Publications - Merck.com

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/mhh-merck-mco-theme/fonts/InventionVF_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/wp-content/themes/mhh-merck-mco-theme/fonts/InventionVF_Italics_W_Wght.woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Publications - Merck.com</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.merck.com/research/publications/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Publications - Merck.com" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.merck.com/research/publications/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Merck.com" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-29T21:57:19+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2022/03/Merck.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="3056" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1380" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/publications/","url":"https://www.merck.com/research/publications/","name":"Publications - Merck.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.merck.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-05-29T21:55:59+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-29T21:57:19+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/publications/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.merck.com/research/publications/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.merck.com/research/publications/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Research","item":"https://www.merck.com/research/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publications"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.merck.com/#website","url":"https://www.merck.com/","name":"Merck.com","description":"Just another vip-msd.com site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.merck.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.cookielaw.org' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='Mco-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/css/style.min.css?ver=20190301' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mco-publications-page-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/css/publications-page.min.css?ver=1732142256' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <style id='elasticpress-facet-style-inline-css'> .widget_ep-facet input[type=search],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[type=search]{margin-bottom:1rem}.widget_ep-facet .searchable .inner,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .searchable .inner{max-height:20em;overflow:scroll}.widget_ep-facet .term.hide,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term.hide{display:none}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term{opacity:.5;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .empty-term:after,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .empty-term:after{bottom:0;content:" ";display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}.widget_ep-facet .level-1,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-1{padding-left:20px}.widget_ep-facet .level-2,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-2{padding-left:40px}.widget_ep-facet .level-3,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-3{padding-left:60px}.widget_ep-facet .level-4,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-4{padding-left:5pc}.widget_ep-facet .level-5,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .level-5{padding-left:75pt}.widget_ep-facet input[disabled],.wp-block-elasticpress-facet input[disabled]{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.widget_ep-facet .term a,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:relative}.widget_ep-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox,.wp-block-elasticpress-facet .term a:hover .ep-checkbox{background-color:#ccc}.ep-checkbox{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;-ms-flex-negative:0;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;align-items:center;background-color:#eee;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:1em;justify-content:center;margin-right:.25em;width:1em}.ep-checkbox:after{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 .125em .125em 0;content:"";display:none;height:.5em;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:.25em}.ep-checkbox.checked{background-color:#5e5e5e}.ep-checkbox.checked:after{display:block} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elasticpress-related-posts-block-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/search/elasticpress/dist/css/related-posts-block-styles.min.css?ver=4.2.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='qm-object-cache-style-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/qm-plugins/qm-object-cache/css/style.css?ver=0.2' media='all' /> <script defer="defer" src="//cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js?ver=6.2.6" data-domain-script="fd658a96-8c4a-4c03-973e-fd83f98fa618"></script><script>function OptanonWrapper() { }</script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/3650079" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.merck.com/?p=3650079' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2F&format=xml" /> <script> var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({"user":{"role":"visitor","isLoggedIn":false}}); dataLayer.push({"site":[]}); </script> <script> ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} ); var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0], j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l !== 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); } )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-M74WZDM' ); </script> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <style> :root { --colorTextPrimary: #000000; --colorPrimary: #00857C; --colorPrimaryLight: #6ECEB2; --colorPrimaryDark: #005C55; --colorPrimaryDarkBlue: #0C2340; --colorSecondaryLime: #BFED33; --colorSecondaryLemon: #FFF063; --colorSecondaryPastelBlue: #69B8F7; --colorSecondaryVistaBlue: #688CE8; --colorSecondaryRichBlue: #5450E4; --colorBlack: #000000; --colorWhite: #FFFFFF; --colorOffWhite: #F7F7F7; --colorGray: #757575; --colorWarning: #FE0000; --colorSuccess: #029A01; --colorInfo: #1058A4; --colorGrayHRTwenty: #75757533; --colorGrayHRTen: #7575751a; } </style> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-publications-page page-template-publications-page-php page page-id-3650079 page-child parent-pageid-47 no-sidebar"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M74WZDM&user%5Brole%5D=visitor&user%5BisLoggedIn%5D=0&" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-dark-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 0.49803921568627" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.54901960784314 0.98823529411765" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.71764705882353 0.25490196078431" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-red"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.27843137254902" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.5921568627451 0.27843137254902" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-midnight"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.64705882352941" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-magenta-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.78039215686275 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.94901960784314" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.35294117647059 0.47058823529412" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-green"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.65098039215686 0.40392156862745" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.44705882352941 0.4" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-orange"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.098039215686275 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.66274509803922" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.84705882352941 0.41960784313725" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"> <div class="wrapper header-wrapper"> <div class="site-branding"> <p class="site-title"> <a href="https://www.merck.com/" rel="home" title="Merck.com"> <img class="site-logo" src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/site-logo.svg" alt="Site logo" /> </a> </p> </div> <div id="mastheadMenu"> <button id="siteSearchToggle" class="btn" aria-controls="primary-search" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="menu-toggle-text-open"> <img src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/search-white.svg" alt="menu icon" /> <span>Search everything</span> </span> <span class="menu-toggle-text-close"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/close.svg" alt="close icon" />Close </span> </button> <button id="siteNavigationToggle" class="btn menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="menu-toggle-text-open"> <img src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/burger-white.svg" alt="menu icon" />Menu </span> <span class="menu-toggle-text-close"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/close.svg" alt="close icon" />Close </span> </button> </div> </div> </nav> <nav id="site-menu" class="main-menu"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="menucrumb" href="#">Main menu</a> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menuMain" class="menu-main level-0 menu-open"><li id="menu-item-666469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666469"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/">Company</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-666471" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666471"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/">Who we are</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3640275" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3640275"><a href="https://www.merck.com/what-we-do/">What we do</a></li> <li id="menu-item-667007" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-667007"><a href="https://www.merck.com/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2773656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2773656"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666473"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-2388650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2388650"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/">Sustainability overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2388653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2388653"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/philanthropy/">Philanthropy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2796573" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2796573"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/merck-medical-outreach-program/">Merck Medical Outreach Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2798027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2798027"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/impact-investing/">Impact Venture Fund</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2804132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2804132"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/transparency-disclosures/">Transparency disclosures</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2808199" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2808199"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/sustainability-resources/">Sustainability resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-666474" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666474"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-666483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666483"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/">Leadership overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666484"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/board-of-directors/">Board of directors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666485"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/leadership/executive-team/">Executive team</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-666475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666475"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture & values</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-666488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666488"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/">Culture & values overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666489" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666489"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/culture-and-values/code-of-conduct/">Code of conduct, ethics & compliance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-666476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666476"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/diversity-and-inclusion/">Diversity & inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666477"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/policies-and-positions/">Policies & positions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-666479"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-667793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-667793"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/suppliers/">Suppliers overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-667792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-667792"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://msd.quantumsds.com/">Supplier registration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3601080" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3601080"><a href="https://suppliers.msd.com/">Supplier help for Ariba</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-14540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-14540"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-666505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent menu-item-666505"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666527" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-666527"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="#">Areas of focus</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-666509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666509"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/oncology/">Oncology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666507"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/vaccines/">Vaccines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666508"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/infectious-diseases/">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666510" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666510"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/cardio-metabolic-disorders/">Cardio-metabolic disorders</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3641210" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3641210"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/immunology/">Immunology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3646721" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3646721"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/neuroscience/">Neuroscience</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-666511" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666511"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/product-pipeline/">Pipeline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3650166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3650166"><a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/business-development-licensing/">Business development & licensing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3650167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-3650079 current_page_item menu-item-3650167 current "><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/publications/" aria-current="page">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3636441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3636441"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/meet-our-scientists/">Meet our scientists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666512" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666512"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/discovery-development/">How we invent</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3600289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3600289"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/rd-locations/">R&D locations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3624062" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3624062"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical trials</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-3624063" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3624063"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/clinical-trials/">Clinical trials overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-666672"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.merckclinicaltrials.com/">Find a trial</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2805336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2805336"><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/diversity-in-clinical-trials/">Diversity in clinical trials</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3600254" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3600254"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/">Products</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-666506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666506"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/">Products list</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3607502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3607502"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/safety-data-sheets/">Safety data sheets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666515"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/patent/">Product patents</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3624065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3624065"><a href="https://www.merck.com/products/distributors/">Merck authorized distributors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-628574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-628574"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/">Patients</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-2784133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2784133"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/">Patients overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3648543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648543"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/patient-support-programs/">Patient support programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3648542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3648542"><a href="https://www.merck.com/patients/play-an-active-role-in-your-health-care/">Play an active role in your health care</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-666493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-666493"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en">Careers</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-696146" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696146"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/home">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696145" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696145"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/search-results">Search jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696144" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-696144"><a href="#">Our divisions</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-696175" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696175"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/research-laboratories">Research & development</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696174"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/manufacturing">Manufacturing & supply</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696172" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696172"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/human-health">Human Health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696171"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/animal-health">Animal Health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696164"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/global-support-functions">Global support functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-696141" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696141"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/veteran-opportunities">Veterans</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696140" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696140"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/student-opportunities">Student opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696139"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/compensation-and-benefits">Compensation & benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696138" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696138"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/hiring-process">How we hire</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696137" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696137"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.msd.com/gb/en/home">MSD Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696136" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696136"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/events">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-696134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-696134"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://jobs.merck.com/us/en/jointalentcommunity?applyType=JTC">Talent community</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137022"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/">Investors</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-223087" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-223087"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/">Investors overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-220674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-220674"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/events-and-presentations/">Events & presentations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-220673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-220673"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/">Financial information</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-666494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666494"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/">Financial information overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-666495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666495"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/financial-information/sec-filings/">SEC filings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-220672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-220672"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/stock-info/">Stock information</a></li> <li id="menu-item-220671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-220671"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/investor-resources/">Investor resources</a> <ul class="level-2"> <li id="menu-item-666496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-666496"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/investor-resources/">Investor resources overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2793045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2793045"><a href="https://www.merck.com/investor-relations/organon-resources/">Organon resources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3609026" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3609026"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/">Media</a> <ul class="level-1"> <li id="menu-item-3609027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3609027"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/">Media overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-650878" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-650878"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/news/">News releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-650884" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-650884"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/company-statements/">Company statements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3609031" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3609031"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/media-library/">Media library & contacts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3641978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3641978"><a href="https://www.merck.com/media/company-fact-sheet/">Company fact sheet</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <div class="side-section"> <div class="image"> <picture> <source media="(max-width: 1279px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=370,418"> <source media="(min-width: 1280px)" data-srcset="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=486,432"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/03/B2-We-are-driven-by-a-shared-purpose-that-is-to_-Invent-for-Life.jpg?resize=486,432" alt="Scientist reviewing test tubes"> </picture> </div> <div class="tagline"></div> <h4>Who we are</h4> <a class="btn" href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/" title="Learn more" target="">Learn more</a> </div> <div class="bottom-section"> <a class="btn" href="https://www.merck.com/contact-us/">Contact us</a> <p> <a href="https://www.msd.com/contact-us/worldwide-locations/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Worldwide</a> <small>Countries outside of the United States and Canada.</small> </p> </div> </div> </nav> <form id="site-search" role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.merck.com" autocomplete="off"> <h1>What can we help you find?</h1> <div id="site-search-box" class="input-box autocomplete"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="text" class="search-field autocomplete-input" placeholder="Search here …" value="" name="s" aria-label="Search site"> <button type="submit" class="submit search-submit"></button> </div> <div id="search_suggestion_result"></div> </form> <script> theme_directory = "https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme"; </script> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <script type="text/x-tpl" id="tpl-publications-year-item"> <div class="publications-year-item"> <div class="publications-year-item-mobile-view"> <h5 class="publications-year-item-header"> <div class="publications-year-header-item-container"> {{ linkIconTag }} <span class="publications-year-header-item-text"> {{ date }} </span> <i class="publications-year-item-header-expansion"></i> </div> <div class="publications-year-header-item-title"> {{ linkTag }} </div> <div class="publications-year-item-extra-header-data"> {{ citations }} </div> </h5> <div class="publications-year-item-metas"> <div class="publications-year-item-meta"> <h6 class="publications-year-item-meta-title">Authors:</h6> <p class="publications-year-item-meta-value">{{ authors }}</p> </div> <div class="publications-year-item-meta"> <h6 class="publications-year-item-meta-title">Citation:</h6> <p class="publications-year-item-meta-value">{{ expandedCitations }}</p> </div> <div class="publications-year-item-meta"> <h6 class="publications-year-item-meta-title">PMID:</h6> <p class="publications-year-item-meta-value">{{ pmid }}</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </script> <div id="primary" class="content-area publications-page"> <div class="breadcrumbs wrapper text-descriptive"><span><span><a href="https://www.merck.com/research/">Research</a></span> > <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Publications</span></span></div> <main id="main" class="site-main wrapper"> <header class="publications-hero"> <h1 class="publications-title">Publications</h1> <p class="publications-caption"> As part of our commitment to unparalleled scientific research — from discovery to invention — our scientists and postdoctoral research fellows are encouraged to be active members of the scientific community and have published papers in numerous peer-reviewed, thought-leading publications. </p> <p> The links provided below redirect to third-party websites that may require a subscription to access publications. </p> </header> <section class="publications-search-and-filters"> <form id="publications-search-box" class="input-box"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="text" class="search-field" placeholder="Search by keyword" value="" name="keyword" aria-label="Search by keyword"> <button type="submit" class="submit search-submit"></button> <span class="clear-search" style="display: none !important;"></span> </form> <div class="publications-filters"> <div class="publications-filters-buttons"> <button class="publications-filters-button" data-target-tab="filters"> Filter </button> <button class="publications-filters-button" data-target-tab="sort"> Sort </button> </div> <div class="publications-filters-container"> <div class="publications-filter" data-tab="filters"> <div class="publications-filters-terms" id="publications-filters-terms"> <div class="publications-filters-term" data-term="year"> <h4>Year</h4> <ul class="custom-toggle-list"> <li> <label for="filter-year-2024"> <input type="checkbox" id="filter-year-2024" data-term-value="2024"/> 2024 </label> </li> <li> <label for="filter-year-2023"> <input type="checkbox" id="filter-year-2023" data-term-value="2023"/> 2023 </label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="publications-filters-term" data-term="sort"> <h4>Sort</h4> <ul class="custom-toggle-list"> <li> <label for="sort-desc"> <input checked type="radio" name="sort" id="sort-desc" data-term-value="desc"/> Most recent </label> </li> <li> <label for="sort-asc"> <input type="radio" name="sort" id="sort-asc" data-term-value="asc"/> Least recent </label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="publications-filters-terms-clear"> <button>Clear all filters</button> </div> </div> <div class="publications-filter" data-tab="sort"> <div class="publications-filters-term" data-term="sort"> <ul class="custom-toggle-list"> <li> <label for="sort-desc-mobile"> <input checked name="sort-mobile" type="radio" id="sort-desc-mobile" data-term-value="desc"/> Most recent </label> </li> <li> <label for="sort-asc-mobile"> <input name="sort-mobile" type="radio" id="sort-asc-mobile" data-term-value="asc"/> Least recent </label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="publications-years"> <div class="publications-year" id="publications-year-2024" data-year="2024" data-current-page="0" data-total-pages="1" data-per-page="10" data-search-text="" data-sort-order="desc"> <h4 class="publications-year-header"> <i class="publications-year-header-expansion"></i> <span class="publications-year-header-text"> 2024 Publications </span> </h4> <hr class="publications-year-divider"/> <div class="publications-year-loader"></div> <div class="publications-year-no-search"> No search results found. </div> <div class="publications-year-items"></div> <div class="publications-year-pagination"> <a href="#previous-2024" class="publications-year-pagination-previous" data-pagination-action="previous"> <i class="publications-link-icon publications-link-icon-previous"></i> </a> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta"> <div>Items per page</div> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta-per-page-select"> <select> <option>10</option> <option>25</option> <option>50</option> <option>100</option> </select> </div> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta-info"></div> </div> <a href="#next-2024" class="publications-year-pagination-next" data-pagination-action="next"> <i class="publications-link-icon publications-link-icon-next"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="publications-year" id="publications-year-2023" data-year="2023" data-current-page="0" data-total-pages="1" data-per-page="10" data-search-text="" data-sort-order="desc"> <h4 class="publications-year-header"> <i class="publications-year-header-expansion"></i> <span class="publications-year-header-text"> 2023 Publications </span> </h4> <hr class="publications-year-divider"/> <div class="publications-year-loader"></div> <div class="publications-year-no-search"> No search results found. </div> <div class="publications-year-items"></div> <div class="publications-year-pagination"> <a href="#previous-2023" class="publications-year-pagination-previous" data-pagination-action="previous"> <i class="publications-link-icon publications-link-icon-previous"></i> </a> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta"> <div>Items per page</div> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta-per-page-select"> <select> <option>10</option> <option>25</option> <option>50</option> <option>100</option> </select> </div> <div class="publications-year-pagination-meta-info"></div> </div> <a href="#next-2023" class="publications-year-pagination-next" data-pagination-action="next"> <i class="publications-link-icon publications-link-icon-next"></i> </a> </div> </div> </section> <a href="#primary" class="publications-back-to-top-link"> <span>Back to top</span> <i class="publications-link-icon publications-link-icon-back-to-top"></i> </a> </main> <div class="wrapper entry-content"> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footerMain" class="footer"> <div id="footerSocial"> <div class="wrapper"> <h3>Connect with us on social</h3> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/Merck" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/twitter-brands.svg" alt="social icon" /> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MerckInvents" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/facebook-f-brands.svg" alt="social icon" /> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/merck" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/linkedin-brands.svg" alt="social icon" /> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/merck" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/instagram-brands.svg" alt="social icon" /> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/Merck" target="_blank"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/youtube-brands.svg" alt="social icon" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="footerPrograms"> <div class="column col-one"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnOne" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnOne" class="column-header">For patients and health care professionals</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.merckhelps.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MerckHelps</a> <br /> Merck Patient Assistance Program provides certain Merck medicines and adult vaccines for free to qualified patients </li> <li> <a href="https://www.merckaccessprogram.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Access Program</a> <br /> Information about insurance coverage and financial assistance options for eligible patients </li> <li> <a href="https://www.merckclinicaltrials.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clinical trials</a> <br /> Information about insurance coverage and financial assistance options for eligible patients </li> <li> <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Manuals</a> <br /> Medical information source covering thousands of topics in all fields of medicine </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column col-two"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnTwo" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnTwo" class="column-header">Sustainability</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.merck.com/company-overview/sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impact Report</a> <br /> Reporting on our commitment to operating responsibly to benefit society </li> <li> <a href="https://www.merckformothers.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck for Mothers</a> <br /> An initiative to create a world where no woman has to die giving life </li> </ul> </div> <div class="column col-three"> <input type="checkbox" id="columnThree" class="checkbox-toggle"> <label for="columnThree" class="column-header">About Merck</label> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.merck-animal-health.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Merck Animal Health</a> <br /> The global animal health business unit of Merck </li> <li> <a href="https://horizonblue.sapphiremrfhub.com/tocs/current/merck-co-inc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Plan - Transparency in Coverage</a> <br /> In compliance with the Consolidated Appropriations Act, learn more about our health plan’s pricing information </li> <li> <a href="https://www.merck.com/contact-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Contact Us</a> <br /> If you have a question or need more information about us, find out who you should contact. </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="footerCopyrightLogos"> <div id="footerCopyright"> <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menuFooter" class="footer-links"><li id="menu-item-674051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674051"><a href="https://www.merck.com/forward-looking-statement/">Forward-looking statement</a></li><li id="menu-item-137027" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137027"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/cookie-privacy-policy.html">Cookie policy</a></li><li class="menu-item"><button id="menu-item-763862" class="ot-sdk-show-settings menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-763862"><a href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></button></li><li id="menu-item-137025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137025"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-137028" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137028"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/transparency-and-privacy.html">Transparency disclosure</a></li><li id="menu-item-669400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-669400"><a href="https://www.merck.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li><li id="menu-item-3374425" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3374425"><a href="https://www.msdaccessibility.com/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-669401" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-669401"><a href="https://www.merck.com/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></li><li id="menu-item-3646896" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3646896"><a href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/us/en/chd-policy/">Consumer Health Data Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-3646897" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3646897"><a href="https://dsr.msd.com/DSR/United_States/English/">Your Privacy Choices <svg width="30" height="14" viewBox="0 0 30 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M22.1 7L24.2 4.8C24.4 4.6 24.4 4.2 24.2 4C24 3.8 23.6 3.8 23.4 4L21.2 6.2L19 4C18.8 3.8 18.4 3.8 18.2 4C18 4.2 18 4.6 18.2 4.8L20.4 7L18.3 9.2C18.1 9.4 18.1 9.8 18.3 10C18.5 10.2 18.9 10.2 19.1 10L21.3 7.8L23.5 10C23.7 10.2 24.1 10.2 24.3 10C24.5 9.8 24.5 9.4 24.3 9.2L22.1 7Z" fill="white"/> <path d="M22.2 0H7C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7C0 10.9 3.1 14 7 14H22.2C26.1 14 29.2 10.9 29.2 7C29.2 3.1 26 0 22.2 0ZM13.8 12.8H7C3.8 12.8 1.2 10.2 1.2 7C1.2 3.8 3.8 1.2 7 1.2H16.9L13.8 12.8ZM24.3 10C24.1 10.2 23.7 10.2 23.5 10L21.3 7.8L19.1 10C18.9 10.2 18.5 10.2 18.3 10C18.1 9.8 18.1 9.4 18.3 9.2L20.4 7L18.2 4.8C18 4.6 18 4.2 18.2 4C18.4 3.8 18.8 3.8 19 4L21.2 6.2L23.4 4C23.6 3.8 24 3.8 24.2 4C24.4 4.2 24.4 4.6 24.2 4.8L22.1 7L24.3 9.2C24.5 9.4 24.5 9.8 24.3 10Z" fill="#00857C"/> <path d="M12.3 4.1C12.5 4.3 12.6 4.7 12.4 4.9L8.2 9.8C8.1 9.9 8 10 7.9 10C7.7 10.1 7.4 10.1 7.2 9.9L5 7.7C4.8 7.5 4.8 7.1 5 6.9C5.2 6.7 5.6 6.7 5.8 6.9L7.6 8.6L11.4 4.1C11.6 3.9 12 3.9 12.3 4.1Z" fill="#00857C"/> </svg></a></li></ul></div> <small> Copyright © 2024 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ USA, and its affiliates. All rights reserved. | This site is intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. </small> </div> <div id="footerLogos"> <a href="https://www.essentialaccessibility.com/merck/?utm_source=merckhomepage&utm_medium=iconlarge&utm_term=eachannelpage&utm_content=header&utm_campaign=merck" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/images/accessibility.png" alt="Accessibility icon" /> </a>  <a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid= " target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img style="border: none" class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid= " alt="View Privacy Shield Verification Status" /> </a> <a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid= " target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img style="border: none" class="lazyload" loading="lazy" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid= " alt="View APEC CBPR Privacy Certification Status" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="fowardGuidanceModel" class="popup" style="display: none;"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content"> <h3>Forward-looking statement of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA</h3> <div class="forward-guidance-content"> <p>This website of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA (the “company”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of the company’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. There can be no guarantees with respect to pipeline candidates that the candidates will receive the necessary regulatory approvals or that they will prove to be commercially successful. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. <br><br> <br>Risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to, general industry conditions and competition; general economic factors, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; the impact of pharmaceutical industry regulation and health care legislation in the United States and internationally; global trends toward health care cost containment; technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product development, including obtaining regulatory approval; the company’s ability to accurately predict future market conditions; manufacturing difficulties or delays; financial instability of international economies and sovereign risk; dependence on the effectiveness of the company’s patents and other protections for innovative products; and the exposure to litigation, including patent litigation, and/or regulatory actions.<br> <br>The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) available at the SEC’s Internet site (www.sec.gov).<br> <b>No Duty to Update</b><br> The information contained in this website was current as of the date presented. The company assumes no duty to update the information to reflect subsequent developments. Consequently, the company will not update the information contained in the website and investors should not rely upon the information as current or accurate after the presentation date. </p> </div> <div class="btn-container text-center"> <a href="https://www.merck.com/" class="btn tertiary">Decline</a> <a href="javascript:void()" class="btn tertiary negative" title="" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('guidance-accepted', JSON.stringify(true)); document.getElementById('fowardGuidanceModel').style.display = 'none';">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel='stylesheet' id='related-content-styles-css' href='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/css/related-content-section.min.css?ver=6.2.6' media='all' /> <script id='mco-publications-page-scripts-js-extra'> var publicationsData = {"years":["2024","2023"],"filters":{"years":[],"sort":"desc","search":""},"apiEndpoint":"https:\/\/www.merck.com\/wp-json\/mco-api\/v1\/publications"}; </script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/js/publications-page.min.js?ver=1732142256' id='mco-publications-page-scripts-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/js/plugins.min.js?ver=20190301' id='Mco-plugins-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/js/scripts.min.js?ver=20190301' id='Mco-scripts-js'></script> <script defer="defer" src='https://www.merck.com/wp-content/themes/cex-wpvip-mhh-merck-mco-theme/js/search_suggestions.min.js?ver=1732392359' id='search_suggestion-js'></script> <div id="externalLinkModal" class="popup" style="display: none;"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content"> <h3 id="externalLinkModalTitle">You are leaving Merck.com</h3> <div class="forward-guidance-content"> <p id="externalLinkModalMessage" style="max-width: 31.25rem;"></p> </div> <div class="btn-container text-center"> <button class="btn tertiary" id="externalLinkCancelBtn" title="" onclick="document.getElementById('externalLinkModal').style.display = 'none';">Cancel </button> <a href="" target="_blank" class="btn tertiary negative" id="externalLinkModalBtn">Continue</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> let whitelist_domains = ".local,merck-go-vip,merck-develop.go-vip.co/merck,merck-preprod.go-vip.co/merck,vip-msd.com/merck,merck.com,q4cdn.com,cloudfront.net,wpvip-safety-data-sheets.s3.amazonaws.com,google.com/calendar,outlook.live.com/calendar,calendar.yahoo.com,merckhelps.com,merckaccessprogram.com,merckmanuals.com,merckconnect.com,merckclinicaltrials.com,merck-animal-health.com,merckformothers.com,mrknewsroom.com,facebook.com,twitter.com,linkedin.com,mailto:,javascript:,tel:" let whitelist_domains_array = whitelist_domains.split( ',' ) whitelist_domains_array.unshift( document.location.hostname ) // External Links try { let links = Array.from( document.links ) for ( let i = 0; i < links.length; i ++ ) { let link = links[i] if ( ! shouldWhitelistDomain( link.href ) ) { link.addEventListener( 'click', function ( e ) { e.preventDefault() let modal_data = getLinkContent( link.href ) document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModalTitle' ).textContent = modal_data.title document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModalMessage' ).textContent = modal_data.message document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModalBtn' ).href = this.href document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModalBtn' ).setAttribute( 'onclick', 'document.getElementById(\'externalLinkModal\').style.display = "none";' ) document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModal' ).style.display = document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModal' ).style.display === 'none' ? 'block' : 'none' if ( modal_data.cancelBtnText ) { document.getElementById( 'externalLinkCancelBtn' ).textContent = modal_data.cancelBtnText } if ( modal_data.continueBtnText ) { document.getElementById( 'externalLinkModalBtn' ).textContent = modal_data.continueBtnText } } ) } } } catch ( ex ) { console.log( ex ) } function getLinkContent( link ) { try { let title = htmlDecode( "You are leaving Merck.com" ) let message = htmlDecode( "The link you have selected will direct you to a site outside of www.merck.com. We are Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA known as MSD outside the United States and Canada. " ) let cancelBtnText = htmlDecode( "" ) let continueBtnText = htmlDecode( "" ) return { title: title, message: message, cancelBtnText: cancelBtnText, continueBtnText: continueBtnText, } } catch ( ex ) { console.log( ex ) } } function htmlDecode( input ) { if ( input === '' ) { return '' } var e = document.createElement( 'div' ) e.innerHTML = input return e.childNodes[0].nodeValue } function shouldWhitelistDomain( link ) { return whitelist_domains_array.some( domain => new RegExp( domain ).test( link ) ) } </script> <div id="ukUserModal" class="popup" style="display: none;"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content foward-guide-modal-content"> <h3>Welcome to Merck.com</h3> <div class="forward-guidance-content"> <p style="max-width: 31.25rem;">By continuing, you will be directed to a site intended only for residents of the United States and Canada. We are called MSD everywhere, except in the United States and Canada where we are known as Merck & Co Inc, Rahway, NJ USA.</p> </div> <div class="btn-container text-center"> <a target="_blank" class="btn tertiary negative" id="externalLinkModalBtn" onclick="AcceptUKMessage();">Continue</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function AcceptUKMessage() { try { let accepted = { expire: new Date(new Date().getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000) }; sessionStorage.setItem('uk-messaging', JSON.stringify(accepted)); document.getElementById('ukUserModal').style.display = 'none'; } catch (ex) { console.log(ex); } } </script> <script>console.log("SG");</script> <script type="text/javascript"> let uk_check = JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem('uk-messaging')); if (!uk_check || uk_check.expire >= new Date(new Date().getTime())) { document.getElementById('ukUserModal').style.display = 'block'; } </script> <script> utag_data.page_datepublished = "2024-05-29 17:55:59"; utag_data.page_datemodified = "2024-05-29 17:57:19"; dataLayer.push(utag_data); </script>  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="fd658a96-8c4a-4c03-973e-fd83f98fa618"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() {} </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* * FileSaver.js * A saveAs() FileSaver implementation. * * By Eli Grey, http://eligrey.com * * License : https://github.com/eligrey/FileSaver.js/blob/master/LICENSE.md (MIT) * source : http://purl.eligrey.com/github/FileSaver.js */ // The one and only way of getting global scope in all environments // https://stackoverflow.com/q/3277182/1008999 var _global = typeof window === 'object' && window.window === window ? window : typeof self === 'object' && self.self === self ? self : typeof global === 'object' && global.global === global ? global : this function bom (blob, opts) { if (typeof opts === 'undefined') opts = { autoBom: false } else if (typeof opts !== 'object') { console.warn('Deprecated: Expected third argument to be a object') opts = { autoBom: !opts } } // prepend BOM for UTF-8 XML and text/* types (including HTML) // note: your browser will automatically convert UTF-16 U+FEFF to EF BB BF if (opts.autoBom && /^\s*(?:text\/\S*|application\/xml|\S*\/\S*\+xml)\s*;.*charset\s*=\s*utf-8/i.test(blob.type)) { return new Blob([String.fromCharCode(0xFEFF), blob], { type: blob.type }) } return blob } function download (url, name, opts) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest() xhr.open('GET', url) xhr.responseType = 'blob' xhr.onload = function () { saveAs(xhr.response, name, opts) } xhr.onerror = function () { console.error('could not download file') } xhr.send() } function corsEnabled (url) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest() // use sync to avoid popup blocker xhr.open('HEAD', url, false) try { xhr.send() } catch (e) {} return xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status <= 299 } // `a.click()` doesn't work for all browsers (#465) function click (node) { try { node.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click')) } catch (e) { var evt = document.createEvent('MouseEvents') evt.initMouseEvent('click', true, true, window, 0, 0, 0, 80, 20, false, false, false, false, 0, null) node.dispatchEvent(evt) } } // Detect WebView inside a native macOS app by ruling out all browsers // We just need to check for 'Safari' because all other browsers (besides Firefox) include that too // https://www.whatismybrowser.com/guides/the-latest-user-agent/macos var isMacOSWebView = /Macintosh/.test(navigator.userAgent) && /AppleWebKit/.test(navigator.userAgent) && !/Safari/.test(navigator.userAgent) var saveAs = _global.saveAs || ( // probably in some web worker (typeof window !== 'object' || window !== _global) ? function saveAs () { /* noop */ } // Use download attribute first if possible (#193 Lumia mobile) unless this is a macOS WebView : ('download' in HTMLAnchorElement.prototype && !isMacOSWebView) ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) { var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL var a = document.createElement('a') name = name || blob.name || 'download' a.download = name a.rel = 'noopener' // tabnabbing // TODO: detect chrome extensions & packaged apps // a.target = '_blank' if (typeof blob === 'string') { // Support regular links a.href = blob if (a.origin !== location.origin) { corsEnabled(a.href) ? download(blob, name, opts) : click(a, a.target = '_blank') } else { click(a) } } else { // Support blobs a.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob) setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(a.href) }, 4E4) // 40s setTimeout(function () { click(a) }, 0) } } // Use msSaveOrOpenBlob as a second approach : 'msSaveOrOpenBlob' in navigator ? function saveAs (blob, name, opts) { name = name || blob.name || 'download' if (typeof blob === 'string') { if (corsEnabled(blob)) { download(blob, name, opts) } else { var a = document.createElement('a') a.href = blob a.target = '_blank' setTimeout(function () { click(a) }) } } else { navigator.msSaveOrOpenBlob(bom(blob, opts), name) } } // Fallback to using FileReader and a popup : function saveAs (blob, name, opts, popup) { // Open a popup immediately do go around popup blocker // Mostly only available on user interaction and the fileReader is async so... popup = popup || open('', '_blank') if (popup) { popup.document.title = popup.document.body.innerText = 'downloading...' } if (typeof blob === 'string') return download(blob, name, opts) var force = blob.type === 'application/octet-stream' var isSafari = /constructor/i.test(_global.HTMLElement) || _global.safari var isChromeIOS = /CriOS\/[\d]+/.test(navigator.userAgent) if ((isChromeIOS || (force && isSafari) || isMacOSWebView) && typeof FileReader !== 'undefined') { // Safari doesn't allow downloading of blob URLs var reader = new FileReader() reader.onloadend = function () { var url = reader.result url = isChromeIOS ? url : url.replace(/^data:[^;]*;/, 'data:attachment/file;') if (popup) popup.location.href = url else location = url popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460 } reader.readAsDataURL(blob) } else { var URL = _global.URL || _global.webkitURL var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob) if (popup) popup.location = url else location.href = url popup = null // reverse-tabnabbing #460 setTimeout(function () { URL.revokeObjectURL(url) }, 4E4) // 40s } } ) _global.saveAs = saveAs.saveAs = saveAs if (typeof module !== 'undefined') { module.exports = saveAs; } /*! ics.js Wed Sept 14 2017 */ var ics=function(e,t){"use strict";{if(!(navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")>-1&&-1==navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))){void 0===e&&(e="default"),void 0===t&&(t="Calendar");var r=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Win")?"\r\n":"\n",n=[],i=["BEGIN:VCALENDAR","PRODID:"+t,"VERSION:2.0"].join(r),o=r+"END:VCALENDAR",a=["SU","MO","TU","WE","TH","FR","SA"];return{events:function(){return n},calendar:function(){return i+r+n.join(r)+o},addEvent:function(t,i,o,l,u,s){if(void 0===t||void 0===i||void 0===o||void 0===l||void 0===u)return!1;if(s&&!s.rrule){if("YEARLY"!==s.freq&&"MONTHLY"!==s.freq&&"WEEKLY"!==s.freq&&"DAILY"!==s.freq)throw"Recurrence rrule frequency must be provided and be one of the following: 'YEARLY', 'MONTHLY', 'WEEKLY', or 'DAILY'";if(s.until&&isNaN(Date.parse(s.until)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'until' must be a valid date string";if(s.interval&&isNaN(parseInt(s.interval)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'interval' must be an integer";if(s.count&&isNaN(parseInt(s.count)))throw"Recurrence rrule 'count' must be an integer";if(void 0!==s.byday){if("[object Array]"!==Object.prototype.toString.call(s.byday))throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' must be an array";if(s.byday.length>7)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' array must not be longer than the 7 days in a week";s.byday=s.byday.filter(function(e,t){return s.byday.indexOf(e)==t});for(var c in s.byday)if(a.indexOf(s.byday[c])<0)throw"Recurrence rrule 'byday' values must include only the following: 'SU', 'MO', 'TU', 'WE', 'TH', 'FR', 'SA'"}}var g=new Date(l),d=new Date(u),f=new Date,S=("0000"+g.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),E=("00"+(g.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),v=("00"+g.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),y=("00"+g.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),A=("00"+g.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),T=("00"+g.getSeconds().toString()).slice(-2),b=("0000"+d.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),D=("00"+(d.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),N=("00"+d.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),h=("00"+d.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),I=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),R=("00"+d.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),M=("0000"+f.getFullYear().toString()).slice(-4),w=("00"+(f.getMonth()+1).toString()).slice(-2),L=("00"+f.getDate().toString()).slice(-2),O=("00"+f.getHours().toString()).slice(-2),p=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),Y=("00"+f.getMinutes().toString()).slice(-2),U="",V="";y+A+T+h+I+R!=0&&(U="T"+y+A+T,V="T"+h+I+R);var B,C=S+E+v+U,j=b+D+N+V,m=M+w+L+("T"+O+p+Y);if(s)if(s.rrule)B=s.rrule;else{if(B="rrule:FREQ="+s.freq,s.until){var x=new Date(Date.parse(s.until)).toISOString();B+=";UNTIL="+x.substring(0,x.length-13).replace(/[-]/g,"")+"000000Z"}s.interval&&(B+=";INTERVAL="+s.interval),s.count&&(B+=";COUNT="+s.count),s.byday&&s.byday.length>0&&(B+=";BYDAY="+s.byday.join(","))}(new Date).toISOString();var H=["BEGIN:VEVENT","UID:"+n.length+"@"+e,"CLASS:PUBLIC","DESCRIPTION:"+i,"DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+m,"DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+C,"DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:"+j,"LOCATION:"+o,"SUMMARY;LANGUAGE=en-us:"+t,"TRANSP:TRANSPARENT","END:VEVENT"];return B&&H.splice(4,0,B),H=H.join(r),n.push(H),H},download:function(e,t){if(n.length<1)return!1;t=void 0!==t?t:".ics",e=void 0!==e?e:"calendar";var a,l=i+r+n.join(r)+o;if(-1===navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE 10"))a=new Blob([l]);else{var u=new BlobBuilder;u.append(l),a=u.getBlob("text/x-vCalendar;charset="+document.characterSet)}return saveAs(a,e+t),l},build:function(){return!(n.length<1)&&i+r+n.join(r)+o}}}console.log("Unsupported Browser")}}; function GenerateICS(title, description, start, end) { let cal = new ics(); cal.addEvent(decodeURIComponent(title), decodeURIComponent(description), "", start, end); cal.download(decodeURIComponent(title)); } </script><script> /* https://stackoverflow.com/a/26633844/3019650 */ if (!window.CSS || !CSS.supports('color', 'var(--fake-var)')) { (function(a, b, c, d) { a = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/css-vars-ponyfill@2'; b = document; c = 'script'; d = b.createElement(c); d.src = a; d.type = 'text/java' + c; d.async = true; a = b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0]; a.parentNode.insertBefore(d, a); })(); function deferCssVars(method) { if (typeof cssVars === "function") { method(); } else { setTimeout(function() { deferCssVars(method) }, 50); } } deferCssVars(function() { cssVars() }); } </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Publications - Merck.com