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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Work distribution and social strata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_distribution_and_social_strata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Health information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Geographical bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Gender bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addressing_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressing_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Addressing bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressing_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_language_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_language_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natural language processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_language_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Policies and guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Power plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Article scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prior_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Prior consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_of_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_of_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Power of interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_of_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy_of_contributor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy_of_contributor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Legitimacy of contributor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy_of_contributor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explicit_vie_for_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicit_vie_for_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Explicit vie for ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicit_vie_for_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obtaining_administratorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtaining_administratorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Obtaining administratorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obtaining_administratorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Readership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Readership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Readership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Readership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Machine learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_predictor_or_influence_on_human_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_predictor_or_influence_on_human_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>As predictor or influence on human behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_predictor_or_influence_on_human_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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terhadap Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%95_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="توێژینەوە ئەکادیمییەکان سەبارەت بە ویکیپیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توێژینەوە ئەکادیمییەکان سەبارەت بە ویکیپیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22">"Academic studies about Wikipedia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Academic+studies+about+Wikipedia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has been studied extensively. Between 2001 and 2010, researchers published at least 1,746 <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> articles about the online encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such studies are greatly facilitated by the fact that Wikipedia's database can be downloaded without help from the site owner.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research topics have included the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">reliability of the encyclopedia</a> and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>; social aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a> (including administration, policy, and demographics); the encyclopedia as a dataset for machine learning; and whether Wikipedia trends might predict or influence human behaviour. </p><p>Notable findings include factual accuracy similar to other encyclopedias, the presence of cultural and <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias</a> as well as gaps in coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>; that a tiny minority of editors produce the majority of content; various models for understanding online conflict; and limited correlation between Wikipedia trends and various phenomena such as stock market movements or electoral results. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_minority_of_editors_produce_the_majority_of_persistent_content">A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A minority of editors produce the majority of persistent content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies from 2005 to 2007 found that a small minority of editors produce most of the edits on Wikipedia, and that the distribution of edits follows a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a> with about half of the total edits produced by 1% of the editors. Another 2007 study found that 'elite' editors with many edits produced 30% of the content changes, measured in number of words. These editors were also more likely to add, rather than delete, content.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> used reader-based measures that weighted content based on the number of times it was viewed (a <i>persistent word view</i> (<i>PWV</i>)). This study analyzed trillions of word views between September 2002 and October 2006 and concluded that 0.1% of the Wikipedia community (4,200 editors) produced 44% of the word views during this time. The editors concluded that,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Growth of PWV share increases <a href="/wiki/Super-exponentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-exponentiation">super-exponentially</a> by edit count rank; in other words, elite editors (those who edit the most times) account for <i>more</i> value than they would given a power-law relationship. </p> </blockquote><p>A 2009 study determined that one percent of editors who average more than 1,000 edits/month make 55% of edits.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_distribution_and_social_strata">Work distribution and social strata</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work distribution and social strata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Social_stratification" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia § Social stratification</a></div> <p>A peer-reviewed paper noted the "<a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> in the Wikipedia society" due to the "admins class". The paper suggested that such stratification could be beneficial in some respects but recognized a "clear subsequent shift in power among levels of stratification" due to the "status and power differentials" between administrators and other editors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyzing the entire edit history of <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> up to July 2006, the same study determined that the influence of administrator edits on contents has steadily diminished since 2003, when administrators performed roughly 50% of total edits, to 2006 when only 10% of the edits were performed by administrators. This happened despite the fact that the average number of edits per administrator had increased more than fivefold during the same period. This phenomenon was labeled the "rise of the crowd" by the authors of the paper. An analysis that used as metric the number of words edited instead of the number of edit actions showed a similar pattern. Because the admin class is somewhat arbitrary with respect to the number of edits, the study also considered a breakdown of users in categories based on the number of edits performed. The results for "elite users", i.e. users with more than 10,000 edits, were somewhat in line with those obtained for administrators, except that "the number of words changed by elite users has kept up with the changes made by novice users, even though the number of edits made by novice users has grown proportionally faster". The study concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Thus though their influence may have waned in recent years, elite users appear to continue to contribute a sizeable portion of the work done in Wikipedia. Furthermore, ... edits made by elite users appear to be substantial in nature. That is, they appear to be doing more than just fixing spelling errors or reformatting citations</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Argumentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation">Argumentation</a> conference paper (2010) assessed whether trust in Wikipedia is based on <a href="/wiki/Epistemology_of_Wikipedia" title="Epistemology of Wikipedia">epistemic</a> or pragmatic merits. While readers may not assess the actual knowledge and expertise of the authors of a given article, they may assess the contributors' passion for the project, and communicative design through which that passion is made manifest, and provide a reason for trust.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In details, the author argued that Wikipedia can't be trusted based on individual expertise, collective knowledge, or past experience of reliability. This is because <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_anonymous" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is anonymous">anonymity and pseudonymity</a> prevent knowledge assessment, and "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Expert_retention" title="Wikipedia:Expert retention">anti-expert culture</a>" makes it unlikely that this will change. Editing Wikipedia may largely be confined to an elite group of editors, without aggregating "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">wisdom of the crowd</a>" which in some cases lowers the quality of an article anyway. Personal experiences and empirical studies, confirmed by incidents including <a href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_Wikipedia_biography_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigenthaler Wikipedia biography controversy">Seigenthaler biography controversy</a>, point to the conclusion that Wikipedia is not generally reliable. Hence, these epistemic factors don't justify consulting with Wikipedia. </p><p>The author then proposed rationale to trust Wikipedia based on pragmatic values, which roughly can be summarized into two factors. First, the size and activity around Wikipedia indicates that editors are deeply committed to provide the world with knowledge. Second, transparent developments of policies, practices, institutions, and technologies in addition to conspicuous massive efforts, address the possible concerns that one might have in trusting Wikipedia. The concerns raised include the definition of provided knowledge, preventing distorted contributions from people not sharing the same commitment, correcting editing damages, and article quality control and improvement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_information">Health information</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information on Wikipedia</a></div> <p>Health information on English Wikipedia is popularly accessed as results from <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_result_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine result page">search engine result page</a>, which frequently deliver links to Wikipedia articles.<sup id="cite_ref-laurent_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent assessments of the quality of health information provided on Wikipedia and of who is accessing the information have been undertaken. The number and demographics of people who seek health information on Wikipedia, the scope of health information on Wikipedia, and the quality of the information on Wikipedia have been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are drawbacks to using Wikipedia as a source of health information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias">Bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English speaking white male, aged 15–49 from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias</a>, and lack of information about the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two broad types of bias, which are <i>implicit</i> (when a topic is omitted) and <i>explicit</i> (when a certain POV is supported in an article or by references).<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geographical_bias">Geographical bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geographical bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">Geographical bias on Wikipedia</a></div> <p>Research conducted in 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Internet_Institute" title="Oxford Internet Institute">Oxford Internet Institute</a> showed that <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">geotagged</a> articles in all language editions of Wikipedia covered about half a million places on Earth. However, the geographic distribution of articles was highly uneven: most articles are written about North America, Europe, and East Asia, with very little coverage of large parts of the developing world, including most of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another 2009 study of 15 language editions determined that each edition was highly "self-focused", with emphasis on the geographic "home region" of that language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_bias">Gender bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gender bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias on Wikipedia</a> has been widely discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 survey found that only 13% of editors and 31% of readers were female.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 paper confirmed that only 15% of the editing community is female.<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Tripodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesca Tripodi (page does not exist)">Francesca Tripodi</a> found that of the roughly 1.5 million biographical articles on the English Wikipedia in 2021, only 19% were about women.<sup id="cite_ref-hard_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gender_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gender-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that biographies that do exist are considerably more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia#Articles_for_deletion" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">nominated for deletion</a> than existing articles of men.<sup id="cite_ref-hard_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gender_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gender-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addressing_bias">Addressing bias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Addressing bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some studies have investigated the work of WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSB">WP:CSB</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a collective effort of some Wikipedia editors to broaden the encyclopedia's POV. A 2010 study of 329 editors participating in WP:CSB found that these editors' work favoured topics belonging to the United States and England, and that "the areas of the globe of main concern to WP:CSB proved to be much less represented by the coalition itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 paper recommended addressing a "sweet spot" within the encyclopedia's bias where existing scholarship includes reliable, peer-reviewed sources that offer a more complete POV than existing Wikipedia articles. The study suggested that incorporation of these sources would offer better representation for excluded or marginalized POVs, and that the possibilities for potential improvement are "massive."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_language_processing">Natural language processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural language processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The textual content and the structured hierarchy of Wikipedia has become an important knowledge source for researchers in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. In 2007 researchers at <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a> developed a technique called Explicit Semantic Analysis<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which uses the world knowledge contained in English Wikipedia articles. Conceptual representations of words and texts are created automatically and used to compute the similarity between words and between texts. </p><p>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_Knowledge_Processing_Lab" title="Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab">Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab</a> use the linguistic and world knowledge encoded in Wikipedia and Wiktionary to automatically create linguistic knowledge bases which are similar to expert-built resources like <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strube and Ponzetto created an algorithm to identify relationships among words by traversing English Wikipedia via its categorization scheme, and concluded that Wikipedia had created "a taxonomy able to compete with WordNet on linguistic processing tasks".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2011 study reported a new way to measure how disputed a Wikipedia article is, and verified against 6 <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> editions including <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A 2013 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i> reported a generic <a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">social dynamics</a> model in a collaborative environment involving opinions, conflicts, and consensus, with a specific analogue to Wikipedia: "a peaceful article can suddenly become controversial when more people get involved in its editing."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This sentence doesn't clearly describe the study's conclusions (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2014 published as a book chapter titled "The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis": analysed the volume of editing of articles in various language versions of Wikipedia in order to establish the most controversial topics in different languages and groups of languages. For the English version, the top three most controversial articles were <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Topics in other languages causing most controversy were Croatia (German), Ségolène Royal (French), Chile (Spanish) and Homosexuality (Czech).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2007 study by <a href="/wiki/Hitwise" title="Hitwise">Hitwise</a>, reproduced in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that visitors to Wikipedia are almost equally split 50/50 male/female, but that 60% of edits are made by male editors. A 2010 survey found that only 13% of editors and 31% of readers were female.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017 paper confirmed that only 15% of the editing community is female.<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2017_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 study covering 32 language editions analysed circadian activity of editors and concluded that the shares of contributions to English Wikipedia, from North America and Europe-Far East-Australia are almost equal, whereas this increases to 75% of European-Far Eastern-Australian contributions for the <a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English Wikipedia</a>. The research also covers some other demographic analysis on the other editions in different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-SzolnokiYasseri2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SzolnokiYasseri2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_and_guidelines">Policies and guidelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policies and guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A descriptive study<sup id="cite_ref-buttler07_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttler07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that analyzed English language Wikipedia's policies and guidelines up to September 2007 identified a number of key statistics: </p> <ul><li>44 official policies</li> <li>248 guidelines</li></ul> <p>Even a short policy like "ignore all rules" was found to have generated a lot of discussion and clarifications: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>While the "Ignore all rules" policy itself is only sixteen words long, the page explaining what the policy means contains over 500 words, refers readers to seven other documents, has generated over 8,000 words of discussion, and has been changed over 100 times in less than a year. </p> </blockquote> <p>The study sampled the expansion of some key policies since their inception: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Wikipedia:Ignore all rules</a>: 3600% (including the additional document explaining it)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Wikipedia:Consensus</a>: 1557%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a>: 938%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not</a>: 929%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Wikipedia:Deletion policy</a>: 580%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Wikipedia:Civility</a>: 124%</li></ul> <p>The number for "deletion" was considered inconclusive however because the policy was split in several sub-policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_plays"><span class="anchor" id="Power_plays"></span>Power plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Power plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to one specific study</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A 2007 joint peer-reviewed study<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/HP_Labs" title="HP Labs">HP Labs</a> examined how policies are employed and how contributors work towards consensus by quantitatively analyzing a sample of active talk pages. Using a November 2006 <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> database dump, the study focused on 250 talk pages in the tail of the distribution: 0.3% of all talk pages, but containing 28.4% of all talk page revisions, and more significantly, containing 51.1% of all links to policies. From the sampled pages' histories, the study examined only the months with high activity, called critical sections—sets of consecutive months where both article and talk page revisions were significant in number. </p><p>The study defined and calculated a measure of policy prevalence. A critical section was considered <i>policy-laden</i> if its policy factor was at least twice the average. Articles were tagged with 3 <a href="/wiki/Indicator_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator variable">indicator variables</a>: </p> <ul><li>controversial</li> <li>featured</li> <li>policy-laden</li></ul> <p>All possible levels of these three factors yielded 8 sampling categories. The study intended to analyze 9 critical sections from each sampling category, but only 69 critical sections could be selected because only 6 articles (histories) were simultaneously featured, controversial, and policy laden. </p><p>The study found that policies were by no means consistently applied. Illustrative of its broader findings, the report presented the following two extracts from Wikipedia talk pages in obvious contrast: </p> <ul><li>a discussion where participants decided that calculating a mean from data provided by a government agency constituted original research:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>is the mean ... not considered original research? [U3]<br /> It doesn't look like it to me, it looks like the original research was done by [Gov't agency] or am I missing something? [U4]<br /> If the [Gov't agency] has not published the actual mean, us "calculating" it would be OR, no? I'm not sure. [U3]<br /> No, why would it be? Extrapolating data from info already available is not OR. [U5]<br /> From WP:NOR "articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published arguments, concepts, data, ideas or statements that serves to advance a position." For what' worth [U4] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <ul><li>a discussion where logical deduction was used as counterargument for the original research policy:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Your notion is WP:OR. I can easily provide ... a scholarly article that says that anti-authoritarianism is not central to Panism. You are synthesizing all kinds of ideas here, based on your POV. [U6]<br /> Simple deductive reasoning is not original research. Panism is inherently anti-authoritarian; therefore, an authoritarian economic system cannot be Panist. Which do you disagree with: the premise or the conclusion? [U7] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p>Claiming that such ambiguities easily give rise to power plays, the study identified, using the methods of <a href="/wiki/Grounded_theory_(Strauss)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grounded theory (Strauss)">grounded theory (Strauss)</a>, 7 types of power plays: </p> <ul><li>article scope (what is off-topic in an article)</li> <li>prior consensus (past decisions presented as absolute and uncontested)</li> <li>power of interpretation (a sub-community claiming greater interpretive authority than another)</li> <li>legitimacy of contributor (his/her expertise etc.)</li> <li>threat of sanction (blocking etc.)</li> <li>practice on other pages (other pages being considered models to follow)</li> <li>legitimacy of source (the cited reference is disputed)</li></ul> <p>Due to lack of space, the study detailed only the first 4 types of power plays that were exercised by merely interpreting policy. A fifth power play category was analyzed; it consisted of blatant violations of policy that were forgiven because the contributor was valued for his or her contributions despite his lack of respect for rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_scope">Article scope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Article scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study considers that Wikipedia's policies are ambiguous on scoping issues. The following <a href="/wiki/Scenario" title="Scenario">vignette</a> is used to illustrate the claim: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>consensus is bullshit because I have the facts on my side. I also have the exhortation of Wikipedia to be bold ... deleting a discussion of the Catholic church's ... view of paleocentrism is not only inaccurate, but violates <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">WP:NPOV</a> ... Deleting/emasculating it would violate several Wikipedia policies: NPOV, be bold ... If you all want an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism, write one yourself. [U12]<br /> We DID write an article just on the scientific theory of paleocentrism, before you showed up ... You're obviously new here, [U12] ... arguing based on your reading of NPOV and Be bold is a bit ridiculous, like a kid just out of high school arguing points of constitutional law. These things are principles that have an established meaning. People who have been here for years understand them much better than you do. They won't prove effective weapons for you to wield in this argument ... [U13]<br /> The social impact of "paleocentrism" is not "paleocentrism" ... Wikipedia:wiki is not paper, we don't need to cram every tertiary aspect of the topic into the article proper, and we don't need to consider it incomplete when we don't ... [U14]<br />  ... the first thing the link Wikipedia:wiki is not paper says is:""Wikipedia "is" an encyclopedia."" A real encyclopedia like Encyclopædia Britannica has a fantastic section on paleocentrism, including all the social, political, and philosophical implications. [U12]<br /> As discussed at Wikipedia:wiki is not paper, Wikipedia articles should give a brief overview of the centrally important aspects of a subject. To a biologist like yourself, the centrally aspect of paleocentrism certainly isn't its social implications, but to the rest of society it is.[U12]<br />  ... What you're talking about isn't "paleocentrism". Central issues to paleocentrism are periodic equilibrium, geomorphous undulation, airation. These are the issues that actually have to do with the process of paleocentrism itself. These "social aspects" you're talking about are "peripheral", "not central". They are "about" paleocentrism, they "surround" paleocentrism, but they "are not paleocentrism" [U15] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p>The study gives the following interpretation for the heated debate: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Such struggles over article scope take place even in a hyper-linked environment because the title of an article matters. The "paleocentrism" article is more prestigious and also more likely to be encountered by a reader than an article entitled "the social effect of paleocentrism." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prior_consensus">Prior consensus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prior consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study remarks that in Wikipedia consensus is never final, and what constitutes consensus can change at any time. The study finds that this temporal ambiguity is fertile ground for power plays, and places the generational struggle over consensus in larger picture of the struggle for article ownership: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>In practice, ... there are often <i>de facto</i> owners of pages or coalitions of contributors that determine article content. Prior consensus within this group can be presented as incontestable, masking the power plays that may have gone into establishing a consensus. ... At issue is the legitimacy of prior consensus. Longtime contributors do not want to waste time having arguments about issues that they consider to be solved. Pointing to prior consensus, just like linking to policies, provides a method for dealing with trollish behavior. On the other hand, newcomers or fringe contributors often feel that their perspectives were not represented in prior arguments and want to raise the issue again. </p> </blockquote> <p>The study uses the following discussion snippet to illustrate this continuous struggle: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Most all the stuff [U17] describes below has already been hashed out ... It's like that game of whack-a-mole: they try one angle, it gets refuted; they try a second angle, it gets refuted; they try a third angle, it gets refuted; and then they try the first angle again. [U18]<br /> It would be interesting to see how many different users try to contribute to this article and to expand the alternate views only to be bullied away by those who believe in [Cosmic Polarity] religiously ... why don't you consider that perhaps they have a point and that [U19], [U20] and the rest of you drive editors away from this article with your heavy-handed, admin-privileged POV push? [U21] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_of_interpretation">Power of interpretation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Power of interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vignette illustrated how administrators overrode consensus and deleted personal accounts of users/patients with an anonymized illness (named Frupism in the study). The administrator's intervention happened as the article was being nominated to become as a featured article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legitimacy_of_contributor">Legitimacy of contributor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legitimacy of contributor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of power play is illustrated by a contributor (U24) that draws on his past contributions to argue against another contributor who is accusing U24 of being unproductive and disruptive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Oh, you mean "I" hang around to make a point about the lack of quality on Wikipedia? Please take another look at my edit count!! LOL. I have over 7,000 edits ... As you know, I can take credit for almost entirely writing from scratch 2 of the 6 or 7 FAs in philosophy [U24] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explicit_vie_for_ownership">Explicit vie for ownership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explicit vie for ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study finds that there are contributors who consistently and successfully violate policy without sanction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>U24 makes several blatant "us or them" vies for power: if U25's actions persist, he will leave. ... Such actions clearly violate policies against article ownership, civility toward other contributors, and treatment of newcomers. As a newcomer, U25 may not know of these policies, but U26 certainly does. The willing blindness [of U26] stems from the fact that U24 is a valued contributor to philosophy articles and is not bashful about pointing this out. There is a scarcity of contributors with the commitment to consistently produce high-quality content; the Wikipedian community is willing to tolerate abuse and policy violations if valued work is being done. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>With all due respect, that didn't answer the question ... I wanted to know what it was in U25's proposal which was unacceptable. ... His lack of reference etc. is all a fault, sure, but that's why I provided one (Enquiry, section 8). [U26]<br />  ... this point is already addressed in the article... It may need to be expanded a bit. I can easily do that myself when I have time ... Is there anythin else? Do you also support U25's vie that the article is "poor", that is needs to overhauled from top to bottom, the meanignlsess nonsens that he actually did try to insert above or the other OR that he has stated on this page? Basically, there are two sides on this matter, this article can be taken over by cranks like what's his name, or not? If it does, I go. You can either support me or not. Where do you stand? ... [U24]<br /> I do not by any stretch of the imagination support the view that the article is poor. In fact, I disagree with many of the things U25 has said elsewhere on this page ... I'm genuinely sorry if this upset you. [U26] </p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obtaining_administratorship">Obtaining administratorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Obtaining administratorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Wikipedia administrators</a></div> <p>In 2008, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> devised a <a href="/wiki/Probit_model" title="Probit model">probit model</a> of <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> editors who had successfully passed <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship" title="Wikipedia:Requests for adminship">the peer review process to become admins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using only Wikipedia metadata, including the text of edit summaries, their model was 74.8% accurate in predicting successful candidates. </p><p>The paper observed that despite protestations to the contrary, "in many ways election to admin is a promotion, distinguishing an elite core group from the large mass of editors." Consequently, the paper used <a href="/w/index.php?title=Policy_capture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policy capture (page does not exist)">policy capture</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a method that compares nominally important attributes to those that actually lead to promotion in a work environment. </p><p>The overall success rate for promotion decreased from 75% in 2005, to 53% in 2006, and to 42% in 2007. This sudden increase in failure rate was attributed to a higher standard that recently promoted administrators had to meet, and supported by anecdotal evidence from another recent study<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoting some early admins who have expressed doubt that they would pass muster if their election (RfA) were held recently. In light of these developments the study argued that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The process once called "no big deal" by the founder of Wikipedia has become a fairly big deal. </p> </blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Probability increase/decrease of successful RfA per unit <a href="/wiki/Probit_model" title="Probit model">being regressed</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(numbers in parentheses are not <a href="/wiki/Statistically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistically significant">statistically significant</a> at <a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p<.05</a>)</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Factor </th> <th>2006–2007 </th> <th>pre–2006 </th></tr> <tr> <td>each previous RfA attempt </td> <td>−14.7% </td> <td>−11.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each month since first edit </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>(0.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>every 1000 article edits </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>(1.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>every 1000 Wikipedia policy edits </td> <td>19.6% </td> <td>(0.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>every 1000 <a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a> edits </td> <td>17.1% </td> <td>(7.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>every 1000 article talk edits </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>15.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each Arb/mediation/wikiquette edit </td> <td>−0.1% </td> <td>−0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each diversity score (see text) </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each percentage of <a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">"Minor edit" indication</a> in edit summaries </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each percentage of human written edit summaries </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>each "thank" in edit summaries </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>(0.0%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>each "POV" indication in edit summaries </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>(0.0%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>each edit in Admin attention/noticeboard </td> <td>−0.1% </td> <td>(0.2%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contrary to expectations, "running" for administrator multiple times is detrimental to the candidate's chance of success. Each subsequent attempt has a 14.8% lower chance of success than the previous one. Length of participation in the project makes only a small contribution to the chance of a successful RfA. </p><p>Another significant finding of the paper is that one Wikipedia policy edit or WikiProject edit is worth ten article edits. A related observation is that candidates with experience in multiple areas of the site stood better chance of election. This was measured by the <i>diversity score</i>, a simple count of the number of areas that the editor has participated in. The paper divided Wikipedia in 16 areas: article, article talk, articles/categories/templates for deletion (XfD), (un)deletion review, etc. <i>(see paper for full list)</i>. For instance, a user who has edited articles, her own user page, and posted once at (un)deletion review would have a diversity score of 3. Making a single edit in any additional region of Wikipedia correlated with a 2.8% increased likelihood of success in gaining administratorship. </p><p>Making minor edits also helped, although the study authors consider that this may be so because minor edits correlate with experience. In contrast, each edit to an Arbitration or Mediation committee page, or a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikiquette_assistance" title="Wikipedia:Wikiquette assistance">Wikiquette notice</a>, all of which are venues for dispute resolution, decreases the likelihood of success by 0.1%. Posting messages to administrator noticeboards had a similarly deleterious effect. The study interpreted this as evidence that editors involved in escalating or protracting conflicts lower their chances of becoming administrators. </p><p>Saying "thanks" or variations thereof in edit summaries, and pointing out point of view ("POV") issues (also only in edit summaries because the study only analyzed metadata) were of minor benefit, contributing to 0.3% and 0.1% to candidate's chances in 2006–2007, but did not reach statistical significance before. </p><p>A few factors that were found to be irrelevant or marginal at best: </p> <ul><li>Editing user pages (including one's own) does not help. Somewhat surprisingly, user talk page edits also do not affect the likelihood of administratorship.</li> <li>Welcoming newcomers or saying "please" in edit summaries had no effect.</li> <li>Participating in consensus-building, such as RfA votes or the village pump, does not increase the likelihood of becoming admin. The study admits however that participation in consensus was measured quantitatively but not qualitatively.</li> <li>Vandal-fighting as measured by the number of edits to the vandalism noticeboard had no effect. Every thousand edits containing variations of "revert" was positively correlated (7%) with adminship for 2006–2007, but did not attain statistical significance unless one is willing to lower the threshold to p<.1). More confusingly, before 2006 the number of reverts was negatively correlated (-6.8%) with adminship success, against without attaining statistical significance even at p<.1. This may be because of the introduction of a policy known as "3RR" in 2006 to reduce reverts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The study suggests that some of the 25% unexplained variability in outcomes may be due to factors that were not measured, such as quality of edits or participation in off-site coordination, such as the (explicitly cited) secret mailing list reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper concludes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Merely performing a lot of production work is insufficient for "promotion" in Wikipedia. Candidates' article edits were weak predictors of success. They also have to demonstrate more managerial behavior. Diverse experience and contributions to the development of policies and WikiProjects were stronger predictors of RfA success. This is consistent with the findings that Wikipedia is a bureaucracy<sup id="cite_ref-buttler07_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttler07-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that coordination work has increased substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... Participation in Wikipedia policy and WikiProjects was not predictive of adminship prior to 2006, suggesting the community as a whole is beginning to prioritize policymaking and organization experience over simple article-level coordination. </p> </blockquote> <p>Subsequent research by another group<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probed the sensemaking activities of individuals during their contributions to RfA decisions. This work establishes that decisions about RfA candidates is based on a shared interpretation of evidence in the wiki and histories of prior interactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Readership">Readership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Readership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have shown that Wikipedia is used by doctors, students, journalists and scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study in 2009 found that 70% of junior physicians used Wikipedia weekly to find medical information, and in 26% of their cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one study found that British people trust Wikipedia more than the BBC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_education">In education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have found that Wikipedia is the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">open educational resource</a> in higher education, and is 2,000 times more cost effective than printed textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that using Wikipedia improves writing students' interest in learning, their investment in their work, their learning and personal development, and creates opportunity for local and international collaborations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_learning">Machine learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Machine learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Automated <a href="/wiki/Semantic_knowledge_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic knowledge extraction">semantic knowledge extraction</a> using <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms is used to "extract machine-processable information at a relatively low complexity cost".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Structured_content" title="Structured content">structured content</a> extracted from <a href="/wiki/Infobox" title="Infobox">infoboxes</a> of Wikipedia articles in different languages by machine learning algorithms to create a resource of <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_predictor_or_influence_on_human_behavior">As predictor or influence on human behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As predictor or influence on human behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a study published in <i><a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taha_Yasseri" title="Taha Yasseri">Taha Yasseri</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Internet_Institute" title="Oxford Internet Institute">Oxford Internet Institute</a> and his colleagues from <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> have shown that the page view statistics of articles about movies are well correlated with the box office revenue of them. They developed a mathematical model to predict the box office takings by analysing the page view counts as well as number of edits and unique editors of the Wikipedia pages on movies. Although this model was developed against English Wikipedia for movies, the language-independent methods can be generalized to other languages and to other kinds of products beyond movies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a work published in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i> in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Susannah_Moat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Susannah Moat (page does not exist)">Helen Susannah Moat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Preis" title="Tobias Preis">Tobias Preis</a> and colleagues demonstrated a link between changes in the number of views of English Wikipedia articles relating to financial topics and subsequent large US stock market moves.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article published in <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly" title="Public Opinion Quarterly">Public Opinion Quarterly</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin K. Smith and Abel Gustafon have shown that the data on Wikipedia pageviews can improve traditional election forecasting methods like polls. </p><p>Between 2019 and 2021, a team of American and Irish researchers conducted a randomised field experiment which found that creating a Wikipedia article about a legal precedent increased its likelihood of citation in subsequent court judgments by over 20%, and that the language of the court judgments echoed that of the Wikipedia articles.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Wikipedia in culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Taemin Kim (24 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3492">"The visibility of Wikipedia in scholarly publications"</a>. <i>First Monday</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v16i8.3492">10.5210/fm.v16i8.3492</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F21757">2022/21757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017114040/https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3492">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+visibility+of+Wikipedia+in+scholarly+publications&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F21757&rft.issn=1396-0466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v16i8.3492&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Taemin+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uic.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_-_tuckman,_JeffPurtilo2009" class="citation book cs1">S - tuckman, Jeff; Purtilo, James (2009). 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Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3039505">10.2139/ssrn.3039505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30918097">30918097</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505">3039505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124139/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Community, consensus, coercion, control". <i>Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work - GROUP '07</i>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1316624.1316648">10.1145/1316624.1316648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-845-9"><bdi>978-1-59593-845-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14491248">14491248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community%2C+consensus%2C+coercion%2C+control&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2007+international+ACM+conference+on+Conference+on+supporting+group+work+-+GROUP+%2707&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14491248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1316624.1316648&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-845-9&rft.aulast=Kriplean&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft.au=Beschastnikh%2C+Ivan&rft.au=McDonald%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Golder%2C+Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeKraut2008" class="citation conference cs1">Burke, Moira; Kraut, Robert (2008). <i>Taking up the mop</i>. <i>Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '08</i>. p. 3441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1358628.1358871">10.1145/1358628.1358871</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-012-8"><bdi>978-1-60558-012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Sixth+Annual+CHI+Conference+Extended+Abstracts+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems+-+CHI+%2708&rft.atitle=Taking+up+the+mop&rft.pages=3441&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1358628.1358871&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-012-8&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Moira&rft.au=Kraut%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumpfLondon1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stumpf, S. 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Proc. HICSS 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:3RR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:3RR">WP:3RR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EW">WP:EW</a>, policies which prevent repetitive reverting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Cade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/04/wikipedia_secret_mailing">"Secret mailing list rocks Wikipedia"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204204534/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/12/04/wikipedia_secret_mailing/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Secret+mailing+list+rocks+Wikipedia&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F12%2F04%2Fwikipedia_secret_mailing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittur,_AniketSuh,_BongwonPendleton,_Bryan_A.Chi,_Ed_H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Kittur, Aniket; Suh, Bongwon; Pendleton, Bryan A.; Chi, Ed H. (2007). 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-21796-8_11.pdf">"Collaborative Sensemaking during Admin Permission Granting in Wikipedia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Online Communities and Social Computing</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quest&rft.atitle=Wikishtetl%3A+Commemorating+Jewish+Communities+that+Perished+in+the+Holocaust+through+the+Wikipedia+Platform&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Tehila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quest-cdecjournal.it%2Ffocus.php%3Fid%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaeza-YatesKing2009" class="citation book cs1">Baeza-Yates, Ricardo; King, Irwin, eds. (2009). <i>Weaving services and people on the World Wide Web</i>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011adgt.book.....Y">2011adgt.book.....Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15970-1">10.1007/978-3-642-15970-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15969-5"><bdi>978-3-642-15969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Developer%27s+Guide+to+the+Semantic+Web&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-15970-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011adgt.book.....Y&rft.isbn=978-3-642-15969-5&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Liyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárton_MestyánTaha_YasseriJános_Kertész2013" class="citation journal cs1">Márton Mestyán; Taha Yasseri; János Kertész (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749192">"Early Prediction of Movie Box Office Success Based on Wikipedia Activity Big Data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a></i>. <b>8</b> (8): e71226. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.0970">1211.0970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...871226M">2013PLoSO...871226M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071226">10.1371/journal.pone.0071226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749192">3749192</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990938">23990938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Prediction+of+Movie+Box+Office+Success+Based+on+Wikipedia+Activity+Big+Data&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e71226&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3749192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...871226M&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.0970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23990938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071226&rft.au=M%C3%A1rton+Mesty%C3%A1n&rft.au=Taha+Yasseri&rft.au=J%C3%A1nos+Kert%C3%A9sz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3749192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/08/wikipedia-buzz-blockbuster-movies-takings">"Wikipedia buzz predicts blockbuster movies' takings weeks before release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 8 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417224405/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/08/wikipedia-buzz-blockbuster-movies-takings">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+buzz+predicts+blockbuster+movies%27+takings+weeks+before+release&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2Fnov%2F08%2Fwikipedia-buzz-blockbuster-movies-takings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Susannah_MoatChester_CurmeAdam_AvakianDror_Y._Kenett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Helen Susannah Moat; Chester Curme; Adam Avakian; Dror Y. Kenett; H. Eugene Stanley; <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Preis" title="Tobias Preis">Tobias Preis</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647164">"Quantifying Wikipedia Usage Patterns Before Stock Market Moves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. <b>3</b>: 1801. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep01801">10.1038/srep01801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647164">3647164</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Quantifying+Wikipedia+Usage+Patterns+Before+Stock+Market+Moves&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1801&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3647164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep01801&rft.au=Helen+Susannah+Moat&rft.au=Chester+Curme&rft.au=Adam+Avakian&rft.au=Dror+Y.+Kenett&rft.au=H.+Eugene+Stanley&rft.au=Tobias+Preis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3647164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/97170c1a-b96f-11e2-9a9f-00144feabdc0.html">"Wikipedia's crystal ball"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 10 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124201/https://www.ft.com/content/97170c1a-b96f-11e2-9a9f-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+crystal+ball&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F97170c1a-b96f-11e2-9a9f-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadhim_Shubber2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Kadhim Shubber (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-05/8/wikipedia-views-stock-market">"Wikipedia page views could predict stock market changes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812140258/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-05/8/wikipedia-views-stock-market">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+page+views+could+predict+stock+market+changes&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=Kadhim+Shubber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013-05%2F8%2Fwikipedia-views-stock-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithGustafson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Benjamin K.; Gustafson, Abel (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx007">"Using Wikipedia to Predict Election Outcomes: Online Behavior as a Predictor of Voting"</a>. <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 714–735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfx007">10.1093/poq/nfx007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-362X">0033-362X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124147/https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/81/3/714/3800508?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Using+Wikipedia+to+Predict+Election+Outcomes%3A+Online+Behavior+as+a+Predictor+of+Voting&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=714-735&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfx007&rft.issn=0033-362X&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+K.&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfx007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonFlanaganRichardsonMcKenzie2022" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Neil; Flanagan, Brian; Richardson, Edana; McKenzie, Brian; Luo, Xueyun (27 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4174200">"Trial by Internet: A Randomized Field Experiment on Wikipedia's Influence on Judges' Legal Reasoning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.4174200">10.2139/ssrn.4174200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251295546">251295546</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4174200">4174200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124141/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4174200">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span> – via SSRN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trial+by+Internet%3A+A+Randomized+Field+Experiment+on+Wikipedia%27s+Influence+on+Judges%27+Legal+Reasoning&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251295546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4174200%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.4174200&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Brian&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Edana&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+Brian&rft.au=Luo%2C+Xueyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D4174200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaltonenLanzara2015" class="citation journal cs1">Aaltonen, A.; Lanzara, G.F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840615584459">"Building governance capability in online social production: Insights from Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Organization Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (12): 1649–1673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840615584459">10.1177/0170840615584459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F10559">10535/10559</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organization+Studies&rft.atitle=Building+governance+capability+in+online+social+production%3A+Insights+from+Wikipedia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1649-1673&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F10559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0170840615584459&rft.aulast=Aaltonen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Lanzara%2C+G.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0170840615584459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+studies+about+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaltonenSeiler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Aaltonen, A.; Seiler, S. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview<br />(outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community<br />(Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad Matetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Arabic_and_Persian_Wikipedias" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias">on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate"><i>Star Trek Into Darkness</i> debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes" title="Zhemao hoaxes">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References<br />and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit hole">Wiki rabbit hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_India" title="Wikipedia in India">Wikipedia in India</a></li> <li><a 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