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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur Laffer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 26 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آرثر لافر – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آرثر لافر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Laffer" title="Artur Laffer – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артър Лафер – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артър Лафер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Laffer" title="Arthur B. Laffer – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arthur B. Laffer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آرتور لفر – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتور لفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%9E%98%ED%8D%BC" title="아서 래퍼 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아서 래퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آرثر لافر – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آرثر لافر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Лаффер, Артур – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаффер, Артур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Лафер – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артур Лафер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Arthur Laffer – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arthur Laffer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Артур Лаффер – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артур Лаффер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%97" title="阿瑟·拉弗 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瑟·拉弗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q708520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laffer" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laffer"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Arthur_Laffer" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Arthur_Laffer" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&oldid=51778905" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Arthur Laffer</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Artur_Laffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Artur_Laffer.jpg/250px-Artur_Laffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Artur_Laffer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/14_augusti" title="14 augusti">14 augusti</a> <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a><sup id="cite_ref-27e810cc5a5faef2e43a7b203ea32303531fd525_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27e810cc5a5faef2e43a7b203ea32303531fd525-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88bee697434993eb7967368b6774a61f3352b9bd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88bee697434993eb7967368b6774a61f3352b9bd-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252955214481be38eecf8dcd5bc946b6ac3e4187_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252955214481be38eecf8dcd5bc946b6ac3e4187-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (84 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Youngstown" title="Youngstown">Youngstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie_doktor" title="Filosofie doktor">filosofie doktor</a><sup id="cite_ref-3ec18f4a5d1b425f63ea593969b8f0a985bd1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3ec18f4a5d1b425f63ea593969b8f0a985bd1991-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University School [inte skriven än]">University School</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawken_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawken School [inte skriven än]">Hawken School</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708520?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Nationalekonom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalekonom">Nationalekonom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A4rare" title="Universitetslärare">universitetslärare</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pepperdine_University" title="Pepperdine University">Pepperdine University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Politiskt parti</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="org" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Republikanska_partiet" title="Republikanska partiet">Republikanska partiet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidentens_frihetsmedalj" title="Presidentens frihetsmedalj">Presidentens frihetsmedalj</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Arthur_Laffer" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Arthur Laffer">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Arthur Betz Laffer</b> (<small>IPA</small>: <span title="Uttal" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">/ˈlæfər/</a></span>), född <a href="/wiki/14_augusti" title="14 augusti">14 augusti</a> <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> i <a href="/wiki/Youngstown" title="Youngstown">Youngstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, är en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalekonom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalekonom">nationalekonom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han är mest känd för <a href="/wiki/Lafferkurvan" title="Lafferkurvan">Lafferkurvan</a> som illustrerade hans idéer om att skatteintäkten kunde öka om skattenivån minskade. Dessa idéer fick genomslag i USA under 1980-talet och påverkade den ekonomiska politik som fördes under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reaganadministrationen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laffer studerade nationalekonomi vid <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> där han tog <a href="/wiki/Bachelorexamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelorexamen">bachelorexamen</a> (B.A.) 1963 och därefter <a href="/wiki/Internationell_ekonomi" title="Internationell ekonomi">internationell ekonomi</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> där han tog <a href="/wiki/M.B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="M.B.A.">M.B.A.</a>-examen 1965 och <a href="/wiki/Doktorsexamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Doktorsexamen">doktorsexamen</a> (Ph.D.) 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han var 1970–1972 chefsekonom vid <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> inom <a href="/wiki/USA:s_presidentkansli" title="USA:s presidentkansli">USA:s presidentkansli</a>. Vid denna tid fick han uppmärksamhet för sina ekonomiska teorier inom <a href="/wiki/Utbudsekonomi" title="Utbudsekonomi">utbudsekonomi</a>, som hävdade att en minskning av de federala <a href="/wiki/Skatt" title="Skatt">skatterna</a> skulle leda till ökad <a href="/wiki/Ekonomisk_tillv%C3%A4xt" title="Ekonomisk tillväxt">ekonomisk tillväxt</a> och i det långa loppet till ökade statliga intäkter, vilket ledde till Lafferkurvan.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han undervisade vid <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> 1974–1976, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> 1976–1984 och <a href="/wiki/Pepperdine_University" title="Pepperdine University">Pepperdine University</a> 1984–1987. Laffer var också verksam som konsult vid <a href="/wiki/USA:s_finansdepartement" title="USA:s finansdepartement">USA:s finansdepartement</a> och <a href="/wiki/USA:s_f%C3%B6rsvarsdepartement" title="USA:s försvarsdepartement">USA:s försvarsdepartement</a> åren 1972–1977, och även som politisk konsult från 1970-talet, i den egna firman Laffer Associates. Han var ekonomisk rådgivare till president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> under 1980-talet, och rådgivare till president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> i samband med dennes <a href="/wiki/Presidentvalet_i_USA_2016" title="Presidentvalet i USA 2016">valkampanj 2016</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1986 gjorde Laffer ett misslyckat försök att bli invald i <a href="/wiki/USA:s_senat" title="USA:s senat">USA:s senat</a> som <a href="/wiki/Republikanska_partiet" title="Republikanska partiet">republikansk</a> kandidat.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laffer tilldelades 2019 <a href="/wiki/Presidentens_frihetsmedalj" title="Presidentens frihetsmedalj">Presidentens frihetsmedalj</a> av <a href="/wiki/USA:s_president" title="USA:s president">USA:s president</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lafferkurvan">Lafferkurvan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Lafferkurvan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Lafferkurvan"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Lafferkurvan" title="Lafferkurvan">Lafferkurvan</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lafferkurvan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lafferkurvan.png/250px-Lafferkurvan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lafferkurvan.png/375px-Lafferkurvan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Lafferkurvan.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Lafferkurvans principiella utseende, med skattenivån på x-axeln och skatteintäkten på y-axeln. Exempel: Antag att skattenivån höjs från t' till t*, vilket innebär ett förflyttning till höger längs kurvan från punkt B till punkt A. Detta leder till högre skatteintäkter eftersom A > B. Antag sedan skatten höjs igen till t'', vilket innebär fortsatt förflyttning till höger från punkt A till punkt C. Detta leder till lägre skatteintäkter, trots högre skattenivå, eftersom C < A.</figcaption></figure> <p>Laffers ekonomiska teorier gällande sambandet mellan skattenivån och skatteintäkter illustrerade han med Lafferkurvan. Kurvan illustrerar att vid någon skattenivå kommer en ytterligare ökning av skattesatsen att leda till minskade skatteintäkter. Detta inträffar eftersom de högre skattesatserna ger ett ökat <a href="/wiki/Incitament" title="Incitament">incitament</a> för personer och företag för att inte tjäna beskattningsbara inkomster, eller att försöka undandra dessa inkomster från beskattning.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Om skattesatserna är så höga, kommer en minskning av skattesatsen att leda till ökade skatteintäkter. </p><p>Det fenomen som Laffer beskrev var redan principiellt känt för nationalekonomer inom <a href="/wiki/Offentlig_ekonomi" title="Offentlig ekonomi">offentlig ekonomi</a>, men betraktades som en intellektuell kuriositet utan betydelse för praktisk ekonomisk politik.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I slutet av 1970-talet blev Laffer den förste ekonom som framhöll att fenomenet kunde tillämpas i skattepolitiken, för att ta fram förslag att förändra den amerikanska inkomstskatten. Laffers teorier och data gällande Lafferkurvan som togs fram av andra ekonomer, ledde till ett ökat intresse bland nationalekonomer för att studera de incitamentseffekter som orsakades av skattesystemet. </p><p>Vissa andra nationalekonomers kritik mot Laffers teorier gällde inte kurvan som sådan, utan var längs kurvan som USA befann sig, det vill säga om sänkta skatter verkligen skulle leda till ökade skatteintäkter i USA vid denna tid, slutet av 1970-talet och 1980-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laffer visade sig ha fel gällande den amerikanska ekonomin som helhet, men visade sig ha rätt för en liten grupp höginkomsttagare som tjänade mer än 200 000 <a href="/wiki/USA-dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-dollar">dollar</a> per år.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När Laffer framförde sina idéer betalade personer i detta inkomstskikt en <a href="/wiki/Marginalskatt" title="Marginalskatt">marginalskatt</a> mellan 50 procent och 70 procent. </p><p>Reagans ekonomiska plan då han tillträdde som president 1981 tros ha baserats på antagandet, i linje med Laffers teorier, att en sänkt marginalskatt skulle öka skatteintäkterna. Skattesänkningen visade sig leda till en minskning av skatteintäkterna, men intäktsminskningen visade sig vara mindre än vad andra ekonomer hade beräknat, beroende på att inkomsttagare i vissa inkomstskikt betedde sig i enlighet med Laffers teorier.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The End of Prosperity: How Higher Taxes Will Doom the Economy — If We Let It Happen</i> (2008, tillsammans med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Moore_(f%C3%B6rfattare)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Moore (författare) [inte skriven än]">Stephen Moore</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Tanous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Tanous [inte skriven än]">Peter J. Tanous</a>)</li> <li><i>Return to Prosperity: How America Can Regain Its Economic Superpower Status</i> (2010, tillsammans med Stephen Moore).</li> <li><i>Trumponomics: Inside the America First Plan to Revive Our Economy</i> (2018, tillsammans med Stephen Moore).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Laffer&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27e810cc5a5faef2e43a7b203ea32303531fd525-1"><a href="#cite_ref-27e810cc5a5faef2e43a7b203ea32303531fd525_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>SNAC</i>, SNAC Ark-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd5g0q">w6wd5g0q</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88bee697434993eb7967368b6774a61f3352b9bd-2"><a href="#cite_ref-88bee697434993eb7967368b6774a61f3352b9bd_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="latin">Encyclopædia Britannica</span></i>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-B-Laffer">biography/Arthur-B-Laffer</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Britannica-Online">topic/Britannica-Online</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252955214481be38eecf8dcd5bc946b6ac3e4187-3"><a href="#cite_ref-252955214481be38eecf8dcd5bc946b6ac3e4187_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Munzinger Personen</i>, Munzinger person-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000016917">00000016917</a>, läst: 9 oktober 2017.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3ec18f4a5d1b425f63ea593969b8f0a985bd1991-4"><a href="#cite_ref-3ec18f4a5d1b425f63ea593969b8f0a985bd1991_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Worldcat" title="Worldcat">OCLC-kontrollnummer</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/25796154">25796154</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-9"><small>j</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-10"><small>k</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Laffer">Arthur Laffer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 2020-11-14</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox navbox-thlinkcolor" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#B10000; color:white;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Konservatism_i_USA" title="Mall:Konservatism i USA"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Konservatism_i_USA&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><span style="color: white">Konservatism i USA</span></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Filosofi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Tankeskolor</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frihetlig_konservatism" title="Frihetlig konservatism">Frihetlig konservatism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medk%C3%A4nnande_konservatism" title="Medkännande konservatism">Medkännande konservatism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neokonservatism" title="Neokonservatism">Neokonservatism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nykonservatism" title="Nykonservatism">Nykonservatism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleokonservatism" title="Paleokonservatism">Paleokonservatism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Principer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antikommunism" title="Antikommunism">Antikommunism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dominoteorin" title="Dominoteorin">Dominoteorin</a> · <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reagandoktrinen" title="Reagandoktrinen">Reagandoktrinen</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism">Kapitalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_liberalism" title="Klassisk liberalism">Klassisk liberalism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Konstitutionalism" title="Konstitutionalism">Konstitutionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/USA:s_grundlagsf%C3%A4der" title="USA:s grundlagsfäder">USA:s grundlagsfäder</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Lagstyre" title="Lagstyre">Lagstyre</a> · <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Naturr%C3%A4tt" title="Naturrätt">Naturrätt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republikanism" title="Republikanism">Republikanism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_(USA)#Andra_tillägget" title="Bill of Rights (USA)">Rätt att bära vapen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> · <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rdeabsolutism" title="Värdeabsolutism">Värdeabsolutism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Intellektuella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a> · <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a> · <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dolan" title="Timothy Dolan">Dolan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a> · <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> · <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a> · <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> · <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laffer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a> · <a href="/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" title="H.P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a> · <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Claes_G._Ryn" title="Claes G. Ryn">Ryn</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Tankesmedjor</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> · <a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a> · <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">David Horowitz Freedom Center</a> · <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> · <a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">Family Research Institute</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kirk_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russell Kirk (1918–1994), konservativ filosof."><img alt="Russell Kirk (1918–1994), konservativ filosof." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/110px-Kirk_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/165px-Kirk_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/220px-Kirk_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="982" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), konservativ politiker."><img alt="Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), konservativ politiker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg/110px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg/165px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Politik</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Rörelser</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_h%C3%B6ger" title="Kristen höger">Kristen höger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Radikal_h%C3%B6ger_(USA)" title="Radikal höger (USA)">Radikal höger (USA)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party-r%C3%B6relsen" title="Tea Party-rörelsen">Tea Party-rörelsen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Partier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party" title="Constitution Party">Constitution Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Federalistiska_partiet" title="Federalistiska partiet">Federalist Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Order_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Law and Order Party of Rhode Island">Law and Order Party of Rhode Island</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nationalrepublikanska_partiet" title="Nationalrepublikanska partiet">National Republican Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Knownothings" title="Knownothings">Native American Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party" title="Reform Party">Reform Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republikanska_partiet" title="Republikanska partiet">Republican Party</a> · <a href="/wiki/Whigpartiet_(USA)" title="Whigpartiet (USA)">Whig Party</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Politiker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Quincy Adams</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush">H. W. Bush</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">W. Bush</a> · <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Cheney</a> · <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> · <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Haley</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> · <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan_(politiker)" title="Jim Jordan (politiker)">Jordan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Henry Cabot Lodge den äldre">Lodge</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> · <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy (Joseph)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(politiker)" title="Kevin McCarthy (politiker)">McCarthy (Kevin)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows_(politiker)" title="Mark Meadows (politiker)">Meadows</a> · <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> · <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> · <a href="/wiki/J.D._Vance" title="J.D. Vance">Vance</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Jurister</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> · <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> · <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" title="Warren Burger">Burger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Organisationer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">Alliance Defending Freedom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a> · <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a> · <a href="/wiki/Freedomworks" title="Freedomworks">Freedomworks</a> · <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> · <a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a> · <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a> · <a href="/wiki/USA:s_handelskammare" title="USA:s handelskammare">United States Chamber of Commerce</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Media</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Kommentatorer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a> · <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. 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color:white;;">Tidningar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; color:white;;">Tidskrifter</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute#Magasinet_Chronicles" title="Rockford Institute">Chronicles</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#B10000; 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