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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sack of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sack_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brennus (leader of the Senones)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="برينوس الغالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برينوس الغالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_(4_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5.)" title="Брен (4 век пр.н.е.) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брен (4 век пр.н.е.)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennos" title="Brennos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brennos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(segle_IV_aC)" title="Brennus (segle IV aC) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brennus (segle IV aC)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brennus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(4edd_ganrif_CC)" title="Brennus (4edd ganrif CC) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brennus (4edd ganrif CC)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(4._Jahrhundert_v._Chr.)" title="Brennus (4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brennus (4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βρέννος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρέννος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breno_(siglo_IV_a._C.)" title="Breno (siglo IV a. C.) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Breno (siglo IV a. C.)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(4-a_jarcento_a.K.)" title="Brennus (4-a jarcento a.K.) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brennus (4-a jarcento a.K.)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="برنوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennos_(IVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.)" title="Brennos (IVe siècle av. J.-C.) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brennos (IVe siècle av. J.-C.)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breno_(s%C3%A9culo_-IV)" title="Breno (século -IV) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Breno (século -IV)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%8C%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="브렌누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브렌누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_(%D5%B4%E2%80%A4%D5%A9%E2%80%A4%D5%A1%E2%80%A4_4-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80)" title="Բրենոս (մ․թ․ա․ 4-րդ դար) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրենոս (մ․թ․ա․ 4-րդ դար)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenno" title="Brenno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brenno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(captor_Romae)" title="Brennus (captor Romae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brennus (captor Romae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenus" title="Brenus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brenus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(%3F_%E2%80%93_i._e._390)" title="Brennus (? – i. e. 390) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brennus (? – i. e. 390)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_(4_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF.%D0%BD.%D0%B5.)" title="Брен (4 век п.н.е.) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брен (4 век п.н.е.)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="برينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(vierde_eeuw_v.Chr.)" title="Brennus (vierde eeuw v.Chr.) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brennus (vierde eeuw v.Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="ブレンヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブレンヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(s%C3%A8gle_IV_AbC.)" title="Brennus (sègle IV AbC.) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brennus (sègle IV AbC.)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus_(IV_wiek_p.n.e.)" title="Brennus (IV wiek p.n.e.) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brennus (IV wiek p.n.e.)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breno_(s%C3%A9culo_IV_a.C.)" title="Breno (século IV a.C.) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Breno (século IV a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brennus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD_(IV_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.)" title="Бренн (IV век до н. э.) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бренн (IV век до н. э.)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Брен (поглавар) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брен (поглавар)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bren" title="Bren – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bren" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brennus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brennus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brennus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Бренн (вождь сенонів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бренн (вождь сенонів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="برینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="布倫努斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布倫努斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Brennus" title="Brennus">Brennus</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brennus_mg_9724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brennus_mg_9724.jpg/200px-Brennus_mg_9724.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brennus_mg_9724.jpg/300px-Brennus_mg_9724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brennus_mg_9724.jpg/400px-Brennus_mg_9724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4072" /></a><figcaption>Brennus depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">figurehead</a> of the French battleship <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Brennus" title="French battleship Brennus"><i>Brennus</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Brennus</b> or <b>Brennos</b> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 387 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he defeated the Romans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a>. Later that year, he led an army of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gauls</a> in their attack on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and captured most of the city, holding it for several months. Brennus's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">sack of Rome</a> was the only time in 800 years the city was occupied by a non-Roman army before <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">the fall of the city</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in 410 AD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Senones were a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> tribe originating from the part of France at present known as <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a>, who had expanded to occupy northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Bello_Gallico_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Bello_Gallico-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 400 BC, a branch of the Senones made their way over the Alps and, having driven out the <a href="/wiki/Umbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrians">Umbrians</a>, settled on the east coast of Italy from <a href="/wiki/Ariminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariminum">Ariminum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ager_Gallicus" title="Ager Gallicus">Ager Gallicus</a>, and founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Sena_Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Gallica">Sena Gallica</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Senigallia</a>), which became their capital.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 391 BC, they invaded <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> and besieged <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a>. The Clusines appealed to Rome. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Ambustus_(tribune)" title="Quintus Fabius Ambustus (tribune)">Quintus Fabius Ambustus</a> and his two brothers were sent to negotiate with the Gauls. They allegedly broke their oath of neutrality by participating in hostilities outside of Clusium. <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> say that the Senones marched to Rome to exact retribution for this.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that the entire story of the events at Clusium is fiction, as Clusium had no real reason to appeal to Rome for help, and the Gauls needed no real provocation to sack Rome. The story, it is hypothesized, exists to provide an explanation for an otherwise unmotivated attack on Rome, and to depict Rome as a bulwark of Italy against the Gauls.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, it has been theorized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that Brennus was working in concert with <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius of Syracuse</a>, who sought to control all of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Rome had strong allegiances with <a href="/wiki/Messana" class="mw-redirect" title="Messana">Messana</a>, a small city state in north east Sicily, which Dionysius wanted to control. Rome's army being pinned down by Brennus's efforts would assist Dionysius's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sack_of_Rome">Sack of Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sack of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg/200px-Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg/300px-Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg/400px-Paul_Jamin_-_Le_Brenn_et_sa_part_de_butin_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Brenn et sa part de butin</i> ("Brennus and His Share of the Spoils", also known as: "Spoils of the Battle"), by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jamin" title="Paul Jamin">Paul Jamin</a>, 1893.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a>, Brennus defeated the Romans and entered the city itself. The Senones captured the entire city of Rome except for the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, which was successfully held against them. According to legend <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a> was alerted to the Gallic attack by the sacred <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>. However, seeing their city devastated, the Romans attempted to buy their salvation from Brennus. The Romans agreed to pay one thousand <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> weight of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. According to Livy, during a dispute over the weights used to measure the gold (the Gauls had brought their own, heavier-than-standard), Brennus threw his sword onto the scales and uttered the famous words "<i><a href="/wiki/Vae_victis" title="Vae victis">Vae victis</a>!</i>", which translates to "woe to the conquered!".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defeat">Defeat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One version of the story states that the argument about the weights had so delayed matters that the exiled <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Marcus Furius Camillus</a> had extra time to muster an army, return to Rome and expel the Gauls, saving both the city and the treasury, and telling Brennus, "<i>Non auro, sed ferro, recuperanda est patria</i>", which translates to "not by gold, but by iron, is the nation to be recovered". According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, following initial combat through Rome's streets, the Gauls were first ejected from the city, then utterly annihilated in a regular engagement eight miles outside of town on the road to Gabii.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camillus was hailed by his troops as another Romulus, father of his country '<a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a>' and second founder of Rome. </p><p>Livy tells us that the Senones besieging the Capitoline Hill were afflicted with an illness and thus were in a weakened state when they were forced to retreat. This is plausible as <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and other sanitation issues have incapacitated and killed large numbers of combat soldiers up until and including modern times. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a> claims that <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> cavalrymen were led by a descendant of Brennus named Crixus, who fell in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus" title="Battle of Ticinus">Battle of Ticinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> depicts Brennus under the name <a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a>.</li> <li>An American song composed for 4 July 1818 begins "When Brennus led down his fierce conquering hosts", to be sung to the tune of "<a href="/wiki/The_Anacreontic_Song" title="The Anacreontic Song">The Anacreontic Song</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A famous depiction is the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Classicism">academic</a> painting <i>Le Brenn et sa part de butin</i> (1893) by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jamin" title="Paul Jamin">Paul Jamin</a> that shows Brennus viewing his share of spoils (predominantly naked captive women) after the looting of Rome.</li> <li>The ghost of Brennus appears to support the Britons fighting Julius Caesar in the Jacobean era play <i><a href="/wiki/Fuimus_Troes" title="Fuimus Troes">Fuimus Troes</a></i>.</li> <li>Brennus was played by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a> in the 1963 film <i><a href="/wiki/Brennus,_Enemy_of_Rome" title="Brennus, Enemy of Rome">Brennus, Enemy of Rome</a></i>.</li> <li>Brennus and the sack of Rome by the Senones feature in <a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a>'s historical novel <i>Roma</i> (2007)</li> <li>Brennus is a playable leader of the "Celts" faction in the 2001 video game expansion <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_III:_Play_the_World" title="Civilization III: Play the World">Civilization III: Play the World</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus (leader of the Senones)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brennus_(4th_century_BC)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brennus (4th century BC)">Brennus (4th century BC)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-De_Bello_Gallico-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Bello_Gallico_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.J. Caesar, Book 2 Chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrummond1996" class="citation cs2">Drummond, Andrew (1996), "Fabius Ambustus, Quintus", in <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Spawforth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Spawforth (page does not exist)">Spawforth, Anthony</a> (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.), Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-521693-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-521693-8"><bdi>0-19-521693-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45857759">45857759</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabius+Ambustus%2C+Quintus&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45857759&rft.isbn=0-19-521693-8&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrennus+%28leader+of+the+Senones%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2016" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Mike (4 December 2016). Peter D. Campbell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZSzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT125"><i>The History of Rome: The Republic</i></a>. Herodotus Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-36101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-36101-3"><bdi>978-0-473-36101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%3A+The+Republic&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Herodotus+Press&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-473-36101-3&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZSzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrennus+%28leader+of+the+Senones%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy (1924) <i>The History of Rome</i>, Benjamin Oliver Foster, ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Book 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0154%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D48">chapter 48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John S. White, <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>, Biblo and Tannen, New York, 1966, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Punica_(poem)" title="Punica (poem)">Punica</a></i>, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM'Creery1824" class="citation book cs1">M'Creery, John (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionfromanc00mcre/page/202">"Composed for the 4th July, 1818"</a>. <i>A Selection From the Ancient Music of Ireland, Arranged for the Flute or Violin, Some of the Most Admired Melodies, Adapted to American Poetry</i>. Petersburg: Intelligencer Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Composed+for+the+4th+July%2C+1818&rft.btitle=A+Selection+From+the+Ancient+Music+of+Ireland%2C+Arranged+for+the+Flute+or+Violin%2C+Some+of+the+Most+Admired+Melodies%2C+Adapted+to+American+Poetry&rft.place=Petersburg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Intelligencer+Press&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=M%27Creery&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectionfromanc00mcre%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrennus+%28leader+of+the+Senones%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Liv.+5.34">5.34-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Library</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Diod.+14.113.1">14.113-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Camillus</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Camillus*.html#15">15-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories (Polybius)">Histories</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#18">2.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Roman Antiquities</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/13*.html#6">13.6-12</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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