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content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pleistosen - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Pleistosen&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Pleistosen&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Pleistosen&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Pleistosen&returntoquery=section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentarikhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentarikhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pentarikhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentarikhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota_penerangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota_penerangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nota penerangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota_penerangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleistosen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 93 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अभिनूतन युग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अभिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="العصر الحديث الأقرب – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحديث الأقرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenu" title="Pleistocenu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pleistocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystosen_epoxas%C4%B1" title="Pleystosen epoxası – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pleystosen epoxası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্লাইস্টোসিন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাইস্টোসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Keng-sin-sè – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Плейстацэн – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плейстацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plistocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A6n" title="Pleistocæn – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pleistocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosena" title="Pleistosena – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pleistosena" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistotseen" title="Pleistotseen – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pleistotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Πλειστόκαινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλειστόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistozeno" title="Pleistozeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleistozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلیستوسن – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیستوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne" title="Pléistocène – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pléistocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Pl%C3%A9istic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoceno" title="Plistoceno – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plistoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B8" title="플라이스토세 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라이스토세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պլեյստոցեն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլեյստոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अत्यंतनूतन युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अत्यंतनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleist%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Pleistósentímabilið – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pleistósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="פלייסטוקן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלייסטוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_an_Rew" title="Oos an Rew – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos an Rew" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pley%C3%AEstosen" title="Pleyîstosen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pleyîstosen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocaenum" title="Pleistocaenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pleistocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C4%93ns" title="Pleistocēns – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pleistocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84isz%C3%A4italter" title="Äiszäitalter – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äiszäitalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenas" title="Pleistocenas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pleistocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plestosene" title="Plestosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plestosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleisztoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleisztocén – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pleisztocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بليستوسين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بليستوسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلشیستوسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلشیستوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceen" title="Pleistoceen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pleistoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A8n" title="Pleistocèn – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pleistocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystotsen" title="Pleystotsen – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pleystotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejstocen" title="Plejstocen – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plejstocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceni" title="Pleistoceni – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pleistoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseeni" title="Pleistoseeni – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pleistoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseno" title="Pleistoseno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pleistoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிலிசுடோசின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிசுடோசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Pleistocen" title="Thế Pleistocen – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وسط حیاتی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسط حیاتی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Pleistosen" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistosen"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistosen"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Pleistosen" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Pleistosen" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&oldid=6122616" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Pleistosen&id=6122616&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPleistosen%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPleistosen%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pleistosen"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pleistosen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pleistocene" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25546" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(255,239,175);">Pleistosen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">2.58 – 0.0117 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Year (laman tidak wujud)">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambria" title="Kambria">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi" title="Ordovisi">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Silures">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:; left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa karbon">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Masa_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasik">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Usia_kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia kapur">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/250px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/375px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg/500px-Global_sea_levels_during_the_last_Ice_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Peta aras lautan sewaktu Kemuncak Pengglasieran Akhir (kawasan glasier tidak ditunjukkan di sini)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Kronologi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:none; ; padding:0 0.5em; margin:auto; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:rgb(255,239,175); font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">Garis masa grafik tempoh Kuaterner</div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/Templat:Quaternary_graphical_timeline" title="Templat:Quaternary graphical timeline"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Lihat skala masa ini dalam lamannya sendiri">lihat</span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Quaternary_graphical_timeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Quaternary graphical timeline (laman tidak wujud)"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Perbincangan tentang templat ini">bincang</span></a> • <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="color:#002bb8;" title="Anda boleh menyunting garis masa ini. Sila gunakan butang pralihat sebelum menyimpan."><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Quaternary_graphical_timeline&action=edit">sunting</a></span></small></div><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:38em; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:36.045238963882em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.658883619117em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:33.272528274352em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.886172929588em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:30.499817584823em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.113462240058em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.727106895294em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:26.340751550529em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:24.954396205764em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1.8 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.568040861em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:22.181685516235em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:20.79533017147em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.408974826706em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:18.022619481941em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:16.636264137176em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.249908792412em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.863553447647em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.477198102882em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.090842758117em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-0.8 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.7044874133528em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:8.3181320685881em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-0.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:6.9317767238234em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.5454213790587em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-0.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:4.159066034294em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:2.7727106895294em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-0.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right; 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style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:18em"><b>Pembahagian tempoh Kuaterner <a href="/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Stratigrafi_Antarabangsa" title="Suruhanjaya Stratigrafi Antarabangsa">ICS</a>, sehingga tahun 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Skala menegak: jutaan tahun dahulu.<br /></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etimologi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Keformalan nama</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Maklumat kegunaan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Jasad cakerawala</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" title="Sejarah geologi Bumi">Bumi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Kegunaan tempatan</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Stratigrafi_Antarabangsa" title="Suruhanjaya Stratigrafi Antarabangsa">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Takrifan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Unit kronologi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epok_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epok (geologi)">Epok</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Unit stratigrafi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skala_masa_geologi#Terminologi" title="Skala masa geologi">Siri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Keformalan jangka masa</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Takrif sempadan bawah</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Tapak kepolaran bermagnet kronozon C2r (Matuyama).</li> <li>Kepupusan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haptofit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haptofit (laman tidak wujud)">haptofit</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discoaster (laman tidak wujud)">Discoaster pentaradiatus</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discoaster (laman tidak wujud)">Discoaster surculus</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Sempadan bawah GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Keratan Monte San Nicola, <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pleistosen&params=37.1469_N_14.2035_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Peta, gambar udara, dan lain-lain data untuk lokasi ini"><span class="latitude">37°08′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°12′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Peta, gambar udara, dan lain-lain data untuk lokasi ini">37.1469°N 14.2035°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1469; 14.2035</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan bawah GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Takrif sempadan atas</th><td class="infobox-data">Pengakhiran pengunduran <a href="/wiki/Dryas_Muda" title="Dryas Muda">Dryas Muda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Sempadan atas GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">teras ais <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Greenland_Ice_Core_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Greenland Ice Core Project (laman tidak wujud)">NGRIP2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pleistosen&params=75.1000_N_42.3200_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Peta, gambar udara, dan lain-lain data untuk lokasi ini"><span class="latitude">75°06′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°19′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Peta, gambar udara, dan lain-lain data untuk lokasi ini">75.1000°N 42.3200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">75.1000; -42.3200</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan atas GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (as base of Holocene)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;border-spacing:0;padding:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f8eaba;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.0em;">Sejarah<br /><span style="font-size:80%;">dan prasejarah manusia</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size: 115%">↑</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hominina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hominina (laman tidak wujud)">sebelum <i>Homo</i></a><span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliocene (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman pliosen</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;font-size:105%;padding:0.4em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasejarah">Prasejarah</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_tiga_zaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem tiga zaman (laman tidak wujud)">sistem tiga zaman</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.25em 1.0em 0.4em 1.6em;text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu">Zaman Batu</a></dt> <dd> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik_Awal" title="Zaman Paleolitik Awal">Paleolitik Awal</a></dt> <dd><style 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Paleolitik Tengah">Paleolitik Tengah</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_Homo_sapiens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaic Homo sapiens (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Homo sapiens</i> awal</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik_Akhir" title="Zaman Paleolitik Akhir">Paleolitik Akhir</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemodenan_tingkah_laku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemodenan tingkah laku (laman tidak wujud)">Kemodenan tingkah laku</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">Neolitik</a></dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buaian_Tamadun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buaian Tamadun (laman tidak wujud)">Buaian Tamadun</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Gangsa" title="Zaman Gangsa">Zaman Gangsa</a></dt> <dd><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">line-height:1.3em </div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a></dt> <dd><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">line-height:1.3em </div></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;font-size:105%;padding:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">Sejarah bertulis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.25em 1.0em 0.4em 1.6em;text-align:left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_purba" title="Sejarah purba">Sejarah purba</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_penulisan" title="Sejarah penulisan">Rekod paling awal</a></dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasca_Era_Klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasca Era Klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Pasca Era Klasik</a></dt> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_moden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah moden (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah moden</a></dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5857753"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_moden_awal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman moden awal (laman tidak wujud)">Awal</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_moden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah moden (laman tidak wujud)">Kemudian</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_kontemporari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah kontemporari (laman tidak wujud)">Kontemporari</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size: 115%">↓</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_Depan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa Depan (laman tidak wujud)">Masa Depan</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:#f8eaba;padding:0.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Human_history_and_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Human_history_and_prehistory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Human history and prehistory (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Human_history_and_prehistory&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pleistosen</b> (sering dikenali sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Air_Batu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Air Batu">Zaman Ais</a></i> dalam bahasa umum) ialah nama untuk <a href="/wiki/Skala_masa_geologi" title="Skala masa geologi">epok</a> geologi yang berlangsung dari <abbr title="Sekitar">s.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2.58 million</span> sehingga 11,700 tahun dahulu, merangkumi pengulangan beberapa tempoh <a href="/wiki/Tempoh_glasier" title="Tempoh glasier">pengglasieran</a> yang terbaharu di Bumi. Sebelum perubahan terakhir disahkan pada tahun 2009 oleh Kesatuan Sains Geologi Antarabangsa, keratan Pleistosen dan <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> sebelumnya dianggap sebagai 1.806 juta tahun <a href="/wiki/Sebelum_Kini" title="Sebelum Kini">Sebelum Kini</a> (SK). Penerbitan dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya boleh menggunakan salah satu takrifan tempoh tersebut. Penghujung Pleistosen berpadanan dengan penghujung tempoh pengglasieran terakhir dan juga penghujung zaman <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik" title="Zaman Paleolitik">Paleolitik</a> yang digunakan dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>. Nama itu merupakan gabungan dua perkataan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Purba" title="Bahasa Yunani Purba">bahasa Yunani Purba</a> iaitu <span lang="grc"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Yunani_Purba" class="extiw" title="wikt:πλεῖστος">πλεῖστος</a></span> (pleîstos) yang bermaksud "kebanyakan" serta <span lang="grc"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Yunani_Purba" class="extiw" title="wikt:καινός">καινός</a></span> (kainós; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">dilatinkan</a> dalam bentuk <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cænus</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: la is deprecated </span>), bermaksud "baharu". </p><p>Pada penghujung epok Pliosen sebelumnya, benua Amerika Utara dan benua Amerika Selatan yang terpencil sebelum ini telah berhubung melalui <a href="/wiki/Segenting_Panama" title="Segenting Panama">Segenting Panama</a>, menyebabkan berlakunya <a href="/wiki/Pertukaran_Besar_Amerika" title="Pertukaran Besar Amerika">pertukaran fauna</a> antara kedua-dua benua serta perubahan corak <a href="/wiki/Arus_lautan" title="Arus lautan">peredaran lautan</a>, dengan pengglasieran di Hemisfera Utara mula berlaku sekitar 2.7 juta tahun dahulu. Semasa subepok Pleistosen Awal (2.58–0.8 Ma), manusia purba dari genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> muncul dari Afrika dan tersebar di seluruh benua <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>. Penghujung kepada subepok Pleistosen Awal ditandai dengan Peralihan Pleistosen Tengah, dengan pemusingan kitaran glasier berubah daripada kitaran 41,000 tahun kepada kitaran 100,000 tahun yang tidak bersimetri, menjadikan variasi iklim lebih ekstrem. Subepok Pleistosen Akhir menyaksikan penyebaran manusia moden di luar Afrika serta kepupusan semua spesies manusia yang lain. Manusia juga berhijrah ke benua Australia dan benua Amerika buat kali pertama, berpadanan dengan tempoh kepupusan kebanyakan haiwan berbadan gergasi di kawasan ini. </p><p>Arah perkembangan proses penggersangan dan penyejukan tempoh <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a> terdahulu diteruskan pada epok Pleistosen. Iklim sangat berubah-ubah bergantung kepada kitaran glasier, dengan paras laut menjadi 120 meter (390 ka) lebih rendah berbanding kini sewaktu kemuncak pengglasieran, sehingga mengupayakan percantuman antara benua Asia dengan benua Amerika Utara melalui <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> serta pelitupan sebahagian besar kawasan utara Amerika Utara oleh Lembaran Ais Laurentide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/220px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/330px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption> Evolusi suhu dalam tempoh pasca pengglasieran pada penghujung Pleistosen, menurut teras ais Greenland<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:20191021_Temperature_from_20,000_to_10,000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/220px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/330px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/440px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption> Kenaikan suhu menandakan berakhirnya Pleistosen, seperti yang diperoleh daripada data teras ais Antartika.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Lyell memperkenalkan istilah "Pleistosen" pada tahun 1839 untuk menggambarkan stratum di <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia">Sicily</a> yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 70% fauna moluska yang masih hidup pada masa kini. Hal ini membezakannya daripada <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Epok Pliosen</a> yang lebih tua, yang pada asalnya dianggap sebagai lapisan batuan fosil termuda menurut Lyell. Beliau membina nama "Pleistosen" ("paling baru" atau "terbaru") daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> πλεῖστος (<i>pleīstos</i>, "paling") dan καινός (<i>kainós,</i> "baru"<i>;</i> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">dilatinkan</a> sebagai <i>cænus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini berbeza dengan epok <a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen</a> sebelum ini ("lebih baharu", daripada πλείων (<i>pleíōn</i>, "lebih") dan <i>kainós</i>) serta epok <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Holosen</a> yang seterusnya ("baru sepenuhnya" atau "baru sepenuhnya", daripada ὅλος (<i>hólos</i>, "keseluruhan") dan <i>kainós</i>), yang berlanjutan ke masa kini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pentarikhan">Pentarikhan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pentarikhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pentarikhan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pleistosen telah ditarikhkan bermula 2.580 juta (±0.005) sehingga ke 11,650 tahun SK<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_majordiv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_majordiv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan tarikh tamat dinyatakan dalam tahun radiokarbon sebagai 10,000 tahun <a href="/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14">karbon-14</a> SK.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia merangkumi sebahagian besar tempoh terkini <a href="/wiki/Tempoh_glasier" title="Tempoh glasier">pengglasieran</a> berulang, sehingga dan termasuk musim sejuk Dryas Muda. Titik terakhir Dryas Muda telah bertarikh kira-kira 9640 SM (11,654 tahun kalendar BP). Pengakhiran Dryas Muda ialah permulaan rasmi <a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Epoch Holosen</a> semasa. Walaupun ia dianggap sebagai satu epok, epok Holosen tidak jauh berbeza berbanding selangan antara glasier sebelumnya dalam epok Pleistosen.<sup id="cite_ref-deBlij2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deBlij2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam skala masa <a href="/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Stratigrafi_Antarabangsa" title="Suruhanjaya Stratigrafi Antarabangsa">ICS</a>, Pleistosen dibahagikan kepada empat peringkat atau <a href="/wiki/Skala_masa_geologi" title="Skala masa geologi">usia</a> yang masing-masing bernama Gelasi, Kalabria, <a href="/wiki/Pleistosen_Pertengahan" title="Pleistosen Pertengahan">Chiba</a> (sebelum ini secara tidak rasmi dikenali sebagai "Pleistosen Tengah") dan Pleistosen Atas (secara tidak rasmi "Taranto").<sup id="cite_ref-ICSChart1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSChart1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chiba1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiba1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai tambahan kepada subbahagian antarabangsa ini, pelbagai subbahagian serantau sering digunakan. </p><p>Pada tahun 2009, Kesatuan Sains Geologi Antarabangsa (IUGS) mengesahkan perubahan dalam tempoh masa untuk epok Pleistosen, menukar tarikh mula dari 1.806 kepada 2.588 juta tahun SK, dan menerima pangkalan usia Gelasi sebagai pangkalan Pleistosen, iaitu pangkalan Monte San Nicola GSSP. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarikh mula kini telah dibundarkan ke bawah kepada 2.580 juta tahun SK.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_majordiv_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_majordiv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUGS masih belum meluluskan keratan jenis, Bahagian dan Titik Stratotip Sempadan Global (GSSP), untuk sempadan atas Pleistosen/Holosen (yakni sempadan atas). Bahagian yang dicadangkan ialah teras ais <i>Projek Teras Ais Greenland Utara</i> 75° 06' N 42° 18' W.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sempadan bawah Siri Pleistosen secara rasmi ditakrifkan secara magnetostratigrafi sebagai asas kronozon Matuyama (C2r), peringkat isotop 103. Di atas titik ini terdapat kepupusan yang ketara bagi nannofosil berkapur: <i id="mwmg">Discoaster pentaradiatus</i> dan <i id="mwmw">Discoaster surculus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradstein-28_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradstein-28-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleistosen merangkumi tempoh pengglasieran berulang yang terkini. </p><p>Nama Plio-Pleistosen, pada masa lalu, digunakan untuk bermaksud zaman ais terakhir. Dahulu, sempadan antara dua zaman telah dilukis pada masa spesies foraminiferal <i>Hyalinea baltica</i> mula-mula muncul di keratan marin di La Castella, Calabria, Itali.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walau bagaimanapun, takrifan <a href="/wiki/Kuarterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuarterner">Kuarterner</a> yang disemak semula, dengan menolak tarikh mula epok Pleistosen kepada 2.58 Ma, mengakibatkan kemasukan semua tempoh pengglasieran yang berulangan yang terkini ke dalam epok Pleistosen. </p><p>Pentarikhan radiokarbon dianggap tidak tepat apabila melebihi 50,000 tahun dahulu. Peringkat isotop marin (MIS) yang diperoleh daripada isotop oksigen sering digunakan untuk memberikan tarikh anggaran. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pleistocene_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pleistocene_Chart.jpg/220px-Pleistocene_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pleistocene_Chart.jpg/330px-Pleistocene_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pleistocene_Chart.jpg/440px-Pleistocene_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption> Pelbagai skema untuk membahagikan Pleistosen</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epok Pleistosen di Sepanyol Utara, termasuk empat ekor mamot berbulu, dua ekor singa gua yang memakan seekor rusa kutub, empat ekor kuda dan seekor badak sumbu berbulu"><img alt="Pleistocene of Northern Spain, including woolly mammoth, cave lions eating a reindeer, horses, and woolly rhinoceros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/200px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/300px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/400px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Epok Pleistosen di <a href="/wiki/Geografi_Sepanyol" title="Geografi Sepanyol">Sepanyol Utara</a>, termasuk empat ekor <a href="/wiki/Mamot_berbulu" title="Mamot berbulu">mamot berbulu</a>, dua ekor singa gua yang memakan seekor <a href="/wiki/Rusa_kutub" title="Rusa kutub">rusa kutub</a>, empat ekor <a href="/wiki/Kuda_liar" title="Kuda liar">kuda</a> dan seekor <a href="/wiki/Badak_Sumbu_Berbulu" title="Badak Sumbu Berbulu">badak sumbu berbulu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pleistocene_SA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epok Pleistosen Amerika Selatan, termasuk seekor Megatherium dan dua ekor Glyptodon"><img alt="Pleistocene of South America, including Megatherium and two Glyptodon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/200px-Pleistocene_SA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/300px-Pleistocene_SA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pleistocene_SA.jpg/400px-Pleistocene_SA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Epok Pleistosen <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, termasuk seekor <i>Megatherium</i> dan dua ekor <i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodon" title="Glyptodon">Glyptodon</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" width="800" style="font-size:smaller; clear:both;"> <caption style="font-size:larger;"><b>Spesies <a href="/wiki/Hominini" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominini">hominin</a> ketika pleistosen</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_sm1sqyp7wb4grhmzc4ng3vzt98uyaoa"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" coords="331,324,422,345" title="Homo (genus)" alt="Homo (genus)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus" coords="395,93,531,114" title="Paranthropus" alt="Paranthropus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" coords="459,109,556,130" title="Paranthropus robustus" alt="Paranthropus robustus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" coords="459,125,545,145" title="Paranthropus boisei" alt="Paranthropus boisei" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" coords="74,324,165,345" title="Homo sapiens" alt="Homo sapiens" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" coords="83,308,225,329" title="Homo neanderthalensis" alt="Homo neanderthalensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" coords="202,292,338,313" title="Homo heidelbergensis" alt="Homo heidelbergensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" coords="587,276,679,297" title="Homo erectus" alt="Homo erectus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" coords="40,260,159,281" title="Homo floresiensis" alt="Homo floresiensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_georgicus" coords="587,260,690,281" title="Homo georgicus" alt="Homo georgicus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" coords="459,244,551,265" title="Homo habilis" alt="Homo habilis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleistosen" coords="263,33,355,54" title="Pleistosen" alt="Pleistosen" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pliosen" coords="574,33,649,54" title="Pliosen" alt="Pliosen" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_sm1sqyp7wb4grhmzc4ng3vzt98uyaoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/timeline/sm1sqyp7wb4grhmzc4ng3vzt98uyaoa.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/28px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/42px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/56px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Portal Paleontology </a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">Perubahan iklim</a></li> <li>Megafauna Pleistosen</li> <li>Taman Pleistosen</li> <li>Pengglasieran Kuarterner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota_penerangan">Nota penerangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota penerangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota penerangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pleuistosen Atas merupakan subsiri/subepok berbanding peringkat/usia, namun pada tahun 2009, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUGS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUGS (laman tidak wujud)">IUGS</a> membuat keputusan untuk menggantikannya dengan peringkat/usia (kini dinamakan secara tidak formal sebagai <i>Taranto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ICSSQS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSSQS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6173370"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan2020" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Commission on Stratigraphy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Fan%2C+J.-X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2020-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Walker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mike Walker; dll. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Formal+ratification+of+the+subdivision+of+the+Holocene+Series%2FEpoch+%28Quaternary+System%2FPeriod%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=213-223&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2F018016&rft.au=Mike+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FWalker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGibbardHead2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/quaternary-pleistocene.pdf">"The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 152–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2010%2Fv33i3%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+newly-ratified+definition+of+the+Quaternary+System%2FPeriod+and+redefinition+of+the+Pleistocene+Series%2FEpoch%2C+and+comparison+of+proposals+advanced+prior+to+formal+ratification&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=152-158&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2010%2Fv33i3%2F002&rft.aulast=Gibbard&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Head%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Fquaternary-pleistocene.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerJohnseRasmussenSteffensen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Mike; Johnse, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder; Popp, Trevor; Gibbard, Phillip; dll. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F016">"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core"</a>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 264–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F016">10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10289%2F920">10289/920</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Holocene+Series%2FEpoch+%28Quaternary+System%2FPeriod%29+in+the+NGRIP+ice+core&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-267&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10289%2F920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F016&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Johnse%2C+Sigfus&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Sune&rft.au=Steffensen%2C+J%C3%B8rgen-Peder&rft.au=Popp%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Hoek%2C+Wilm&rft.au=Lowe%2C+John&rft.au=Andrews%2C+John&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rck%2C+Svante&rft.au=Cwynar%2C+Les&rft.au=Hughen%2C+Konrad&rft.au=Kershaw%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kromer%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Litt%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lowe%2C+David&rft.au=Nakagawa%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Newnham%2C+Rewi&rft.au=Schwande%2C+Jakob&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2008%252Fv31i2%252F016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFZallouaMatisoo-Smith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216412">"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <b>7</b>: 40338. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740338P">2017NatSR...740338P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep40338">10.1038/srep40338</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216412">5216412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059138">28059138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Mapping+Post-Glacial+expansions%3A+The+Peopling+of+Southwest+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=40338&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5216412%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...740338P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28059138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep40338&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Zalloua&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5216412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLyell1839" class="citation book cs1">Lyell, Charles (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elmentsdegologi00meulgoog#page/n657/mode/2up"><i>Nouveaux éléments de géologie</i></a> (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris, France: Pitois-Levranet. m/s. 621.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveaux+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+de+g%C3%A9ologie&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Pitois-Levranet&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Felmentsdegologi00meulgoog%23page%2Fn657%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWilmarth1925" class="citation book cs1">Wilmarth, Mary Grace (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my7x_PBkpm4C&pg=PA47"><i>Bulletin 769: The Geologic Time Classification of the United States Geological Survey Compared With Other Classifications, accompanied by the original definitions of era, period and epoch terms</i></a>. Washington, D.C., U.S.: U.S. Government Printing Office. m/s. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+769%3A+The+Geologic+Time+Classification+of+the+United+States+Geological+Survey+Compared+With+Other+Classifications%2C+accompanied+by+the+original+definitions+of+era%2C+period+and+epoch+terms&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+U.S.&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Wilmarth&rft.aufirst=Mary+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy7x_PBkpm4C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pleistocene&allowed_in_frame=0">"Pleistocene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pleistocene&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPleistocene%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_majordiv-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_majordiv_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_majordiv_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/major-divisions/">"Major Divisions"</a>. <i>Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy</i>. International Commission on Stratigraphy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Subcommission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=Major+Divisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fmajor-divisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah, nama "ICS_majordiv" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the top of the series, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLourensHilgenShackletonLaskar2004" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, L.; Hilgen, F.; Shackleton, N. J.; Laskar, J.; Wilson, D. (2004). "The Neogene Period". Dalam Gradstein, F.; Ogg, J.; Smith, A. G. (penyunting). <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-78142-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-78142-6"><bdi>0-521-78142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neogene+Period&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-78142-6&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Hilgen%2C+F.&rft.au=Shackleton%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deBlij2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deBlij2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blij2012" class="citation book cs1">de Blij, Harm (2012). "Holocene Humanity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7P0_sWIcBNsC"><i>Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever</i></a> (ed. 2nd). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-991374-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-991374-9"><bdi>978-0-19-991374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holocene+Humanity&rft.btitle=Why+Geography+Matters%3A+More+Than+Ever&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991374-9&rft.aulast=de+Blij&rft.aufirst=Harm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7P0_sWIcBNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICSChart1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICSChart1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2017-02.jpg">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2017/02"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy (laman tidak wujud)">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart+v2017%2F02&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2017-02.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiba1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiba1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/11/14/national/science-health/japan-based-name-chibanian-set-represent-geologic-age-last-magnetic-shift">"Japan-based name 'Chibanian' set to represent geologic age of last magnetic shift"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan-based+name+%27Chibanian%27+set+to+represent+geologic+age+of+last+magnetic+shift&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fnational%2Fscience-health%2Fjapan-based-name-chibanian-set-represent-geologic-age-last-magnetic-shift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICSSQS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICSSQS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/definitions/pleistocenesubdivision/">"Formal subdivision of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch"</a>. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy (laman tidak wujud)">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>). 4 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formal+subdivision+of+the+Pleistocene+Series%2FEpoch&rft.pub=Subcommission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy+%28International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy%29&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fdefinitions%2Fpleistocenesubdivision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riccardi, Alberto C. (30 June 2009). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSvenssonNielsenKipfstuhlJohnsen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Svensson, A.; Nielsen, S. W.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Johnsen, S. J.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bigler, M.; Ruth, U.; Röthlisberger, R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/12321/1/Sve2005a.pdf">"Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>110</b> (D2): D02108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..110.2108S">2005JGRD..110.2108S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004jd005134">10.1029/2004jd005134</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Visual+stratigraphy+of+the+North+Greenland+Ice+Core+Project+%28NorthGRIP%29+ice+core+during+the+last+glacial+period&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=D2&rft.pages=D02108&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004jd005134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRD..110.2108S&rft.aulast=Svensson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+S.+W.&rft.au=Kipfstuhl%2C+S.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Steffensen%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Bigler%2C+M.&rft.au=Ruth%2C+U.&rft.au=R%C3%B6thlisberger%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2F12321%2F1%2FSve2005a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gradstein-28-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gradstein-28_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G. and Smith, A. Gilbert (eds.) (2005) <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 28, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-78142-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-78142-6">0-521-78142-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rio-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rio_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRioSprovieriCastradoriDi_Stefano1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; Di Stefano, E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Gelasian7.pdf">"The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 82–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i2%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Gelasian+Stage+%28Upper+Pliocene%29%3A+a+new+unit+of+the+global+standard+chronostratigraphic+scale&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-87&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i2%2F002&rft.aulast=Rio&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Sprovieri%2C+R.&rft.au=Castradori%2C+D.&rft.au=Di+Stefano%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2FGelasian7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFColes1975" class="citation book cs1">Coles, J. M. (1975). <i>The archaeology of early man</i>. E. S. Higgs. Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-14-055107-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-14-055107-7"><bdi>0-14-055107-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2966860">2966860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+early+man&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2966860&rft.isbn=0-14-055107-7&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APleistosen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Ogg, Jim (Jun 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218224452/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">"Tinjauan Keseluruhan Bahagian dan Mata Stratotaip Sempadan Global (GSSP)"</a> . Suruhanjaya Antarabangsa mengenai Stratigrafi. Dicapai pada 20 Mac 2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/sit/id/23">Persekitaran dataran tinggi selatan pada tahap Pleistosen Akhir</a>, 1975, disunting oleh Wendorf dan Hester.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Pleistocene&aktion=suche">Mikrofosil Pleistosen: 50+ imej Foraminifera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13755024/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_Nature_and_man_in_the_pleistocene_of_Ukraine_._2010">Stepanchuk V.N., Sapozhnykov I.V. Alam dan manusia sewaktu epok Pleistosen di Ukrain.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13755024/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_Nature_and_man_in_the_pleistocene_of_Ukraine_._2010">2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Garis Masa Manusia (Interaktif)</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institusi_Smithson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institusi Smithson (laman tidak wujud)">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzium_Sejarah_Semulajadi_Kebangsaan" title="Muzium Sejarah Semulajadi Kebangsaan">Muzium Sejarah Alam Negara</a> (Ogos 2016).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleistocenepark.ru">Taman Pleistosen: Projek Pemuliharaan untuk Memulihkan Ekologi Pleistosen dan Melindungi Tanah Permafrost di Siberia Utara</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" title="Templat:Sejarah geologi Bumi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Sejarah_geologi_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Sejarah geologi Bumi (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sejarah_geologi_Bumi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" title="Sejarah geologi Bumi">Sejarah geologi Bumi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senozoik" title="Senozoik">Era Senozoik<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(sekarang–66.0 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Kuaterner" title="Kuaterner">Kuaterner <span style="font-weight:normal;">(sekarang–2.58 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen">Holosen (sekarang–11.8 rtd.)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pleistosen (11.8 rtd.–2.588 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2.58–23.0 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen">Pliosen (2.59–5.33 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen (5.33–23.0 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen <span style="font-weight:normal;">(23.03–66.0 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen">Oligosen (23.03–33.9 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen">Eosen (33.9–56.0 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosen" title="Paleosen">Paleosen (56.0–66.0 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoik" title="Mesozoik">Era Mesozoik<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(66.0–252 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu_Kapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Batu Kapur">Kapur <span style="font-weight:normal;">(66.0–145 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu_Kapur_Akhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Batu Kapur Akhir">Akhir (66.0–100 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Batu_Kapur_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Batu Kapur Awal">Awal (100–145 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Jura" title="Jura">Jura <span style="font-weight:normal;">(145–201 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Akhir" title="Jura Akhir">Akhir (145–164 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Tengah" title="Jura Tengah">Tengah (164–174 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Awal" title="Jura Awal">Awal (174–201 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">Trias <span style="font-weight:normal;">(201–252 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trias_Akhir" title="Trias Akhir">Akhir (201–237 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trias_Tengah" title="Trias Tengah">Tengah (237–247 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trias_Awal" title="Trias Awal">Awal (247–252 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik">Era Paleozoik<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(252–539 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Perm_(usia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perm (usia)">Perm <span style="font-weight:normal;">(252–299 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Leping (252–260 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalup" title="Guadalup">Guadalup (260–272 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisural" title="Cisural">Cisural (272–299 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Karbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Karbon">Karbon <span style="font-weight:normal;">(299–359 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsilvania_(geologi)" title="Pennsilvania (geologi)">Pennsilvania (299–323 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_(geologi)" title="Mississippi (geologi)">Mississippi (323–359 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon <span style="font-weight:normal;">(359–419 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Akhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon Akhir">Akhir (359–383 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon Tengah">Tengah (383–393 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Bawah" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon Bawah">Awal (393–419 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Silures" class="mw-redirect" title="Silures">Silures <span style="font-weight:normal;">(419–443 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_(geologi)" title="Pridoli (geologi)">Pridoli (419–423 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludlow (geologi)">Ludlow (423–427 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_(geologi)" title="Wenlock (geologi)">Wenlock (427–433 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandoveri_(geologi)" title="Llandoveri (geologi)">Llandoveri (433–444 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi" title="Ordovisi">Ordovisi <span style="font-weight:normal;">(444–485 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi_Akhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovisi Akhir">Akhir (444–458 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovisi Tengah">Tengah (458–470 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovisi_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovisi Awal">Awal (470–485 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Kambria" title="Kambria">Kambria <span style="font-weight:normal;">(485–539 jtd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furong" title="Furong">Furong (485–497 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaoling" title="Miaoling">Miaoling (497–509 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_2_Kambria" title="Siri 2 Kambria">Siri 2 (509–521 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuve" title="Terreneuve">Terreneuve (521–539 jtd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoik" title="Proterozoik">Eon Proterozoik<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(539 jtd. – 2.5 btd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoik" title="Neoproterozoik">Neoproterozoik <span style="font-weight:normal;">(539 jtd. – 1 btd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediakara" title="Ediakara">Ediakara (539–635 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriogen">Kriogen (635–720 jtd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonos" title="Tonos">Tonos (720 jtd. – 1 btd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoik" title="Mesoproterozoik">Mesoproterozoik <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1–1.6 btd)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenos" title="Stenos">Stenos (1–1.2 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektasis" title="Ektasis">Ektasis (1.2–1.4 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimma" title="Kalimma">Kalimma (1.4–1.6 btd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoik" title="Paleoproterozoik">Paleoproterozoik <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1.6–2.5 btd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateros" title="Stateros">Stateros (1.6–1.8 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroseira" title="Oroseira">Oroseira (1.8–2.05 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riasia" title="Riasia">Riasia (2.05–2.3 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideros" title="Sideros">Sideros (2.3–2.5 btd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arkean" title="Arkean">Eon Arkean<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2.5–4 btd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Era-era" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em">Era-era</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarkean" title="Neoarkean">Neoarkean (2.5–2.8 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarkean" title="Mesoarkean">Mesoarkean (2.8–3.2 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarkean" title="Paleoarkean">Paleoarkean (3.2–3.6 btd.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarkean" title="Eoarkean">Eoarkean (3.6–4 btd.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Eon Hadean <span style="font-weight:normal;">(4–4.6 btd.)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:19em"> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>rtd. = ribu <a href="/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun">tahun</a> dahulu (kiloanum), jtd. = juta tahun dahulu (megaanum), btd. = bilion tahun dahulu (gigaanum). <br /><i>Lihat juga:</i> <a href="/wiki/Skala_masa_geologi" title="Skala masa geologi">Skala masa geologi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&oldid=6122616">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistosen&oldid=6122616</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension (laman tidak wujud)">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_Templat:Longitem_dengan_parameter_gaya_yang_tidak_dinamakan" 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