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Nicholls</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Nicholls – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francis T. Nicholls" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francis T. Nicholls" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Redding_Tillou_Nicholls" title="Franciscus Redding Tillou Nicholls – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus Redding Tillou Nicholls" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89._%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فرانسيس تى. نيتشولس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس تى. نيتشولس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francis T. Nicholls" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Николлс, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Николлс, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francis T. 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Governor Nicholls" redirects here. For the short-serving governor of South Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francis T. Nicholls</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg/220px-Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg/330px-Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg/440px-Francis_T._Nicholls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 20, 1888 – May 10, 1892</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Jeffries_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Jeffries (Louisiana politician)">James Jeffries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._McEnery" title="Samuel D. McEnery">Samuel D. McEnery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster" title="Murphy J. Foster">Murphy J. Foster</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 24, 1877 – January 14, 1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data">Louis A. Wiltz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Packard" title="Stephen B. Packard">Stephen B. Packard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Louis A. Wiltz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1834-08-20</span>)</span>August 20, 1834<br /><a href="/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana" title="Donaldsonville, Louisiana">Donaldsonville, Louisiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 4, 1912<span style="display:none">(1912-01-04)</span> (aged 77)<br />near <a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux, Louisiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Caroline Zilpha Guion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a><br />University of Louisiana (later named <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nicholls_(1834%E2%80%931912).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis T. Nicholls's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Signature_of_Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nicholls_%281834%E2%80%931912%29.png/128px-Signature_of_Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nicholls_%281834%E2%80%931912%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Signature_of_Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nicholls_%281834%E2%80%931912%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/17px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/26px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/34px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1855–1856 (USA)<br />1861–1865 (CSA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/53px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/70px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> 2nd Lieutenant (USA)<br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/35px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/53px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg/70px-Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">Brigadier General (CSA)</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd U.S. Artillery<br />8th Louisiana Infantry (CSA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">15th Louisiana Infantry (CSA)<br />Nicholls' Brigade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Seminole War">Third Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Valley Campaign of 1862</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Winchester" title="First Battle of Winchester">Battle of Winchester</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls</b> (August 20, 1834 – January 4, 1912) was an American <a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">attorney</a>, politician, <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier general (CSA)">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. He served two terms as the 28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a>, first from 1876 to 1880 after the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> ended and from 1888 to 1892. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholls was born at Prevost Memorial Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana" title="Donaldsonville, Louisiana">Donaldsonville, Louisiana</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ascension Parish, Louisiana">Ascension Parish</a>, the seventh son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clark_Nicholls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Clark Nicholls (page does not exist)">Thomas Clark Nicholls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">himself a seventh son</a>) and Louisa Hannah (Drake) Nicholls, a sister of the poet <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rodman_Drake" title="Joseph Rodman Drake">Joseph Rodman Drake</a> and sister-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Redding_Tillou" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Redding Tillou">Francis Redding Tillou</a>. His paternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Cornish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish American">Cornish American</a> Edward Church Nicholls.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended Jefferson Academy in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and graduated in 1855 from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>. Initially assigned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second lieutenant (United States)">second lieutenant</a> in the 2nd U.S. Artillery Regiment, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Seminole War">Third Seminole War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, but resigned his commission after a year and returned home. </p><p>He then attended the University of Louisiana (subsequently <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>) in New Orleans. He practiced law in <a href="/wiki/Napoleonville,_Louisiana" title="Napoleonville, Louisiana">Napoleonville</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Assumption Parish, Louisiana">Assumption Parish</a>, until the start of the Civil War. 2 weeks after the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, Nicholls wed the former Caroline Zilpha Guion, the daughter of George Seth Guion and the former Caroline Lucretia Winder. The couple had one son, Francis Welman Nicholls (born 1863), and six daughters, Caroline (born 1865), Louisa (born 1868), Harriet (born 1870), Virginia (born 1873), Margaret (born 1875), and Elizabeth (born 1877). He was a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Club" title="The Boston Club">The Boston Club</a> of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nichols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nichols.jpg/245px-Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nichols.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Francis_Redding_Tillou_Nichols.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Francis T. Nicholls in Confederate uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholls joined the Confederate Army in 1861 as a captain in the 8th Louisiana Infantry Regiment and participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Shenandoah Valley Campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where his left arm was amputated. In July 1862 he became colonel of the just formed 15th Louisiana Infantry and on October 14, 1862, Nicholls was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">brigadier general</a> and given command of a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of Louisiana infantry. While leading a brigade during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>, a shell ripped off Nicholls' left foot, forcing him to retire from combat service. </p><p>In June 1864, Nicholls commanded a group of invalid soldiers, dubbed the "Crippled Corps", during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg" title="Battle of Lynchburg">Battle of Lynchburg</a>. </p><p>According to James Whitcomb Brougher Sr., in <i>Life and Laughter</i>, (p. 89) he lost an eye at Richmond. Disabled and unfit for further field command, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi Department</a> to direct the Volunteer and Conscript Bureau until the end of the war. </p><p>In 1874, while testifying before a Congressional Committee investigating election fraud in Louisiana, Nicholls said of his service in the war; "I think that we made the attempt [the war for secession] under the most favorable circumstances...of course we all regret our want for success; but I do not believe that there is anywhere any desire for a renewal of the attempt." and that "My war record is a source of private misfortune without a corresponding gain to anyone. My services to my country were not worth the price to me. Every battle I went into I was wounded, and so I could not serve all the time."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postbellum">Postbellum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postbellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Nicholls returned to his law practice. In 1876, he ran for governor against the Republican <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Packard" title="Stephen B. Packard">Stephen B. Packard</a>. The outcome was disputed, and both men claimed victory. Nicholls garnered a majority of 8,000 votes, but the Republican-controlled State Returning Board cited irregularities and declared Packard the winner. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876, President Hayes recognized the Democrat Nicholls as the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first term, he battled political corruption, which was epitomized by Samuel James, the operator of the <a href="/wiki/Convict_lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict lease">convict lease</a> system, state Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Burke" title="Edward A. Burke">Edward A. Burke</a>, and Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Louis A. Wiltz</a>, who supported the corrupt <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Lottery_Company" title="Louisiana State Lottery Company">Louisiana Lottery</a>. Nicholls chaired the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1879 and returned the state capital from New Orleans to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>. Nicholls was governor of Louisiana in 1891, the year when 11 Italians were <a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891 lynchings">lynched</a> in New Orleans. Shortly before the incident, as thousands of angry protesters gathered near the Parish Prison, the Italian consul in New Orleans sought the governor's help. Nicholls declined to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his tenure as governor closed, Nicholls became Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana Supreme Court</a> in 1892, a post which he held until 1911. He also grew <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and other crops on his Ridgefield Plantation near <a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafourche Parish, Louisiana">Lafourche Parish</a>. He died at Ridgefield. Francis and Caroline Nicholls, Thomas Clark Nicholls, and other family members are interred in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_and_Cemetery" title="St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery">St. John's Episcopal Church and Cemetery</a> in Thibodaux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorialization">Memorialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memorialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1913 to about 1950, there was a vocational school at 3649 Laurel Street in New Orleans named for Nicholls. It opened as the Francis T. Nicholls Industrial School for Girls, and offered secondary vocational training, concentrating on apparel manufacturing. The school was later renamed Nicholls Vocational School for Girls, and even later Nicholls Evening Vocational School.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, a new <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public</a> <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis T. Nicholls High School (page does not exist)">Francis T. Nicholls High School</a>, was opened at 3820 <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Claude_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Claude Avenue (page does not exist)">St. Claude Avenue</a> in New Orleans. In the late 1990s the high school was renamed for former slave and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>. It is now a <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a>, part of the KIPP Family Schools and known as KIPP Renaissance High School. During the 1960s, the school was <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> students fought to change the team names from <i>The Rebels</i> and the mascot from the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a> to the current Bobcat.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a "Governor Nicholls Street" in New Orleans. Where it meets the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> near the downriver end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>, there is a Governor Nicholls Street <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">Wharf</a>. Atop the wharf shed there, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> built a manned control tower with a red and green traffic signal to control vessel traffic rounding <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Point" title="Algiers Point">Algiers Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When speaking to the controller via <a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">marine VHF radio</a>, mariners address him or her familiarly as "Governor Nick." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, there is a sculpture of Nicholls by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Konti" title="Isidore Konti">Isidore Konti</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicholls_State_University" title="Nicholls State University">Nicholls State University</a>, founded in 1948, is a public university located in <a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux</a>, Louisiana. Nicholls is part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_System" title="University of Louisiana System">University of Louisiana System</a>. Originally called Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls. </p><p>He is played by James Bearden in the 1999 HBO original film <i><a href="/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)" title="Vendetta (1999 film)">Vendetta</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Confederate)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)">List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tigers" title="Louisiana Tigers">Louisiana Tigers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowse, A. L. "The Cousin Jacks", <i>The Cornish in America</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu09362126&seq=339">"History of the Boston club, organized in 1841, by Stuart O. Landry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Boston+club%2C+organized+in+1841%2C+by+Stuart+O.+Landry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnnc1.cu09362126%26seq%3D339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1962" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, C. Howard (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4230683">"Some Notes on the Military Career of Francis T. Nicholls"</a>. <i>Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 297–315. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6816">0024-6816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4230683">4230683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+History%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Louisiana+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+the+Military+Career+of+Francis+T.+Nicholls&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-315&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4230683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0024-6816&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=C.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4230683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanannualc22unkngoog"><i>Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. 1878. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanannualc22unkngoog/page/n477">455</a>. <q>455.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Annual+Cyclopaedia+and+Register+of+Important+Events&rft.pages=455&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanannualc22unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedesco1991" class="citation news cs1">Tedesco, Larie (March 14, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/orleans/newspapers/00000077.txt">"Anti-Italian Mood Led to 1891 Lynchings"</a>. Times Picayune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-Italian+Mood+Led+to+1891+Lynchings&rft.date=1991-03-14&rft.aulast=Tedesco&rft.aufirst=Larie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.usgwarchives.net%2Fla%2Forleans%2Fnewspapers%2F00000077.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gambino" title="Richard Gambino">Gambino, Richard</a> (2000). <i>Vendetta: The True Story of the Largest Lynching in U.S. History</i>. Guernica. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550711032" title="Special:BookSources/1550711032"><bdi>1550711032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vendetta%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Largest+Lynching+in+U.S.+History&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Guernica&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1550711032&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524192335/http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2006-02-14/blake.php">"Blake Pontchartrain, New Orleans Know-It-All"</a>. <i>Gambit Weekly</i>. February 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2006-02-14/blake.php">the original</a> on May 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gambit+Weekly&rft.atitle=Blake+Pontchartrain%2C+New+Orleans+Know-It-All&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofneworleans.com%2Fdispatch%2F2006-02-14%2Fblake.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtheridge2005" class="citation news cs1">Etheridge, Frank (July 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625062802/http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2005-07-05/news_feat.php">"Derailing Plessy Park"</a>. <i>Gambit Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2005-07-05/news_feat.php">the original</a> on June 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gambit+Weekly&rft.atitle=Derailing+Plessy+Park&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.aulast=Etheridge&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofneworleans.com%2Fdispatch%2F2005-07-05%2Fnews_feat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2000/April/Day-26/i10298.htm">"Vessel Traffic Service Lower Mississippi River"</a>. <i>EPA: Federal Register</i>. April 26, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA%3A+Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Vessel+Traffic+Service+Lower+Mississippi+River&rft.date=2000-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Ffedrgstr%2FEPA-IMPACT%2F2000%2FApril%2FDay-26%2Fi10298.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+T.+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eicher, John H., and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">David J. Eicher</a>, <i>Civil War High Commands.</i> Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1">978-0-8047-3641-1</a>.</li> <li>"Francis Tillou Nicholls", <i>A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography</i>, Vol. 2 (1988), p. 603.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnie_W._McGinty" title="Garnie W. McGinty">Garnie W. McGinty</a>, "Francis Tillou Redding Nicholls", <i><a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana_History" title="North Louisiana History">North Louisiana History</a></i>, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter 1984), pp. 30–39</li> <li>Sifakis, Stewart. <i>Who Was Who in the Civil War.</i> New York: Facts On File, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1055-4">978-0-8160-1055-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_J._Warner_(historian)" title="Ezra J. Warner (historian)">Warner, Ezra J.</a> <i>Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.</i> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0823-9">978-0-8071-0823-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_T._Nicholls&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_T._Nicholls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis T. Nicholls">Francis T. Nicholls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308202320/http://www.sos.louisiana.gov/tabid/385/Default.aspx">State of Louisiana - Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multied.com/Bio/CWcGENS/CSANickolls.html">Biography from History Central</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-cemeteries.com/Governors/Nicholls,%20Francis%20T/Nicholls,%20Francis%20T.shtml">Cemetery Memorial</a> by La-Cemeteries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nicholls.edu/">Nicholls State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7203804">Francis T. Nicholls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McEnery_(Louisiana_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McEnery (Louisiana politician)">John McEnery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">1876</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Louis A. Wiltz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._McEnery" title="Samuel D. McEnery">Samuel D. McEnery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1888_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election">1888</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Samuel D. McEnery</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Packard" title="Stephen B. Packard">Stephen B. Packard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> </b><br />1877–1880 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Louis A. Wiltz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._McEnery" title="Samuel D. McEnery">Samuel D. McEnery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> </b><br />1888–1892 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster" title="Murphy J. Foster">Murphy J. Foster</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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C. Claiborne">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Viller%C3%A9" title="Jacques Villeré">Villeré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Robertson" title="Thomas B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Thibodaux" title="Henry S. Thibodaux">Thibodaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(Louisiana_politician)" title="Henry Johnson (Louisiana politician)">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Derbigny" title="Pierre Derbigny">Derbigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Beauvais" title="Arnaud Beauvais">Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Jacques Dupré">Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_B._Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre B. Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Douglass White Sr.">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_B._Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre B. Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mouton" title="Alexandre Mouton">Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_(politician)" title="Isaac Johnson (politician)">I. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marshall_Walker" title="Joseph Marshall Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Octave_H%C3%A9bert" title="Paul Octave Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Wickliffe" title="Robert C. Wickliffe">Wickliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Overton_Moore" title="Thomas Overton Moore">Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/75px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/113px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Seal_of_Louisiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate <span class="nobold">(1861–1865)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Overton_Moore" title="Thomas Overton Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watkins_Allen" title="Henry Watkins Allen">H. Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union <span class="nobold">(1862–1865)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Foster_Shepley_(judge)" title="George Foster Shepley (judge)">Shepley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hahn" title="Michael Hahn">Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction <span class="nobold">(1865–1868)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Wells" title="James Madison Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Flanders" title="Benjamin Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Baker" title="Joshua Baker">Baker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <span class="nobold">(since 1868)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Warmoth" title="Henry C. Warmoth">Warmoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._S._Pinchback" title="P. B. S. Pinchback">Pinchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEnery_(politician)" title="John McEnery (politician)">J. McEnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg" title="William Pitt Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Packard" title="Stephen B. Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Wiltz" title="Louis A. Wiltz">Wiltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._McEnery" title="Samuel D. McEnery">S. McEnery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster" title="Murphy J. Foster">M. J. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wright_Heard" title="William Wright Heard">Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_C._Blanchard" title="Newton C. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Y._Sanders_Sr." title="Jared Y. Sanders Sr.">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_E._Hall" title="Luther E. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffin_G._Pleasant" title="Ruffin G. Pleasant">Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Parker" title="John M. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Fuqua" title="Henry L. Fuqua">Fuqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oramel_H._Simpson" title="Oramel H. Simpson">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">H. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Olin_King" title="Alvin Olin King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_K._Allen" title="Oscar K. Allen">O. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Noe" title="James A. Noe">Noe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Leche" title="Richard W. Leche">Leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">E. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_H._Jones" title="Sam H. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis" title="Jimmie Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">E. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennon" title="Robert F. Kennon">Kennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">E. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Davis" title="Jimmie Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKeithen" title="John McKeithen">McKeithen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">E. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Treen" title="Dave Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">E. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Roemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">E. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Foster_(American_politician)" title="Mike Foster (American politician)">M. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco" title="Kathleen Blanco">Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Jindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bel_Edwards" title="John Bel Edwards">J. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Landry" title="Jeff Landry">Landry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q882131#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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