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id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Customers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subscription business model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="نموذج عمل بالاشتراك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج عمل بالاشتراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6" title="সদস্যতা ব্যবসায়ের আদর্শ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সদস্যতা ব্যবসায়ের আদর্শ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Абонемент – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Абонемент" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscripci%C3%B3" title="Subscripció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subscripció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suscripci%C3%B3n" title="Suscripción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suscripción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subskripcio" title="Subskripcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subskripcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آبونمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبونمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo-sgr%C3%ACobhadh" title="Fo-sgrìobhadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fo-sgrìobhadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%EC%85%98_%EC%BB%A4%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="서브스크립션 커머스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서브스크립션 커머스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բաժանորդագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաժանորդագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unongo_lomhwebo_wesicikicelo" title="Unongo lomhwebo wesicikicelo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Unongo lomhwebo wesicikicelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbonamento" title="Abbonamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbonamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_(%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94)" title="מינוי (רכישה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינוי (רכישה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აბონემენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბონემენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Қолхат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қолхат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Абонемент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абонемент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenumerata" title="Prenumerata – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prenumerata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_perniagaan_langganan" title="Model perniagaan langganan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Model perniagaan langganan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="サブスクリプション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サブスクリプション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Абонемент – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Абонемент" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnement" title="Abonnement – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abonnement" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonement" title="Abonement – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abonement" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonament" title="Abonament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abonament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_de_assinatura" title="Modelo de assinatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo de assinatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подписка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подписка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonimi" title="Abonimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abonimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription" title="Subscription – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subscription" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonovanie" title="Abonovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abonovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonma" title="Abonma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abonma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonnemang" title="Abonnemang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abonnemang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="แบบจำลองธุรกิจบอกรับเป็นสมาชิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองธุรกิจบอกรับเป็นสมาชิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Абонемент – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абонемент" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonelik_i%C5%9F_modeli" title="Abonelik iş modeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abonelik iş modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuna_%C3%BDazyly%C5%9Fyk" title="Abuna ýazylyşyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abuna ýazylyşyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E" title="Бізнес-модель за підпискою – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бізнес-модель за підпискою" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abounmint" title="Abounmint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Abounmint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%82%E9%96%B1" title="訂閱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="訂閱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Subscription" redirects here. For the subscription process for shares etc., see <a href="/wiki/Subscription_(finance)" title="Subscription (finance)">Subscription (finance)</a>. For its use in religion, see <a href="/wiki/Confessional_subscription" title="Confessional subscription">Confessional subscription</a>.</div> <p>The <b>subscription business model</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">customer</a> must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_(business)" title="Service (business)">service</a>. The model <a href="/wiki/Publication_by_subscription" title="Publication by subscription">was pioneered</a> by publishers of <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodicals</a> in the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now used by many businesses, websites<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even pharmaceutical companies in partnership with governments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subscriptions">Subscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rather than selling products individually, a subscription offers periodic (daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, semi-annual, yearly/annual, or seasonal) use or access to a product or <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a>, or, in the case of performance-oriented organizations such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of opera companies">opera companies</a>, tickets to the entire run of some set number of (e.g., five to fifteen) scheduled performances for a whole season. Thus, a one-time sale of a product can become a recurring sale and build <a href="/wiki/Brand_loyalty" title="Brand loyalty">brand loyalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industries that use this model include <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_sales_club" title="Book sales club">book sales clubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> sales clubs, private <a href="/wiki/Web_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mail">web mail</a> providers, <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> providers with <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> channels, providers with digital catalogs with downloadable music or eBooks, audiobooks, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telephone companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile network operators</a>, internet providers, <a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">software publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a> websites), business solutions providers, financial firms, <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">health clubs</a>, lawn mowing and snowplowing services, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, renting an apartment, property taxes, as well as the traditional newspapers, magazines, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>. </p><p>Renewal of a subscription may be periodic and activated automatically so that the cost of a new period is automatically paid for by a pre-authorized charge to a <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> or a checking account. A common variation of the model in online games and on websites is the <i><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a></i> model, in which the first tier of content is free. Still, access to premium features (for example, game power-ups or article archives) is limited to paying subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the freemium model, other subscription pricing variations are gaining traction. For instance, the tiered pricing model is frequently used in software as a service (SaaS) platforms, offering customers different access levels and features based on their subscription tier. This model is particularly effective for tailoring services to customer requirements. Another approach is the usage-based pricing model, which calculates charges based on the extent of service or product utilization by the customer. This model is becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in services where customer usage varies significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different categories of subscriptions: </p> <ul><li>A subscription for a fixed set of goods or services. <ul><li>Periodicals, such as a newspaper or magazine, have several types of subscriptions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magazine#Paid_circulation" title="Magazine">Paid circulation</a></li> <li>Non-paid circulation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine#Controlled_circulation" title="Magazine">Controlled circulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_box" title="Subscription box">Subscription boxes</a> contain a variety of consumables <ul><li>Community-supported agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_delivery_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Meal delivery service">Meal delivery service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_kit" title="Meal kit">Meal kit</a> delivery service</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>A subscription for unlimited use of a service or collection of services. Usage may be personal and non-transferable for a family or, under certain circumstances, for a group utilizing a service simultaneously. In the publishing industry, a subscription to a bundle of several journals, at a discounted price, is known as a "big deal".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul></li> <li>A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pay-as-you-go" class="extiw" title="wikt:pay-as-you-go">pay-as-you-go</a> subscription where a consumer subscribes to purchase a product periodically. This is also known as the convenience model because it is convenient for the customer not to have to remember to find their product and buy it periodically. This model has been popularized by companies like Dollar Shave Club, <a href="/wiki/Birchbox" title="Birchbox">Birchbox</a>, and OrderGroove. Based on their success, many other retailers have begun to offer subscription model services.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>For example, a company's subscription to a rail pass may not be individualized but might permit all firm employees to use the service. Subscriptions of this type are rare for goods with an unlimited supply and many luxury services.</li></ul></li> <li>A subscription for basic access or minimal service plus some additional charge depending on usage. A basic telephone service pays a pre-determined fee for monthly use. Still, it may have extra charges for other services such as long-distance calls, directory, and pay-per-call services. When the basic service is offered free of charge, this business model is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a>.</li> <li>An online subscription supports content creators using <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>. Fans can interact and send tips to the content creator but also have access to exclusive paid content. Popular examples are <a href="/wiki/Patreon" title="Patreon">Patreon</a> and <a href="/wiki/OnlyFans" title="OnlyFans">OnlyFans</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paysite" title="Paysite">paysite</a>, or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">Big deal (subscription model)</a></div> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a>, the subscription business model means that articles of a specific <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">conference proceedings</a> are only available to subscribers. Subscriptions are typically sold to <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education institution">higher education institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institutes</a>, though some academic publishers also sell individual subscriptions or access to individual articles. </p><p>In contrast with other media such as <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, subscription fees to academic publishers generally do not go towards supporting the creation of the content: the scientific articles are written by scientists and <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">reviewed</a> by other scientists as part of their work duties. The publisher does not pay the paper authors and reviewers. In this light, the subscription model has been called undesirable by proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> movement. </p><p>Academic publications that use the subscription model are called "closed-access" in opposition to their open-access counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendors">Vendors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesses benefit because they are assured a predictable and constant revenue stream from subscribed individuals for the duration of the subscriber's agreement. Not only does this greatly reduce uncertainty and the riskiness of the enterprise, but it often provides payment in advance (as with magazines, and concert tickets), while allowing customers to become greatly attached to using the service and, therefore, more likely to extend by signing an agreement for the next period close to when the current agreement expires.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an integrated <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">software</a> solution, for example, the subscription pricing structure is designed so that the revenue stream from the recurring subscriptions is considerably more significant than the revenue from simple one-time purchases. Some subscription schemes (like magazines) also increase sales by not allowing subscribers to accept or reject any specific issue. This reduces customer acquisition costs and allows <a href="/wiki/Personalized_marketing" title="Personalized marketing">personalized marketing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Database_marketing" title="Database marketing">database marketing</a>. However, the system requires that the business have an accurate, reliable, and timely way to manage and track subscriptions. </p><p>From a marketing-analyst perspective, the vendor has the added benefit of knowing the number of currently active members since a subscription typically involves a contractual agreement. This so-called 'contractual' setting facilitates <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> to a large extent because the analyst knows who is an active customer and who recently churned.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional benefits include a higher average <a href="/wiki/Customer_lifetime_value" title="Customer lifetime value">customer lifetime value</a> (ACLV) than that of nonrecurring business models, greater customer inertia and a more committed customer base as it transitions from purchase to opt-out decisions, and more potential for upselling and cross-selling other products or services.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some software companies such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe (company)">Adobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a> have moved from a perpetual licensing model to a subscription model, known as "<a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a>". This move has significant implications for sales and customer support organizations. Over time, the need to close large deals decreases, resulting in lower sales costs. However, the size of the customer support organization increases so that the paying customers stay happy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customers">Customers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Customers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consumers may find subscriptions convenient if they believe they will buy a product regularly and might save money. The customer saves time for repeated delivery of the product or service.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subscriptions which exist to support clubs and organizations call their subscribers "members" and they are given access to a group with similar interests. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subscription pricing can make it easier to pay for expensive items since they can often be paid for over time and thus can make the product seem more affordable. On the other hand, most newspaper and magazine-type subscriptions are paid upfront, which may prevent some customers from subscribing. Fixed prices may be an advantage for consumers who frequently use those services. However, it could disadvantage a customer who plans to use the service frequently but later does not. The commitment to paying for a package may have been more expensive than a single purchase. In addition, subscription models increase the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>, which can have fatally business-critical implications for a customer if its business depends on the availability of software: For example, without an online connection to a licensing server to verify the licensing status every once in a while, a software under a subscription-model would typically stop functioning or fall back to the functionality of a freemium version, thereby making it impossible (to continue) to use the software in remote places or particularly secure environments without internet access, after the vendor has stopped supporting the version or software, or even has gone out of business leaving the customer without a chance to renew the subscription and access his data or designs maintained with the software (in some businesses it is important to have full access even to old files for decades). Also, consumers may find repeated payments to be onerous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subscription models often require or allow the business to gather substantial amounts of information from the customer (such as magazine mailing lists), and this raises issues of <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A subscription model may benefit the software buyer if it forces the supplier to improve its product. Accordingly, a psychological phenomenon may occur when a customer renews a subscription, that may not occur during a one-time transaction: if the buyer is not satisfied with the service, he/she can leave the subscription to expire and find another seller.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because customers may only need or want some of the items received, this can lead to waste and an adverse effect on the environment, depending on the products. Greater volumes of production, greater energy and natural <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource consumption</a>, and subsequently greater disposal costs are incurred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reference to this theory or any literature (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Subscription models also create the opposite effect. This can be illustrated by subscribing to a service for mowing lawns. The effective use of a single mower increases when mowing for a collection of homes; instead of every family owning a lawnmower that is not used as much as the service-providing mower, the use of resources for producing lawnmowers, therefore, decreases while lawns stay cut.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reference to this theory or any literature (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Payment_system" title="Payment system">Payment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_accounting_articles" title="Index of accounting articles">Index of accounting articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics#F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of accounting topics">List of financial accounting topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_marketing" title="Outline of marketing">Outline of marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_to_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay to play">Pay to play</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscription_business_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subscription business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham 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<li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB" class="extiw" title="ca:DOAB">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOAB:_Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="extiw" title="es:DOAB: Directory of Open Access Books">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a 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