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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_and_17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>16th and 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militia_in_the_English_Empire_and_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militia_in_the_English_Empire_and_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Militia in the English Empire and the British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militia_in_the_English_Empire_and_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_and_the_Acts_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_and_the_Acts_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>18th century and the Acts of Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_and_the_Acts_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5.1</span> <span>British Militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5.2</span> <span>Irish militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5.3</span> <span>Scottish militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Special_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Special_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>The Special Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Special_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_militiamen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_militiamen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>The militiamen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_militiamen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_survivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_survivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>Modern survivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_survivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_British_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_British_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>Other British militias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_British_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Troubles_and_Irish_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Troubles_and_Irish_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.11</span> <span>The Troubles and Irish War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Troubles_and_Irish_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Active_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.1</span> <span>Active militias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_paramilitary_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paramilitary_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern paramilitary forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_paramilitary_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern paramilitary forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_paramilitary_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Andorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.29</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.30</span> <span>Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.32</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.33</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.34</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.35</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.36</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.37</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SFR_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.38</span> <span>SFR Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SFR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Militia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميليشيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميليشيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milis_(h%C9%99rbi_q%C3%BCvv%C9%99)" title="Milis (hərbi qüvvə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milis (hərbi qüvvə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মিলিশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিলিশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Милиция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Милиция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia" title="Milícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Milícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domobrana" title="Domobrana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domobrana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milits" title="Milits – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Milits" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliz_(Volksheer)" title="Miliz (Volksheer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miliz (Volksheer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πολιτοφυλακή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτοφυλακή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicia" title="Milicia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Milicia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milico" title="Milico – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milico" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milizia" title="Milizia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Milizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شبه‌نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice" title="Milice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Milice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicia" title="Milicia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Milicia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EB%B3%91" title="민병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Աշխարհազոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհազոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicija" title="Milicija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milico" title="Milico – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milico" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milisi" title="Milisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milizia" title="Milizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Milizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיליציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיליציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicija" title="Milicija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Milicija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milizzia" title="Milizzia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Milizzia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia" title="Militia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Militia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militie" title="Militie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Militie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5" title="民兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milits" title="Milits – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Milits" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milits" title="Milits – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Milits" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia" title="Milícia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Milícia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ملیشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملیشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicja" title="Milicja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Milicja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia" title="Milícia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Milícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili%C8%9Bie" title="Miliție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miliție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Милиция (ополчение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Милиция (ополчение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicia" title="Milicia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Milicia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia" title="Militia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Militia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domobrana" title="Domobrana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domobrana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="میلیشیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میلیشیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Милиција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милиција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicija" title="Milicija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Milicija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliisi" title="Miliisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miliisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milis" title="Milis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Milis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="குடிப்படை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடிப்படை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milis" title="Milis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Міліція (ополчення) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міліція (ополчення)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Force of non-professional soldiers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Militia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Militia (disambiguation)">Militia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Citizen soldier" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Soldier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Citizen Soldier (disambiguation)">Citizen Soldier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hempstead_Rifles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hempstead_Rifles.jpg/220px-Hempstead_Rifles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hempstead_Rifles.jpg/330px-Hempstead_Rifles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hempstead_Rifles.jpg/440px-Hempstead_Rifles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">Mustering</a> in the "Hempstead Rifles," Arkansas Volunteers, at <a href="/wiki/Arkadelphia,_Arkansas" title="Arkadelphia, Arkansas">Arkadelphia, Arkansas</a>, in 1861.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>militia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mil-<span style="font-size:90%">ISH</span>-ə</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">force</a> that comprises <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> members, as opposed to a professional <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular</a>, full-time <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or serve as a pool of available manpower for regular forces to draw from. </p><p>When acting independently, militias are generally unable to hold ground against regular forces. Militias commonly support regular troops by <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishing</a>, holding fortifications, or conducting <a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">irregular warfare</a>, instead of undertaking offensive campaigns by themselves. However, militias may also engage in defense activities to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Naval_militia" title="Naval militia">naval militias</a> may comprise fishermen and other civilians which are organized and sanctioned by a state to enforce its <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 20th century, some militias (in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government) act as professional forces, while still being part-time or on-call organizations. For instance, members of the part-time <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">United States National Guard</a> militia are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to the same standards that their full-time, active duty counterparts are.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militias may nonetheless operate outside of a state's legal jurisdiction, taking the form of a <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private military force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular military</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In countries with <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, the term "militia" may refer to the entire able-bodied population available, legally obliged, or who actually respond to be called to arms. In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and some countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, an official reserve army composed of citizen <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a> is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Militia</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> roots: </p> <ul><li><i>miles</i> /miːles/ : soldier<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>-itia</i> /iːtia/ : a state, activity, quality or condition of being<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>militia</i> /mil:iːtia/: Military service<sup id="cite_ref-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The word <i>militia</i> dates back to ancient Rome, and more recently to at least 1590 when it was recorded in a book by Sir John Smythe, <i>Certain Discourses Military</i> with the meanings: a military force; a body of soldiers and military affairs; a body of military discipline<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word Militia comes from ancient Latin, in which it meant defense service, as distinguished from a body of (armed) defenders which would be <i>volgus militum</i>. The term is used by several countries with the meaning of "defense activity" indicating it is taken directly from Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first notable militia in French history was the resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gauls</a> to invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> until they were defeated by Julius Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> organized and led a militia until her capture and execution in 1431. This settled the succession to the French crown and laid the basis for the formation of the modern nation of France.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> was a political home defense militia. The <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a> was a conscription army used during the Revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the Parisian National Guard engaged the Prussian Army and later rebelled against the Versailles Army under Marshal McMahon. </p><p>Under German occupation during World War II, a militia usually called the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> emerged to conduct a guerrilla war of attrition against German forces and prepare the way for the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> Allied Invasion of France.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Resistance militia were opposed by the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/French_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Militia">French Militia</a>—the paramilitary police force of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">German puppet state of Vichy</a>. </p><p>Although defunct from 1871 until 2016, the French National Guard has now been reestablished for homeland security purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-militarytimes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militarytimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest reports of Germanic militias was the system of <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (division)">hundreds</a> described in AD 98 by the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> as the <i>centeni.</i> They were similar in nature to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg/220px-Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg/330px-Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg/440px-Luetzows_verwegene_jagd_aquarellreproduktion_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. During the Napoleonic Wars, the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> referred to volunteer forces that fought against the French.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for "Free Corps") was originally applied to voluntary armies. The first <i>Freikorps</i> were recruited by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. These troops were regarded as unreliable by regular armies, so they were mainly used as sentries and for minor duties. During the Napoleonic occupation, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Lutzow_Free_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutzow Free Corps">Lutzow Free Corps</a> fought against the occupiers and later joined the allied forces as regular soldiers. </p><p>However, after 1918, the term was used for <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organizations that sprang up around <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as soldiers returned in defeat from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. They were one of the many <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a> active during that time. They received considerable support from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>, the German Defence Minister who used them to crush the <a href="/wiki/Spartakist_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartakist League">Spartakist League</a> with enormous violence, including the murders of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> on January<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1919. Militia were also used to put down the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> in 1919. They were officially "disbanded" in 1920, resulting in the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> in March 1920. The <i>Einwohnerwehr</i>, active in Germany from 1919 to 1921 was a paramilitary citizens' militia consisting of hundreds of thousands of mostly former servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed by the Prussian Ministry of the Interior on April<span class="nowrap"> </span>15, 1919, to allow citizens to protect themselves from looters, armed gangs, and revolutionaries, the <i>Einwohnerwehr</i> was under the command of the local <i>Reichswehr</i> regiments, which supplied its guns. In 1921, the Berlin government dissolved the <i>Einwohnerwehr</i>. Many of its members went on to join the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15,_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-033-15%2C_Vorbeimarsch_des_Volkssturms_an_Goebbels%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> was a national militia formed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the last months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921 the Nazi Party created the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA; Storm Detachment; Brownshirts), which was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party and served as a Nazi militia whose initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies. The SA also took part in street battles against the forces of rival political parties and violent actions against Jews. From the SA sprung the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS; Protective Squadron) which grew to become one of the largest and most powerful groups in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which Reichsführer-SS <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (the leader of the SS from 1929) envisioned as an elite group of guards. The <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the military branch of the SS, became a de facto fourth branch of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944–1945, as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> came to a close in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">German high command</a> deployed increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> units to combat duties. These regiments were composed of men, women and children too old, young or otherwise unfit for service in the Wehrmacht (German Regular Army).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their primary role was assisting the army with fortification duties and digging <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">anti-tank ditches</a>. As the shortage of manpower became severe, they were used as front line infantry, most often in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> settings. Due to the physical state of members, almost non-existent training and shortage of weapons, there was not much the <i>Volkssturm</i> could do except act like shields for regular army units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(English)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia (English)">Militia (English)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)" title="Militia (United Kingdom)">Militia (United Kingdom)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The obligation to serve in the militia (also known as the <i>Constitutional Force</i>) in England derives from a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> tradition, and dates back to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> times. The tradition was that all able-bodied males were liable to be called out to serve in one of two organisations. These were the <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posse comitatus (common law)">posse comitatus</a>, an <i>ad hoc</i> assembly called together by a law officer to apprehend lawbreakers, and the <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a military body intended to preserve internal order or defend the locality against an invader. The latter developed into the militia, and was usually embodied by a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">royal warrant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service in each organisation involved different levels of preparedness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the decay of the feudal system and the military revolution of the 16th century, the militia began to become an important institution in English life. It was organised on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">shire county</a>, and was one of the responsibilities of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</a>, a royal official (usually a trusted nobleman). Each of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (division)">county hundreds</a> was likewise the responsibility of a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">Deputy Lieutenant</a>, who relayed orders to the <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of the peace">justices of the peace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates">magistrates</a>. Every parish furnished a quota of eligible men, whose names were recorded on <a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">muster rolls</a>. Likewise, each household was assessed for the purpose of finding weapons, armour, horses, or their financial equivalent, according to their status. The militia was supposed to be <a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">mustered</a> for training purposes from time to time, but this was rarely done. The militia regiments were consequently ill-prepared for an emergency, and could not be relied upon to serve outside their own counties. This state of affairs concerned many people. Consequently, an elite force was created, composed of members of the militia who were prepared to meet regularly for military training and exercise. These were formed into trained band regiments, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Artillery_Ground" title="Artillery Ground">Artillery Ground</a> was used for training. The <a href="/wiki/Trained_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Trained bands">trained bands</a> performed an important role in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> on the side of parliament, in marching to raise the siege of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> (5 September 1643). Except for the London trained bands, both sides in the Civil War made little use of the militia, preferring to recruit their armies by other means.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Militia_in_the_English_Empire_and_the_British_Empire">Militia in the English Empire and the British Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Militia in the English Empire and the British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(British_Dominions_and_Crown_Colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)">Militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/220px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/330px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg/440px-John_Smith_1624_map_of_Bermuda_with_Forts_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">John Smith's</a> 1624 map of the Somers Isles (<a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>), showing <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's Town</a> and related fortifications, including the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Islands_Fortifications,_Bermuda" title="Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda">Castle Islands Fortifications</a> with their garrisons of militia infantry and volunteer artillery.</figcaption></figure> <p>As successful English settlement of North America began to take place in 1607 in the face of the hostile intentions of the powerful Spanish, and of the native populations, it became immediately necessary to raise militia amongst the settlers. The militia in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> saw constant action against the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan Federation</a> and other native polities. In the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company</a>'s other outpost, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, fortification began immediately in 1612. A Spanish attack in 1614 was repulsed by two shots fired from the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Castle_Islands_Fortifications,_Bermuda" title="Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda">Castle Islands Fortifications</a> manned by <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612%E2%80%931815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612–1815">Bermudian Militiamen</a>. In the Nineteenth century, <i>Fortress Bermuda</i> would become Britain's <i>Gibraltar of the West</i>, heavily fortified by a Regular Army garrison to protect the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s headquarters and dockyard in the Western Atlantic. </p><p>In the 17th Century, however, Bermuda's defence was left entirely in the hands of the Militia. In addition to requiring all male civilians to train and serve in the militia of their Parish, the Bermudian Militia included a standing body of trained artillerymen to garrison the numerous fortifications which ringed <i>New London</i> (<a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a>). This standing body was created by recruiting volunteers, and by sentencing criminals to serve as punishment. The Bermudian militiamen were called out on numerous occasions of war, and, on one notable occasion, to quell rioting privateers. The 1707 <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> made Bermudian and other English militiamen <i>British</i>. The Militia in Bermuda came to include a Troop of Horse (mounted infantry) and served alongside volunteers and (from 1701) a small body of regulars. The Militia faded away after the American War of 1812 when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament of Bermuda</a> declined to renew the Militia Act. This resulted from the build-up of the regular army <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Garrison" title="Bermuda Garrison">Bermuda Garrison</a> along with Bermuda's development as the headquarters and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">dockyard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies Station</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which made the militia seem excess to need. Vast sums of the Imperial defence expenditure were lavished on fortifying Bermuda during the Nineteenth Century and the British Government cajoled, implored, begged, and threatened the colonial legislature for 80 years before it raised a militia and volunteer units (in 1894 and 1894 respectively). Although the militia had historically been an infantry force, many units in Britain had been re-tasked as militia artillery from the 1850s onward due to the increased importance of the coastal artillery defences and the new militia unit in Bermuda followed suit. Titled the <i>Bermuda Militia Artillery</i>, it was badged and uniformed as part of the Royal Artillery, and tasked with the garrison artillery role, manning coastal batteries. As in Britain, recruitment was of volunteers who engaged for terms of service, whereas the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps was organised on the same lines as volunteer rifle corps in Britain. Recruitment to the BVRC was restricted to whites, but the BMA recruited primarily coloured (those who were not entirely of European heritage) other ranks, though its officers were all white until 1953. Neither unit was reorganised in 1908 when the Militia, Volunteer Force and Yeomanry in Britain merged into the Territorial Force, but the BVRC was re-organised as a territorial in 1921 and the BMA in 1926. The BVRC name was not modified to Bermuda Rifles until 1951, however, and the Bermuda Militia Artillery (and from 1939 the Bermuda Militia Infantry) continued to be titled as militia until amalgamated with the Bermuda Rifles in 1965 to form the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Regiment">Bermuda Regiment</a>. </p><p>In British India, a special class of militia was established in 1907. This took the form of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps</a>, which consisted of locally recruited full-time auxiliaries under British officers. Their role combined the functions of tribal police and border guards deployed along the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">North-West Frontier</a>. Regional units included the <a href="/wiki/Zhob_Militia" title="Zhob Militia">Zhob Militia</a>, the Kurram Militia, and the Chagai Militia. After 1946 the Frontier Corps became part of the modern Pakistan Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_for_the_Militia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Drawing_for_the_Militia.png/220px-Drawing_for_the_Militia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Drawing_for_the_Militia.png/330px-Drawing_for_the_Militia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Drawing_for_the_Militia.png/440px-Drawing_for_the_Militia.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_for_the_Militia" title="Drawing for the Militia">Drawing for the Militia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillip" title="John Phillip">John Phillip</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688 <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and Parliament were in strong disagreement. The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> left a rather unusual military legacy. Both <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> distrusted the creation of a large <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> not under civilian control. The former feared that it would be used as an instrument of royal tyranny. The latter had memories of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> and the anti-monarchical social and political revolution that it brought about. Both preferred a small standing army under civilian control for defensive deterrence and to prosecute foreign wars, a large navy as the first line of national defence, and a militia composed of their neighbours as additional defence and to preserve domestic order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bill of Rights">English Bill of Rights</a> (1689) declared, amongst other things: "that the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law..." and "that the subjects which are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law." This implies that they are fitted to serve in the militia, which was intended to serve as a counterweight to the standing army and preserve civil liberties against the use of the army by a tyrannical monarch or government. </p><p>The Crown still (in the British constitution) controls the use of the army. This ensures that officers and enlisted men swear an oath to a politically neutral head of state, and not to a politician. While the funding of the standing army subsists on annual financial votes by parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutiny Act">Mutiny Act</a>, superseded by the Army Act, and now the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Act" title="Armed Forces Act">Armed Forces Act</a> is also renewed on an annual basis by Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If it lapses, the legal basis for enforcing discipline disappears, and soldiers lose their legal indemnity for acts committed under orders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, militias were also raised in the colonies, where little support could be provided by regular forces. Overseas militias were first raised in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612%E2%80%931815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612–1815">Bermuda Militia</a> followed over the next two centuries a similar trajectory to that in Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century_and_the_Acts_of_Union">18th century and the Acts of Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 18th century and the Acts of Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1707 the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Scottish navy</a> was incorporated into the Royal Navy. The Scottish military (as opposed to naval) forces merged with the English, with pre-existing regular Scottish regiments maintaining their identities, though command of the new British Army was from England. How this affected militias either side of the border is unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="British_Militia">British Militia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British Militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(Great_Britain)" title="Militia (Great Britain)">Militia (Great Britain)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)" title="Militia (United Kingdom)">Militia (United Kingdom)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Thomas_Rowlandson_-_A_Review_of_the_Northapmton_Militia_at_Brackley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5701" data-file-height="4296" /></a><figcaption>A review of the <a href="/wiki/Northampton_Militia" title="Northampton Militia">Northampton Militia</a>. Formed in 1763, its men were selected by ballot to serve for a period of time.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_1757" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Act 1757">Militia Act 1757</a> created a more professional force. Better records were kept, and the men were selected by ballot to serve for longer periods; specific provision was made for members of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, to be exempted, as <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>, from compulsory enlistment in the militia. Proper uniforms and better weapons were provided, and the force was 'embodied' from time to time for training sessions. </p><p>The militia was widely embodied at various times during the French and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. It served at several vulnerable locations, and was particularly stationed on the South Coast and in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. A number of camps were held at <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, where the militia regiments were reviewed by <a href="/wiki/The_Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince Regent">the Prince Regent</a>. (This is the origin of the song "Brighton Camp".) The militia could not be compelled to serve overseas, but it was seen as a training reserve for the army, as <a href="/wiki/Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">bounties</a> were offered to men who opted to 'exchange' from the militia to the <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Irish_militia">Irish militia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irish militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> passed an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">act</a> in 1715 raising regiments of militia in each county and <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a>. Membership was restricted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestants</a> between the ages of 16 and 60. In 1793, during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the Irish militia were reorganised to form thirty-seven county and city regiments. While officers of the reorganised force were Protestant, membership of the other ranks was now made available to members of all denominations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scottish_militia">Scottish militia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scottish militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 17th century, numerous individuals in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> (then in a personal union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>) called for the resurrection of a Scottish militia, with the understated aim of protecting the rights of Scots in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Scotland became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_1757" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Act 1757">Militia Act 1757</a> did not apply there. The traditional Scottish militia system continued, with only certain settlements in Scotland playing host to a militia regiment. This was viewed with resentment among some in Scotland, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Poker_Club#History" title="The Poker Club">Militia Club</a> was formed to promote the raising of a Scottish militia. The Militia Club, along with several other Scottish <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's clubs</a> became the crucible of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>. The Militia Act 1797 empowered Scottish Lord Lieutenants to raise and command militia regiments in each of the "Counties, Stewartries, Cities, and Places" under their jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although muster rolls were prepared as late as 1820, the element of compulsion was abandoned, and the militia transformed into a volunteer force, revived by the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_1852" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Act 1852">Militia Act 1852</a>. It was intended to be seen as an alternative to the regular army. Men would volunteer and undertake basic training for several months at an army depot. Thereafter, they would return to civilian life, but report for regular periods of military training (usually on the weapons ranges) and an annual two-week training camp. In return, they would receive military pay and a financial retainer, a useful addition to their civilian wage. Of course, many saw the annual camp as the equivalent of a paid holiday. The militia thus appealed to agricultural labourers, colliers and the like, men in <a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">casual occupations</a>, who could leave their civilian job and pick it up again. Until 1852 the militia were an entirely <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> force, but from that year a number of county infantry regiments were converted to <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and new ones raised. In 1877 the militia of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a> were converted to engineers. Under the <a href="/wiki/Childers_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Childers reforms">reforms</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Hugh Childers</a> in 1881, the remaining militia infantry regiments were re-designated as numbered battalions of regiments of the line, ranking after the two regular battalions. Typically, an English, Welsh or Scottish regiment would have two militia battalions (the 3rd and 4th) and Irish regiments three (numbered 3rd–5th). </p><p>The militia must not be confused with the volunteer units created in a wave of enthusiasm in the second half of the nineteenth century. In contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Force" title="Volunteer Force">Volunteer Force</a>, and the similar <a href="/wiki/Yeomanry_Cavalry" title="Yeomanry Cavalry">Yeomanry Cavalry</a>, they were considered rather plebeian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Special_Reserve">The Special Reserve</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Special Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg/220px-Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg/330px-Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg/440px-Volunteer_with_Me_for_the_Territorial_Army_Art.IWMPST14588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Recruitment poster for the British <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> during World War II. The reserve force was formed after the militias were reorganized in 1907.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_Reserve" title="Special Reserve">Special Reserve</a></div> <p>The militia was transformed into the Special Reserve by the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_and_Reserve_Forces_Act_1907" title="Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907">military reforms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haldane_Reforms" title="Haldane Reforms">Haldane</a> in the reforming post 1906 Liberal government. In 1908 the militia infantry battalions were redesignated as "reserve" and a number were amalgamated or disbanded. Numbered <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial Force</a> battalions, ranking after the Special Reserve, were formed from the volunteer units at the same time. Altogether, 101 infantry battalions, 33 artillery regiments and two engineer regiments of special reservists were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon mobilisation, the special reserve units would be formed at the depot and continue training while guarding vulnerable points in Britain. The special reserve units remained in Britain throughout the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but their rank and file did not, since the object of the special reserve was to supply drafts of replacements for the overseas units of the regiment. The original militiamen soon disappeared, and the battalions simply became training units. The Special Reserve reverted to its militia designation in 1921, then to Supplementary Reserve in 1924, though the units were effectively placed in "suspended animation" until disbanded in 1953. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_militiamen">The militiamen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The militiamen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name was briefly revived in the <a href="/wiki/Military_Training_Act_1939" title="Military Training Act 1939">Military Training Act 1939</a>, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Crisis">Munich Crisis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a>, Secretary of State for War, wished to introduce a limited form of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">conscription</a>, not known in peacetime Britain since the militia of the early 19th century and previously. It was thought that calling the conscripts 'militiamen' would make this more acceptable, as it would render them distinct from the rest of the army. Only single men aged 20 up to the day before their 22nd birthday were to be conscripted, for six months full-time training before discharge into the reserve (with a free suit of civilian clothing). Although the first intake was called up in late July 1939, the declaration of war on 3 September entailed implementation of full-time conscription for all men aged 18–41, superseding the militia, never to be revived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_survivals">Modern survivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern survivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg/220px-Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg/330px-Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg/440px-Royal_Visit_2012_0010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>A non-commissioned officer of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey</a>. The unit is one of two regiments in the Territorial Army that maintain their militia designation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three units still maintain their militia designation in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. These are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Monmouthshire_Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers">Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers</a> (formed in 1539), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jersey_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Jersey Militia">Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey)</a> (formed in 1337), and the Royal Alderney Militia (created in the 13th century and reformed in 1984). Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Highlanders" title="Atholl Highlanders">Atholl Highlanders</a> are a ceremonial infantry militia maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Atholl" title="Duke of Atholl">Duke of Atholl</a>—they are the only legal <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private army</a> in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_British_militias">Other British militias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other British militias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various other part-time, home defence organisations have been raised during times of crisis or perceived threat, although without the word "militia" in their title. These have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps" title="British Volunteer Corps">Volunteer Corps</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_1803%E2%80%931805" class="mw-redirect" title="British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805">British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">Yeomanry</a>, volunteer cavalry initially raised in the Napoleonic Wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Force (Great Britain)">Volunteer Force</a>, from 1857 to 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Training_Corps_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)">Volunteer Training Corps</a>, 1914 to 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Companies" title="National Defence Companies">National Defence Companies</a>, 1936 to 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>, initially Local Defence Volunteers, 1940 to 1944 and 1951 to 1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a>, 1970 to 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Service_Force" title="Home Service Force">Home Service Force</a>, 1982 to 1992</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Troubles_and_Irish_War_of_Independence">The Troubles and Irish War of Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Troubles and Irish War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></div> <p>The various non-state paramilitary groups involved in the 20th-century conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, such as the various <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> paramilitaries, could also be described as militias and are occasionally referred to as such. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> (UDR) was a locally raised professional militia instituted by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> in December 1969, becoming operational on 1 April 1970. Created as a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">non-partisan</a> force to defend Northern Ireland "against armed attack or sabotage", it eventually peaked at 11 battalions with 7,559 men and women. 197 soldiers of the UDR were killed as active servicemen, with a further 61 killed after leaving the regiment, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>. As a result of defence cuts it was eventually reduced to 7 battalions before being amalgamated with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rangers" title="Royal Irish Rangers">Royal Irish Rangers</a> in 1992 to form the "Home Service Battalions" of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1992)">Royal Irish Regiment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia (United States)</a></div> <p>The history of militia in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> dates from the colonial era, such as in the American Revolutionary War.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the English system, colonial militias were drawn from the body of adult male citizens of a community, town, or local region. Because there was no standing English Army before the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and subsequently the English Army and later the British Army had few regulars garrisoning North America, colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a>. Before shooting began in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, American revolutionaries took control of the militia system, reinvigorating training and excluding men with <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> inclinations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulation of the militia was codified by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. The revolutionaries also created a full-time regular army—the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>—but, because of manpower shortages, the militia provided short-term support to the regulars in the field throughout the war. </p><p>In colonial era Anglo-American usage, militia service was distinguished from military service in that the latter was normally a commitment for a fixed period of time of at least a year, for a <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, whereas militia was only to meet a threat, or prepare to meet a threat, for periods of time expected to be short. Militia persons were normally expected to provide their own weapons, equipment, or supplies, although they may later be compensated for losses or expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related concept is the <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>, which can be regarded as a specialized form of militia convened to render a verdict in a court proceeding (known as a petit jury or <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">trial jury</a>) or to investigate a public matter and render a presentment or indictment (<a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Constitutional Convention</a> of 1787 and Article 1 Section 8 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, control of the army and the power to direct the militia of the states was concurrently delegated to the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wills_1999_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wills_1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Clause">Militia Clauses</a> gave Congress authority for "organizing, arming, and disciplining" the militia, and "governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States", and the States retained authority to appoint officers and to impose the training specified by Congress. Proponents describe a key element in the concept of "militia" was that to be "genuine" it not be a "select militia", composed of an unrepresentative subset of the population. This was an argument presented in the <a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution">ratification debates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first legislation on the subject was the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Act of 1792">Militia Act of 1792</a> which provided, in part: </p> <blockquote><p>That each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years (except as is herein after excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia,... every citizen, so enrolled and notified, shall, within six months thereafter, provide himself with a good musket or firelock.</p></blockquote> <p>Prior to the War of Independence, the officers of militia units were commissioned by the royal governors. During the war, they were commissioned either by the legislature or the chief executive of the state. After the war, commissions were typically granted by the state's chief executive. Militias did not operate independently of the state governments but were under the command of the civil government just like the regular military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-four of the current US states maintain state defense forces in the form of a constitutional militia in addition to the National Guard which is shared with the US government. These states include Alabama, Alaska, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Vermont, and Virginia. In addition, the Territory of Puerto Rico has a defense force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century_2">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg/220px-NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg/330px-NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg/440px-NewYorkStateMilitiaCivilWar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Uniformed American militiamen during the American Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the nineteenth century, each of the states maintained its militia differently, some more than others. American militia saw action in the various <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Sometimes militia units were found to be unprepared, ill-supplied, and unwilling.<sup id="cite_ref-Wills_1999_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wills_1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Civil War, militia units were sometimes used by southern states for slave control. Formed in 1860, Republican Party-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Wide_Awakes" title="Wide Awakes">Wide Awakes</a> clubs were quick to take action to defend persons against southern slave-hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the militia carried out campaigns against bandits and against the Indians at the direction of its Governor between 1850 and 1866. During <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> after the Civil War, Republican state governments had militias composed almost entirely of freed slaves and populist whites. Their deployment to maintain order in the former Confederate states caused increased resentment among many Southern whites.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, secret groups like the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camellia" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the White Camellia">Knights of the White Camellia</a> arose quickly across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, reaching a peak in the late 1860s. Even more significant in terms of effect were private militias: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary organizations</a> that formed starting in 1874, including the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, which quickly formed chapters in other states; the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> in 1875, and with <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">force in</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>; and other "white line" militias and rifle clubs. </p><p>In contrast to the KKK, these paramilitary organizations were open; members were often well known in their communities. Nevertheless, they used force, intimidation, and violence, including murder, to push out Republican officeholders, break up <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">organizing</a>, and suppress <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>'s voting and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paramilitary groups were described as "the military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>" and were instrumental in helping secure Democratic victories in the South in the elections of 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia organizations in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg/220px-Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg/330px-Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg/440px-Missouri_National_Guard_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">United States National Guard</a> undergoing self-defense training. The force was created in 1903 as an organized militia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903" title="Militia Act of 1903">Militia Act of 1903</a> divided what had been the militia into what it termed the "organized" militia, created from portions of the former state guards to become state <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> units, and the "unorganized" militia consisting of all males from ages 17 to 45, with the exception of certain officials and others, which is codified in <a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/311">§ 311</a>. Some states, such as Texas, California, and Ohio, created separate <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense forces</a> for assistance in local emergencies. Congress later established<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system of "dual enlistment" for the National Guard, so that anyone who enlisted in the National Guard also enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> was established as an independent service in 1947, the National Guard was further divided into the <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a>. Under this construct, the 1933 defense act's "dual enlistment" facet was further amended so that enlisted soldiers and commissioned officers in the Army National Guard were also enlisted or commissioned in the Reserve Component of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>. Enlisted airmen and commissioned officers in the Air National Guard were also enlisted or commissioned in the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the U.S. Air Force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 20th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">militia organizations in the United States</a>, these private militias often have an <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-government</a> outlook and are not under the civil authority of the states. Privately organized citizen militia-related groups blossomed in the mid-1990s. Many militia groups are based on religious or political extremism and some are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a>.</div> <p>In the 2008 decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, in <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> definition of "militia" as used in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> was discussed. The Court's opinion made explicit, in its <i><a href="/wiki/Obiter_dictum" title="Obiter dictum">obiter dicta</a></i>, that the term "militia", as used in colonial times in this <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalist</a> decision, included both the federally organized militia and the citizen-organized militias of the several <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a>: "... the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able-bodied, and within a certain age range" (7)... Although the militia consists of all able-bodied men, the federally-organized militia may consist of a subset of them"(23).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Active_militias">Active militias</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Active militias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">State defense forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texas">Texas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class,_Texas_State_Guard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG/220px-Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG/330px-Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG/440px-Regional_Basic_Orientation_Training_Class%2C_Texas_State_Guard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Basic orientation for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Guard" title="Texas State Guard">Texas State Guard</a>. The Guard is a <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense force</a>, military units under the sole authority of the state government.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Militia" title="Special:EditPage/Militia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most important previous activity of the Texas Militia was the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> in 1836. Texans declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> while they were defeated during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>, in March 1836. On April 21, 1836, led by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, the Militia attacked the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a> at their camp, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a> near the present city of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. Following the war, some militia units reorganized into what was later to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a>, which was a private, volunteer effort for several years before becoming an official organization. After Texas joined the Union of the United States in 1845, Texas militia units participated in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. </p><p>In 1861 Texas joined the other <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a> in seceding from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, and Texas militias played a role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> until it ended in 1865. Texas militiamen joined <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a>, a volunteer militia, and fought with him during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898. Some of the training of the Rough Riders took place in San Pedro Park, in the north-central part of San Antonio near the present site of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_College" title="San Antonio College">San Antonio College</a>. When a muster of the Militia proposed to train there on April 19, 1994, they were threatened with arrest, even though the charter of San Pedro Park forbids exclusion of activities of that kind. This threat led to a change in the meeting site. Like many other American states, Texas maintains a recognized State Militia, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Guard" title="Texas State Guard">Texas State Guard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_paramilitary_forces">Modern paramilitary forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern paramilitary forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, emergence of a small militia group Katibat al Haydariyah was first seen in 2015. During the year, total four attacks were claimed by the group, including on August 22 and 24, 2015, in <a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a>, on September 10, 2015, in <a href="/wiki/Khamis,_Bahrain" title="Khamis, Bahrain">Al Khamis</a>, and on October 9, 2015, on <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahraini forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Juffair" title="Juffair">Al Juffair</a> region. Katibat al Haydariyah is its own distinct organization that decries the Bahraini government, but <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> listed it as an alias for the larger <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashtar_Brigades" title="Al-Ashtar Brigades">Al-Ashtar Brigades</a> (or the Saraya al Ashtar). After four years, the militia group reemerged on social media in October 2019, to threaten new attacks on the island. It stated that they “will not retreat from our goals of the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> entity,” and that “soon, guns will open their mouths and they will hear the whiz of bullets”.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_militias" title="Brazilian militias">Brazilian militias</a></div> <p>In Brazil, the word <i>milícia</i> is heavily associated with paramilitary and drug-related criminal groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Mexico#Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun laws in Mexico">Gun laws in Mexico § Militia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mexico has a history of various activities and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurrection</a> by militia and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups dating back several hundred years that include the exploits of historical figures such as Captain <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pineda_Munoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Pineda Munoz">Manuel Pineda Munoz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Francisco "Pancho" Villa</a>. This also includes groups such as the Free-Colored Militia (the interracial militias of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>, Colonial Mexico),<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Camisas_Doradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Camisas Doradas">Camisas Doradas</a>, and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_Autodefensa_Comunitaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria">Self Defense Council of Michoacan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free-colored militias were an important and at times critical organization in Colonial Mexico. Prior to the eighteenth century, Spain's territories in the Americas were mainly defended through a series of Spanish military units being based in strategic coastal port cities and important economic centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–10">: 8–10 </span></sup> But as European rivals began to challenge the Spanish crown and their dominance in the new world, the Bourbon dynasty initiated a series of reforms, allowing people from their colonies to serve in the regular armies, as well as permitting local militias in their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–16">: 14–16 </span></sup> </p><p>While these groups began to integrate themselves into the official Spanish colonial militaries, free-colored militias have been reluctantly used since the-mid sixteenth century. <i>Palenques,</i> or run away slave communities, would often initiate slavery uprising in various cities and towns in New Spain, which made the colonial Spanish authorities uneasy about arming any free colored individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–16">: 14–16 </span></sup> Free colored rebellions and violence in Mexico City impacted regional policy of New Spain towards blacks. Given this social context, the racial climate in which these free-colored militias first appeared was a hostile one, and the first militias often had conflicts within them between their free-colored and white commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–23">: 20–23 </span></sup> The first large scale recruitment of fee-colored militias was in response to the attack on Veracruz port in 1683 by Dutch pirateer Lorenzo de Graff, with free-colored soldiers being called in from Mexico City, Puebla, Orizaba and other large colonial cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–32">: 30–32 </span></sup> Militias increasingly began to take shape and develop over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, but it's critical to understand that their development was not a linear progressive one. The experiences of militias in urban areas was vastly different from those in rural communities, and the role, influence, and duties of militias in the early 17th century were not the same as those of a century later. The critical stage for militia growth was during 1670–1762, where there was an increase of the militias responsibilities and they gained a considerable amount of autonomy over their own affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–32">: 30–32 </span></sup> The social impact of these free-colored militias added complexity to the race-based caste system that dominated the social landscape. </p><p>Free-colored militias were structured to follow the <i>tercio</i> organizational model that was used by Spanish Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–50">: 47–50 </span></sup> <i>Tercios</i> compromised 2,500 soldiers distributed among ten companies, each under the leadership of a captain. Free-colored militias under the tercio system were headed by a <i>sargento mayor</i> (major) who became the senior operating officer in militias. Under the <i>sargento mayor</i> were the junior officers, which included one captain and alferez (lieutenant) per company, who were also aided by an <i>ayudante</i> (adjutant) and <i>subteniente</i> (second lieutenant) after they were incorporated into the system after 1767. The captain had supreme authority within their company, only reporting to the <i>sargento</i> mayor when he could not control matters of the company. The <i>alferez</i> coordinated affairs with his captain and was next in line in command in his absence. Below the junior officers were ranking NCO's and up to four sergeants served per company. A <i>cabo</i> (corporal) was assigned to lead each squad of 25 soldiers. These NCO's were responsible for discipline of the soldiers and maintaining a limited record of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–50">: 47–50 </span></sup> Officers and first sergeants were the only soldiers in the free-colored militias to receive a monthly salary with lower ranked soldiers only receiving pay when on campaigns. Their salaries came from the royal treasuries, alongside occasional supplementation by private contributions of prominent individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83–84">: 83–84 </span></sup> </p><p>Who exactly constitutes as a “free-colored person” is subject to much debate and discussion. While the terms <i>pardos, mulatos, negros</i> and <i>morenos</i> were commonly used under the caste system that was in place during this era, their use in this context is much more complex and who exactly qualified as who was a very fluid process, dependent on the social context of the time and place.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200–201">: 200–201 </span></sup> Despite the lack of universal understanding of racial identification across New Spain, when they were faced with external threats to their organizations, free-colored militias showed great racial unity in these times, such as in the case of Huajolotitlan, a small town of Oaxaca in southern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207–211">: 207–211 </span></sup> After a decree was passed in 1784 calling for the retirement of every free-colored officer and the disbandment of their militia, the tows free-coloreds fiercely resisted. Free-colored soldiers refused to leave their posts and they dispatched to the capital in protests to defend their racially integrated organizations. This later inspired the communities other free-colored people to protests what they saw as other aggressions by the government, such as increasing tribute burdens.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinson_Free_Colored_40-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinson_Free_Colored-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207–211">: 207–211 </span></sup> </p><p>While some of the previous examples are historical, the current official view on the existence of such militias in Mexico, when they are not backed by the government,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been to always label them as illegal and to combat them in a military and a political way.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern examples on the Mexican view on militias are the Chiapas conflict against the EZLN<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and against the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Army" title="Popular Revolutionary Army">EPR</a> in Guerrero,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the government forces combated the upraised militias. And in a more recent case when civilian <a href="/wiki/Grupos_de_Autodefensa_Comunitaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria">self-defence militias</a> appeared during the Mexican war on drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government regulated them and transformed the militias in to <a href="/wiki/Rurales" title="Rurales">Rural federal forces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those who resisted were combated and imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Militias have been used throughout the history of Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Militia">Afghan Militias</a> and irregular forces have contributed significantly to the military history of the country and affected the process of state formation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andorra">Andorra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Andorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andorra has a small army, which has historically been raised or reconstituted at various dates, but has never in modern times amounted to a standing army. The basic principle of Andorran defence is that all able-bodied men are available to fight if called upon by the sounding of the Sometent. Being a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>, Andorra has no navy. </p><p>Before World War I, Andorra maintained an armed militia force of about 600 part-time militiamen under the supervision of a Captain (Capità or Cap de Sometent) and a Lieutenant (Desener or Lloctinent del Capità). This body was not liable for service outside the principality and was commanded by two officials (veguers) appointed by France and the Bishop of Urgell.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern era, the army has consisted of a very small body of volunteers willing to undertake <a href="/wiki/Honor_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor guard">ceremonial duties</a>. Uniforms and weaponry were handed down from generation to generation within families and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-elperiodic.ad_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elperiodic.ad-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army's role in internal security was largely taken over by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Police_Corps_of_Andorra" title="Police Corps of Andorra">Police Corps of Andorra</a> in 1931. Brief civil disorder associated with the elections of 1933 led to assistance being sought from the French <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a detachment resident in <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> for two months under the command of René-Jules Baulard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Andorran Police was reformed in the following year, with eleven soldiers appointed to supervisory roles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force consisted of six <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporals</a>, one for each parish (although there are currently seven parishes, there were only six until 1978), plus four junior staff officers to co-ordinate action, and a commander with the rank of major. It was the responsibility of the six corporals, each in his own parish, to be able to raise a fighting force from among the able-bodied men of the parish. </p><p>Today a small, twelve-man ceremonial unit remains the only permanent section of the Sometent, but all able-bodied men remain technically <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">available for military service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a requirement for each family to have access to a firearm. An <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">area weapon</a> such as a Shotgun per household is unregulated, however <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">ranged weapons</a> such as Pistols and Rifles require a license.<sup id="cite_ref-elperiodic.ad_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elperiodic.ad-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army has not fought for more than 700 years, and its main responsibility is to <a href="/wiki/Colour_guard" title="Colour guard">present the</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">flag of Andorra</a> at official ceremonial functions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Marc_Forn%C3%A9_Moln%C3%A9" title="Marc Forné Molné">Marc Forné Molné</a>, Andorra's military budget is strictly from voluntary donations, and the availability of full-time volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times there has only been a general emergency call to the popular army of Sometent during the floods of 1982 in the Catalan Pyrenees,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where 12 citizens perished in Andorra, to help the population and establish a public order along with the Local Police units.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1800s <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, which was by then the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>, was attacked during the <a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasions of the Río de la Plata">British invasions of the Río de la Plata</a>. As regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Liniers" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Liniers">Santiago de Liniers</a> drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the <a href="/wiki/Criollo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo peoples">criollo peoples</a>, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy, as well as some slaves. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the <i>criollos</i> could manifest their political ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were a key element in the success of the <a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a>, which deposed the Spanish viceroy and began the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentine War of Independence</a>. A decree by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Moreno" title="Mariano Moreno">Mariano Moreno</a> derogated the system of promotions involving <i>criollos</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a> meaning unclear</i>]</sup> allowing instead their promotion on military merit. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Civil War">Argentine Civil War</a> was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts. These irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a>, drafted for the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Avellaneda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Avellaneda">Avellaneda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Roca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/220px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/330px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/440px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian <i>fedayi</i></a> were <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular militia</a> formed in the late 19th and early 20th century to defend Armenian villages.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_irregular_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian irregular units">Armenian irregular units</a></div> <p>Armenian militia, or <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">fedayi</a></i> played a major role in the independence of various Armenian states, including <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>. Armenian militia also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">Georgia-Abkhazia War</a> of 1992–1993. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Militia_(British_Dominions_and_Crown_Colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)">colonial militia</a> but the idea was rejected. Governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Ralph Darling</a> felt a <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">mounted police</a> force was more efficient than a militia. A <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">military volunteer</a> movement attracted wide interest during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Military_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Military Force">Citizen Military Force</a> (CMF). </p><p>A citizens' militia modeled on the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Guard">British Home Guard</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Defence_Corps_(Australia)" title="Volunteer Defence Corps (Australia)">Volunteer Defence Corps</a> (VDC) was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Returned_and_Services_League_of_Australia" title="Returned and Services League of Australia">Returned and Services League of Australia</a> (RSL) in 1940 in response to the possibility of a Japanese invasion of Australia. In the beginning, members didn't have uniforms and often paraded in business attire. They were given instruction on <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Military_Forces" title="Australian Military Forces">Australian Military Forces</a> (AMF). The government supported the organization and equipped them with <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a>; however, they were disbanded by the end of World War II due to the fact that there was no longer a significant threat to national security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Militia" title="Special:EditPage/Militia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839,_%C3%96sterreich,_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00839%2C_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Republikanischer_Schutzbund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> militia formed in 1923, one of several militias formed in post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Austria.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire</a>, a National Guard was established in Vienna. A separate but related <a href="/wiki/Academic_Legion_(Vienna)" title="Academic Legion (Vienna)">Academic Legion</a> was composed mainly of students in the capital city. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, multiple militias formed as <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a> returned home to their <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, only to find many of them occupied by <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> forces. Especially in the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (province)">Carinthia</a> the Volkswehr (Peoples Defense Force) was formed, to fight the occupant forces. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Republic</a>, similar to the development in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a> of politics led to certain <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> militias associating with certain <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a> (German: <i>Home Defense</i>) became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a> (German: <i>Republican Defense League</i>) became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria</a>. Violence increasingly escalated, breaking out during the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolt_of_1927" title="July Revolt of 1927">July Revolt of 1927</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a>, when the Schutzbund was defeated by the Heimwehr, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Austria)" title="Gendarmerie (Austria)">Gendarmerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Austrian Armed Forces</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Austrian Armed Forces</a> (Bundesheer) were reestablished as a <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscript</a> military force. A basic part of it is the militia, which is a regular reservists force of the Bundesheer, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">national guard</a> units of the United States. The conscript soldiers of the militia have to store their military equipment at home, to be mobilized quite fast within a few days in case of emergency. The system was established during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and still exists, but the members of the militia now are volunteers only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Civil_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Civil Guard">Belgian Civil Guard</a></div> <p>The Garde Civique or Burgerwacht (French and Dutch; "Civic Guard") was a Belgian paramilitary militia which existed between 1830 and 1920. Created in October 1830 shortly after the Belgian Revolution, the Guard amalgamated the various militia groups which had been created by the middle classes to protect property during the political uncertainty. Its role was as a quasi-military "gendarmerie", with the primary role of maintaining social order within Belgium. Increasingly anachronistic, it was demobilised in 1914 and officially disbanded in 1920, following a disappointing performance during the German invasion of Belgium in World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Canadian units of the War of 1812</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Push_on,_brave_York_volunteers(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/220px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/330px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/440px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_of_York_Militia" title="2nd Regiment of York Militia">2nd Regiment of York Militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a>. The regiment was one of several <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Canadian militia units during the War of 1812</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada the title "Militia" historically referred to the land component of the armed forces, both regular (full-time) and reserve. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militias</a> date from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">colonial period</a>. In <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a> created a compulsory militia of settlers in every parish that supported French authorities in the defence and expansion of the colony. </p><p>Following the British <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_1760" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of 1760">conquest of New France</a> in 1760, local militia units supported <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> regiments stationed in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, and, after the secession of thirteen continental colonies in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. In addition to the Canadian militia, British regiments were also supported by locally raised regulars (including the <a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/100th_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Canadian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot">100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fencibles" title="Fencibles">Fencibles</a> regiments. These regiments were raised through ordinary modes of recruiting, as opposed to being raised by ballot like the militia. Most militia units were only activated in time of war, but remained inactive in between. The battle honours awarded to these colonial militia regiments are perpetuated by modern regiments within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>. </p><p>Defence of <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a> long relied on a contingent of <a href="/wiki/British_soldiers_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="British soldiers in the eighteenth century">British soldiers</a>, as well as support from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. However, the Crimean War saw the diversion of a significant number of British soldiers from <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. Fearing possible incursions from the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a> passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1855" title="Militia Act of 1855">Militia Act of 1855</a></i>, creating the Active Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Active Militia, later splitting into the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a> (PAM), a full-time professional army component (although it continued to use the label militia), and <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a> (NPAM), a <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">military reserve force</a> for the Canadian militia.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following 1855, the traditional sedentary militia was reorganized into the Reserve Militia, with its last enrolment taking place in 1873, and was formally abolished in 1950. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, the colonies that made up the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> maintained their own militias independent of the Canadian Militia. <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, part of British North America and militarily subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Maritimes,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed its militia to lapse following the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of 1812">American War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States Independence, however, elevated Bermuda to the status of an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> and it would be strongly defended by the regular army,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left out of the confederation of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1853 to 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> (and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia</a>) periodically raised and disbanded militia units. These units were raised for specific purposes, or in response to a specific threat, real or perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Militia,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/330px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/440px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> in 1898. The force included the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a>, a full-time professional land force which became the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> in 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a> was signed between the Americans and British, nearly all remaining British soldiers were withdrawn from Canada in November 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departure of the majority of British forces in Canada made the Canadian militia the only major land forces available in Canada. In 1940, both components of the militia, PAM and NPAM were reorganized, the former into <a href="/wiki/Regular_Force" title="Regular Force">Canadian Army (Active)</a>, the latter into the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Canadian Army (Reserve)</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_Royal_Regiment,_Canadian_Militia,_church_parade_in_Hamilton,_Ontario,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg/220px-13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg/330px-13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg/440px-13th_Royal_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Militia%2C_church_parade_in_Hamilton%2C_Ontario%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6514" data-file-height="3914" /></a><figcaption>A church parade of the <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry_(Wentworth_Regiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)">13th Royal Regiment</a>, Canadian Militia, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the various colonial militia units, and the regiments of the Canadian militia, in 1942, the Army's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Command_(Canadian_Army)" title="Pacific Command (Canadian Army)">Pacific Command</a> created the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers. Intended to function similarly to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>, the Rangers were a secondary defence force, defending the coast of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> from potential Japanese attack.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rangers were disbanded in September 1945, shortly after the conclusion of World War II. The legacy of the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers is perpetuated by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>, a component of the Primary Reserve that provides a military presence in areas where it would not be economically or practically viable to have conventional Army units – most notably <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">northern Canada</a>. </p><p>The Canadian Army Reserve continued to use the term <i>militia</i> in reference to itself until the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces">unification of the Canadian Armed Forces</a> in 1968. Since unification, no Canadian military force has formally used <i>militia</i> in its name. However, the Canadian Army Reserve is still colloquially referred to as the <i>militia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Canadian Army Reserve troops typically train one night a week and every other weekend of the month, except in the summer. Summertime training may consist of courses, individual call-outs, or concentrations (unit and formation training of one to two weeks' duration). Most Canadian cities and counties have one or more militia units. Primary Reserve members may volunteer for overseas service, to augment their regular force counterparts—usually during <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> missions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China" title="Paramilitary forces of China">Paramilitary forces of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Armed_Forces_Maritime_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia">People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia (China)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangzhou,_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg/220px-Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg/330px-Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg/440px-Hangzhou%2C_Lingyin_1978_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Chinese militia</a> recruits attending shooting practice with <a href="/wiki/SKS" title="SKS">Type 56</a> rifles in Hangzhou (March 1978).</figcaption></figure> <p>China's current <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China#Militia" title="Paramilitary forces of China">militia</a> falls under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), and forms part of the Chinese armed forces. Under the command of the military organs, it undertakes such jobs as war preparation services, security and defense operational tasks and assistance in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> and public security.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, militias of varying levels of ability have existed in China, organized on a village and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese clan">clan</a> level, especially during periods of instability and in areas subject to pirate and bandit attack. When the British attempted to take control of the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> in 1898, they were resisted by the local militias which had been formed for mutual defence against <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> raids. Although ultimately defeated, the militias' dogged resistance convinced the British to make concessions to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_inhabitants_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous inhabitants (Hong Kong)">indigenous inhabitants</a> allowing them to preserve inheritance, property and marriage rights and customs throughout most of the period of the British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Cuba">Military of Cuba</a></div> <p>Cuba has three militia organizations: The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a> (<i>Milicias de Tropas Territoriales</i>) of about one million people (half women),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Youth Labor Army (<i>Ejército Juvenil del Trabajo</i>) devoted to agricultural production, and a naval militia.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly, there existed the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revolutionary Militias">National Revolutionary Militias</a> (<i>Milicias Nacionales Revolucionarias</i>), which was formed after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> and initially consisted of 200,000 men who helped the 25,000 strong standing army defeat counter-revolutionary guerillas.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Designated_Reserves_(Czech_Republic)" title="Designated Reserves (Czech Republic)">Designated Reserves (Czech Republic)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Gun law in the Czech Republic">Gun law in the Czech Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Designated_Reserves_(Czech_Republic)_-_Level_1_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg/220px-Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg/330px-Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg/440px-Designated_Reserves_%28Czech_Republic%29_-_Level_1_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Designated Reserves Level 1 training - shooting from concealment.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, the Czech Parliament passed an Act No. 14/2021 Coll., on the handling of weapons in certain cases affecting the internal order or security of the Czech Republic. The Act's number 14/21 symbolically refers to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czech_civilian_firearms_possession#Firearms_becoming_primary_weapons" title="History of Czech civilian firearms possession">600th anniversary</a> of civilian firearms possession in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-zbrojnice-1421_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zbrojnice-1421-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation establishes "<i>a system of firearms training, the purpose of which is to improve the knowledge, abilities and skills of persons authorised to handle firearms for the purpose of ensuring internal order or the security of the Czech Republic</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gun owners can join government endorsed advanced shooting training courses with their privately owned firearms and become members of the militia-style Designated Reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg/220px-Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg/330px-Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg/440px-Golden_Coyote_exercise_underway_in_the_Black_Hills_120610-A-AB123-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A joint patrol between <a href="/wiki/Arizona_National_Guard" title="Arizona National Guard">Arizona National Guard</a> and the Danish <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Denmark)" title="Home Guard (Denmark)">Home Guard</a> during the Golden Coyote training exercise.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Militia" title="Special:EditPage/Militia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Home Guard">Danish Home Guard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Hjemmeværnet</i>) (HJV) is the fourth service of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish military">Danish military</a>. It was formerly concerned only with the defence of Danish territory but, since 2008, it has also supported Danish international military efforts in Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. There are five branches: Army Home Guard, Naval Home Guard, Air Force Home Guard, Police Home Guard, and Infrastructure Home Guard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omakaitse" title="Omakaitse">Omakaitse</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Omakaitse" title="Omakaitse">Omakaitse</a> (Home Guard) was an organisation formed by the local population of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forest_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest brothers">forest brothers</a> resistance movement active on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> between 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 1941 and 17<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was unique in the context of the war as in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">Latvia</a>, which otherwise shared a common fate with Estonia, there was no organisation of this kind.<sup id="cite_ref-kuusik_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuusik-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Militia_(Ethiopia)" title="People's Militia (Ethiopia)">People's Militia</a> was established in 1975 under the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg regime's</a> Proclamation No 71, used to assist police forces and protect farms and property. The militia did operations in Eritrea during the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> reconstituted as the "Red Army". The Derg government conscripted about 30,000 to 40,000 civilians into the militia from <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wollo_Province" title="Wollo Province">Wollo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojam</a> provinces in May 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fano_(militia)" title="Fano (militia)">Fano</a> militia is an ethno-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> militia and former protest movement that emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Abiy_Ahmed" title="Premiership of Abiy Ahmed">premiership of Abiy Ahmed</a>. Fano intervened armed conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">post-2018 regime</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz</a>'s Metekel conflict, <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a> and recently <a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a>. They have been accused of ethnic massacres against other ethnic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant</a> and other minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg/220px-Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg/330px-Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg/440px-Varkaus_White_Guards_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varkaus" title="Battle of Varkaus">Battle of Varkaus</a>. The White Guard was a voluntary militia that fought for the <a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">White Guard (Finland)</a></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland employs conscription</a>, they do not have separate militia units: all units are organized by and under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a>. All men belong to the reserve until age 50 or 60 depending on rank, and may be called up in case of mobilization. Each reservist is assigned a position in a unit to be activated. However, since 2004, the FDF does have <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Forces_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Forces (Finland)">territorial forces</a>, organized along the lines of regular infantry formations, which are composed of volunteers. Furthermore, long-range patrol units (<a href="/wiki/Sissi_(Finnish_light_infantry)" title="Sissi (Finnish light infantry)">sissi troops</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>) are assigned to local troops. </p><p>In history, before Finland became independent, two types of local militias existed: the White Guards and Red Guards, which were non-socialists and socialists, respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918) the White Guards founded the White Army, which was victorious over the Red Guards. White Guards continued their existence as a volunteer militia until the Second World War. In some cases their activity found overt political expression as in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nts%C3%A4l%C3%A4_rebellion" title="Mäntsälä rebellion">Mäntsälä rebellion</a>. However, in 1934 separate wartime White Guard units were dissolved and in the Second World War they served at the front, dispersed in regular units. They were dissolved as a condition of peace after the Continuation War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Judum" title="Salwa Judum">Salwa Judum</a> (meaning "Peace March"<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Purification Hunt" in <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi language</a>) was a militia active in the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> state of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Guards" title="Village Defence Guards">Village Defence Guards</a>, formerly known as Village Defence Committees, were first set up in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of the VDCs was to arm ex-service personnel to check Pakistani infiltration and espionage. The VDCs were formed in Jammu region of J&K to offer self-defence capabilities to villagers in the face of looming terrorist threats. Under the scheme, each VDC used to have a Special Police Officer (SPO) as its in-charge and there were 10-15 other volunteer members, mostly ex-service personnel. They were given .303 rifles and ammunition. The SPO in charge of the VDC was paid whereas the rest were volunteers. In 2020, the policy of Village Defence Committees was revamped and Village Defence Groups were introduced, members of whom are called Village Defence Guards. It was not just a change of name as the very structure of committees was changed. Unlike VDCs where only SPOs were paid, all VDGs are paid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 4,153 Village Defence Groups (VDG) and 32,355 Special Police Officers were engaged in Jammu and Kashmir in different responsibilities for the protection of civilians and anti-terrorists operations.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> militia founded by <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a> in November 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is composed of 90,000 men, with an active and reserve strength up to 300,000 men. It ultimately draws from about 1 million members, and is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-CordesmanMartin_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordesmanMartin-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Private militias in Iraq</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></div> <p>Since the rise of <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> in 2014 and their conquest of many predominantly-<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> militias became even more prominent in the country by joining the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> in many major battles against ISIL.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-shomer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ha-shomer.jpg/220px-Ha-shomer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ha-shomer.jpg/330px-Ha-shomer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ha-shomer.jpg/440px-Ha-shomer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Hashomer in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908 a Jewish underground organisation, <a href="/wiki/Bar-Giora_(organization)" title="Bar-Giora (organization)">Bar Giora</a>, re-invented itself as an armed militia – <a href="/wiki/Hashomer" title="Hashomer">Hashomer</a>. It was established to provide Jewish guards for the <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> colonies being established in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. The group existed for 10 years. At its height it had around 100 members, including 23 women.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) is often described as a heavily armed militia, not a full-fledged army, since it is legally and publicly viewed as a defensive force only, and since it relies heavily on the reserve duty of Israeli citizens who are annually called to service for set periods of time, rather than on professional, full-time soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a> rely on armed militia teams for their security.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National service conscripts can also serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Israel Border Police</a> (commonly known by its Hebrew abbreviation <b>Magav</b> which means <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border guard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>), which is a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a> rather than the IDF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion,_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Latvian_Zemessardze_or_National_Guard_45th_Logistics_Battalion%2C_remove_a_volunteer_patient_from_a_military_ambulance_in_a_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Guard" title="Latvian National Guard">Latvian National Guard</a> during a training exercise. The Guard was created in 1991 as a voluntary military self-defense force.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aizsargi" title="Aizsargi">Aizsargi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_national_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian national partisans">Latvian national partisans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Guard" title="Latvian National Guard">Latvian National Guard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Post-civil_war_violence_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-civil war violence in Libya">Post-civil war violence in Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">2011 Libyan Civil War</a></div> <p>Since the fall of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi's rule of Libya</a> in the aftermath of the Libyan Civil War, rebel groups that have contributed to the revolution splintered into self-organized militia movements and have been involved in a feud for control of each city.<sup id="cite_ref-nytoutlast_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytoutlast-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the revolution, reports of clashes and violence by militia groups have been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_militias_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_militias-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910 King <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I of Montenegro</a> proclaimed that all male citizens were members of a national militia and had both a right and a duty to own at least one Gasser Pattern revolver under penalty of law. </p><p>The official reason for the King's decree was to create an armed populace that would deter neighbouring countries from attacking Montenegro, which was unable to field a large army. However, it was widely believed in Montenegro that this decision was actually taken because the King owned shares in Leopold Gasser Waffenfabrik in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> - the patent holder and sole manufacturer of the pistol at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the decree actually obliged Montenegrin adult males to own a Gasser <i>Pattern</i> revolver, not necessarily one made by Gasser itself. In fact Leopold Gasser was faced with such heavy demand for the pistol internationally, that it could not fulfil all of the orders placed for it. This led the revolver's manufacturer to license out production to other companies and many Gasser Pattern pistols were then manufactured and sold by other European firms, most notably based out of Belgium and Spain. Even these licensed models did not satiate demand for the pistol and this, alongside a lax enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights in Montenegro, led to many unlicensed local models of the pistol also being produced, with quality ranging from very good to outright dangerous to its user. </p><p>Subsequently, the weapon quickly became a status symbol for Montenegrin men and was commonly worn alongside traditional attire. Many Montenegrin immigrants that travelled to North America brought their Gasser pattern revolvers with them and at least two batches of several thousand pistols were smuggled into Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, leading to the Gasser revolver becoming widespread in the Americas. However, as the original reason for their mass production and the generation that grew around it faded, the pistol eventually lost its place as a status symbol and many were either given away or sold in the secondhand market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schutterij" title="Schutterij">Schutterij</a></div> <p>Schutterij refers to a voluntary <a href="/wiki/City_guard" title="City guard">city guard</a> or citizen militia in the medieval and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, intended to protect the town or city from attack and act in case of revolt or fire. Their training grounds were often on open spaces within the city, near the city walls, but, when the weather did not allow, inside a church. They are mostly grouped according to their district and to the weapon that they used: <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">gun</a>. Together, its members are called a <i>Schuttersgilde</i>, which could be roughly translated as a "shooter's <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>". It is now a title applied to ceremonial shooting clubs and to the country's Olympic rifle team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg/220px-Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg/330px-Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg/440px-Von_Tempsky%27s_death_Kennett_Watkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">Armed Constabulary</a> shot during the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. The Constabulary was a law enforcement agency and a militia until it was reoriented into a police force in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> in 1840 until 1844 small detachments of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Imperial troops</a> based in New Zealand were the only military. This changed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_War" title="Flagstaff War">Flagstaff War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the colonial government passing a Militia Act on 25 March 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militia units were formed in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>. Service in the militia was compulsory. </p><p>Many localized militia saw service, together with British Imperial troops, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. In the late nineteenth century a system of local Volunteer militias evolved throughout the country. These were semi-trained but uniformed and administered by a small number of regular "Imperial" officers.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia units were disbanded and reformed as the Territorial Army in 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Red_Guards" title="Worker-Peasant Red Guards">Worker-Peasant Red Guards</a> is a North Korean paramilitary organization organized on a provincial/town/city/village level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg/220px-Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg/330px-Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg/440px-Heimevernet_vokter_Stortinget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Home_Guard" title="Norwegian Home Guard">Norwegian Home Guard</a>. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Home_Guard" title="Norwegian Home Guard">Norwegian Home Guard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Militias have played an important role supporting <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan's Military</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a> when Pakistan, with the support of militias, was able to gain control of parts of the region of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan found the militias volunteering to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a> quite useful as well. </p><p>Currently Pakistani citizens forming militias from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> province are participating in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">'war on terror'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandatahan" title="Sandatahan">Sandatahan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">Philippine-American War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Guard" title="Philippine National Guard">Philippine National Guard</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>)</li> <li><i>Palaak</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>): Also known as the Bamboo Army, because it was armed with bamboo spears, this militia was formed by the Japanese Army even before the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>. It was composed of all able-bodied men of <a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">District and Neighborhood Associations</a>, from teenagers to sexagenarians. They were organized into platoons, companies, and battalions, and drilled along Japanese army lines. They served as spies and informers of the Japanese, they helped arrest guerrillas and performed guard duties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Civilian_Home_Defense_Forces" title="Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces">Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsa_Masa" title="Alsa Masa">Alsa Masa</a></i> (Cold War)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuratong_Baleleng" title="Kuratong Baleleng">Kuratong Baleleng</a></i> (Cold War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Armed_Force_Geographical_Unit" title="Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit">Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Army,_Militia_(1812)_-_Denis_Dighton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png/220px-Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png/330px-Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png/440px-Portuguese_Army%2C_Militia_%281812%29_-_Denis_Dighton.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>A Portuguese militiaman in 1812</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> has a long tradition in the use of militias for national defense. Between the 12th and 16th centuries, the municipal militias – composed of <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikemen</a>, horsemen, slingers, javelineers, archers, <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbowmen</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a> – constituted the main component of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese Royal Army</a>, together with smaller military forces from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(monastic_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (monastic society)">military orders</a> and the feudal lords. </p><p>After some failed previous attempts, in 1570 King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a> created the <i><a href="/wiki/Ordenan%C3%A7as" title="Ordenanças">Ordenanças</a></i>, a centrally managed military territorial organization that would replace the municipal militias and became the basis of a national army. After 60 years of foreign domination (1580–1640), the <i>Ordenanças</i> were reorganized for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a>. The Portuguese Army was then organized in three lines, with the 2nd and 3rd being militia forces. The <i>Ordenanças</i> became the 3rd line and acted both as a territorial draft organization for the 1st and 2nd line troops and as a kind of home guard for local defense. The 2nd line was made of the auxiliary troops, also militia units with the role of regional defense. In the end of the 18th century, the auxiliary troops were renamed "Militias". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, the Militia regiments and the Ordenanças units had an important role in the defense of the country against the Napoleonic invader army. Still in the 19th century, the Militia units also had an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>, with the majority of those troops fighting on the side of King <a href="/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel of Portugal">Miguel</a>. Besides the regular militias, a number of volunteer militia units were formed to fight on both sides of the war. </p><p>With the establishment of the constitutional regime, the old Militias and <i>Ordenanças</i> were replaced by a single national militia force, the National Guard. However, the National Guard revealed itself an ineffective and undisciplined force. Their units became highly politicized, being involved in a number of conspiracies and coups. The National Guard having less and less confidence from the authorities, became extinct in 1847, terminating a long tradition of national militias in Portugal. </p><p>During the 20th century, some experiments with militia type forces were made. From 1911 to 1926, the Portuguese Army was organized as a militia army. Also, in 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)"><i>Estado Novo</i></a> regime created the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Legion_(Estado_Novo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)">Portuguese Legion</a> as a political volunteer militia, dedicated to the fight against the enemies of country and of the social order. From World War II, the Portuguese Legion assumed the responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a>, this becoming its main role during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, until its extinction in 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_1812_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>Banner of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> militia from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s invasion of Russia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Militia" title="Special:EditPage/Militia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Neither the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> ever had an organised force that could be equated to a militia. Instead a form of organisation that predated the Russian state was used during national emergencies called <a href="/wiki/Narodnoe_Opolcheniye" title="Narodnoe Opolcheniye">Narodnoe Opolcheniye</a> (People's Regimentation). More comparable to the English <a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">Fyrd</a>, it was a popular voluntary joining of the local полк <a href="/wiki/Regiment#Russian_Army" title="Regiment">polk</a>, or a regiment, though it had no regular established strength or officers, these usually elected from prominent local citizens. The Tsarist regime was particularly reluctant to arm and organise militia forces because of concern over a repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev Serf Revolt</a> of the late 18th century. Only in the face of the national emergency of <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">1812</a> was the raising of <i>opolcheniye</i> "cohorts" permitted. Numbering over 223,000, loosely trained and barely equipped, these enthusiastic volunteers nevertheless provided a useful reserve for the regular army.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these spontaneously created popular forces had participated in several major wars of the Russian Empire, including in combat, they were not obligated to serve for more than one year, and notably departed for home during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">1813 campaign in Germany</a>. On only one occasion, during the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">military history of the Soviet Union</a>, the Narodnoe Opolcheniye was incorporated into the regular forces of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, notably in <a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_divisions_of_the_Soviet_Union_1917%E2%80%931957#Narodnoe_Opolcheniye_divisions" title="List of infantry divisions of the Soviet Union 1917–1957">Leningrad and Moscow</a>. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a> in Russia and former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Communist Bloc</a> nations was specifically used to refer to the civilian <a href="/wiki/Police_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Police force">police force</a>, and should not be confused with the conventional western definition of militia. The term, as used in this context, dated from post-revolutionary Russia in late 1917 and was intended to draw a distinction between the new Soviet law enforcement agencies and the disbanded Tsarist police. In some of these states, such as <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the "militia" were renamed as "police" while in other states (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>) the title remains unchanged. In Russia itself the "militia' became "police" (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Полиция</span>, <i>Politsiya</i>) in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first militias formed in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> were by Lankan Kings, who raised militia armies for their military campaigns both within and outside the island. This was due to the reason that the Kings never maintained a standing army instead had a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Guard">Royal Guard</a> during peacetime and formed a militia in wartime. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> who were the first colonial power to dominate the island raised local militias under the command of local leaders known as <a href="/wiki/Mudaliyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudaliyars">Mudaliyars</a>. These militias took part in the many <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> campaigns against the Lankan Kings. The Dutch continued to employ these militias but due to their unreliability tended to favor employing <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> in their campaigns in the island. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg/220px-Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg/330px-Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg/440px-Sri_Lanka_Military_0092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Sri Lanka Civil Security Force</a> is a paramilitary militia tasked to serve as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> then ousted the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> from the coastal areas of the country, and sought to conquer the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandyan Kingdom</a>. In 1802, the British became the first foreign power to raise a regular unit of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> with British officers, which was named the 2nd Ceylon Regiment, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy Corps</a>. It fought alongside British troops in the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan wars</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Matale_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matale Rebellion">Matale Rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Puran_Appu" title="Puran Appu">Puran Appu</a> in 1848, in which a number of Sinhalese recruits defected to the side of the rebels, the recruitment of Sinhalese to the British forces was temporarily halted and the Ceylon Regiments disbanded. </p><p>In 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Light_Infantry_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers">Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers</a> were raised as a militia, but soon became a <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">military reserve force</a>. This became the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force" title="Ceylon Defence Force">Ceylon Defence Force</a> in 1910 and consisted of militia units. These were the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Town_Guard" title="Colombo Town Guard">Colombo Town Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Garrison_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Garrison Artillery">Town Guard Artillery</a> formed during the two world wars. </p><p>With the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, local villagers under threat of attack were formed into localized militia to protect their families and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Sri Lankan Military these militias were formed after "massacres done by the <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a>" and in the early 1990s they were reformed as the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Home Guard">Sri Lankan Home Guard</a>. In 2007 the Home Guard became the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Civil_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Civil Defence (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka Civil Security Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the government called for the formation of nearly 15,000 civil defence committees at the village level for additional protection.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> claimed have establish a voluntary "Tamil Eelam auxiliary force". According to the LTTE's then head of police, the force was to be assigned to tasks such as rehabilitation, construction, forest conservation and agriculture, but would also be used to battle the Sri Lankan military if the need arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Auxiliary_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auxiliary-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Auxiliary2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auxiliary2-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Auxiliary3_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auxiliary3-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2009 it ceased to exist with the military defeat of the <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a> at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg/220px-Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg/330px-Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Darfur_report_-_Page_4_Image_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>A mounted <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militiaman. The Janjaweed are a militia operating in western <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militia consists of armed <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> fighting for the government in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> against non-Arab Muslim "rebels". They are active in the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region of western Sudan and also in eastern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> these partisans are responsible for abuses including war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Home Guard">Swedish Home Guard</a> consists of 22,000 organized into 40 <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of 300–700 Guardsmen. These battalions are then organised into <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a>, usually one for every <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a>. The main task of the battalions is to guard vital military and civilian installations throughout the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, the Rapid Response units numbered around 5,000 soldiers of the total of 42,000. As of 2014, the majority of the force, 17,000 out of 22,000 soldiers will be in Rapid Response units. The decrease in number of troops comes with an equal increase in quality and modern equipment. These units are motorized and are ready to be mobilized more often, than other Home Guard units. Rapid response units have more combat tasks compared to the rest of the Home Guard, including escort duties. Some battalions located near the coast also have marine companies equipped with <a href="/wiki/Combat_Boat_90" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Boat 90">Combat Boat 90</a>. A few battalions have recently set up 'specialized' companies to evaluate the possibility to add new abilities to the Home Guard. These are at the time of writing eight reconnaissance/intelligence companies, four <a href="/wiki/CBRN" class="mw-redirect" title="CBRN">CBRN</a>-platoons, a movcon platoon, an engineer platoon, and a <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription in Switzerland</a></div> <p>One of the best known and ancient militias is the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Switzerland">Swiss Armed Forces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has long maintained, proportionally, the second largest military force in the world, with about half the proportional amount of reserve forces of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a>, a militia of some 33% of the total population. The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militia principle (page does not exist)">militia principle</a>" of public duties is central to Swiss political culture and not limited to military issues. For example, in most municipalities it is common to serve as a conscript fire fighter in the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Fire Service">Compulsory Fire Department</a>. </p><p>Article 58.1 of the April<span class="nowrap"> </span>18, 1999, Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (official, French version) provides that "Switzerland has an army. It is primarily organised according to the principle of a militia." However, under the country's militia system, professional soldiers constitute about 5 percent of military personnel. In 1995, the number of soldiers was reduced to 400,000 (including reservists, amounting to some 5.6% of the population) in 2004, to 200,000 (including 80,000 reservists, or 2.5% of the population) and again in 2022, to 150,000 (including 50,000 reservists). However, the Swiss Militia continues to consist of most of the adult male population (with voluntary participation by women) who are usually issued an assault rifle which they can keep at home or store in a central arsenal and most of them have to periodically engage in combat and marksmanship training.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia clauses of the Swiss Federal Constitution are contained in Art. 59, where it is referred to as "military service" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Militärdienst</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">service militaire</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">servizio militare</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">servetsch militar</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Force_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense Force (Syria)">National Defense Force (Syria)</a></div> <p>The Syrian National Defense Force was formed out of pro-government militias. They receive their salaries and their military equipment from the government<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rise_of_the_militias_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rise_of_the_militias-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2013 numbers around 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_Alawite_Force_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Alawite_Force-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eco_Regime_digs_in_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco_Regime_digs_in-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force acts in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army which provides them with logistical and artillery support. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, NDF soldiers are allowed to take <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">loot</a> from battlefields, which can then be sold on for extra money.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuvayi_Milliye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvayi Milliye">Kuvayi Milliye</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Militia_and_Self-Defence_Force" title="Vietnam Militia and Self-Defence Force">Vietnam Militia and Self-Defence Force</a></div> <p>The Militia and Self-Defence Force is a part of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a>. The militia organized in communes, wards and townships and is put under commune-level military commands. </p><p>The Self-Defence Militia has two branches: <i>Dân quân tự vệ nòng cốt</i> (Core Self-Defence Militia) and <i>Dân quân tự vệ rộng rãi</i> (General Self-Defence Militia). The term of service in the Core Militia is 4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SFR_Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: SFR Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)</a></div> <p>Beside the federal <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a>, each <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">constituent republic</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> had its own <i><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense Forces</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned</a> Yugoslavia was concerned about eventual aggression from any of the <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, so the <i>Territorial Defense Forces</i> were formed as an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a> called <i>Total National Defense</i>. Those forces corresponded to <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">military reserve forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> or militia, the latter, in the military meaning of the term (like <a href="/wiki/Military_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military formation">military formation</a>). It should not be confused with the Yugoslav Militia- <i><a href="/wiki/Militia_(Yugoslavia)" title="Militia (Yugoslavia)">Milicija</a></i> which was a term for a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Milicja Obywatelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Militia_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela">National Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Militia_for_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary Militia for National Security">Voluntary Militia for National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todaysmilitary.com/ways-to-serve/service-branches/army-national-guard">"Army National Guard — Today's Military"</a>. <i>www.todaysmilitary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.todaysmilitary.com&rft.atitle=Army+National+Guard+%E2%80%94+Today%27s+Military&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todaysmilitary.com%2Fways-to-serve%2Fservice-branches%2Farmy-national-guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.7, Sumner</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran" class="citation news cs1">Parameswaran, Prashanth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/whats-next-for-vietnams-maritime-militia/">"What's Next for Vietnam's Maritime Militia?"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. The Diplomat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+Next+for+Vietnam%27s+Maritime+Militia%3F&rft.aulast=Parameswaran&rft.aufirst=Prashanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fwhats-next-for-vietnams-maritime-militia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields,_William_S.Hardy,_David_T.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, William S.; Hardy, David T. (Spring 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410100242/http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/FieldsAndHardy.html">"The Militia and the Constitution: A Legal History"</a>. <i>Military Law Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/FieldsAndHardy.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-10. <q>Charles II demobilized the army, keeping only troops that he felt would be loyal to the new regime...Charles's "select" militia was composed only of a small part of the population...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Militia+and+the+Constitution%3A+A+Legal+History&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Fields%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+David+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saf.org%2FLawReviews%2FFieldsAndHardy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charlton_T._Lewis_1997_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton T. Lewis, <i>An Elementary Latin Dictionary</i>, p. 505, Oxford U. Pr., 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002835/http://www.class.uidaho.edu/luschnig/Latin%20Vocab/4.htm">"4 Noun Formation"</a>. <i>www.class.uidaho.edu</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/jvsickle/wrlith.htm">the original</a> on 2013-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Style%3A+Radicals+of+Latin+%28%26+Greek%29+in+English+%28JVS%29&rft.pub=Academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fclassics%2Fjvsickle%2Fwrlith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, March 2002. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilliver, Kate. <i>Caesar's Gallic Wars 58–50 BC.</i> London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96858-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96858-5">0-415-96858-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Joan of Arc: Her Story</i>, by Régine Pernoud (Author), Marie-Véronique Clin (Author), Jeremy duQuesnay Adams (Translator), Palgrave Macmillan (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22730-2">0-312-22730-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Schoenbrun" title="David Schoenbrun">David Schoenbrun</a>, <i>Soldiers of the Night: The Story of the French Resistance</i>, New American Library, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-00612-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-00612-0">0-452-00612-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militarytimes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-militarytimes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2016" class="citation web cs1">Corbet, Sylvie (October 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2016/10/12/france-creates-national-guard-to-battle-terrorism/">"France creates National Guard to battle terrorism"</a>. <i>Military Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=France+creates+National+Guard+to+battle+terrorism&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpentagon-congress%2F2016%2F10%2F12%2Ffrance-creates-national-guard-to-battle-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Bruce: <i>The SA Generals and the Rise of Nazism</i>, Page 99. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9098-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9098-3">0-8131-9098-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605123951/http://www.radix.net/~bbrown/police_unit_marks.html">"German Police Unit Marks, 1920-1937"</a>. <i>www.radix.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radix.net/~bbrown/police_unit_marks.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radix.net&rft.atitle=German+Police+Unit+Marks%2C+1920-1937&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radix.net%2F~bbrown%2Fpolice_unit_marks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benz-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benz_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Benz2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Benz (2007). <i>A Concise History of the Third Reich</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520253834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520253834"><bdi>978-0520253834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0520253834&rft.au=Wolfgang+Benz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yelton, David K., <i>Hitler's Volkssturm: The Nazi Militia and the Fall of Germany, 1944–1945</i>. University Press of Kansas, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700611924" title="Special:BookSources/0700611924">0700611924</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, Pollock and Maitland, Cambridge U. Pr. (1898)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a> (1891) articles on <i>posse comitatus</i> and <i>militia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fletchr/fletchr.htm">A Discourse of Government with Relation to Militias</a>, Andrew Fletcher (1698) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43994-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43994-9">0-521-43994-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Units of the Militia to be transferred to the Special Reserve, published as a schedule to an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> made 9 April 1908, <i>The London Gazette</i>, 10 April 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder2008" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Doug (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011123170327/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/millervus.html">"United States vs. Miller (U.S. 1939)"</a>. <i>Exploring Constitutional Law</i>. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/millervus.html">the original</a> on 2001-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exploring+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=United+States+vs.+Miller+%28U.S.+1939%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fconlaw%2Fmillervus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Shy, "Mobilizing Armed Force in the American Revolution", in John Parker and Carol Urness, eds., <i>The American Revolution: A Heritage of Change</i> (Minneapolis, 1975), pp. 104–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen P. Halbrook, "The Right of the People or the Power of the State Bearing Arms, Arming Militias, and the Second Amendment," <i>Valparaiso Law Review</i>, vol. 26, number 1, page 131 (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Nelson, "The Eighteenth-Century Background of John Marshall's Constitutional Jurisprudence," 76 <i>Mich. L. Rev</i>. 893 (1978), ch. 23, 23. The Jury and Consensus Government in Mid-Eighteenth-Century America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wills_1999-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_1999_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wills_1999_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a> (1999). <i>A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government</i>. New York, NY; Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84489-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84489-3">0-684-84489-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Right to Keep and Bear Arms</i>, U. S. Senate. <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Press" title="Paladin Press">Paladin Press</a> (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58160-254-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58160-254-5">1-58160-254-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the State of New Hampshire 1776, & 1784</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Alexander_Alger1901" class="citation book cs1">Russell Alexander Alger (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamerican03algegoog"><i>The Spanish–American War</i></a>. Harper & Bros. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamerican03algegoog/page/n40">18</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-22</span></span>. <q>spanish american war militia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Russell+Alexander+Alger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishamerican03algegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sumner" title="William H. Sumner">Sumner, William H.</a>: <i>An Inquiry Into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth</i>, Page 23. Cummings and Hillard, 1823. ASIN B00085OK9E. Reprinted in Richard H. Kohn, <i>Anglo-American Antimilitary Tracts, 1697–1830</i>, Arno Press (1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-11886-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-11886-4">0-405-11886-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manski, Ben (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26391441/State_Power_Against_the_Slave_Power"><i>States Rights for Civil Rights</i></a>, Liberty Tree Journal, Vol 1, Issue 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catton, Bruce (2004). <i>The Civil War,</i> pages 28–29. Mariner Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-00187-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-00187-5">0-618-00187-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a>, <i>Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux paperback, 2007, pp.25, 167, 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Rable, <i>But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction</i>, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, Act of June 15, 1933, ch. 87, 48 Stat. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207180224/http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/WhiskerCitizenSoldier.htm">"West Virginia Law Review"</a>. <i>www.saf.org</i>. 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(1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-paramilitary-insight-idUSBRE93K02R20130421">"Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. April 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sumner... to John Adams, Late President of the United States; with His Answer</i>, Cummings and Hilliard, Boston, 1823</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militia&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Militia</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Militia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Militia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Aliyev, Huseyn (Jan. 2019) "When and How Do Militias Disband? Global Patterns of Pro-Government Militia Demobilization in Civil Wars. <i>Studies in Conflict & Terrorism</i> 42/8: 715–734. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1425112</li> <li>Bledsoe, Andrew S. <i>Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War</i>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6070-1">978-0-8071-6070-1</a>.</li> <li>Churchill, Robert H. <i>To Shake Their Guns in the Tyrant's Face</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=327258">University of Michigan Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114133939/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=327258">Archived</a> 2012-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11682-9">978-0-472-11682-9</a>.</li> <li>Cooper, Jerry M. <i>The rise of the National Guard: the evolution of the American militia, 1865–1920</i>. Studies in war, society, and the military, v. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1486-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1486-3">0-8032-1486-3</a></li> <li>Galvin, John R. <i>The Minute Men – The First Fight: Myths and Realities of the American Revolution</i>, Brasseys, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-049-7">1-57488-049-7</a></li> <li>Hay, George J. <i>The Constitutional Force</i>, 1908 (reprinted by Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508530-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9508530-7-0">0-9508530-7-0</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Joshua M. "The Yankee Soldier's Might: The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia, 1800–1812," in <i>New England Quarterly</i> LXXXIV no. 2, pp. 234–264, 2011.</li> <li>Whisker, James B. <i>The Rise and Decline of the American Militia System</i>, Susquehanna University Press, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945636-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-945636-92-X">0-945636-92-X</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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