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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchist_opposition_to_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchist_opposition_to_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anarchist opposition to nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchist_opposition_to_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikhail_Bakunin_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikhail_Bakunin_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mikhail Bakunin and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikhail_Bakunin_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National-anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National-anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>National-anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Black anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Independence anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-colonial anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222284573">.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{font-size:145%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-above{padding-bottom:0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anarchism and nationalism</b> both emerged in Europe following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 and have a long and durable relationship going back at least to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and his involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic">pan-Slavic</a> movement prior to his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> all over the world as well as with <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>. </p><p>During the early 20th century, anarchism was very supportive of <a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">anationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nodo50.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nodo50.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naturismo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturismo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acracia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acracia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> persecuted <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan nationalist">Catalan nationalists</a>, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Del_Barrio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Del_Barrio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish anarchist Andrew Flood argues that anarchists are not nationalists and are completely opposed to it, but rather they are <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialists">anti-imperialists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland)">Anarchist Federation</a> in Britain and Ireland views nationalism as an ideology totally bound up with the development of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and unable to go beyond it.<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchist_Federation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchist_Federation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchist_opposition_to_nationalism">Anarchist opposition to nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anarchist opposition to nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, the first person to call himself an <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a></i> in a positive sense, opposed <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, arguing that the "end of militarism is the mission of the nineteenth century, under pain of indefinite decadence".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon argued that under his proposed <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> "[t]here will no longer be nationality, no longer fatherland, in the political sense of the words: they will mean only places of birth. Man, of whatever race or colour he may be, is an inhabitant of the universe; citizenship is everywhere an acquired right".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism has supported both <a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">anationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-nodo50.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nodo50.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naturismo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturismo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acracia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acracia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A critique of nationalism from an anarchist point of view is <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>'s 1937 book <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_Culture" title="Nationalism and Culture">Nationalism and Culture</a></i>. American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a> wrote a number of pamphlets that were strongly critical of all forms of nationalism, including <i>Anti-Semitism and the Beirut Pogrom</i> (a critique of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i> in which Perlman argues that nationalism is a process of state formation inspired by <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> which <a href="/wiki/Capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalists">capitalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninists">Leninists</a> use as a mean of controlling their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Perlman also wrote a work in the <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchist">post-left anarchist</a> tradition on the subject of nationalism called <i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-libcom1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Perlman argues that "[l]eftist or revolutionary nationalists insist that their nationalism has nothing in common with the nationalism of fascists and national socialists, that theirs is a nationalism of the oppressed, that it offers personal as well as cultural liberation".<sup id="cite_ref-libcom1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To challenge these claims and in his view "to see them in a context",<sup id="cite_ref-libcom1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perlman asks "what nationalism is - not only the new revolutionary nationalism but also the old conservative one".<sup id="cite_ref-libcom1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perlman concludes that nationalism is an aid to capitalist control of nature and people regardless of its origin. Nationalism provides a form through which "[e]very oppressed population can become a nation, a photographic negative of the oppressor nation" and that "[t]here's no earthly reason for the descendants of the persecuted to remain persecuted when nationalism offers them the prospect of becoming persecutors. Near and distant relatives of victims can become a racist nation-state; they can themselves herd other people into concentration camps, push other people around at will, perpetrate genocidal war against them, procure preliminary capital by expropriating them".<sup id="cite_ref-libcom1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mikhail_Bakunin_and_nationalism">Mikhail Bakunin and nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mikhail Bakunin and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/220px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/330px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/440px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Anarchist theorist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, who embraced nationalist causes such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia#Decembrists_and_other_exiles" title="History of Siberia">Siberian separatism</a> before proclaiming himself an anarchist</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to his involvement with the anarchist movement, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> had a long history of involvement in nationalist movements of various kinds. In his <i>Appeal to the Slavs</i> (1848), Bakunin called for cooperation between nationalist revolutionary movements across Europe (both Slavic and non-Slavic) to overthrow empires and dissolve imperialism in an uprising of "all oppressed nationalities" which would lead to a "Universal Federation of European Republics".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin also agitated for a <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>, a contemporary nationalist vision originated by revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nationalist">Italian nationalist</a> and fellow <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later exiled to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Siberia">eastern Siberia</a>, Bakunin became involved with a circle of Siberian nationalists who planned to separate from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. They were connected with his cousin and patron <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Muravyov-Amursky" title="Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky">Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky</a>, the Governor General of Eastern Siberia, whom Bakunin defended in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a>'s journal <i>The Bell</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until a full four years after leaving Siberia that Bakunin proclaimed himself an anarchist. <a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Max Nettlau</a> remarked of this period in his life that "[t]his may be explained by Bakunin's increasing nationalist psychosis, induced and nourished by the expansionist ideas of the officials and exploiters who surrounded him in Siberia, causing him to overlook the plight of their victims".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National-anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></div> <p>Among the first advocates of national-anarchism were Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer and former <a href="/wiki/British_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Front">National Front</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Faction" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revolutionary Faction">National Revolutionary Faction</a>, a since disbanded British-based organization which cultivated links to certain <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> circles in the United Kingdom and in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, not to be confused with the national-anarchism of the Black Ram Group.<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, national-anarchists worked with <i>Albion Awake</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Green">Alternative Green</a></i> (published by former <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchist" title="Green Anarchist">Green Anarchist</a></i> editor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(editor)" title="Richard Hunt (editor)">Richard Hunt</a>) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the Anarchist Heretics Fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those national-anarchists cite their influences primarily from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A position developed in Europe during the 1990s, national-anarchist groups have arisen worldwide, most prominently in Australia (New Right Australia/New Zealand), Germany (International National Anarchism) and the United States (BANA).<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National-anarchism has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke_2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sykes_2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sykes_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> ideology which advocates <a href="/wiki/White_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatism">racial separatism</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Racial_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National-anarchists claim to <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretize</a> <a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">neotribal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a>, mainly in their support for a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a> whilst rejecting <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> social philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its <a href="/wiki/Anti-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-state">anti-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_2003_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National-anarchists advocate <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> in place of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. National-anarchists claim that those of different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> groups would be free to develop <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separately</a> in their own <a href="/wiki/Tribal_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal commune">tribal communes</a> while striving to be politically <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a>, economically non-<a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>, ecologically <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> and socially and culturally <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">traditional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i>national-anarchism</i> dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British political activist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a>, who positions it as being "<a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">beyond left and right</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Macklin_2005_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_2003_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_2003_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke_2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sykes_2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sykes_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National-anarchism is considered by anarchists as being a rebranding of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> due to the inherent contradiction of anarchist philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, dismantling of <a href="/wiki/National_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="National borders">national borders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a> between different nationalities as being incompatible with the idea of a synthesis between anarchism and fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National-anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and far-right critics.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics, including scholars, accuse national-anarchists of being nothing more than <a href="/wiki/White_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalists">white nationalists</a> who promote a <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialist">racialist</a> form of ethnic and racial separatism while wanting the <a href="/wiki/Militant_chic" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant chic">militant chic</a> of calling themselves <i>anarchists</i> without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, including the <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racist">anti-racist</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> anarchist philosophy and the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars are skeptical that implementing national-anarchism would result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statism</a> that would result in authoritarianism and oppression, only on a smaller scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons_2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons_2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism in China</a></div> <p>Anarchists formed the first labor unions and the first large-scale peasant organizations in China. During the roughly two decades when anarchism was the dominant radical ideology in China (roughly 1900–1924), anarchists there were active in mass movements of all kinds, including the nationalist movement. </p><p>A small group of anarchists, mostly those associated with the early Paris Group, a grouping of Chinese expatriates based in France, were deeply involved in the nationalist movement and many served as "movement elders" in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) right up until the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalists</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Maoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoists">Maoists</a>. A minority of Chinese anarchists associated with the Paris Group also helped funnel large sums of money to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> to help finance the Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1911">Revolution of 1911</a>. </p><p>After the Nationalist Revolution, anarchist involvement with the Kuomintang was relatively minor, not only because the majority of anarchists opposed nationalism on principle, but also because the KMT government was more than willing to level repression against anarchist organizations whenever and wherever they challenged state power. Still, a few prominent anarchists, notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing_Meijiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing Meijiu (page does not exist)">Jing Meijiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Ji (Republic of China)">Zhang Ji</a>, both affiliated with the Tokyo Group, were elected to positions within the KMT government and continued to call themselves anarchists while doing so. The response from the larger anarchist movement was decidedly mixed. They were roundly denounced by the Guangzhou group, but other groupings that favored an evolutionary approach to social change instead of immediate revolution such as the Pure Socialists were more sympathetic. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Diligent Work and Frugal Study</a>" program in France, a series of businesses and educational programs organized along anarchist lines that allowed Chinese students from working-class backgrounds to come to France and receive a European education that had previously been only available to a tiny wealthy elite, was one product of this collaboration of the anarchists with nationalists. The program received funding from both the Chinese and French governments as well as raising its own independent funds through a series of worker-owned anarchist businesses, including a tofu factory that catered to the needs of Chinese migrant workers in France. The program allowed poor and working-class Chinese students to receive a high-quality modern university education in France at a time when foreign education was almost exclusively limited to the children of wealthy elites, and educated thousands of Chinese workers and students, including many future <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CPC) leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. </p><p>Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>, anarchism went into decline in the Chinese labour movement. In 1924, the CPC allied itself with the nationalist KMT. Originally composed of many former anarchists, it soon attracted a mass base, becoming increasingly critical of anarchism. When the Kuomintang purged the CPC from its ranks in 1927, the small group of anarchists who had long participated in the KMT urged their younger comrades to join the movement and utilize it in the same way that the <a href="/wiki/Stalinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinists">Stalinists</a> had been using it as a vehicle to gain membership and influence. </p><p>Partly because of the growing power of the right-wing within the KMT and the repression of workers movements advocated by that right-wing, the anarchists opted not to join the KMT <i>en masse</i> or even work within it. Instead, the result of this last collaboration was the creation of China's first Labor University. The Labor University was intended to be a domestic version of the Paris groups Diligent Work and Frugal Study educational program and sought to create a new generation of labor intellectuals who would finally overcome the gap between "those who work with their hands" and "those who work with their minds". The goal was to train working-class people with the skills they needed to self-organize and set up their own independent organizations and worker-owned businesses which would form the seed of a new anarchist society within the shell of the old in a <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a>-based evolutionary strategy reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>. </p><p>The university would only function for a very few years before the Nationalist government decided that the project was too subversive to allow it too continue and pulled funding. When the KMT initiated a second wave of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> against the few remaining mass movements, anarchists left the organization <i>en masse</i> and were forced underground as hostilities between the KMT and the CPC, both of whom were hostile towards the anarchists, who are <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarians">anti-authoritarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarians">libertarians</a>, escalated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Anarchism in Ireland</a></div> <p>The armed struggle against <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>, particularly up to and during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, is portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/National_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation">national liberation</a> struggle within the Celtic anarchist milieu. Anarchists, including the <a href="/wiki/Platformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platformist">platformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers_Solidarity_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Solidarity Movement">Workers Solidarity Movement</a> (WSM), support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a>, but they are also very critical of statist nationalism and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) in particular. Anarchists are extremely critical of the IRA as well as of the various <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> paramilitaries because of their use of political violence and internal <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>. From the anarchist view, <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> are both authoritarian, <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> and seek to dominate and exploit the Irish nation to empower their competing <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>. Anarchism would instead create a political system without the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> where communities are self-governing on the local level. The achievement of <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>, or political <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, is therefore a precondition for and a consequence of anarchism. At its root, the anarchist objection to Irish nationalism is that nationalists use reprehensible means to demand far too little. Still, anarchists seek to learn from and examine the liberatory aspects of the struggle for Irish independence and the WSM includes a demand for complete British withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in its platform. </p><p>In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence and argues that the statism of traditional Irish nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizens_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Citizens Army">Irish Citizens Army</a>, a workers militia which was led by <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a> and based in the radical wing of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Irish union</a> movements, is held up as a better example of how the larger revolutionary movement could have and should have been organized.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WSM has produced a number of articles and essays on the relationship between anarchism and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a> over the years. Their position is that anarchism and republicanism are incompatible and opposed to each other, but that anarchists can and should learn things from Ireland's long history of struggle. In their analysis, republicanism has always been split between rich people who want to rule directly and working class movements that demand social equality and community self-governance instead of simply trading foreign bosses for local ones. In "The Republican Tradition – A Place to Build From?", the WSM wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>In Ireland in the 1790s we had a mass republican movement influenced by the American and then the French revolutions. That movement included those who favored a radical leveling agenda as well as the democratic agenda of mainstream republicans. Edward Fitzgerald, the military planner of the rising was one such proponent. But it also contained those like Wolfe Tone who saw an independent Ireland as opening up its own colonies in the Caribbean. In the north Henry Joy McDonald had to remove the existing United Irish leadership paralyzed by fear of the mob seizing property before the rising there could get underway, weeks after it had begun in the south. After its defeat and before his execution he warned future republicans to beware that "the rich always betray the poor." [...] This process was mirrored in republican movements elsewhere. Left republicans would build real popular struggle but then be confronted with the need to preserve national unity in the face of the wealthy republicans whose funds were often needed for arms backing off because they feared for their privilege. And this is where we find the roots of the early anarchist movement. [...] So in terms of historical development anarchism and republicanism have a lot in common, in fact anarchism is arguably an offshoot of republicanism, an offshoot that emerged for the first time in the 1860s but has emerged on other occasions since then including in 1970s Ireland where some of those leaving the official republican movement became anarchists while other anarchists were joining both provisional and official republican movements.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to this analysis, anarchism is the successor to <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalism</a>, a working-class movement working to achieve the liberation that the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> movements that toppled the worlds monarchies in the last two centuries promised, albeit never delivered. According to the WSM, although the ideas of anarchism are fundamentally different from those of nationalism, it is still possible to learn from nationalist movements by studying the working-class elements of those movements that demanded more than the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> leadership was willing or able to deliver. In "An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism", Irish anarchist Andrew Flood wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Anarchists are not nationalists, in fact we are completely against nationalism. We don't worry about where your granny was born, whether you can speak Irish or if you drink a green milkshake in McDonalds on St Patrick's Day. But this doesn't mean we can ignore nations. They do exist; and some nationalities are picked on, discriminated against because of their nationality. Irish history bears a lot of witness to this. The Kurds, Native Americans, Chechins, and many more have suffered also – and to an amazingly barbaric degree. National oppression is wrong. It divides working class people, causes terrible suffering and strengthens the hand of the ruling class. Our opposition to this makes us anti-imperialists. [...] So fight national oppression but look beyond nationalism. We can do a lot better. Changing the world for the better will be a hard struggle so we should make sure that we look for the best possible society to live in. We look forward to a world without borders, where the great majority of people have as much right to freely move about as the idle rich do today. A worldwide federation of free peoples – classless and stateless – where we produce to satisfy needs and all have control over our destinies – that's a goal worth struggling for.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland)">Anarchist Federation</a> views nationalism as an ideology totally bound up with the development of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and unable to go beyond it, stating: </p> <blockquote><p>At heart, nationalism is an ideology of class collaboration. It functions to create an imagined community of shared interests and in doing so to hide the real, material interests of the classes which comprise the population. The 'national interest' is a weapon against the working class, and an attempt to rally the ruled behind the interests of their rulers. [...] Anarchist communists do not simply oppose nationalism because it is bound up in racism and parochial bigotry. It undoubtedly fosters these things, and has mobilised them through history. Organising against them is a key part of anarchist politics. But nationalism does not require them to function. Nationalism can be liberal, cosmopolitan and tolerant, defining the 'common interest' of 'the people' in ways which do not require a single 'race'. Even the most extreme nationalist ideologies, such as fascism, can co-exist with the acceptance of a multiracial society, as was the case with the Brazilian Integralist movement. Nationalism uses what works – it utilises whatever superficial attribute is effective to bind society together behind it.<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchist_Federation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchist_Federation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">Anarchism in India</a></div> <p>In the 1910s, Lala <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a> became an anarchist agitator in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> before becoming a pivotal figure in the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>. A long-time advocate of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a>, Dayal developed a vision of anarchism based upon a return to the principles of ancient <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dayal was particularly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldred" title="Guy Aldred">Guy Aldred</a>, who was jailed for printing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i> in 1907. An <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communist">anarcho-communist</a>, Aldred was careful to point out that this solidarity arose because he was an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> and not because he felt that nationalism would help the working class in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> or elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, Spanish anarchists and <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque nationalists">Basque nationalists</a> fought together against the <a href="/wiki/Francoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist">Francoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> side. The anarchist <a href="/wiki/Felix_Likiniano" title="Felix Likiniano">Felix Likiniano</a> fought <a href="/wiki/Francoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoist">fascism</a> even from the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Federico_Krutwig" title="Federico Krutwig">Federico Krutwig</a>, Likiniano tried to synthesize Basque nationalism and anarchism. In France, Likiniano befriended disgruntled members of the <a href="/wiki/Euzko_Gaztedi" title="Euzko Gaztedi">Euzko Gaztedi</a> and created for them the symbol of the axe and the snake and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bietan_jarrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bietan jarrai">Bietan jarrai</a></i> motto that they adopted for their new revolutionary armed organization <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Anarchism in Ukraine</a></div> <p>Classical anarchist theory posed <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statism</a> as a solution to the national question, claiming that without a state "the bourgeoisie is no longer able to oppress the workers by playing on their nationalism" and that abolishing the state would naturally put an end to the oppression of one nation by another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977279_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977279-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most classical anarchists in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> therefore dismissed nationalism entirely, although a minority still paid attention to the national question, with <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Rayevsky" title="Maksim Rayevsky">Maksim Rayevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> expressing their support for the national liberation of <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Russia" title="Georgians in Russia">Georgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a>, among other minority nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977279–280_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977279–280-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, anarchist activity in Ukraine was mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> urban centers, with the anarchist movement largely taking on a Russian character, both <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">linguistically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">culturally</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukrainian Jews</a> were themselves a notably large force within the anarchist movement, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">ethnic Ukrainian</a> participation in the anarchist movement was rather limited, with no evidence of anarchist periodicals being published in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977280_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977280-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the locations that were noted for sustained anarchist activity, only a quarter of them displayed a <a href="/wiki/National_identity#National_consciousness" title="National identity">national consciousness</a>, all of which were small towns in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ukraine">Northern Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977280–281_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977280–281-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, the Ukrainian peasantry began to revolt against the conservative <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a> and the occupying forces of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a> assumed leadership of the rebellion in the north-west, while <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> prosecuted a guerrilla war in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">southern steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977284_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977284-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite attempts to form an alliance between the two forces, Makhno ardently rejected cooperation with the "<a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionaries</a>" that sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977284–285_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977284–285-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>, the Ukrainian anarchists took a stance of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalism</a> and condemned Ukrainian nationalism in their Russian language newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977285–286_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977285–286-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Ukrainian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Nykyfor Hryhoriv</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Hryhoriv_Uprising" title="Hryhoriv Uprising">anti-Bolshevik uprising</a>, the Makhnovists immediately condemned him for his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and his divisive politics. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sysyn" title="Frank Sysyn">Frank Sysyn</a>, "the [anarchist] movement as a whole [was] opposed to Ukrainian nationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977286_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977286-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was only one short-lived case of cooperation between the Ukrainian nationalists and the anarchists, in September 1919, when the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen</a> accepted a wounded Makhnovist contingent that had been forced into retreat by <a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Moscow_(1919)" title="Advance on Moscow (1919)">Denikin's offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977287_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977287-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only four days later, the Makhnovists denounced Petliura as an agent of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> and the Petliurists began to fear Makhno intended to "<a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">deal with Petliura as he had with Hryhoriv</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977287–288_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977287–288-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png/220px-Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png/330px-Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png/440px-Galina_Kouzmenko_Makhno_et_leur_fille.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kouzmenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Halyna Kouzmenko">Halyna Kouzmenko</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> (right) together with their daughter Yelena.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite their hostility to Ukrainian nationalism, the Ukrainian anarchists were not "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">anti-Ukrainian</a>", as they recognized the Ukrainian nation and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977288_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977288-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1919, when the use of the Ukrainian language in schools was forbidden in <a href="/wiki/South_Russia_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="South Russia (1919–1920)">South Russia</a>, the Makhnovshchina's "Cultural Enlightenment Section" declared that people were to be educated in whichever language was used by the local population, to be decided on voluntarily by the people themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977288–289_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977288–289-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this that finally brought the Makhnovists to establish a newspaper in the Ukrainian language, dealing with issues specific to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977289_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977289-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driven by a small number of Ukrainian intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kouzmenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Halyna Kouzmenko">Halyna Kouzmenko</a>, the Makhnovschina increasingly used the Ukrainian language in both its propaganda and educational activities, leading to a notable <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a> of the Makhnovist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977289–290_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977289–290-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kouzmenko even attempted to convert the Makhnovists to Ukrainian nationalism, but this campaign was aborted after a nationalist plot to assassinate Makhno was uncovered. Nevertheless, Ukrainian cultural activities and the Ukrainization of the Makhnovschina continued unabated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977290–292_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977290–292-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the movement's increased Ukrainization, the bulk of the movement's cadre was still made up of Russian and Jewish anarchists, who espoused a clear internationalist and anti-nationalist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977292_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977292-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet historian <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Кубанин, Михаил Ильич">Mikhail Kubanin</a> noted that the number of ideological anarchists within the Makhnovist ranks diminished substantially by the later period of the war, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></i> themselves breaking with the Makhnovists by November 1920. But his claims of the Makhnovists forming a "truce, non-aggression pact, and joint action against the Soviets" with the Petliurists were contradicted by his own sources, which noted "no official link" between the two opposing camps and only scant examples of "certain chance meetings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977293_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977293-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were cases of former Petliurists joining the Makhnovists in 1920, which introduced more Ukrainian nationalists into their ranks, but Makhno claimed to resist their influence, as the Makhnovist command was still strongly opposed to nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977293–294_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977293–294-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Makhnovists came to view the confluence of Ukrainian nationalists and the anarchists as a result of desperation, brought on only at the last minute by the successful Russian offensive, rather than as the culmination of a gradually increasing nationalist sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977294_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977294-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the emergence of a Ukrainian national consciousness had largely been a product of the war of independence against the Hetmanate, the Ukrainian anarchist movement only developed a national consciousness as a result of the Bolshevik victory in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Ukrainian War">Soviet–Ukrainian War</a>, having paid little attention to the national question during the course of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977303_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977303-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While exiled in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Nestor Makhno himself began to develop an anarchist theory of Ukrainian national liberation in reaction to the Soviet policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></i>. Himself a Russified Ukrainian, involved deeply in the Russian anarchist movement, Makhno had been disinterested in the Ukrainian national revival during the conflict due to his acceptance of the anarchist position on <a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">anti-nationalism</a>. But following the rise in Ukrainian nationalism during the 1920s, the national question began to be taken up by broader sections of the Ukrainian political sphere, even by anarchists, with Makhno devoting much thought to it in his memoirs and in the pages of <i><a href="/wiki/Dielo_Truda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielo Truda">Dielo Truda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESysyn1977303–304_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESysyn1977303–304-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anarchism_and_anti-imperialism">Anarchism and anti-imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anarchism and anti-imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_anarchism">Black anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Black anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black anarchism</a></div> <p>Black anarchism opposes the existence of a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and subjugation and domination of <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a>, favoring a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish the state alongside <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. Theorists include <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Ashanti Alston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Kuwasi Balagoon</a>, many former members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sostre" title="Martin Sostre">Martin Sostre</a>. Black anarchism rejects the <a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchist">classical anarchist</a> movement on racial issues. </p><p>Black anarchists oppose the <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racist">anti-racist</a> conception, based on the <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> which is proposed by the classical anarchist tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a <i>de jure</i> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>. Pedro Ribeiro has criticized the whole of the anarchist movement by declaring that "[i]t is a white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people. As a Black person, I am not interested in your Anarchism. I am not interested in individualistic, self-serving, selfish liberation for you and your white friends. What I care about is the liberation of my people".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black anarchists are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the Black Panther Party, seeking to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was in the past based in leadership from hierarchical organizations, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution that does away with capitalism, racist domination and the state. In the <i>@narchist Panther Zine</i>, Alston wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as 'common-sense.' It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our 'heads,' our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_anarchism">Independence anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independence anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estelada_anarquista.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Estelada_anarquista.svg/220px-Estelada_anarquista.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Estelada_anarquista.svg/330px-Estelada_anarquista.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Estelada_anarquista.svg/440px-Estelada_anarquista.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Estelada" title="Estelada">Estelada</a> anarquista" flag used by <a href="/wiki/Negres_Tempestes_(organization)" title="Negres Tempestes (organization)">Negres Tempestes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcoindependentisme" class="extiw" title="ca:Anarcoindependentisme">anarcoindependentista</a></i></span> organization active in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Independence anarchism</i> (also known as <i>anarcho-independentism</i>) attempts to synthesise certain aspects of <a href="/wiki/National_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation">national liberation</a> movements with an opposition to hierarchical institutions grounded in <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>. Where a certain nation or people exists with its own distinct language, culture and self-identity, independence anarchists concur with supporters of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> that such a nation is entitled to self-determination. While statist nationalists advocate the resolution of national questions by the formation of new states, independence anarchists advocate self-government without the need for a state and are committed to the key anarchist societal principles of federalisation, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">anarchist economics</a>. Some supporters of the movement defend its position as a tactical one, arguing that secessionism and self-organisation is a particularly effective strategy with which to challenge state power.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of independence anarchist organizations in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a> include the Federació Anarcocomunista Catalana (FACC) and the Icària collective in the 1980s, and Recerca Autònoma in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-AAVV_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAVV-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of an independence anarchist group in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> active nowadays is <a href="/wiki/Negres_Tempestes_(organization)" title="Negres Tempestes (organization)">Negres Tempestes</a>, a self-identified <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcoindependentisme" class="extiw" title="ca:Anarcoindependentisme">anarcoindependentista</a></i></span> organization that participates in struggles to defend the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> and culture, while opposing "dogma, states or borders". They also view the state as "a basis of authority, repression and economic exploitation".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independence anarchism frames national questions primarily in terms of equality, and the right of all peoples to cultural autonomy, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">linguistic rights</a>, etc. Being grounded in such concepts, independence anarchism is strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">national supremacism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> of any kind, favouring instead <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> between peoples. Independence anarchists also stand opposed to homogenisation within cultures, holding diversity as a core principle. Those who identify as part of the tendency may also ground their position in a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">postcolonial anarchism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT liberation">LGBT liberation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">queer anarchism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AAVV_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAVV-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_anarchism">Post-colonial anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-colonial anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-colonial_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonial anarchism">Post-colonial anarchism</a></div> <p>Post-colonial anarchism is a relatively new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. The name is taken from an essay by Roger White, one of the founders of Jailbreak Press and an activist in North American <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_People_of_Color" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist People of Color">Anarchist People of Color</a> (APOC) circles. Post-colonial anarchism is an attempt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitly <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> framework. </p><p>Where traditional anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of <a href="/wiki/Proletarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarians">proletarians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Industrialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized">industrialized</a> western European nations and sees history from this perspective, post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> as well as support for community-level <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-management</a> from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Colonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonized">colonized</a> peoples throughout the world. In doing so, post-colonial anarchism does not seek to invalidate the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, but rather it seeks to add a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Anti-statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-statist">anti-statist</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalism</a>, APOC and <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">indigenism</a>, among other sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nodo50.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nodo50.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nodo50.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Firth, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/anarkiismo.htm">"Esperant Kaj Anarkiismo"</a>. <i>Nodo50</i>. Retrieved 21 September 2020. "Anarkiistoj estis inter la pioniroj de la disvastigo de Esperanto. En 1905 fondiĝis en Stokholmo la unua anarkiisma Esperanto-grupo. Sekvis multaj aliaj: en Bulgario, Ĉinio kaj aliaj landoj. Anarkiistoj kaj anarki-sindikatistoj, kiuj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito apartenis al la nombre plej granda grupo inter la proletaj esperantistoj, fondis en 1906 la internacian ligon Paco-Libereco, kiu eldonis la Internacian Socian Revuon. Paco-libereco unuiĝis en 1910 kun alia progresema asocio, Esperantista Laboristaro. La komuna organizaĵo nomiĝis Liberiga Stelo. Ĝis 1914 tiu organizaĵo eldonis multe da revolucia literaturo en Esperanto, interalie ankaŭ anarkiisma. Tial povis evolui en la jaroj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito ekzemple vigla korespondado inter eŭropaj kaj japanaj anarkiistoj. En 1907 la Internacia Anarkiisma Kongreso en Amsterdamo faris rezolucion pri la afero de internacia lingvo, kaj venis dum la postaj jaroj similaj kongresaj rezolucioj. Esperantistoj, kiuj partoprenis tiujn kongresojn, okupiĝis precipe pri la internaciaj rilatoj de la anarkiistoj."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naturismo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naturismo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturismo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoselló2005" class="citation news cs1">Roselló, Josep Maria Roselló (17 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320014704/https://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/article.php3?id_article=310">"Dossier: El naturalismo libertario en la península ibérica (1890-1939)"</a>. <i>Ekintza Zuzena</i>. No. 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/article.php3?id_article%3D310">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>Proliferarán así diversos grupos que practicarán el excursionismo, el naturismo, el nudismo, la emancipación sexual o el esperantismo, alrededor de asociaciones informales vinculadas de una manera o de otra al anarquismo. Precisamente las limitaciones a las asociaciones obreras impuestas desde la legislación especial de la Dictadura potenciarуán indirectamente esta especie de asociacionismo informal en que confluirá el movimiento anarquista con esta heterogeneidad de prácticas y tendencias. Uno de los grupos más destacados, que será el impulsor de la revista individualista <i><a href="/wiki/Iniciales" class="mw-redirect" title="Iniciales">Ética</a></i> será el Ateneo Naturista Ecléctico, con sede en Barcelona, con sus diferentes secciones la más destacada de las cuales será el grupo excursionista Sol y Vida.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekintza+Zuzena&rft.atitle=Dossier%3A+El+naturalismo+libertario+en+la+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica+%281890-1939%29&rft.issue=32&rft.date=2005-08-17&rft.aulast=Rosell%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Josep+Maria+Rosell%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodo50.org%2Fekintza%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%253D310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acracia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acracia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acracia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíez2006" class="citation web cs1">Díez, Xavier (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723130358/http://www.acracia.org/1-23a58lainsumision.pdf">"La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923-1938)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 1–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acracia.org/1-23a58lainsumision.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+insumisi%C3%B3n+voluntaria.+El+anarquismo+individualista+espa%C3%B1ol+durante+la+Dictadura+y+la+Segunda+Rep%C3%BAblica+%281923-1938%29&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADez&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acracia.org%2F1-23a58lainsumision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Del_Barrio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Del_Barrio_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Barrio, Toño; Lins, Ulrich (27–29 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/artik68es.htm">"La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española"</a>. <i>Nodo50</i>. International Congress on the Spanish Civil War. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flood, Andrew. "An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism". Workers Solidarity Movement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anarchist_Federation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchist_Federation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchist_Federation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afed.org.uk/publications/pamphlets-booklets/126-against-nationalism.html">"Against Nationalism"</a>. Anarchist Federation. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodcock, George. <i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</i>. p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. <i>General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</i>. p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perlman, Fredy (1983). <i>Anti-Semitism and the Beirut Pogrom by Fredy Perlman</i>. Detroit: Black & Red. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939306077" title="Special:BookSources/9780939306077">9780939306077</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perlman, Fredy (1985). <i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i>. Detroit: Black & Red. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934868273" title="Special:BookSources/9780934868273">9780934868273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libcom1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libcom1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libcom1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libcom1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libcom1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libcom1_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman1984" class="citation web cs1">Perlman, Fredy (Winter 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/continuing-appeal-nationalism-fredy-perlman">"The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism"</a>. <i>Fifth Estate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 21 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puri 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldred 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascual, Jakue (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarkherria.com/es/articulos/2011/278-aizkora-eta-sugea-2011-10-27">"Aizkora eta sugea"</a>. <i>Anarkherria</i>. 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Anarkismo. 11 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senzala+or+Quilombo%3A+Reflections+on+APOC+and+the+fate+of+Black+Anarchism&rft.pub=Anarkismo&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anarkismo.net%2Fnewswire.php%3Fstory_id%3D460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alston, Ashanti (October 1999). <i>@narchist Panther Zine</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegres_Tempestes2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Negres_Tempestes_(organization)" title="Negres Tempestes (organization)">Negres Tempestes</a> (20 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://negrestempestes.cat/2006/03/20/negres-tempestes-presentation-english/">"Negres Tempestes Presentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negres+Tempestes+Presentation&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft.au=Negres+Tempestes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnegrestempestes.cat%2F2006%2F03%2F20%2Fnegres-tempestes-presentation-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203163907/https://negrestempestes.cat/qui-som/node/707">"Qui som"</a>. Negres Tempestes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://negrestempestes.cat/qui-som/node/707">the original</a> on 3 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qui+som&rft.pub=Negres+Tempestes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnegrestempestes.cat%2Fqui-som%2Fnode%2F707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAVV-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAVV_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAVV_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AAVV. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/AnarquismeIAlliberamentNacional" class="extiw" title="iarchive:AnarquismeIAlliberamentNacional">Anarquisme i alliberament nacional</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96044-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96044-90-6">978-84-96044-90-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegres_Tempestes2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Negres_Tempestes_(organization)" title="Negres Tempestes (organization)">Negres Tempestes</a> (20 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://negrestempestes.cat/2006/03/20/negres-tempestes-presentation-english/">"Negres Tempestes Presentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negres+Tempestes+Presentation&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft.au=Negres+Tempestes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnegrestempestes.cat%2F2006%2F03%2F20%2Fnegres-tempestes-presentation-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldred, Guy (1948). <i>Rex v. Aldred</i>. Glasgow: Strickland Press.</li> <li>Bakunin, Mikhail (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1848/pan-slavism.htm"><i>Appeal to the Slavs</i></a>. In Dolgoff, Sam (1971). <i>Bakunin on Anarchy</i>.</li> <li>Billingsley, Philip (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628070732/http://alternative-anar.ifrance.com/asie/04.pdf">"Bakunin, Yokohama and the Dawning of the Pacific Era"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2017" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Uri (2017). "Anarchism and Nationalism". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/35861"><i>Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 196–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356894_009">10.1163/9789004356894_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4"><bdi>978-90-04-35689-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Anarchism+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=196-215&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004356894_009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35689-4&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F35861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hampson, Norman (1968). <i>The Enlightenment</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.</li> <li>Hearder, Harry (1966). <i>Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1830–1880</i>. New York: Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48212-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48212-7">0-582-48212-7</a>.</li> <li>Knowles, Rob (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006082128/http://raforum.info/imprimerart.php3?id_article=2221">"Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism"</a>. <i>R.A. Forum</i>.</li> <li>Motherson, Keith (5 September 1980). "The Ice Floes are Melting: The State of the Left". <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i>. (2127): 9–11.</li> <li>Nettlau, Max (1953). "Mikhail Bakunin: A Biographical Sketch". In Maximoff, Gregori. <i>The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism</i>. <b>42</b>. The Free Press.</li> <li>Puri, Karish K. (1983). <i>Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy</i>. Guru Nanak Dev University Press.</li> <li>Rocker, Rudolf (1998). <i>Nationalism and Culture</i> (reprint 1937 ed.). Black Rose Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2007" class="citation book cs1">Sparrow, Robert (2007). "For the Union Makes Us Strong: Anarchism and Patriotism". In Primoratz, Igor; Pavković, Aleksandar (eds.). <i>Patriotism: Philosophical and Political Perspectives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>. pp. 201–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7122-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7122-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007034129">2007034129</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318534708">318534708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+the+Union+Makes+Us+Strong%3A+Anarchism+and+Patriotism&rft.btitle=Patriotism%3A+Philosophical+and+Political+Perspectives&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=201-217&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318534708&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007034129&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7122-0&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSysyn1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sysyn" title="Frank Sysyn">Sysyn, Frank</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215305/http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/1917.html">"Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Revolution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Taras_Hunczak" title="Taras Hunczak">Hunczak, Taras</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/1917.html"><i>The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 271–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674920095" title="Special:BookSources/9780674920095"><bdi>9780674920095</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942852423">942852423</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/sysyn/makhno.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nestor+Makhno+and+the+Ukrainian+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Ukraine%2C+1917%E2%80%931921%3A+A+Study+in+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=271-304&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942852423&rft.isbn=9780674920095&rft.aulast=Sysyn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fsysyn%2Fmakhno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>West, Pat V. T. (23 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,1576349,00.html">"Obituary: Monica Sjoo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_and_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alston, Ashanti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colours.mahost.org/articles/alston.html">"Beyond Nationalism, But Not Without It"</a>. Discussing nationalism and anarchism from a <a href="/wiki/Black_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black anarchist">black anarchist</a> perspective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522181904/http://flag.blackened.net/antinat/">"Anarchists Against Nationalism"</a>. Flag.blackened.net.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233136/http://flag.blackened.net/antinat/anarnat.txt">"Anarchists and Nationalism"</a>. Flag.blackened.net.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spunk.org/library/intro/faq/sp001547/secD6.html">"Are anarchists against nationalism?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spunk_Library" title="Spunk Library">Spunk Library</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spunk+Library&rft.atitle=Are+anarchists+against+nationalism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spunk.org%2Flibrary%2Fintro%2Ffaq%2Fsp001547%2FsecD6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+and+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Home, Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stewarthomesociety.org/ai.htm">"Anarchist Integralism"</a>.</li> <li>Knowles, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006082128/http://raforum.info/imprimerart.php3?id_article=2221">"Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism"</a>.</li> <li>Perlman, Fredy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/continuing-appeal-nationalism-fredy-perlman"><i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i></a></li> <li>White, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004215832/http://jailbreakpress.org/articles/spring07/postcolonialanarchism.html">"Post Colonial Anarchism"</a>. Discussing anarchism, nationalism and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li>Nationalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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