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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telephone_repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Telephone repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_communications_repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_communications_repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Optical communications repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_communications_repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Radio repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Data handling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_handling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data handling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Analog repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Digital repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Repeater</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="مكرر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكرر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99krarlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Təkrarlayıcı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkrarlayıcı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetidor" title="Repetidor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Repetidor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opakova%C4%8D" title="Opakovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opakovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Repeater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Repeater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rgur" title="Järgur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Järgur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetidor" title="Repetidor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repetidor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripetilo" title="Ripetilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ripetilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedagailu" title="Hedagailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hedagailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="تکرارگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکرارگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9teur" title="Répéteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Répéteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetidor" title="Repetidor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Repetidor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%B0" title="중계기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중계기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengulang" title="Pengulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripetitore" title="Ripetitore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ripetitore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A8" title="משחזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გამმეორებელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამმეორებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Repeater" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Репетитор (мрежен уред) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Репетитор (мрежен уред)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguat_(rangkaian)" title="Penguat (rangkaian) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penguat (rangkaian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Repeater" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="リピータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リピータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Repeater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel%C3%A9stasjon" title="Reléstasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reléstasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerator_sygna%C5%82u" title="Regenerator sygnału – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Regenerator sygnału" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetidor" title="Repetidor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Repetidor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Повторитель (сетевое оборудование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повторитель (сетевое оборудование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opakova%C4%8D" title="Opakovač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opakovač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponavljalnik" title="Ponavljalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ponavljalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%98)" title="Репетитор (мрежни уређај) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Репетитор (мрежни уређај)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitor" title="Repetitor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Repetitor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toistin" title="Toistin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toistin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel%C3%A4station" title="Relästation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Relästation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மறுகொணரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறுகொணரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Повторювач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повторювач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitore" title="Repetitore – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repetitore" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_l%E1%BA%B7p" title="Bộ lặp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ lặp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BB%A7%E5%99%A8" title="中继器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中继器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q273693#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Relay station</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the electronic device. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Repeater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Repeater (disambiguation)">Repeater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repeater-schema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Repeater-schema.svg/250px-Repeater-schema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Repeater-schema.svg/330px-Repeater-schema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Repeater-schema.svg/440px-Repeater-schema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A radio repeater retransmits a radio signal.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, a <b>repeater</b> is an electronic device that receives a <a href="/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (information theory)">signal</a> and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or <a href="/wiki/Baud_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Baud rate">baud rate</a>. </p><p>There are several different types of repeaters; a <b>telephone repeater</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">telephone line</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Optical_repeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical repeater">optical repeater</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Optoelectronic">optoelectronic</a> circuit that amplifies the light beam in an <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">optical fiber cable</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_repeater" title="Radio repeater">radio repeater</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> that retransmits a radio signal. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">broadcast relay station</a> is a repeater used in <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast radio and television</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an information-bearing signal passes through a <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a>, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. For example, when a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone call</a> passes through a wire <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">telephone line</a>, some of the power in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> which represents the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> is dissipated as heat in the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> of the copper wire. The longer the wire, the more power is lost, and the smaller the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of the signal at the far end. So with a long enough wire the call will not be audible at the other end. Similarly, the greater the distance between a <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a>, the weaker the <a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">radio signal</a>, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is an electronic device in a communication channel that increases the power of a signal and <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">retransmits</a> it, allowing it to travel further. Since it <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifies</a> the signal, it requires a source of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>. </p><p>The term "repeater" originated with <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> in the 19th century, and referred to an <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> device (a <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a>) used to regenerate telegraph signals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slyusar_relay_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slyusar_relay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the term has continued in <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communications</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> being transmitted, they operate on the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>, the first layer of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>; a multiport <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> repeater is usually called a <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">hub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone_repeater">Telephone repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Telephone repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is used to increase the range of telephone signals in a telephone line. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Land line repeater</b></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>They are most frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">trunklines</a> that carry <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_calling" title="Long-distance calling">long distance</a> calls. In an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> telephone line consisting of a pair of wires, it consists of an amplifier circuit made of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> which use power from a DC current source to increase the power of the <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> audio signal on the line. Since the telephone is a <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a> (bidirectional) communication system, the wire pair carries two <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signals</a>, one going in each direction. So telephone repeaters have to be bilateral, amplifying the signal in both directions without causing feedback, which complicates their design considerably. Telephone repeaters were the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification. The development of telephone repeaters between 1900 and 1915 made long-distance phone service possible. Now, most telecommunications cables are <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cables</a> which use optical repeaters (below). </p><p>Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled <a href="/wiki/Microphone#Carbon_microphone" title="Microphone">carbon microphones</a> were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters. After the turn of the 20th century it was found that negative resistance mercury lamps could amplify, and they were used.<sup id="cite_ref-Sungook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sungook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of <a href="/wiki/Audion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Audion tube">audion tube</a> repeaters around 1916 made transcontinental telephony practical. In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> repeaters using <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid coil">hybrid coils</a> became commonplace, allowing the use of thinner wires. In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative impedance</a> gain devices were more popular, and a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistorized</a> version called the E6 repeater was the final major type used in the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> before the low cost of digital transmission made all <a href="/wiki/Voiceband" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceband">voiceband</a> repeaters obsolete. <a href="/wiki/Frequency_frogging" title="Frequency frogging">Frequency frogging</a> repeaters were commonplace in frequency-division multiplexing systems from the middle to late 20th century. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Submarine cable repeater</b></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>This is a type of telephone repeater used in underwater <a href="/wiki/Submarine_telecommunications_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine telecommunications cable">submarine telecommunications cables</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_communications_repeater">Optical communications repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical communications repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_communications_repeater" title="Optical communications repeater">Optical communications repeater</a></div> <p>This is used to increase the range of signals in a <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cable</a>. Digital information travels through a fiber-optic cable in the form of short pulses of light. The light is made up of particles called <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>, which can be absorbed or scattered in the fiber. An optical communications repeater usually consists of a <a href="/wiki/Phototransistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransistor">phototransistor</a> which converts the light pulses to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">electronic filter</a> which reshapes the pulses, and a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> which converts the electrical signal to light again and sends it out the other fiber. However, <a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">optical amplifiers</a> are being developed for repeaters to amplify the light itself without the need of converting it to an electric signal first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_repeater">Radio repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Radio repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png/250px-Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png/330px-Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png/500px-Repeater_Talk_around_channel.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A radio communications with a Repeater or a Talkaround channel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repetitor_Guarini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Repetitor_Guarini.jpg/250px-Repetitor_Guarini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Repetitor_Guarini.jpg/330px-Repetitor_Guarini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Repetitor_Guarini.jpg/500px-Repetitor_Guarini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Guarini-Foresio's repeater</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_repeater" title="Radio repeater">Radio repeater</a></div> <p>This is used to extend the range of <b>coverage</b> of a radio signal. The history of radio relay repeaters began in 1898 from the publication by Johann Mattausch in Austrian Journal Zeitschrift für Electrotechnik (v. 16, 35 - 36).<sup id="cite_ref-slyusar_relay_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slyusar_relay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But his proposal "Translator" was primitive and not suitable for use. The first relay system with radio repeaters, which really functioned, was that invented in 1899 by Emile Guarini-Foresio.<sup id="cite_ref-slyusar_relay_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slyusar_relay-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A radio repeater usually consists of a radio receiver connected to a radio transmitter. The received signal is amplified and retransmitted, often on another frequency, to provide coverage beyond the obstruction. Usage of a <a href="/wiki/Duplexer" title="Duplexer">duplexer</a> can allow the repeater to use one <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> for both receive and transmit at the same time. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">Broadcast relay station</a>, rebroadcastor</b> or <b>translator</b>: This is a repeater used to extend the coverage of a radio or television <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting station</a>. It consists of a secondary radio or television transmitter. The signal from the main transmitter often comes over leased telephone lines or by microwave relay.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Microwave_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave relay">Microwave relay</a></b>: This is a specialized <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> telecommunications link, consisting of a microwave <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> that receives information over a beam of <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a> from another relay station in <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> distance, and a microwave transmitter which passes the information on to the next station over another beam of microwaves. Networks of microwave relay stations transmit telephone calls, television programs, and computer data from one city to another over continent-wide areas.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Passive_repeater" title="Passive repeater">Passive repeater</a></b>: This is a microwave relay that simply consists of a flat metal surface to reflect the microwave beam in another direction. It is used to get microwave relay signals over hills and mountains when it is not necessary to amplify the signal.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cellular_repeater" title="Cellular repeater">Cellular repeater</a></b>: This is a radio repeater for boosting <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phone</a> reception in a limited area. The device functions like a small <a href="/wiki/Cellular_base_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular base station">cellular base station</a>, with a directional antenna to receive the signal from the nearest <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell tower</a>, an amplifier, and a local antenna to rebroadcast the signal to nearby cell phones. It is often used in downtown office buildings.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Digipeater</b>: A repeater node in a <a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a> network. It performs a <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> function, passing on packets of information from one node to another.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_repeater" title="Amateur radio repeater">Amateur radio repeater</a></b>: Used by amateur radio operators to enable two-way communication across an area which would otherwise be difficult by point-to-point on VHF and UHF. These repeaters are set up and maintained by individual operators or clubs, and are generally available for any licensed amateur to use. A hill or mountaintop location is a preferable location to construct a repeater, as it will maximize the usability across a large area.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Radio repeaters improve communication coverage in systems using frequencies that typically have <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight propagation</a>. Without a repeater, these systems are limited in range by the curvature of the Earth and the blocking effect of terrain or high buildings. A repeater on a hilltop or tall building can allow stations that are out of each other's line-of-sight range to communicate reliably.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio repeaters may also allow translation from one set of radio frequencies to another, for example to allow two different public service agencies to interoperate (say, police and fire services of a city, or neighboring police departments). They may provide links to the public switched telephone network as well,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> network (<a href="/wiki/BGAN" class="mw-redirect" title="BGAN">BGAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/INMARSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="INMARSAT">INMARSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSAT" title="MSAT">MSAT</a>) as an alternative path from source to the destination.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically a repeater station listens on one frequency, A, and transmits on a second, B. All mobile stations listen for signals on channel B and transmit on channel A. The difference between the two frequencies may be relatively small compared to the frequency of operation, say 1%. Often the repeater station will use the same antenna for transmission and reception; highly selective filters called "duplexers" separate the faint incoming received signal from the billions of times more powerful outbound transmitted signal. Sometimes separate transmitting and receiving locations are used, connected by a wire line or a radio link. While the repeater station is designed for simultaneous reception and transmission, mobile units need not be equipped with the bulky and costly duplexers, as they only transmit or receive at any time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile</a> units in a repeater system may be provided with a "talkaround" channel that allows direct mobile-to-mobile operation on a single channel. This may be used if out of reach of the repeater system, or for communications not requiring the attention of all mobiles. The "talkaround" channel may be the repeater output frequency; the repeater will not retransmit any signals on its output frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An engineered radio communication system designer will analyze the coverage area desired and select repeater locations, elevations, antennas, operating frequencies and power levels to permit a predictable level of reliable communication over the designed coverage area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_handling">Data handling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Repeaters can be divided into two types depending on the type of data they handle: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_repeater">Analog repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analog repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type is used in channels that transmit data in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signal</a> in which the voltage or current is proportional to the amplitude of the signal, as in an audio signal. They are also used in trunklines that transmit multiple signals using <a href="/wiki/Frequency_division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency division multiplexing">frequency division multiplexing</a> (FDM). Analog repeaters are composed of a linear amplifier, and may include <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">electronic filters</a> to compensate for frequency and phase distortion in the line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_repeater">Digital repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digital repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>digital repeater</b> is used in channels that transmit data by <a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signals</a>, in which the data is in the form of pulses with only two possible values, representing the <a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">binary digits</a> 1 and 0. A digital repeater amplifies the signal, and it also may retime, resynchronize, and reshape the pulses. A repeater that performs the retiming or resynchronizing functions may be called a <b><a href="/wiki/Regenerator_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerator (telecommunication)">regenerator</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-channel_carrier_system" title="12-channel carrier system">12-channel carrier system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADSL_loop_extender" title="ADSL loop extender">ADSL loop extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_ground_component" title="Complementary ground component">Complementary ground component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_media_converter" title="Fiber media converter">Fiber media converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLC_carrier_repeating_station" class="mw-redirect" title="PLC carrier repeating station">PLC carrier repeating station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Relay (disambiguation)">Relay (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeater_insertion" title="Repeater insertion">Repeater insertion</a> in integrated circuits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">Signal strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_distribution_system" title="Wireless distribution system">Wireless distribution system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_repeater" title="Wireless repeater">Wireless repeater</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoring1878" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tactical+Voice+Communications+Solutions+for+HLD%2FHLS&rft.pub=c-at.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-at.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F11%2FTactical-Voice-Communications-Solutions-for-HLDHLS_rev_B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepeater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land mobile radio systems - 2nd ed. Improving and Extending Area Coverage (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : PTR Prentice Hall, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131231596" title="Special:BookSources/0131231596">0131231596</a>, p. 67-75.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeater&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell system">Bell system</a> technical journal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bstj43-4-1243">Repeaters and Equalizers for the SD Submarine Cable System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repeaters.in">Amateur Radio Repeaters in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012622/http://repeaters.in/">Archived</a> 2017-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://przemienniki.net/">Amateur Radio Repeaters in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Two-way_radio233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Two-way_radio" title="Template:Two-way radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Two-way_radio" title="Template talk:Two-way radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Two-way_radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Two-way radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Two-way_radio233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amateur and hobbyist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_repeater" title="Amateur radio repeater">Amateur radio repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">Citizens band radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">Family Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Service" title="Public Radio Service">Public Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">General Mobile Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDR_444" title="KDR 444">KDR 444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPD433" title="LPD433">LPD433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station#Mobile_stations" title="Amateur radio station">Mobile rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Use_Radio_Service" title="Multi-Use Radio Service">Multi-Use Radio Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">UHF CB (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aviation <br /> (aeronautical mobile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_emergency_frequency" title="Aircraft emergency frequency">Aircraft emergency frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">Airband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_traffic_advisory_frequency" title="Common traffic advisory frequency">Common traffic advisory frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_frequency_airport" title="Mandatory frequency airport">Mandatory frequency airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MULTICOM" title="MULTICOM">MULTICOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_frequency_approach" title="Single frequency approach">Single Frequency Approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICOM" title="UNICOM">UNICOM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based commercial <br /> and government mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">Base station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_band" title="Business band">Business band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio" title="Mobile radio">Mobile radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio" title="Professional mobile radio">Professional mobile radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_repeater" title="Radio repeater">Radio repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized Mobile Radio">Specialized Mobile Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">Trunked radio system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">Walkie-talkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine (shipboard)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2182_kHz" title="2182 kHz">2182 kHz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_kHz" title="500 kHz">500 kHz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_radio_station" title="Coast radio station">Coast radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">Marine VHF radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_mobile_amateur_radio" title="Maritime mobile amateur radio">Maritime mobile amateur radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling" title="Selective calling">Signaling / <br /> Selective calling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System" title="Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System">CTCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-STAR" title="D-STAR">D-STAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">Dual-tone multi-frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDC-1200" title="MDC-1200">MDC-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling#Quik-Call_I" title="Selective calling">Quik-Call I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_calling#Two-tone_sequential" title="Selective calling">Quik-Call II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selcall" title="Selcall">Selcall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELCAL" title="SELCAL">SELCAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System elements <br /> and principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location" title="Automatic vehicle location">Automatic vehicle location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_dispatch" title="Computer-aided dispatch">CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_loop#Two-way_radio_use" title="Current loop">DC remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_(logistics)" title="Dispatch (logistics)">Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Dynamic range compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fade_margin" title="Fade margin">Fade margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_budget" title="Link budget">Link budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_fading" title="Rayleigh fading">Rayleigh fading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_remote" title="Tone remote">Tone remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephony_procedure" title="Radiotelephony procedure">Radiotelephony procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_combining" title="Diversity combining">Voting (diversity combining)</a></li></ul> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>39 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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