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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rastafari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastafari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Meher_Baba's_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meher_Baba's_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Meher Baba's teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meher_Baba's_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarismo_kaj_religio" title="Vegetarismo kaj religio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vegetarismo kaj religio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բուսակերություն և կրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուսակերություն և կրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarisme_dan_agama" title="Vegetarisme dan agama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vegetarisme dan agama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_lan_kapitayan" title="Vegetarian lan kapitayan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vegetarian lan kapitayan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%A3et%C4%81risms_reli%C4%A3ij%C4%81" title="Veģetārisms reliģijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veģetārisms reliģijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вегетарианство и религия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вегетарианство и религия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8" title="නිර්මාංශත්වය සහ ආගම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිර්මාංශත්වය සහ ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вегетаріанство та релігія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вегетаріанство та релігія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="素食主义和宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="素食主义和宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2268371#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious practices involving not eating meat</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasthanthali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/220px-Rajasthanthali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/330px-Rajasthanthali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/440px-Rajasthanthali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>A vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India. Many <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> promote vegetarianism and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> has a wide variety of vegetarian food.</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of vegetarianism is strongly linked with a number of religious traditions worldwide. These include religions that originated in India, such as Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, Buddhism, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. With close to 85% of India's billion-plus population practicing these religions, India remains the country with the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">vegetarians in the world</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> is mandatory for everyone; in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> it is promoted by scriptures and religious authorities but not mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vegetarianism is less commonly viewed as a religious obligation, although in all these faiths there are groups actively promoting vegetarianism on religious and humanitarian grounds, and many other faiths hold vegetarian and <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> idea among their <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">tenets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions_originating_in_the_Indian_subcontinent">Religions originating in the Indian subcontinent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Religions originating in the Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Vegetarianism in ancient India</b><br />Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. The only exception is that of the Chandalas. That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. ... In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle; in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. In buying and selling commodities they use cowries. Only the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>, Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE), A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodhipaksa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhipaksa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> institutes an outright ban on meat. The majority of Indians eat meat and only about 30% of India's 1.2 billion population practices lacto-vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/220px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/330px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg/440px-Jain_Vegetarianism_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>The food choices of Jains are based on the value of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa"><i>ahimsa</i> (non-violence)</a>, and this makes the Jains prefer food that inflicts the least amount of violence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vegetarianism in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is based on the principle of nonviolence (<i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i>, literally "non-injuring"). Vegetarianism is considered mandatory for everyone. Jains are either <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No use or consumption of products obtained from dead animals is allowed. Moreover, Jains try to avoid unnecessary injury to plants and <i>sūkṣma jīva</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for 'subtle life forms'; minuscule organisms). The goal is to cause as little violence to living things as possible, hence they avoid eating roots, tubers such as potatoes, garlic and anything that involves uprooting (and thus eventually killing) a plant to obtain food. </p><p>Every act by which a person directly or indirectly supports killing or injury is seen as violence (<i>hinsa</i>), which creates harmful <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>. Ahimsa aims to prevent the accumulation of such karma.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jains consider nonviolence to be the most essential religious duty for everyone (ahinsā paramo dharmaḥ, a statement often inscribed on Jain temples). Their scrupulous and thorough way of applying nonviolence to everyday activities, and especially to food, shapes their entire lives and is the most significant hallmark of Jain identity. Jains do not practice animal sacrifice as they consider all sentient beings to be equal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></div> <p>Hinduism has a wide variety of practices and beliefs that have changed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only some sects of Hindus observe vegetarianism,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an estimated 33% of all Hindus are vegetarians.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nonviolence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Indian vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/250px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/375px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/500px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian style</a> vegetarian thali</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg/250px-Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg/375px-Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg/500px-Vegetarian_thali_at_an_Indian_restaurant_in_Dubai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian style</a> vegetarian thali</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The principle of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i>) applied to animals is connected to avoid negative <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic</a> influences which result from violence. The suffering of all beings is believed to arise from craving and desire, conditioned by the karmic effects of both animal and human action. The violence of slaughtering animals for food, and its source in craving, reveal flesh eating as one mode in which humans enslave themselves to suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism holds that such influences affect the person who permits the slaughter of an animal, the person who kills it, the person who cuts it up, the person who sells it, the person who buys it, the person who cooks it, the person who serves it up, and the person who eats it. They must all be considered the slayers of the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of religious duties towards the animals and of negative karma incurred from violence (<i>himsa</i>) against them is discussed in detail in Hindu scriptures and religious law books. </p><p>Hindu scriptures belong or refer to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> which lasted till about 500 BCE according to the chronological division by modern historians. In the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a>, the predecessor of Hinduism, meat-eating was not banned in principle, but was restricted by specific rules. Several highly authoritative scriptures bar violence against domestic animals except in the case of ritual sacrifice. This view is clearly expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (3.199.11–12;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13.115; 13.116.26; 13.148.17), the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> (11.5.13–14), and the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> (8.15.1). For instance, many Hindus point to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>'s maxim that "Nonviolence is the highest duty and the highest teaching,"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as advocating a vegetarian diet. The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> also states that <i>adharma</i> (sin) was born when creatures started to devour one another from want of food and that <i>adharma</i> always destroys every creature "<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Manu_Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu Smriti">Manu Smriti</a> (5.27–44), a traditional Hindu law book (<a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a>, a c. 5th-century-CE secular text of Hindu or Jain origin, insists on moral vegetarianism or veganism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> These texts strongly condemn the slaughter of animals and meat eating. </p><p>The Mahabharata (12.260;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13.115–116; 14.28) and the Manu Smriti (5.27–55) contain lengthy discussions about the legitimacy of ritual slaughter and subsequent consumption of the meat. In the Mahabharata both meat eaters and vegetarians present various arguments to substantiate their viewpoints. Apart from the debates about domestic animals, there is also a long discourse by a hunter in defence of hunting and meat eating.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts show that both ritual slaughter and hunting were challenged by advocates of universal non-violence and their acceptability was doubtful and a matter of dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lingayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayats">Lingayats</a> are strict <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarians</a>. Devout Lingayats do not consume beef or meat of any kind including fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshwaran1983119–120_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshwaran1983119–120-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern India, the food habits of Hindus vary according to their community or caste and according to regional traditions. Hindu vegetarians usually eschew eggs but consume milk and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, so they are <a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarians</a>. According to a survey of 2006, vegetarianism is weak in coastal states and strong in landlocked northern and western states and among <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> in general, 85% of whom are lacto-vegetarians.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_habits_of_a_nation_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_habits_of_a_nation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a study from <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i> showed that as few as one third of upper-caste Indians could be vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many coastal inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">fish eaters</a>. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> Hindus have romanticized fishermen and the consumption of fish through poetry, literature, and music. <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> who eat <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> are encouraged to eat <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> meat.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism">Animal sacrifice in Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animal sacrifice in Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism" title="Animal sacrifice in Hinduism">Animal sacrifice in Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes known as <i>Jhatka Bali</i>) is the ritual killing of an animal in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The majority of the sects of Hinduism like <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavas">Vaishnavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivas">Shaivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartas">Smartas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayat">Lingayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a>, and so forth condemn animal sacrifice and consider it a sin. Only <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> tradition has a custom of animal sacrifice. The ritual sacrifice normally forms part of a festival to honour a Hindu god. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> the Hindu goddess Gadhimai,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is honoured every five years with the slaughter of 250,000 animals. This practice was banned from 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bali sacrifice today is common at the <a href="/wiki/Sakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakta">Sakta</a> shrines of the <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Goddess Kali</a>. However, animal sacrifice is illegal in India.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg/250px-Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg/375px-Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg/500px-Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist influenced Korean vegetarian side dishes</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">First Precept</a> prohibits <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> from killing people or animals.<sup id="cite_ref-precepts_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precepts-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter of whether this forbids Buddhists from eating meat has long been a matter of debate, however, as vegetarianism is not a given in all schools of Buddhism. The first Buddhist monks and nuns were forbidden from growing, storing, or cooking their own food. They relied entirely on the generosity of alms to feed themselves, and were not allowed to accept money to buy their own food.<sup id="cite_ref-dharma_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahaparinirvana-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could not make special dietary requests, and had to accept whatever food alms givers had available, including meat.<sup id="cite_ref-dharma_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monks and nuns of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school of Buddhism, which predominates in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, still follow these strictures today. These strictures were relaxed in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and other countries that follow <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, where monasteries were in remote mountain areas and the distance to the nearest towns made daily alms rounds impractical. There, Buddhist monks and nuns could cultivate their crops, store their harvests, cook their meals, and accept money to buy foodstuffs in the market. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a> urged the Buddha to make complete abstinence from meat compulsory, the Buddha refused, maintaining that "monks would have to accept whatever they found in their begging bowls, including meat, provided that they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were prohibitions on specific kinds of meat: meat from humans, meat from royal animals such as elephants or horses, meat from dogs, and meat from dangerous animals like snakes, lions, tigers, panthers, bears and hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-dharma_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dharma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, certain <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> strongly denounce the eating of meat. According to the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra">Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>, the Buddha revoked this permission to eat meat and warned of a Dark Age when false monks would claim that they were allowed meat.<sup id="cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahaparinirvana-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a>, a disciple of the Buddha named Mahamati asks "[Y]ou teach a doctrine that is flavoured with compassion. It is the teaching of the perfect Buddhas. And yet we eat meat nonetheless; we have not put an end to it."<sup id="cite_ref-shabkar_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shabkar-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entire chapter is devoted to the Buddha's response, wherein he lists a litany of spiritual, physical, mental, and emotional reasons why meat eating should be abjured.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="#CITEREFSuzuki2004">Suzuki (2004</a>:211)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSuzuki2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, this chapter on meat eating is a "later addition to the text....It is quite likely that meat-eating was practiced more or less among the earlier Buddhists, which was made a subject of severe criticism by their opponents. The Buddhists at the time of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra</i> did not like it, hence this addition in which an apologetic tone is noticeable."<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFPhelps2004">Phelps (2004</a>:64–65) points to a passage in the <a href="/wiki/Surangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Surangama Sutra">Surangama Sutra</a> which implies advocacy of "not just a vegetarian, but a vegan lifestyle"; however, numerous scholars over the centuries have concluded that the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the same sutra which records his retraction of permission to eat meat, the Buddha explicitly identifies as "beautiful foods" honey, milk, and cream, all of which are eschewed by vegans.<sup id="cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahaparinirvana-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in several other Mahayana scriptures, too (e.g., the Mahayana jatakas), the Buddha is seen clearly to indicate that meat-eating is undesirable and karmically unwholesome. </p><p>Some suggest that the rise of monasteries in Mahayana tradition to be a contributing factor in the emphasis on vegetarianism. In the monastery, food was prepared specifically for monks. In this context, large quantities of meat would have been specifically prepared (killed) for monks. Henceforth, when monks from the Indian geographical sphere of influence migrated to China from the year 65 CE on, they met followers who provided them with money instead of food. From those days onwards Chinese monastics, and others who came to inhabit northern countries, cultivated their own vegetable plots and bought food in the market. This remains the dominant practice in China, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and part of Korean Mahayanan temples. </p><p>Mahayana lay Buddhists often eat vegetarian diets on the vegetarian dates (齋期 zhāi qī). There are different arrangement of the dates, from several days to three months in each year, in some traditions, the celebration of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara's birthday, enlightenment and leaving home days hold the highest importance to be vegetarian. </p><p>In China, Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and their respective diaspora communities, monks and nuns are expected to abstain from meat and, traditionally, eggs and dairy, in addition to the fetid vegetables – traditionally garlic, Allium chinense, asafoetida, shallot, and Allium victorialis (victory onion or mountain leek), although in modern times this rule is often interpreted to include other vegetables of the onion genus, as well as coriander – this is called pure vegetarianism or veganism (純素, chúnsù). Pure vegetarianism or veganism is Indic in origin and is still practiced in India by some adherents of Dharmic religions such as Jainism and in the case of Hinduism, lacto-vegetarianism with the additional abstention of pungent or fetid vegetables. </p><p>In the modern Buddhist world, attitudes toward vegetarianism vary by location. In China and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, monks typically eat no meat, with other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">restrictions</a> as well. In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, some schools do not eat meat, while most do. Most Theravadins in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> do not practice vegetarianism. All Buddhists, including monks, are allowed to practice vegetarianism if they wish to do so. <a href="#CITEREFPhelps2004">Phelps (2004</a>:147) states that "There are no accurate statistics, but I would guess—and it is only a guess—that worldwide about half of all Buddhists are vegetarian". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/260px-Langar.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/390px-Langar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Langar.jpg/520px-Langar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>At the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a>, all people eat a vegetarian meal as equals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some followers of Sikhism do not have a preference for meat or vegetarian consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-SHP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, homeplace for most Sikhs, has the third highest percent of vegetarians out of all 29 Indian states. There are two views on initiated or "Amritdhari Sikhs" and meat consumption. "Amritdhari" Sikhs (i.e., those who follow the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a>, the Official Sikh Code of Conduct<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) can eat meat (provided it is not <a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha meat</a>). "Amritdharis" who belong to some Sikh sects (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarionwalay,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.) are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of meat, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> have indicated their preference for a simple diet,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could include meat or not. Passages from the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (the holy book of Sikhs, also known as the Adi Granth) say that fools argue over this issue. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> of food (<a href="/wiki/Lobh" title="Lobh">Lobh</a>, 'greed') involves a drain on the Earth's resources and thus on life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenth guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, prohibited the Sikhs from the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha</a> (any ritually slaughtered meat) meat because of the Sikh belief that sacrificing an animal in the name of God is mere ritualism (something to be avoided).<sup id="cite_ref-SHP_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> states that all living beings are connected. Even meat comes from the consumption of vegetables, and all forms of life are based on water.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Pandit, you do not know where did flesh originate! It is water where life originated and it is water that sustains all life. It is water that produces grains, sugarcane, cotton and all forms of life.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> 1290 <sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sikhs who eat meat eat <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> meat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaic">Judaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> traditions (<a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a>) all have strong connections to the Biblical ideal of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes references to a herbivore diet.<sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:29–31&version=nrsv">Genesis 1:29–31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2011:6–9&version=nrsv">Isaiah 11:6–9</a>]</sup> While vegetarianism has not traditionally been viewed as mainstream in these traditions, some Jews, Christians, and Muslims practice and advocate vegetarianism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></div> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> vegetarianism is not often viewed as mainstream, a number of Jews have argued for Jewish vegetarianism. Medieval rabbis such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Arama" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Arama">Isaac Arama</a> regarded vegetarianism as a moral ideal,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of modern Jewish groups and Jewish religious and cultural authorities have promoted vegetarianism. Groups advocating for Jewish vegetarianism include <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a>, a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organization promoting veganism as "God's ideal diet",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Shamayim V'Aretz Institute, which promotes a vegan diet in the Jewish community through animal welfare activism, kosher veganism, and Jewish spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source of advocacy for Jewish vegetarianism in Israel is <a href="/wiki/Amirim" title="Amirim">Amirim</a>, a vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> (village).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a> has named 75 contemporary rabbis who encourage veganism for all Jews, including <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wittenberg" title="Jonathan Wittenberg">Jonathan Wittenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sperber" title="Daniel Sperber">Daniel Sperber</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wolpe" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Lopes_Cardozo" title="Nathan Lopes Cardozo">Nathan Lopes Cardozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Olitzky" title="Kerry Olitzky">Kerry Olitzky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shmuly_Yanklowitz" title="Shmuly Yanklowitz">Shmuly Yanklowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Cohen" title="Aryeh Cohen">Aryeh Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Claussen" title="Geoffrey Claussen">Geoffrey Claussen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rami_M._Shapiro" title="Rami M. Shapiro">Rami M. Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rosen_(rabbi)" title="David Rosen (rabbi)">David Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raysh_Weiss" title="Raysh Weiss">Raysh Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elyse_Goldstein" title="Elyse Goldstein">Elyse Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa_Gold" title="Shefa Gold">Shefa Gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yonassan_Gershom" title="Yonassan Gershom">Yonassan Gershom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rabbis who have promoted vegetarianism have included <a href="/wiki/David_Cohen_(rabbi)" title="David Cohen (rabbi)">David Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Goren" title="Shlomo Goren">Shlomo Goren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Greenberg" title="Irving Greenberg">Irving Greenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asa_Keisar" title="Asa Keisar">Asa Keisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/She%27ar_Yashuv_Cohen" title="She'ar Yashuv Cohen">She'ar Yashuv Cohen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_HaLevi_Herzog" title="Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog">Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog</a>. Other notable advocates of Jewish vegetarianism include <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Kalechofsky" title="Roberta Kalechofsky">Roberta Kalechofsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Safran_Foer" title="Jonathan Safran Foer">Jonathan Safran Foer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Gross" title="Aaron Gross">Aaron S. Gross</a>. </p><p>Jewish vegetarians often cite Jewish principles regarding <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Treatment_of_animals" title="Jewish ethics">animal welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Environmental_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">environmental ethics</a>, moral character, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Health_and_self-respect" title="Jewish ethics">health</a> as reasons for adopting a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_L._Zamore_2011_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_L._Zamore_2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jews point to legal principles including <a href="/wiki/Bal_tashkhit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal tashkhit">Bal tashkhit</a> (the law which prohibits waste) and <a href="/wiki/Tza%27ar_ba%27alei_hayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tza'ar ba'alei hayyim">Tza'ar ba'alei hayyim</a> (the injunction not to cause 'pain to living creatures').<sup id="cite_ref-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jewish vegetarians are particularly concerned about cruel practices in <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farms</a> and high-speed, mechanized <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_L._Zamore_2011_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_L._Zamore_2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Safran_Foer" title="Jonathan Safran Foer">Jonathan Safran Foer</a> has raised these concerns in the short documentary film <i>If This Is Kosher...</i>, responding to what he considers abuses within the kosher <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Jewish vegetarians have pointed out that Adam and Eve were not allowed to eat meat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:29&version=nrsv">Genesis 1:29</a> states "And God said: Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree that has seed-yielding fruit—to you it shall be for food," indicating that God's original plan was for mankind to be vegan.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some opinions, the whole world will again be vegetarian in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Messianic</a> era, and not eating meat brings the world closer to that ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the ideal images of the Torah are vegetarian, one may see the laws of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> as actually designed to wean Jews away from meat eating and to move them toward the vegetarian ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christian vegetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Bates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Bates.jpg/220px-Joseph_Bates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Bates.jpg/330px-Joseph_Bates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Bates.jpg/440px-Joseph_Bates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bates_(Adventist)" title="Joseph Bates (Adventist)">Joseph Bates</a>, vegetarian and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, vegetarianism is practiced as part of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a> (although shellfish and other non-vertebrate products are generally considered acceptable during some periods of this time); vegan fasting is particularly common in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, which generally <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">fasts 210 days out of the year</a>. This tradition greatly influenced the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </p><p>Some Christian groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchists</a>, take a literal interpretation of the Biblical prophecies of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence#Principled" title="Nonviolence">universal vegetarianism</a> (or veganism)<sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:29–31&version=nrsv">Genesis 1:29–1:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2011:6–9&version=nrsv">Isaiah 11:6–11:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2065:25&version=nrsv">Isaiah 65:25</a>]</sup> and encourage these practices as preferred lifestyles or as a tool to <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">reject the commodity status of animals</a> and the use of animal products for any purpose, although some of them say it is not required. Other groups point instead to allegedly explicit prophecies of temple sacrifices in the Messianic Kingdom, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2046:12">Ezekiel 46:12</a>, where so-called peace offerings and so-called freewill offerings are said that will be offered, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Leviticus%207:15–20">Leviticus 7:15–20</a> where it states that such offerings are eaten, what may contradict the very purpose of Jesus' purportedly sufficient <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>. Several Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusians</a>, all of the <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Orthodox monks</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Christian esoteric</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Fellowship">Rosicrucian Fellowship</a>, have encouraged <a href="/wiki/Pescatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescatarianism">pescatarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a>, a Christian vegetarian sect founded by Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Cowherd" title="William Cowherd">William Cowherd</a> in 1809, were one of the philosophical forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-desc_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desc-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cowherd encouraged members to abstain from eating of meat as a form of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christian vegetarians, such as Keith Akers, argue that Jesus himself was a vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akers argues that Jesus was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, an ascetic Jewish sect. The present academic consensus is that Jesus was not an Essene.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no historical record of Jesus' precise attitudes to animals, but there is a strand in his ethical teaching about the primacy of mercy to the weak, the powerless and the oppressed, which Walters and Portmess argue can also refer to captive animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other, more recent Christians movements, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarx.org.uk">Sarx</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.becreaturekind.org">CreatureKind</a>, do not maintain that Jesus himself was a vegetarian, but instead argue that many practices which occur in the contemporary industrialized farming system, such as the mass culling of day-old male-chicks in the egg industry, are incompatible with the life of peace and love to which Jesus called his followers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islamic vegetarianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> explicitly prohibits eating of some kinds of meat, especially pork. However, one of the most important Islamic celebrations, <i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></i>, involves animal sacrifices (<i>Udhiya</i>). Muslims who can afford to do so sacrifice domestic animals (usually sheep, but also camels, cows, and goats). According to the Quran,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large portion of the meat has to be given towards the poor and hungry, and every effort is to be made to see that no impoverished Muslim is left without sacrificial food during the days of feasts like Eid-ul-Adha.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <i>Udhiya</i> is only a <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> and is not obligatory: even caliphs have used non-animal means of sacrifice for Eid.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain Islamic orders are mainly vegetarian; many Sufis maintain a vegetarian diet.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> think that being a vegetarian for reasons other than health is un-Islamic and it is a form of emulation of the infidels (<i>tashabbuh bil kuffar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Rishi order in Kashmir were historically described as abstaining from meat consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Qadri_2003_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadri_2003-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> has been said to have subsisted on a 90% plant-based diet, largely made up of <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lankan Sufi master <a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a>, who founded the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, established vegetarianism as the norm for his followers<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and meat products are not permitted at the legacy fellowship center or farm.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">Indian president</a> <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> was also famously a vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalam_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalam-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1996, The International Vegetarian Union announced the formation of the Muslim Vegetarian/Vegan Society.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Vegan Muslim Initiative, founded in 2017. They encourage Muslims to try a vegan diet during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, making it a "Veganadan".<sup id="cite_ref-Veganadan_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veganadan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of vegetarianism in Islam have pointed to the teachings in the Quran and the Hadith which instruct kindness and compassion towards animals as well as avoiding excess: </p> <blockquote><p><i>"Transgress not in the balance, and weigh with justice, and skimp not in the balance...earth, He set it down for all beings"</i><br /> </p><p>– Surrah Ar-Rahman 55:8–10<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"Whoever is kind to the creatures of God is kind to himself."</i><br /> – Hadith: Bukhari<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Animals_in_Islam_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animals_in_Islam-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"A good deed done to an animal is as meritorious as a good deed done to a human being, while an act of cruelty to an animal is as bad as an act of cruelty to a human being."</i><br /> – Hadith: Mishkat al-Masabih; Book 6; Chapter 7, 8:178<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"O sons of wisdom, do not turn your stomachs into graveyards for animals (Daiif Hadith)."</i><br /> – Hadith: Fayd al-Qadīr Sharh al-Jami' as-Saghīr 2/52<sup id="cite_ref-Veganadan_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veganadan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"Beware of meat, for meat can be as addictive as wine"</i><br /> – Hadith: al-Muwaṭṭa' 1742<sup id="cite_ref-Veganadan_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veganadan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rastafari">Rastafari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rastafari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> generally follow a diet called "<a href="/wiki/I-tal" class="mw-redirect" title="I-tal">I-tal</a>", which eschews the eating of food that has been artificially preserved, flavoured, or chemically altered in any way. Some Rastafari consider it to also forbid the eating of meat but the majority will not eat pork at the very least, considering it unclean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are no dietary restrictions in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, the son of the founder of the religion, noted that a vegetarian diet consisting of fruits and grains was desirable, except for people with a weak constitution or those that are sick.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that there are no requirements that Baháʼís become vegetarian, but that a future society would gradually become vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Abdu'l-Bahá also stated that killing animals was somewhat contrary to compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, the head of the Baháʼí Faith in the first half of the 20th century, stated that a purely vegetarian diet would be preferable since it avoided killing animals,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both he and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a> (the governing body of the Baháʼís) have stated that these teachings do not constitute a Baháʼí practice and that Baháʼís can choose to eat whatever they wish, but to be respectful of others' beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> was a religion established by the Iranian named <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>. The religion prohibited slaughtering or eating animals.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a>, a sect of Zoroastrianism, explicitly promoted vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main precepts in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> is respect and kindness towards all living things and condemnation of cruelty against animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> states that the evil king of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Zohak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zohak">Zohak</a>, was first taught eating meat by the evil one who came to him in the guise of a cook. This was the start of an age of great evil for Persia. Prior to this, in the Golden age of mankind in the days of the great Aryan Kings, man did not eat meat. </p><p>The Pahlavi scriptures state that in the final stages of the world, when the final Saviour Saoshyant arrives, man will become more spiritual and gradually give up meat eating. Vegetarianism is stated to be the future state of the world in Pahlavi scriptures – Atrupat-e Emetan in Iran in Denkard Book VI requested all Zoroastrians to be vegetarians: "ku.san enez a-on ku urwar xwarishn bawed shmah mardoman ku derziwishn bawed, ud az tan i gospand pahrezed, ce amar was, e.g. Ohrmaz i xwaday hay.yarih i gospand ray urwar was dad." Meaning: They hold this also: Be plant eaters (urwar xwarishn) (i.e. vegetarian), O you, men, so that you may live long. Keep away from the body of cattle (tan i gospand), and deeply reckon that Ohrmazd, the Lord has created plants in great number for helping cattle (and men)." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation_of_Islam">Nation of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nation of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> promotes vegetarianism deeming it the "most healthful and virtuous way to eat".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chinese societies, "simple eating" (素食 <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>: sù shí) refers to a particular restricted diet associated with <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> monks, and sometimes practiced by members of the general population during Taoist festivals and fasting days. It is similar to Chinese Buddhist vegetarianism. Varying levels of abstinence among Taoists and Taoist-influenced people include veganism, veganism without root vegetables, lacto-ovo vegetarianism, and pescetarianism. Taoist vegetarians also tend to abstain from alcohol and pungent vegetables such as garlic and onions during lenten days. Non-vegetarian Taoists sometimes abstain from beef and water buffalo meat for many cultural reasons. </p><p>Vegetarianism in the Taoist tradition is similar to that of Lent in the Christian tradition. While highly religious people such as monks may be <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pescetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescetarian">pescetarian</a> on a permanent basis, lay practitioners often eat vegetarian on the 1st (new moon), 8th, 14th, 18th, 23rd, 24th, 28th, 29th and 30th days of the lunar calendar. In accordance with their Buddhist peers, and because many people are both Taoist and Buddhist, they often also eat lenten on the 15th day (full moon). Taoist vegetarianism is similar to Chinese Buddhist vegetarianism, however, its roots reach to pre-Buddhist times. Believers historically abstained from animal products and alcohol before practicing Confucian, Taoist and Chinese folk religion rites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is referred to by the English word "vegetarian"; however, though it rejects meat, eggs, and milk, this diet may include <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and oyster products or otherwise be pescetarian for some believers. Many lay Taoists who follow modern sects such as that of Yi Guan Dao or Master Ching Hai are vegan or strictly vegetarian. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faithist/Oahspe"><span id="Faithist.2FOahspe"></span>Faithist/Oahspe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Faithist/Oahspe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oahspe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> (Meaning Sky, Earth and Spirit) is the doctrinal book of those who follow Faithism. The precepts for behavior can be found throughout the book which include" a herbivorous diet (vegan, vegetable food only), peaceful living (no warring or violence; <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>), living a life of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, service to others, angelic assistance, spiritual communion, and communal living when it is feasible to do so. Freedom and responsibility are two themes reiterated throughout the text of Oahspe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Neopaganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no set teaching on vegetarianism within the diverse <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">neopagan</a> communities, however many do follow a vegetarian diet often connected to <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> concerns as well as the welfare and rights of animals. Vegetarian practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> will often see their standpoint as a natural extension of the <a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a>. Organizations like SERV refer to the historic figures of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a> as sources for the Pagan view of vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s the publication <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_Religion_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth Religion News (page does not exist)">Earth Religion News</a>, focused on articles related to neopaganism and vegetarianism, it was edited by the author <a href="/wiki/Herman_Slater" title="Herman Slater">Herman Slater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meher_Baba's_teachings"><span id="Meher_Baba.27s_teachings"></span>Meher Baba's teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Meher Baba's teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> recommended a vegetarian diet for his followers<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because he held that it helps one to avoid certain impurities: "Killing an animal for sport, pleasure or food means catching all its bad impressions, since the motive is selfish....Impressions are contagious. Eating meat is prohibited in many spiritual disciplines because therein the person catches the impressions of the animal, thus rendering himself more susceptible to lust and anger."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_chaplains" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal chaplains">Animal chaplains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTähtinen1976" class="citation book cs1">Tähtinen, Unto (1976). <i>Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition</i>. London: Rider. pp. 107–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahimsa%3A+Non-Violence+in+Indian+Tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107-111&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=T%C3%A4htinen&rft.aufirst=Unto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersLisa_Portmess2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_S._Walters" title="Kerry S. Walters">Walters, Kerry S.</a>; Lisa Portmess (2001). <i>Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 37–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Vegetarianism+From+Hesiod+to+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=37-91&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Kerry+S.&rft.au=Lisa+Portmess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhism101.com/node/288">"What Do You Know of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha?"</a>. <i>Sikhism 101</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikhism+101&rft.atitle=What+Do+You+Know+of+the+Akhand+Kirtani+Jatha%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhism101.com%2Fnode%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/a/sikhism.com/ServiceLogin?service=mail&passive=true&rm=false&continue=http://mail.google.com/a/sikhism.com/rehatmaryada/&ltmpl=default&ltmplcache=2">"Sikhism: A Universal Message"</a>. 13 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030203824/https://www.google.com/a/sikhism.com/ServiceLogin?service=mail&passive=true&rm=false&continue=http://mail.google.com/a/sikhism.com/rehatmaryada/&ltmpl=default&ltmplcache=2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Universal+Message&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fa%2Fsikhism.com%2FServiceLogin%3Fservice%3Dmail%26passive%3Dtrue%26rm%3Dfalse%26continue%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fmail.google.com%2Fa%2Fsikhism.com%2Frehatmaryada%2F%26ltmpl%3Ddefault%26ltmplcache%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersLisa_Portmess2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_S._Walters" title="Kerry S. Walters">Walters, Kerry S.</a>; Lisa Portmess (2001). <i>Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 123–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Vegetarianism+From+Hesiod+to+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=123-167&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Kerry+S.&rft.au=Lisa+Portmess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacobboMichael_Iacobbo2004" class="citation book cs1">Iacobbo, Karen; Michael Iacobbo (2004). <i>Vegetarian America: A History</i>. Westport: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–14, 97–99, 232–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarian+America%3A+A+History&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=3-14%2C+97-99%2C+232-233&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Iacobbo&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Michael+Iacobbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaxian1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (1886). "On To Mathura Or Muttra. Condition And Customs Of Central India; Of The Monks, Viharas, And Monasteries.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2124/2124-h/2124-h.htm"><i>A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge, James</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+To+Mathura+Or+Muttra.+Condition+And+Customs+Of+Central+India%3B+Of+The+Monks%2C+Viharas%2C+And+Monasteries.&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Buddhistic+Kingdoms&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Faxian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2124%2F2124-h%2F2124-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhipaksa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bodhipaksa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhipaksa2016" class="citation book cs1">Bodhipaksa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro5QDwAAQBAJ&dq=Faxian%27s+view+on+Indian+vegetarianism&pg=PT114"><i>Vegetarianism</i></a>. Windhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19093-14-740" title="Special:BookSources/978-19093-14-740"><bdi>978-19093-14-740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetarianism&rft.pub=Windhorse&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-19093-14-740&rft.au=Bodhipaksa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro5QDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFaxian%2527s%2Bview%2Bon%2BIndian%2Bvegetarianism%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2009" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dean (20 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6615422/India-tells-West-to-stop-eating-beef.html">"India tells West to stop eating beef"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013200131/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6615422/India-tells-West-to-stop-eating-beef.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=India+tells+West+to+stop+eating+beef&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Findia%2F6615422%2FIndia-tells-West-to-stop-eating-beef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/congress/2000/jainism.html">"Dietary code of practice amongst Jains"</a>. <i>International Vegetarian Union (IVU)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041232/http://www.ivu.org/congress/2000/jainism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Vegetarian+Union+%28IVU%29&rft.atitle=Dietary+code+of+practice+amongst+Jains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fcongress%2F2000%2Fjainism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Laidlaw_(anthropologist)" title="James Laidlaw (anthropologist)">Laidlaw, James</a>: <i>Riches and Renunciation. Religion, economy, and society among the Jains</i>, Oxford 1995, p. 26–30, 191–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avYkrkSmImcC&pg=PA165"><i>A survey of Hinduism</i></a> (Edition: 2 ed.). SUNY Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2109-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-2109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=Edition%3A+2&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2109-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavYkrkSmImcC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoine_DuboisCarrie_Chapman_Catt2002" class="citation book cs1">Antoine Dubois, Jean; Carrie Chapman Catt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7kcabXnH00C"><i>Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies: The Classic First Hand Account of India in the Early Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Henry K. Beauchamp. Courier Dover Publications. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42115-5"><bdi>978-0-486-42115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Manners%2C+Customs+and+Ceremonies%3A+The+Classic+First+Hand+Account+of+India+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42115-5&rft.aulast=Antoine+Dubois&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Carrie+Chapman+Catt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7kcabXnH00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtFieldhouse2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Arno; Fieldhouse, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrHPXSP1z-AC&pg=PA99"><i>The world religions cookbook</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33504-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33504-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33504-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+religions+cookbook&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33504-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Fieldhouse%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrHPXSP1z-AC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadlani2008" class="citation book cs1">Badlani, Dr. Hiro G. (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000045216">"48"</a>. <i>HINDUISM PATH OF THE ANCIENT WISDOM</i>. Global Authors Publishers. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-70183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-70183-4"><bdi>978-0-595-70183-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=48&rft.btitle=HINDUISM+PATH+OF+THE+ANCIENT+WISDOM&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Global+Authors+Publishers&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.isbn=978-0-595-70183-4&rft.aulast=Badlani&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Hiro+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuniverse.com%2FBookstore%2FBookDetail.aspx%3FBookId%3DSKU-000045216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walters,_Kerry_S_2001._pp._41,_42_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walters, Kerry S. and Portmess, Lisa. <i>Religious Vegetarianism: From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i>. State University of New York Press. New York, 2001. pp. 41, 42, 61, 62, 187, 191. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4972-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4972-6">0-7914-4972-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata 3.199 is 3.207 according to another count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata 13.116.37–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata section LXVI"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dharani, D. (2018). "Medicine in Thirukkural, The Universal Veda of Tamil Literature". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>79</b> (2018–19): 101–108. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906235">26906235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Medicine+in+Thirukkural%2C+The+Universal+Veda+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2018%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=101-108&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26906235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dharani&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b095.htm">Mahabharata 12.260</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910073935/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b095.htm">Archived</a> 10 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mahabharata 12.260 s 12.268 according to another count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03207.htm">Mahabharata 3.199</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03207.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mahabharata 3.199 is 3.207 according to another count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alsdorf pp. 572–577 (for the Manu Smriti) and pp. 585–597 (for the Mahabharata).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshwaran1983119–120-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshwaran1983119–120_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIshwaran1983">Ishwaran 1983</a>, p. 119–120.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIshwaran1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food_habits_of_a_nation-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Food_habits_of_a_nation_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav,_Y.Kumar,_S2006" class="citation news cs1">Yadav, Y.; Kumar, S (14 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029115715/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081403771200.htm">"The food habits of a nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081403771200.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+food+habits+of+a+nation&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F08%2F14%2Fstories%2F2006081403771200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2018" class="citation news cs1">Biswas, Soutik (4 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122">"The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+Indian+vegetarian+nation&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Soutik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-43581122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122930/http://www.hinduonnet.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm">"The Hindu – Changes in the Indian menu over the ages"</a>. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+%E2%80%93+Changes+in+the+Indian+menu+over+the+ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fseta%2F2004%2F10%2F21%2Fstories%2F2004102100111600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2003" class="citation book cs1">Das, Veena (13 February 2003). <i>The Oxford India companion to sociology and social anthropology, Volume 1</i>. Vol. 1. OUP India. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564582-8"><bdi>978-0-19-564582-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+India+companion+to+sociology+and+social+anthropology%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=OUP+India&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564582-8&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Veena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.P._Radhan2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">O.P. Radhan (September 2002). <i>Encyclopaedia of Political Parties</i>. Vol. 33 to 50. Anmol, India. p. 854. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-865-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7488-865-5"><bdi>978-81-7488-865-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Parties&rft.pages=854&rft.pub=Anmol%2C+India&rft.date=2002-09&rft.isbn=978-81-7488-865-5&rft.au=O.P.+Radhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2009" class="citation news cs1">Lang, Olivia (24 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal">"Hindu sacrifice of 250,000 animals begins"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908080446/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hindu+sacrifice+of+250%2C000+animals+begins&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fnov%2F24%2Fhindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/thousands-of-animals-have-been-saved-in-nepal-as-mass-slaughter-is-cancelled">"Thousands of Animals Have Been Saved in Nepal as Mass Slaughter is Cancelled"</a>. 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thousands+of+Animals+Have+Been+Saved+in+Nepal+as+Mass+Slaughter+is+Cancelled&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fthousands-of-animals-have-been-saved-in-nepal-as-mass-slaughter-is-cancelled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_J._Lipner1998" class="citation book cs1">Julius J. Lipner (23 July 1998). "9". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindustheirrelig00lipn"><i>Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices)</i></a></span> (Paper ed.). Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindustheirrelig00lipn/page/n199">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05182-8"><bdi>978-0-415-05182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices+%28Library+of+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices%29&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=Paper&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05182-8&rft.au=Julius+J.+Lipner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindustheirrelig00lipn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-precepts-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precepts_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907134257/http://web.singnet.com.sg/%7Ealankhoo/Precepts.htm#Killing">"Leading a Buddhist Life and the Five Precepts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.singnet.com.sg/~alankhoo/Precepts.htm#Killing">the original</a> on 7 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leading+a+Buddhist+Life+and+the+Five+Precepts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.singnet.com.sg%2F~alankhoo%2FPrecepts.htm%23Killing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dharma-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dharma_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dharma_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dharma_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/meat.html">"What the Buddha Said About Eating Meat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815212610/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/meat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Said+About+Eating+Meat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbandharma.org%2Fudharma3%2Fmeat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahaparinirvana-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahaparinirvana_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216021252/http://www.nirvanasutra.net/nirvanasutrac.htm">"Nirvana Sutra: Appreciation of the "Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nirvanasutra.net/nirvanasutrac.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nirvana+Sutra%3A+Appreciation+of+the+%22Mahayana+Mahaparinirvana+Sutra%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nirvanasutra.net%2Fnirvanasutrac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhelps2004">Phelps 2004</a>:76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shabkar-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shabkar_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabkar.org/scripture/sutras/lankavatara_sutra1.htm">"Lankavatara Sutra – The Faults of Eating Meat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704163228/http://www.shabkar.org/scripture/sutras/lankavatara_sutra1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lankavatara+Sutra+%E2%80%93+The+Faults+of+Eating+Meat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabkar.org%2Fscripture%2Fsutras%2Flankavatara_sutra1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhelps2004">Phelps 2004</a>:61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzuki-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki, D. T.</a> (1999). <i>The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra: A Mahāyāna Text</i>. Buddhist Tradition Series. Vol. 40. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1655-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1655-8</bdi></a>. <q>This chapter on meat-eating is another later addition to the text, which was probably done earlier than the Rāvaṇa chapter. It already appears in the Sung, but of the three Chinese versions it appears here in its shortest form, the proportion being S = 1, T = 2, W = 3. It is quite likely that meat-eating was practised more or less among the earlier Buddhists, which was made a subject of severe criticism by their opponents. The Buddhists at the time of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra</i> did not like it, hence this addition in which an apologetic tone is noticeable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra+S%C5%ABtra%3A+A+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Text&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Buddhist+Tradition+Series&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1655-8&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurvitz1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hurvitz, Leon (May 1967). "The Surangama Sutra". <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 482–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2051432">10.2307/2051432</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051432">2051432</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164194704">164194704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Surangama+Sutra&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=482-484&rft.date=1967-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2051432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2051432&rft.aulast=Hurvitz&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure1991" class="citation book cs1">Faure, Bernard (1991). <i>The Rhetoric of Immediacy. A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Immediacy.+A+Cultural+Critique+of+Chan%2FZen+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHP_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHP_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm">"Misconceptions About Eating Meat – Comments of Sikh Scholars,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061910/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm">Archived</a> 28 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/">The Sikhism Home Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117061657/http://sikhs.org/">Archived</a> 17 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sikhs and Sikhism</i>, by I.J. Singh, Manohar, Delhi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-058-0">978-81-7304-058-0</a>: <i>Throughout Sikh history, there have been movements or subsects of Sikhism which have espoused vegetarianism. I think there is no basis for such dogma or practice in Sikhism. Certainly Sikhs do not think that a vegetarian's achievements in spirituality are easier or higher. It is surprising to see that vegetarianism is such an important facet of Hindu practice in light of the fact that animal sacrifice was a significant and much valued Hindu Vedic ritual for ages. Guru Nanak in his writings clearly rejected both sides of the arguments—on the virtues of vegetarianism or meat eating—as banal and so much nonsense, nor did he accept the idea that a cow was somehow more sacred than a horse or a chicken. He also refused to be drawn into a contention on the differences between flesh and greens, for instance. History tells us that to impart this message, Nanak cooked meat at an important Hindu festival in Kurukshetra. Having cooked it he certainly did not waste it, but probably served it to his followers and ate himself. History is quite clear that Guru Hargobind and Guru Gobind Singh were accomplished and avid hunters. The game was cooked and put to good use, to throw it away would have been an awful waste</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guru Granth Sahib, An Analytical Study</i> by Surindar Singh Kohli, Singh Bros. Amritsar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7205-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7205-060-7">81-7205-060-7</a>: <i>The ideas of devotion and service in Vaishnavism have been accepted by Adi Granth, but the insistence of Vaishnavas on vegetarian diet has been rejected.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Sikh People</i> by Dr. Gopal Singh, World Sikh University Press, Delhi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-139-4">978-81-7023-139-4</a>: <i>However, it is strange that now-a-days in the Community-Kitchen attached to the Sikh temples, and called the Guru's Kitchen (or, Guru-ka-langar) meat-dishes are not served at all. May be, it is on account of its being, perhaps, expensive, or not easy to keep for long. Or, perhaps the Vaishnava tradition is too strong to be shaken off.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234942/http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html">"Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India"</a>. sgpc.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Reht+Maryada%2C+The+Definition+of+Sikh%2C+Sikh+Conduct+%26+Conventions%2C+Sikh+Religion+Living%2C+India&rft.pub=sgpc.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgpc.net%2Fsikhism%2Fsikh-dharma-manual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/18-32_veggie.shtml">Vegetarianism and Meat-Eating in 8 Religions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926115512/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/18-32_veggie.shtml">Archived</a> 26 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> April/May/June 2007 <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_Today" title="Hinduism Today">Hinduism Today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philosophy of Sikhism</i> by Gyani Sher Singh (PhD), Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. Amritsar: <i>As a true Vaisnavite Kabir remained a strict vegetarian. Kabir far from defying Brahmanical tradition as to the eating of meat, would not permit so much, as the plucking of a flower (G.G.S. p. 479), whereas Nanak deemed all such scruples to be superstitions, Kabir held the doctrine of Ahinsa or the non-destruction of life, which extended even to that of flowers. The Sikh Gurus, on the contrary, allowed and even encouraged, the use of animal flesh as food. Nanak has exposed this Ahinsa superstition in Asa Ki War (G.G.S. p. 472) and Malar Ke War (G.G.S. p. 1288)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm">"Langar,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502042059/http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm">Archived</a> 2 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhwomen.com/">http://www.sikhwomen.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027205316/http://www.sikhwomen.com/">Archived</a> 27 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&q=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus+By+Prithi+Pal+Singh">"3 Guru Amar Das"</a>. <i>The History of Sikh Gurus</i>. New Delhi: Lotus Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2"><bdi>978-81-8382-075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+Guru+Amar+Das&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-8382-075-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prithi+Pal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhGkVkhUuqoC%26q%3DThe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BSikh%2BGurus%2BBy%2BPrithi%2BPal%2BSingh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm">"The Sikhism Home Page"</a>. Sikhs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627192504/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sikhism+Home+Page&rft.pub=Sikhs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhs.org%2Fmeat_gn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2020" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Steve (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDGsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117"><i>Religious Studies Route A: Religious, Philosophical and Ethical studies and Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism</i></a>. Hachette UK. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-7953-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5104-7953-1"><bdi>978-1-5104-7953-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Studies+Route+A%3A+Religious%2C+Philosophical+and+Ethical+studies+and+Christianity%2C+Buddhism%2C+Hinduism+and+Sikhism&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5104-7953-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDGsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Baratay, l'anthropocentrisme du christianisme occidental, Si les lions pouvaient parler, essais sur la condition animale, sous la direction de Boris Cyrulnik, Gallimard, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-073709-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-073709-8">2-07-073709-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi J. David Bleich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518014142/http://www.innernet.org.il/article.php?aid=107">https://web.archive.org/web/20120518014142/http://www.innernet.org.il/article.php?aid=107</a>, Reprinted with permission from "Contemporary Halakhic Problems, Volume III", KTAV Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishveg.org/whats-jewish-about-being-veg">"What's Jewish About Being Veg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306071916/http://jewishveg.org/whats-jewish-about-being-veg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Jewish+About+Being+Veg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishveg.org%2Fwhats-jewish-about-being-veg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamayimvaretz.org">"The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute | מכון שמים וארץ"</a>. <i>The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute | מכון שמים וארץ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230155524/http://www.shamayimvaretz.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Shamayim+V%27Aretz+Institute+%7C+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=The+Shamayim+V%27Aretz+Institute+%7C+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamayimvaretz.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amirim.com/village/en">"Ohn-Bar Guesthouse in Amirim – About the village and hikes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143222/http://amirim.com/village/en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohn-Bar+Guesthouse+in+Amirim+%E2%80%93+About+the+village+and+hikes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famirim.com%2Fvillage%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishveg.org/rabbinic-statement">"Rabbinic Statement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317190153/https://www.jewishveg.org/rabbinic-statement">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Statement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishveg.org%2Frabbinic-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=10149&catId=1">"74 Rabbis Urge Jewish Community to Go Vegan"</a>. <i>VegNews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225339/http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=10149&catId=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VegNews.com&rft.atitle=74+Rabbis+Urge+Jewish+Community+to+Go+Vegan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvegnews.com%2Farticles%2Fpage.do%3FpageId%3D10149%26catId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_L._Zamore_2011-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_L._Zamore_2011_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_L._Zamore_2011_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary L. Zamore, ed. The Sacred Table: Creating a Jewish Food Ethic (New York, NY: CCAR Press, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalechofsky,_Roberta_1995._pp._16,_54_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalechofsky, Roberta. Rabbis and Vegetarianism: An Evolving Tradition. Micah Publications. Massachusetts, 1995. pp. 16, 54, 55, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916288-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-916288-42-0">0-916288-42-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoer" class="citation web cs1">Foer, Jonathan Safran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7330038074290819722">"If This Is Kosher…"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527225138/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7330038074290819722">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+This+Is+Kosher%E2%80%A6&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Safran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D-7330038074290819722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz,_Richard_H_2001._pp._1,_12_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Richard H. Judaism and Vegetarianism. Lantern Books. New York, 2001. pp. 1, 12, 16, 19, 188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930051-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930051-24-7">1-930051-24-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/magen503.htm">The Wisdom of the Vegetarian Diet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001004639/http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/magen503.htm">Archived</a> 1 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> by The <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Fellowship">Rosicrucian Fellowship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Christian">Esoteric Christians</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Max Heindel</a> (1910s), <i>New Age Vegetarian Cookbook</i>, The Rosicrucian Fellowship (publisher), 492 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desc-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desc_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/bible-christian.html">"The Bible Christian Church"</a>. International Vegetarian Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505020050/http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/bible-christian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Christian+Church&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fthesis%2Fbible-christian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=827">"History of Vegetarianism – Early Ideas"</a>. The Vegetarian Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716205137/http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=827">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism+%E2%80%93+Early+Ideas&rft.pub=The+Vegetarian+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span>; Gregory, James (2007) <i>Of Victorians and Vegetarians</i>. London: I. B. Tauris pp. 30–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101006496/">"William Cowherd (brief information)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Cowherd+%28brief+information%29&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F101006496%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Akers" class="citation web cs1">Keith Akers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compassionatespirit.com/was_jesus_a_vegetarian.htm">"Was Jesus a vegetarian?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027220534/http://compassionatespirit.com/was_jesus_a_vegetarian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Jesus+a+vegetarian%3F&rft.au=Keith+Akers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compassionatespirit.com%2Fwas_jesus_a_vegetarian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Richard Alan. Is God a Vegetarian?. Carus Publishing Company. Chicago, 1999. pp. 4, 7, 56, 117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9393-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9393-0">0-8126-9393-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-22/verse-28/">"Quran Surah Al-Hajj ( Verse 28 )"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004603/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-22/verse-28/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quran+Surah+Al-Hajj+%28+Verse+28+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firebd.com%2Fquran%2Fenglish%2Fsurah-22%2Fverse-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-22/verse-36/">"Quran Surah Al-Hajj ( Verse 36 )"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083907/http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-22/verse-36/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quran+Surah+Al-Hajj+%28+Verse+36+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firebd.com%2Fquran%2Fenglish%2Fsurah-22%2Fverse-36%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://askthescholar.com/answerdetails?qId=3936">"If you are a vegetarian and an animal right activist are you still required to follow the animal sacrifice ritual of Eid-al-Adha? If you do not does that make you a bad muslim in any way? Plus are there alternative methods of showing your gratitude to God?"</a>. <i>Ask the scholar, Islamic question and answer website of shaikh Ahmad kutty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+the+scholar%2C+Islamic+question+and+answer+website+of+shaikh+Ahmad+kutty&rft.atitle=If+you+are+a+vegetarian+and+an+animal+right+activist+are+you+still+required+to+follow+the+animal+sacrifice+ritual+of+Eid-al-Adha%3F+If+you+do+not+does+that+make+you+a+bad+muslim+in+any+way%3F+Plus+are+there+alternative+methods+of+showing+your+gratitude+to+God%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faskthescholar.com%2Fanswerdetails%3FqId%3D3936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArzenjani1957" class="citation web cs1">Arzenjani, Mohd. Almamoon (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/sufism.html">"Sufism"</a>. <i>15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122055713/http://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/sufism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=15th+World+Vegetarian+Congress+1957&rft.atitle=Sufism&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Arzenjani&rft.aufirst=Mohd.+Almamoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fcongress%2Fwvc57%2Fsouvenir%2Fsufism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimah.or.id/98-vegetarian-dalam-timbangan-islam.html">"Vegetarian Dalam Timbangan Islam"</a>. <i>muslimah.or.id</i> (in Indonesian). 8 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimah.or.id&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+Dalam+Timbangan+Islam&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimah.or.id%2F98-vegetarian-dalam-timbangan-islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qadri_2003-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qadri_2003_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQadri2002" class="citation book cs1">Qadri, Shafi (2002). <i>Kashmiri Sufism</i>. Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86714-35-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-86714-35-9"><bdi>81-86714-35-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmiri+Sufism&rft.place=Srinagar&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Gulshan+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-86714-35-9&rft.aulast=Qadri&rft.aufirst=Shafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2020" class="citation news cs1">Sheikh, Rahil (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/861ee752-c5ab-4c03-94ed-1fb7e8aab7e2">"Vegan and Muslim: Why I kept my plant-based diet secret from my family"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/121">121–122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diet&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslemont,_J.E.1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esslemont" title="John Esslemont">Esslemont, J.E.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/o/BNE/bne-83.html.iso8859-1?"><i>Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era</i></a> (5th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mazdak+Mazdakism.+Zoroastrian+Sects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Fsects%2Fmazdak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernstudies.olemiss.edu/study-the-south/how-to-eat-to-live/">"How to Eat to Live"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204061742/http://southernstudies.olemiss.edu/study-the-south/how-to-eat-to-live/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Eat+to+Live&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernstudies.olemiss.edu%2Fstudy-the-south%2Fhow-to-eat-to-live%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522193142/http://www.serv-online.org/Pagan-quotations.htm">"Paganism and Native Religions"</a>. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paganism+and+Native+Religions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serv-online.org%2FPagan-quotations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geraldgardner.com/archive/ern/index.php">"geraldgardner.com - Letters to Earth Religion News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060429232922/http://www.geraldgardner.com/archive/ern/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=geraldgardner.com+-+Letters+to+Earth+Religion+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geraldgardner.com%2Farchive%2Fern%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meherbabadnyana.net/life_eternal/Book_Two/2_False_Beliefs.htm#03">"False Beliefs, Book Two: Meat Eating."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003181532/http://www.meherbabadnyana.net/life_eternal/Book_Two/2_False_Beliefs.htm#03">Archived</a> 3 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 5 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Baba, Meher</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambppct.org/meherbaba/Book_Files/Sparks_Truth.pdf"><i>Sparks of the Truth: From the Dissertations of Meher Baba</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073202/http://www.ambppct.org/meherbaba/Book_Files/Sparks_Truth.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Myrtle Beach: Sheriar Press. pp. 24–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913078-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-913078-02-6">0-913078-02-6</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Religious Vegetarianism: From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i> (2001) edited by: <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Walters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerry Walters">Kerry Walters</a>; Lisa Portmess</li> <li>Lisa Kemmerer, <i>Animals and World Religions</i> (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979068-5">978-0-19-979068-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2004" class="citation book cs1">Phelps, Norm (2004). <i>The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights</i>. New York: Lantern Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-069-3"><bdi>978-1-59056-069-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Compassion%3A+Buddhism+%26+Animal+Rights&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-069-3&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVegetarianism+and+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Kalechofsky" title="Roberta Kalechofsky">Roberta Kalechofsky</a>, <i>Rabbis and Vegetarianism: An Evolving Tradition</i>. (Micah Publications. Massachusetts, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916288-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-916288-42-0">0-916288-42-0</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a>, <i>Judaism and Vegetarianism</i>. (Lantern Books. New York, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930051-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930051-24-7">1-930051-24-7</a>.)</li> <li>Richard Alan Young, <i>Is God a Vegetarian?</i> (Carus Publishing Company. Chicago, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9393-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9393-0">0-8126-9393-0</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a>, <i>Food for the Gods: Vegetarianism & the World's Religions</i> (Pythagorean Publishers. May 1998. 978-096261692.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Rosen" title="Steven J. Rosen">Steven J. Rosen</a>, <i>Diet for Transcendence (formerly published as Food for the Spirit): Vegetarianism and the World Religions</i>, foreword by Isaac Bashevis Singer (Badger, California: Torchlight Books, 1997)</li> <li>Steven J. Rosen, <i>Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights</i> (New York: Lantern Books, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_and_religion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/BuddhismAnimalsVegetarian/BuddhistVegetarian.htm#Buddhist%20Scriptures%20on/">Buddhist Resources on Vegetarianism and Animal Welfare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911135953/http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/BuddhismAnimalsVegetarian/BuddhistVegetarian.htm#Buddhist%20Scriptures%20on/">Archived</a> 11 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savetherennets.com/religion.php">Rennets and religion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171410/http://savetherennets.com/religion.php">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The use of rennet in Abrahamic religions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-creatures.org/fol">The Fellowship of Life archive of British activism since the 1970s</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegsource.com/articles/catano.htm">The Word of Wisdom: the Forgotten Verses A discussion of Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) beliefs and vegetarian principles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512194722/http://www.vegsource.com/articles/catano.htm">Archived</a> 12 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=77318">What Gives Us the Right to Kill Animals? – A Jewish view on Vegetarianism</a> chabad.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikh-history.com/cgi-bin/Ultimate/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=10;t=000802">Fools Who Wrangle Over Flesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630082817/http://www.sikh-history.com/cgi-bin/Ultimate/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=10;t=000802">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for a technical Sikh perspective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sikhs.tulwar.com/meat.htm">Sikh History on Diet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_chicken_fillet_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan chicken fillet roll">Chicken fillet roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut burger">Coconut burger</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">Gulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac#Fruit_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konjac jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose#Food" title="Bacterial cellulose">Microbial cellulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Mock duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">Nutritional yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Vegetarian bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />reports,<br /> journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films and shows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, <br />activists, <br />authors, <br />physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_M._Babich" title="Suzanne M. Babich">Suzanne M. Babich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bonsall" title="Will Bonsall">Will Bonsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Butaud" title="Georges Butaud">Georges Butaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Castricano" title="Jodey Castricano">Jodey Castricano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cook_(vegan)" title="Robert Cook (vegan)">Robert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Deckers" title="Jan Deckers">Jan Deckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Dinshah" title="Freya Dinshah">Freya Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dornbusch" title="George Dornbusch">George Dornbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">A. Breeze Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aph_Ko" title="Aph Ko">Aph Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_G._Lee" title="Maxwell G. Lee">Maxwell G. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Mangels" title="Reed Mangels">Reed Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McWilliams" title="James E. McWilliams">James E. McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emelia_Quinn" title="Emelia Quinn">Emelia Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaura_Taylor" title="Sunaura Taylor">Sunaura Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(literary_scholar)" title="Laura Wright (literary scholar)">Laura Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Za%C3%AFkowska" title="Sophie Zaïkowska">Sophie Zaïkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_B._Acosta" title="Phyllis B. Acosta">Phyllis B. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_P._Allinson" title="Bertrand P. Allinson">Bertrand P. Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Attwood" title="Charles R. Attwood">Charles R. Attwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">William Axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Baltzer" title="Eduard Baltzer">Eduard Baltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Bathgate" title="H. S. Bathgate">H. S. Bathgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Barrows" title="Horace A. Barrows">Horace A. Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Beard" title="Sidney H. Beard">Sidney H. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">George Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bell_(physician)" title="Robert Bell (physician)">Robert Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Berg" title="Ragnar Berg">Ragnar Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Black_(physician)" title="George Black (physician)">George Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bonnejoy" title="Ernest Bonnejoy">Ernest Bonnejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duncan_Bulkley" title="Lucius Duncan Bulkley">Lucius Duncan Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Buttner" title="J. L. Buttner">J. L. Buttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carton" title="Paul Carton">Paul Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Caudwell" title="Job Caudwell">Job Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Clark (Bible Christian)">James Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Clubb" title="Henry S. Clubb">Henry S. Clubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cocchi" title="Antonio Cocchi">Antonio Cocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Collier" title="Edwin Collier">Edwin Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_F._Cooper" title="Lenna F. Cooper">Lenna F. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Clercq" title="Daniël de Clercq">Daniël de Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danjou" title="Georges Danjou">Georges Danjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmslie_Duncan" title="James Elmslie Duncan">James Elmslie Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Forward" title="Charles W. Forward">Charles W. Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Fox" title="Michael Allen Fox">Michael Allen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gaard" title="Greta Gaard">Greta Gaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Grand" title="Jules Grand">Jules Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haddon" title="John Haddon">John Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hadwen" title="Walter Hadwen">Walter Hadwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)" title="Alexander Haig (physician)">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hare" title="Edward Hare">Edward Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hecquet" title="Philippe Hecquet">Philippe Hecquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hines" title="Brian Hines">Brian Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Holbrook" title="Martin Luther Holbrook">Martin Luther Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jennings" title="Isaac Jennings">Isaac Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lee" title="Elmer Lee">Elmer Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Marquette" title="Jacques de Marquette">Jacques de Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garrett_Marsh" title="Alice Garrett Marsh">Alice Garrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_McCollum" title="Elmer McCollum">Elmer McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalfe" title="William Metcalfe">William Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Peck_Miller" title="Eli Peck Miller">Eli Peck Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Willis_Miller" title="Harry Willis Miller">Harry Willis Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_D._Mussey" title="Reuben D. Mussey">Reuben D. Mussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._O%27Callaghan" title="R. E. O'Callaghan">R. E. O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Oldfield" title="Josiah Oldfield">Josiah Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V._Pink" title="Cyril V. Pink">Cyril V. Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_Doyle_Register" title="Ulma Doyle Register">Ulma Doyle Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Romanes" title="Kenneth Romanes">Kenneth Romanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Saxon" title="Johan Lindström Saxon">Johan Lindström Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scholefield_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Scholefield (Bible Christian)">James Scholefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Shearn" title="W. B. Shearn">W. B. Shearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Simpson (Bible Christian)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lester_Smith" title="Ernest Lester Smith">Ernest Lester Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">William O. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stoddard" title="Alan Stoddard">Alan Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thacher_Trall" title="Russell Thacher Trall">Russell Thacher Trall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Towgood" title="Frederick Towgood">Frederick Towgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Weilsh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Weilshäuser">Emil Weilshäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severin_Wielobycki" title="Severin Wielobycki">Severin Wielobycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wokes" title="Frank Wokes">Frank Wokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Sibly" title="W. A. Sibly">W. A. Sibly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Zamir" title="Tzachi Zamir">Tzachi Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Keen_Zolber" title="Kathleen Keen Zolber">Kathleen Keen Zolber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs and<br />cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Boots" title="Gypsy Boots">Gypsy Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSH!" title="BOSH!">BOSH!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brotherton" title="Martha Brotherton">Martha Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Espe_Brown" title="Edward Espe Brown">Edward Espe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabitha_Brown_(actress)" title="Tabitha Brown (actress)">Tabitha Brown (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Cole" title="Pinky Cole">Pinky Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Coscarelli" title="Chloe Coscarelli">Chloe Coscarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Devi" title="Yamuna Devi">Yamuna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon" title="Crescent Dragonwagon">Crescent Dragonwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Elliot" title="Rose Elliot">Rose Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Fiore" title="Toni Fiore">Toni Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lee_Flinders" title="Carol Lee Flinders">Carol Lee Flinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Gauthier" title="Alexis Gauthier">Alexis Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Madhur Jaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Katzen" title="Mollie Katzen">Mollie Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Madison" title="Deborah Madison">Deborah Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Chandra_Moskowitz" title="Isa Chandra Moskowitz">Isa Chandra Moskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_Oakley" title="Gaz Oakley">Gaz Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Patrick-Goudreau" title="Colleen Patrick-Goudreau">Colleen Patrick-Goudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Pritchard" title="Mathew Pritchard">Mathew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner" title="Miyoko Schinner">Miyoko Schinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone" title="Alicia Silverstone">Alicia Silverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Terry" title="Bryant Terry">Bryant Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thomas" title="Anna Thomas">Anna Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Thomas" title="Haile Thomas">Haile Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Toyota" title="Lauren Toyota">Lauren Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Veronesi" title="Umberto Veronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wakeman_(author)" title="Alan Wakeman (author)">Alan Wakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a> (The Book of Tofu)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="..._and_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_topic" title="Template talk:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="..._and_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">... and religion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">(<i>Some topic...</i>) and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_religion" title="Astronomy and religion">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_religion" title="Fertility and religion">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud_and_religion" title="Subud and religion">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion" title="Vaccination and religion">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_and_religion" title="World War I and religion">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Religion and (<i>some topic</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and animal rights">animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_authoritarianism" title="Religion and authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_birth_control" title="Religion and birth control">birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_child_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and child marriage">child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_children" title="Religion and children">children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and climate change">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and communism">communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coping_with_trauma" title="Religion and coping with trauma">coping with trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and coronavirus">coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and corruption">corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and crime">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the death penalty">death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_disability" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and disability">disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and domestic violence">domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and education in Pakistan">education in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethnicity">ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and executions">executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gambling">gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_human_migration" title="Religion and human migration">human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and identity">identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and intelligence">intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the internet">the internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental health">mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental illness">mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_schizophrenia" title="Religion and schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and morality">morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_negotiations" title="Religion and negotiations">negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_pacifism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and pacifism">pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_personality" title="Religion and personality">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Religion and politics in the United States">politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ritual">ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_adolescent_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and adolescent sexuality">adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and bestiality">bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_heterosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygamy">polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygyny">polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_superstition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and superstition">superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and terror">terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and torture">torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and vaccination">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and warfare">warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:... and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_and_religion" title="Category:Adoption and religion">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_and_religion" title="Category:African Americans and religion">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_and_religion" title="Category:Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_and_religion" title="Category:Economics and religion">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_and_religion" title="Category:Economy and religion">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_and_religion" title="Category:Environment and religion">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and religion">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_LGBTQ_and_religion" title="Category:Films about LGBTQ and religion">Films about LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry_and_religion" title="Category:Freemasonry and religion">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_and_religion" title="Category:Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_philosophy_and_religion" title="Category:Hellenistic philosophy and religion">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_and_religion" title="Category:Liberalism and religion">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage_and_religion" title="Category:Marriage and religion">Marriage</a></li> <li>Mythology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aztec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Aztec mythology and religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Maya mythology and religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mesoamerican mythology and religion">Mesoamerican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixtec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Mixtec mythology and religion">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Muisca mythology and religion">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olmec_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Olmec mythology and religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Columbian_mythology_and_religion" title="Category:Pre-Columbian mythology and religion">Pre-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_and_religion" title="Category:Nature and religion">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychedelics_and_religion" title="Category:Psychedelics and religion">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_abstinence_and_religion" title="Category:Sexual abstinence and religion">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_and_religion" title="Category:Sexuality and religion">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_and_religion" title="Category:Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamils_and_religion" title="Category:Tamils and religion">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tobacco_and_religion" title="Category:Tobacco and religion">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics_and_religion" title="Category:Transgender topics and religion">Transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Category:Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_and_religion" title="Category:Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_and_religion" title="Category:Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_and_religion" title="Category:Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:Religion and ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_the_arts" title="Category:Religion and the arts">the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_abortion" title="Category:Religion and abortion">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_atheism" title="Category:Religion and atheism">atheism</a></li> <li><a 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and geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_government" title="Category:Religion and government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_health" title="Category:Religion and health">health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_mental_health" title="Category:Religion and mental health">mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Category:Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_law" title="Category:Religion and law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_medicine" title="Category:Religion and medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_music" title="Category:Religion and music">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_peace" title="Category:Religion and peace">peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_race" title="Category:Religion and race">race</a></li> <li><a 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