 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EP-51216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EP-51216 (page does not exist)">EP-51216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Examorelin" title="Examorelin">Examorelin (hexarelin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-1 (page does not exist)">GHRP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-3 (page does not exist)">GHRP-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-4 (page does not exist)">GHRP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-5 (page does not exist)">GHRP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHRP-6" title="GHRP-6">GHRP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipamorelin" title="Ipamorelin">Ipamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenomorelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenomorelin">Lenomorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livoletide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livoletide (page does not exist)">Livoletide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-444711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-444711 (page does not exist)">LY-444711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralmorelin" title="Pralmorelin">Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relamorelin" title="Relamorelin">Relamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabimorelin" title="Tabimorelin">Tabimorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulimorelin" title="Ulimorelin">Ulimorelin</a>; <i>Non-peptide:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorelin" title="Anamorelin">Anamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capromorelin" title="Capromorelin">Capromorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-464709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-464709 (page does not exist)">CP-464709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutamoren" title="Ibutamoren">Ibutamoren (MK-677)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-692,585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-692,585 (page does not exist)">L-692,585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macimorelin" title="Macimorelin">Macimorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-130686" title="SM-130686">SM-130686</a>; <i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-426410&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-426410 (page does not exist)">LY-426410</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-444711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-444711 (page does not exist)">LY-444711</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-778193&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-778193 (page does not exist)">A-778193</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-8 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Lys%C2%B3)-GHRP-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 (page does not exist)">(<small>D</small>-Lys³)-GHRP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JMV2959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JMV2959 (page does not exist)">JMV2959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YIL-781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YIL-781 (page does not exist)">YIL-781</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Somatomedin_receptor" title="Somatomedin receptor"><abbr title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</abbr><br /><small>(somatomedin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adenosin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130804-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adenosine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000846">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adénosine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121238390">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adénosine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121238390">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575511">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="adenosin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph798831&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292950605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&oldid=1273022872">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&oldid=1273022872</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adenosine_receptor_agonists" title="Category:Adenosine receptor agonists">Adenosine receptor agonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Category:Antiarrhythmic agents">Antiarrhythmic agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_substances_for_emergency_medicine" title="Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine">Chemical substances for emergency medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_acting_on_the_cardiovascular_system" title="Category:Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system">Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghrelin_receptor_agonists" title="Category:Ghrelin receptor agonists">Ghrelin receptor agonists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nucleosides" title="Category:Nucleosides">Nucleosides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Purines" title="Category:Purines">Purines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotransmitters" title="Category:Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vasodilators" title="Category:Vasodilators">Vasodilators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroxymethyl_compounds" title="Category:Hydroxymethyl compounds">Hydroxymethyl compounds</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_non-standard_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with non-standard legal status">Drugs with non-standard legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_drug_articles_with_contradicting_parameter_input" title="Category:Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input">Infobox drug articles with contradicting parameter input</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_verified_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_that_are_a_physiological_drug" title="Category:Drugs that are a physiological drug">Drugs that are a physiological drug</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 January 2025, at 09:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adenosine</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>53 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-bf6d45f98-gsfs6","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.326","walltime":"1.614","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9805,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":402981,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9889,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":251827,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1358.175 1 -total"," 37.31% 506.721 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.06% 408.299 1 Template:Drugbox"," 23.02% 312.702 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.10% 232.257 35 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.73% 213.690 25 Template:Navbox"," 9.62% 130.673 7 Template:Cite_book"," 8.71% 118.287 1 Template:Neurotransmitters"," 6.15% 83.546 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.80% 78.772 17 Template:Unbulleted_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.746","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10055846,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-68f5578f8b-hq94h","timestamp":"20250225144254","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adenosine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adenosine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190012","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190012","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-22T03:57:18Z","dateModified":"2025-01-31T09:25:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e8\/Adenosin.svg","headline":"chemical compound"}</script> </body> </html>