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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Fruit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pollination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturation_and_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation_and_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Maturation and harvest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation_and_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Cultivars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amygdalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amygdalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Amygdalin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amygdalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Allergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Organic production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-browning_apples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-browning_apples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Non-browning apples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-browning_apples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Other products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Germanic paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Greek mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Celtic mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Christian art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Proverb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apple</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" > 192 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfel" title="Apfel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Apfel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%9D" title="ፖም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ppel" title="Æppel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æppel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܚܙܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܙܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%A2" title="Muzâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Muzâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana" title="Mazana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mazana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin" title="Wamin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wamin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavirana%27a" title="Guavirana'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guavirana'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%8Dng-k%C3%B3" title="Phōng-kó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phōng-kó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol" title="Apol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Apol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ябълка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ябълка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfe" title="Epfe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Epfe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀུ་ཤུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀུ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval" title="Aval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Панулми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панулми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afal" title="Afal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ble" title="Æble – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æble" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelapfel" title="Tafelapfel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tafelapfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="އާފަލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާފަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilas%C3%A1ana" title="Bilasáana – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilasáana" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un" title="Õun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Μήλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μήλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0m" title="Pàm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pàm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar" title="Sagar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapul" title="Aapul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aapul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme" title="Pomme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pomme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milu%C3%A7%C3%A2r" title="Miluçâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Miluçâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9All" title="Úll – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úll" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhal" title="Ubhal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ubhal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C3%A1" title="Mazá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mazá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="સફરજન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સફરજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ACn-k%C3%B3" title="Phìn-kó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phìn-kó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альман – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Альман" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC" title="사과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="सेब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitoma_jabuka" title="Pitoma jabuka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pitoma jabuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%BB%E1%92%A5%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%96%85" title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapuq" title="Aapuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aapuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Фæткъуы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæткъуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhumezi" title="IPhumezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhumezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epli" title="Epli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Epli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela" title="Mela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97" title="תפוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಸೇಬು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಬು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%B9%DA%BE" title="ژوٗنٛٹھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژوٗنٛٹھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome" title="Pome – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pome" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofaa" title="Tofaa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tofaa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2m" title="Pòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAv" title="Sêv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansana" title="Mansana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mansana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1" title="ໝາກປົ່ມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາກປົ່ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum" title="Malum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80bols" title="Ābols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ābols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuolys" title="Obuolys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Obuolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei" title="Mei – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mei" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juablokku" title="Juablokku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Juablokku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plise" title="plise – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plise" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Јаболко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаболко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoma" title="Paoma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paoma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ആപ്പിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആപ്പിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80poro" title="Āporo – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āporo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="सफरचंद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सफरचंद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epal" title="Epal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D_(%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9)" title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng-gu%C5%8D" title="Bìng-guō – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bìng-guō" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ana" title="Maçana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Maçana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Марьсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Марьсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ပန်းသီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းသီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapolo" title="Yapolo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yapolo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_(vrucht)" title="Appel (vrucht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Appel (vrucht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4" title="リンゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo" title="Milo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Milo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ӏаж – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poume" title="Poume – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Poume" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Олма – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Олма" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appilii" title="Appilii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Appilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olma" title="Olma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸੇਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82ko" title="Jabłko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jabłko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3" title="Maçã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maçã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83r" title="Măr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Măr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ябко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ябко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дьаабылыка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаабылыка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dayas_siku" title="dayas siku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="dayas siku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu" title="Apu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Apu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सेवफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सेवफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiple" title="Aiple – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aiple" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla" title="Molla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumu" title="Pumu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="صوف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabolko" title="Jabolko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jabolko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%88" title="سێو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јабука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јабука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omena" title="Omena – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84pple" title="Äpple – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äpple" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்பிள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பிள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adffuy" title="Adffuy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adffuy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeffu" title="Adeffu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adeffu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆపిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆపిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="แอปเปิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอปเปิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Себ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Себ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94" title="ᏒᎦᏔ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏒᎦᏔ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%27xeme" title="Má'xeme – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Má'xeme" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apula" title="Apula – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Apula" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma" title="Elma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблуко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яблуко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ئالما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makbinzgoj" title="Makbinzgoj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makbinzgoj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablok" title="Jablok – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jablok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_t%C3%A2y" title="Táo tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Táo tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod" title="Pod – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pod" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upin" title="Upin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pem%C3%AE" title="Pemî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pemî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苹果" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="עפל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עפל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye" title="Saye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuobols" title="Vuobols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuobols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苹果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipol" title="Ipol – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Ipol" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipul" title="Ipul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ipul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sef" title="Sef – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sef" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q89#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fruit that grows on a tree</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fruit. For the technology company, see <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apple_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apple (disambiguation)">Apple (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Apple tree" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apple_tree_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apple tree (disambiguation)">Apple tree (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Apple </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/220px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/330px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg/440px-Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="950" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">'<a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink</a>' apples </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malus_domestica_a1.jpg/220px-Malus_domestica_a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malus_domestica_a1.jpg/330px-Malus_domestica_a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malus_domestica_a1.jpg/440px-Malus_domestica_a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="956" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Flowers </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">M. domestica</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Malus domestica <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow" title="Georg Adolf Suckow">Suckow</a>) <a href="/wiki/Borkh." class="mw-redirect" title="Borkh.">Borkh.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-POWO-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>M. communis Desf., 1768</li> <li>M. pumila Mil.</li> <li>M. frutescens Medik.</li> <li>M. paradisiaca (L.) Medikus</li> <li>M. sylvestris Mil.</li> <li>Pyrus malus L.</li> <li>Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L.</li> <li>Pyrus dioica Moench</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> An apple is a round, edible <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> produced by an apple tree (<a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus spp.</a>, among them the domestic or orchard apple; Malus domestica). Apple <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">trees</a> are <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivated</a> worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where its wild ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a>, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and were introduced to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonists</a>. Apples have <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythological" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological">mythological</a> significance in many cultures, including <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Christian">European Christian</a> tradition. Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are propagated by clonal <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> onto <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstocks</a>. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">more than 7,500 cultivars of apples</a>. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including <a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">cooking</a>, eating raw, and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">apple juice</a> production. Trees and fruit are prone to <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a>, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> was <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a> as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word apple, whose <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ancestor is æppel, is descended from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> noun *aplaz, descended in turn from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *h₂ébōl.<a href="#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-3">[3]</a> As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit, including <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. This can be compared to the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> expression appel of paradis, meaning a <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> The apple is a <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft).<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> selection and trimming method.<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a> Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves.<a href="#cite_note-NC_Extension-6">[6]</a> The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-7">[7]</a> Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older.<a href="#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-7">[7]</a> The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The <a href="/wiki/Bud_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bud scale">bud scales</a> have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#convolute" title="Glossary of botanical terms">convolute</a></dfn>, meaning that their edges overlap each other.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> Leaves can be simple ovals (<a href="/wiki/Elliptic_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptic leaves">elliptic</a>), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base (<a href="/wiki/Ovate_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovate leaves">ovate</a>), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved (<a href="/wiki/Oblong_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblong leaves">oblong</a>) with a narrow pointed end.<a href="#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#glabrescent" title="Glossary of botanical terms">glabrescent</a></dfn>, almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The leaves are attached <a href="/wiki/Alternate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate leaf">alternately</a> by short leaf stems <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1-to-3.5 cm (1⁄2-to-1+1⁄2 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-NC_Extension-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blossoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Blossoms">Blossoms</a> are produced in <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a> When the flower buds first begin to open the <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-1+1⁄2-inch) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The five-petaled flowers are group in an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyme (botany)">cyme</a> with 3–7 flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Lim_2012-8">[8]</a> The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.<a href="#cite_note-NC_Extension-6">[6]</a> Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures −2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to −40 °C (−40 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Lim_2012-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output 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img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Blossom_@_Manali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apple blossoms"><img alt="Apple blossoms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/405px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/608px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg/810px-Apple_Blossom_%40_Manali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apple blossoms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanical illustration"><img alt="Botanical illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/215px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/322px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/430px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="584" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botanical illustration</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit">Fruit</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pome</a> that matures in late <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The true fruits or <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a> are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 446.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 444.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_anatomy,_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="How apple fruit derives from flower structures"><img alt="How apple fruit derives from flower structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg/667px-Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg.png" decoding="async" width="445" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg/1001px-Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg/1334px-Apple_anatomy%2C_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">How apple fruit derives from flower structures</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and 5 in).<a href="#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-7">[7]</a> The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0–100%.<a href="#cite_note-Janick-13">[13]</a> The skin may be wholly or partly <a href="/wiki/Russeting" title="Russeting">russeted</a>, making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of <a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">epicuticular wax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The skin may also be marked with scattered dots.<a href="#cite_note-FNA-1">[1]</a> The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green.<a href="#cite_note-Janick-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Transparent_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="0% overcolor"><img alt="0% overcolor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg/439px-Yellow_Transparent_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="919" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">0% overcolor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobo_(apple)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100% overcolor"><img alt="100% overcolor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/382px-Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/510px-Lobo_%28apple%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1406" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">100% overcolor</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyraldehyde" title="Butyraldehyde">1-butanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, 2-methylbutanal, <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutanal" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutanal">3-methylbutanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_propionate" title="Ethyl propionate">ethyl propionate</a>, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate" title="Ethyl butyrate">ethyl butyrate</a>, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, <a href="/wiki/Hexanal" title="Hexanal">hexanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/1-butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="1-butanol">1-butanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutyl_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutyl acetate">3-methylbutyl acetate</a>, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_pentanoate" title="Ethyl pentanoate">ethyl pentanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyl_acetate" title="Amyl acetate">amyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-methyl-1-butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-methyl-1-butanol">2-methyl-1-butanol</a>, trans-2-hexenal, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_hexanoate" title="Ethyl hexanoate">ethyl hexanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">hexanol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-17">[17]</a> In modern times, Malus pumila and Malus domestica are the two main names in use. M. pumila is the older name, but M. domestica has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make M. domestica a <a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">conserved name</a>: the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">IAPT</a> in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving M. domestica.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use M. pumila as the <a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">correct name</a>, under an alternate taxonomy.<a href="#cite_note-POWO-2">[2]</a> When first classified by <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named <a href="/wiki/Pyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrus">Pyrus</a> and he named the apple as Pyrus malus. This was widely accepted, however the botanist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a> published an alternate classification in <a href="/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary" title="The Gardeners Dictionary">The Gardeners Dictionary</a> with the apple species separated from Pyrus in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by Malus pumila he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it was used as such by many botanists. When <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen">Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen</a> published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of P. malus var. domestica, but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen.<a href="#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-17">[17]</a> The earliest use of var. domestica for the apple was by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow" title="Georg Adolf Suckow">Georg Adolf Suckow</a> in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-POWO-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apple_genome" title="Apple genome">Apple genome</a></div> Apples are <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, with two sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-20">[20]</a> However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> in part owing to the high degree of <a href="/wiki/Heterozygosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygosity">heterozygosity</a> in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.<a href="#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-23">[23]</a> The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes,<a href="#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-20">[20]</a> though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes.<a href="#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-23">[23]</a> The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from <a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a> following domestication.<a href="#cite_note-Duan_2017-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_origins_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Apple_origins_map.svg/550px-Apple_origins_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Apple_origins_map.svg/825px-Apple_origins_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Apple_origins_map.svg/1100px-Apple_origins_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.<a href="#cite_note-Duan_2017-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:95apple.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="color photograph of a hand holding a red apple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/95apple.jpeg/220px-95apple.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/95apple.jpeg/330px-95apple.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/95apple.jpeg/440px-95apple.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Wild <a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a> apple in Kazakhstan</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there.<a href="#cite_note-Richards_Volk_2009-25">[25]</a> The wild ancestor of Malus domestica was <a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a>, found growing wild in the <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Central_Asia" title="Mountains of Central Asia">mountains of Central Asia</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">northwestern China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with <a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a>, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologically</a> similar progenitor Malus sieversii. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.<a href="#cite_note-Cornille_2012-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000–10,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains, and then to have travelled along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (M. baccata), the Caucasus (M. orientalis), and Europe (M. sylvestris). Only the M. sieversii trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.<a href="#cite_note-Duan_2017-24">[24]</a> Chinese soft apples, such as <a href="/wiki/Malus_asiatica" title="Malus asiatica">M. asiatica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malus_prunifolia" title="Malus prunifolia">M. prunifolia</a>, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between M. baccata and M. sieversii in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-Duan_2017-24">[24]</a> Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild M. sieversii origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.<a href="#cite_note-Duan_2017-24">[24]</a> At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-31">[31]</a> There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-31">[31]</a> There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-31">[31]</a> Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-31">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_book_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/60px-Open_book_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/90px-Open_book_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/120px-Open_book_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_(2019).ogg" title="File:Wild Apples by Henry David Thoreau - read by Kevin S for LibriVox's Short Nonfiction Collection Vol. 065 (2019).ogg">"Wild Apples" by Henry David Thoreau Read by Kevin S for LibriVox</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3696" data-mwtitle="Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox's_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_(2019).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_%282019%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_%282019%29.ogg/Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_%282019%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Audio 01:01:35 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excursions1863thor/page/266">full text</a>)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until December in cool climates.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted.<a href="#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-36">[36]</a> Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a> and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> by Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Blaxton" title="William Blaxton">William Blaxton</a> in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The only apples native to North America are <a href="/wiki/Crab_apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab apples">crab apples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrowsmith-38">[38]</a> Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Harrowsmith-38">[38]</a> In the 20th century, irrigation projects in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a> began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a> Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in <a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">frostproof cellars</a> during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere" title="Controlled atmosphere">Controlled atmosphere</a> facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation" title="Fruit tree propagation">Fruit tree propagation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg/220px-Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg/330px-Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg/440px-Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An apple tree in Germany</figcaption></figure> Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are "<a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">extreme heterozygotes</a>". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">Triploid</a> cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Because apples are not <a href="/wiki/True-breeding_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="True-breeding organism">true breeders</a> when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> of cuttings. The <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> sent samples of dwarf apple trees to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a>. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station" title="East Malling Research Station">East Malling Research Station</a> conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of '<a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a>' in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton" title="London Borough of Merton">Merton, England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form <a href="/wiki/Bud_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bud sport">bud sports</a> (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.<a href="#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-48">[48]</a> Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination" title="Fruit tree pollination">Fruit tree pollination</a></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_tree_blossom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar"><img alt="An apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/401px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/602px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/802px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An apple blossom from an old <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> cultivar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchmason.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom"><img alt="An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orchmason.jpg/347px-Orchmason.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Orchmason.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom</div> </li> </ul> Apples are self-incompatible; they must <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">cross-pollinate</a> to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> to carry pollen. <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bees</a> are most commonly used. <a href="/wiki/Osmia_lignaria" title="Osmia lignaria">Orchard mason bees</a> are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">Bumblebee</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queens</a> are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.<a href="#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: <ul><li>Group A – Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('<a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a>', 'Red Astrachan')</li> <li>Group B – 4 to 7 May ('<a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a>', '<a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a>')</li> <li>Group C – Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('<a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a>')</li> <li>Group D – Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('<a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a>', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')</li> <li>Group E – Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('<a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a>', 'Reinette d'Orléans')</li> <li>Group F – 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')</li> <li>Group H – 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' – also called Court-Pendu plat)</li></ul> One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation_and_harvest">Maturation and harvest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_picking" title="Fruit picking">Fruit picking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relander_and_apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lauri Kristian Relander, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s"><img alt="Lauri Kristian Relander, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relander_and_apples.jpg/422px-Relander_and_apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relander_and_apples.jpg/633px-Relander_and_apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Relander_and_apples.jpg/844px-Relander_and_apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1040" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander" title="Lauri Kristian Relander">Lauri Kristian Relander</a>, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apples being harvested in Wenatchee, Washington, United States (2010)"><img alt="Apples being harvested in Wenatchee, Washington, United States (2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg/199px-SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg/299px-SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg/398px-SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apples being harvested in <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington" title="Wenatchee, Washington">Wenatchee, Washington</a>, United States (2010)</div> </li> </ul> Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year.<a href="#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-48">[48]</a> Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include '<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bough" title="Sweet Bough">Sweet Bough</a>' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', '<a href="/wiki/Swazie_(apple)" title="Swazie (apple)">Swayzie</a>', and 'Tolman Sweet'.<a href="#cite_note-Harrowsmith-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Apples,_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg/220px-Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg/330px-Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg/440px-Rome_Apples%2C_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome apples</a> on sale at a <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">farmer's market</a> in Newark, Delaware, United States (2011)</figcaption></figure> Commercially, apples can be stored for months in <a href="/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere" title="Controlled atmosphere">controlled atmosphere</a> chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> is used by plants as a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which also must be controlled.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Some varieties of apples (e.g. '<a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a>') have more than three times the storage life of others.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance <a href="/wiki/1-methylcyclopropene" class="mw-redirect" title="1-methylcyclopropene">1-methylcyclopropene</a> blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">List of apple diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg/220px-Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg/330px-Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg/440px-Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Codling_moth" title="Codling moth">Codling moth</a> larva tunnelling inside an apple</figcaption></figure> Apple trees are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a> methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">Mildew</a> is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to <a href="/wiki/Botryotinia" title="Botryotinia">Botrytis</a>—eliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> are small insects with <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">sucking mouthparts</a>. Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a>: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley-61">[61]</a></li></ul> Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called <a href="/wiki/Fireblight" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireblight">fireblight</a>, and three fungal diseases: <a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium" title="Gymnosporangium">Gymnosporangium</a> rust, <a href="/wiki/Black_Spot_(disease)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Spot (disease)">black spot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitter_rot_of_apple" title="Bitter rot of apple">bitter rot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Codling_moth" title="Codling moth">Codling moths</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apple_maggot" title="Apple maggot">apple maggots</a> of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley-61">[61]</a> The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Synanthedon_myopaeformis" title="Synanthedon myopaeformis">apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing)</a> burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">List of apple cultivars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Delicious,_SweeTango,_Granny_Smith,_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG/220px-Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG/330px-Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG/440px-Golden_Delicious%2C_SweeTango%2C_Granny_Smith%2C_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: the '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a>', '<a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a>', and '<a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a>' apples.</figcaption></figure> There are more than 7,500 known <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> (cultivated varieties) of apples.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Cultivars vary in their <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a> and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-England-66">[66]</a> Different cultivars are available for <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (<a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">cooking apples</a>) or producing <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apples</a> are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.<a href="#cite_note-apples1-69">[69]</a> In Europe, apple breeding programs are conducted at places such as <a href="/wiki/Julius_K%C3%BChn-Institut" title="Julius Kühn-Institut">Julius Kühn-Institut</a>, the German federal research center for cultivated plants.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. For instance, in the East, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> has had a program operating since 1880 in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_New_York" title="Geneva, New York">Geneva, New York</a>, while in the West, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> started a program to support their home state's apple industry in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> Released by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in 1991, the '<a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a>' has become famous for its crispness and juiciness, thereby commanding high market prices.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[71]</a> Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, it is also difficult to grow and to store, prompting the industry to seek hybrids that not only appeal to consumers are also less costly for farmers to cultivate and last longer in storage.<a href="#cite_note-:1-73">[73]</a> By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties entering the market in the United States and Canada are 'Honeycrisp' progeny.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Such hybrids include the '<a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a>' (a cross between the 'Honeycrisp' and the '<a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a>') introduced by the University of Minnesota in 2008 and the '<a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a>' (the 'Honeycrisp' and the '<a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a>') released by Washington State University in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:1-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mele_non_comuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mele_non_comuni.jpg/220px-Mele_non_comuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mele_non_comuni.jpg/330px-Mele_non_comuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mele_non_comuni.jpg/440px-Mele_non_comuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy</figcaption></figure>Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of <a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">russeting</a>, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor.<a href="#cite_note-England-66">[66]</a> Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time.<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> Most North Americans and Europeans favor crunchy, sweet, and subacid apples.<a href="#cite_note-Saba2020-76">[76]</a> Nevertheless, tart apples maintain a strong minority following.<a href="#cite_note-World-77">[77]</a> In the United States today, the most popular apple varieties are the '<a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a>', 'Honeycrisp', and '<a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a>', according Nielsen data,<a href="#cite_note-:1-73">[73]</a> while in Canada, the 'Honeyscrisp', 'Ambrosia', and 'Gala' take the top spots.<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> Together, these relatively newer varieties have overtaken once dominant cultivars like the '<a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a>' and the '<a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a>' in the North American market.<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saba2020-76">[76]</a> Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia,<a href="#cite_note-World-77">[77]</a> especially the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apples1-69">[69]</a> Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size.<a href="#cite_note-Hobby_Farms_Mag.-78">[78]</a> A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '<a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a>' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.<a href="#cite_note-UofGeorgia-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">List of countries by apple production</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:13em; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Apple production 2023, millions of tonnes </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>49.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>97.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations<a href="#cite_note-faostat-79">[79]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> World production of apples in 2023 was 97 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with China producing 51% of the total (table).<a href="#cite_note-faostat-79">[79]</a> Secondary producers were the United States, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</h3></div> Apple seeds contain small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">amygdalin</a>, a sugar and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> compound known as a <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycoside</a>. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause <a href="/wiki/Adverse_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse reaction">adverse reactions</a>. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> before the cyanide ion is released.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_Data_Bank" title="Hazardous Substances Data Bank">Hazardous Substances Data Bank</a> records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergy">Allergy</h3></div> One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail <a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">oral allergy syndrome</a> (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> but in rare cases can also include life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches.<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> Breeding efforts have yet to produce a <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.<a href="#cite_note-EU-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apple</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Apples, with skin (edible parts)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">218 kJ (52 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">13.81 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">10.39</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.17 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.26 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>27 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">29 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.017 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.026 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.091 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.061 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.041 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 3 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 4.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.18 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 2.2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.035 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 107 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.04 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">85.56 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102644/nutrients">Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-84">[84]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-85">[85]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> A raw apple is 86% water and 14% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, with negligible content of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 g (3.5 oz) provides 52 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and a moderate content of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (table). Otherwise, there is low content of <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Values</a> of all falling below 10% (table). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">List of apple dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paring,_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Paring%2C_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts</figcaption></figure> Apples varieties can be grouped as <a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">cooking apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">eating apples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">cider apples</a>, the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible".<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-86">[86]</a> Apples are consumed as <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">juice</a>, raw in salads, baked in <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">pies</a>, cooked into <a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">sauces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a>, or baked.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making <a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">apple butter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-86">[86]</a> Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England" title="West of England">West of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-86">[86]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Toffee_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Toffee apple">toffee apple</a> (UK) or <a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">caramel apple</a> (US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot <a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">toffee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> candy respectively and allowing it to cool.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2012-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apples_and_honey" title="Apples and honey">Apples and honey</a> are a ritual <a href="/wiki/Food_pairing" title="Food pairing">food pairing</a> eaten during the Jewish New Year of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">crumbles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">cakes</a>. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as <a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">apple sauce</a>, which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often <a href="/wiki/Baked" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked">baked</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewed">stewed</a>, and are cooked in some meat dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014-86">[86]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Apple" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Apple"> Apple</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> Apples are <a href="/wiki/Cider_mill" title="Cider mill">milled</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fruit_press#Cider_press" title="Fruit press">pressed</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">apple juice</a>, which may be drunk unfiltered (called <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">apple cider</a> in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> (called hard cider in North America), <a href="/wiki/Ciderkin" title="Ciderkin">ciderkin</a>, and vinegar.<a href="#cite_note-Lim_2012-8">[8]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Applejack (beverage)">applejack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_brandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple brandy">apple brandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lim_2012-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_production">Organic production</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a> apples are commonly produced in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-organic-92">[92]</a> Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-croplife-93">[93]</a> The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts (<a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">neem</a>) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality.<a href="#cite_note-croplife-93">[93]</a> A light coating of <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.<a href="#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-browning_apples">Non-browning apples</h3></div> Apple skins and seeds contain <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro2014-94">[94]</a> These are oxidised by the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol_oxidase" title="Polyphenol oxidase">polyphenol oxidase</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Food_browning" title="Food browning">browning</a> in sliced or bruised apples, by <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyzing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of phenolic compounds to <a href="/wiki/O-quinone" class="mw-redirect" title="O-quinone">o-quinones</a>, a browning factor.<a href="#cite_note-nic-95">[95]</a> Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic apples">Arctic apples</a>, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified</a> to silence the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> in 2015, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.<a href="#cite_note-fda2015-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfia-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_products">Other products</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a> is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">pressing</a> apple seeds for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)" title="Apple (symbolism)">Apple (symbolism)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_paganism">Germanic paganism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of girl in a red dress, holding 3 candles in one hand and a basket of apples in the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg/170px-Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg/255px-Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg/340px-Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>"Brita as <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iduna</a>" (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Larsson" title="Carl Larsson">Carl Larsson</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a> is portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a> (written in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>) as providing apples to the <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> that give them <a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">eternal youthfulness</a>. The English scholar <a href="/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. R. Ellis Davidson">H. R. Ellis Davidson</a> links apples to religious practices in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a> developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a> burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a>) have been found in the early graves of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> in southwest England.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_1990-101">[101]</a> Davidson notes a connection between apples and the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>, a tribe of gods associated with <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a>, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> in stanzas 19 and 20 of <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a>. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a>: when the major goddess <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a> sends King <a href="/wiki/Rerir" title="Rerir">Rerir</a> an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">mound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_1990-101">[101]</a> Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>) of their son—the hero <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung" title="Völsung">Völsung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a>" used in an 11th-century poem by the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess <a href="/wiki/Nehalennia" title="Nehalennia">Nehalennia</a> is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and came to Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_1990-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/170px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/255px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/340px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> with the apple of <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> </figcaption></figure> Apples appear in many <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">religious traditions</a>, including Greek and Roman <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> where it has an ambiguous symbolism of discord, fertility, or courtship.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hero">Greek hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, as a part of his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Labours" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Labours">Twelve Labours</a>, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Tree of Life</a> growing at its center.<a href="#cite_note-Ruck_2001-104">[104]</a> The Greek goddess of discord, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a>, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In retaliation, she tossed a <a href="/wiki/Apple_of_Discord" title="Apple of Discord">golden apple</a> inscribed <a href="/wiki/Kallisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallisti">Καλλίστη</a> (Kallistē, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Epigram VII</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a>, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but <a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Melanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanion">Melanion</a>, a name possibly derived from melon, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general),<a href="#cite_note-Ruck_2001-104">[104]</a> who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_mythology">Celtic mythology</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a> has many names, including Emain Ablach, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> Ynys Afallon, "Island of Apples".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_(20171224194116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg/220px-Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg/330px-Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg/440px-Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_%2820171224194116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption>Píngānguǒ ("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017)</figcaption></figure> In China, apples symbolise <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, since the sounds of the first element ("píng") in the words "apple" (苹果, Píngguǒ) and "peace" (平安, Píng'ān) are <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonous</a> in Mandarin and Cantonese.<a href="#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-English_in_China-112">[112]</a> When these two words are combined, the word Píngānguǒ (平安果, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> in Mandarin is Píngānyè (平安夜, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the <a href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gifting</a> of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.<a href="#cite_note-English_in_China-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_art">Christian art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_(Prado)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_%28Prado%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin</figcaption></figure> Though the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> coaxed <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to share with her.<a href="#cite_note-Macrone-113">[113]</a> The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words mālum (an apple) and mălum (an evil), each of which is normally written malum.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and the Latin for "good and evil" is bonum et malum.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painters may also have been influenced by the story of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">golden apples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Garden of Hesperides</a>. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> in the human throat has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual <a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">seduction</a> has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.<a href="#cite_note-Macrone-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverb">Proverb</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a>, "<a href="/wiki/An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away" title="An apple a day keeps the doctor away">An apple a day keeps the doctor away</a>", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a>, apple–crabapple hybrids for eating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5"><bdi>978-1-60469-249-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012045130">2012045130</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819860825">819860825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apples+of+North+America+%3A+192+Exceptional+Varieties+for+Gardeners%2C+Growers+and+Cooks&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=22%2C+50%2C+55%2C+122%2C+123%2C+137%2C+141%2C+147%2C+159%2C+245%2C+246&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819860825&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012045130&rft.isbn=978-1-60469-249-5&rft.aulast=Burford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapplesofnorthame0000burf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agresearch.montana.edu/warc/guides/apples/heritage_orchard_management_guide/heritage-fruit-id-guide/apple_id_characteristics/appleid_shape.html">"Shape"</a>. 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Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32147-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004014054">2004014054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55738647">55738647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55738647&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004014054&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32147-4&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodinmedievalti0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Torrejonetal2004_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrejónCisternasAraneda2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0716-078x2004000400009">"Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile"</a> [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. <a href="/wiki/Revista_Chilena_de_Historia_Natural" title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural">Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</a> (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0716-078x2004000400009">10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural&rft.atitle=Efectos+ambientales+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+desde+el+r%C3%ADo+Maull%C3%ADn+al+archipi%C3%A9lago+de+Chilo%C3%A9%2C+sur+de+Chile&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E661-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2Fs0716-078x2004000400009&rft.aulast=Torrej%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Cisternas%2C+Marco&rft.au=Araneda%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252Fs0716-078x2004000400009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1963" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Archibald William (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardenersbookofp00smit/page/40">A Gardener's Book of Plant Names : A Handbook of the Meaning and Origins of Plant Names</a> (First ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62009906">62009906</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/710612">710612</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4"><bdi>0-14-013627-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29336401">29336401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Northern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29336401&rft.isbn=0-14-013627-4&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Roderick+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis</a> (1998). 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Translated by Hulbert, James. New York: Facts on File. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2593-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2593-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-2593-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91044933">91044933</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25092926">25092926</a>. 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Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Academic_Press" title="Carolina Academic Press">Carolina Academic Press</a>. pp. 64–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-924-3"><bdi>978-0-89089-924-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00040351">00040351</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46337324">46337324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+apples+of+Apollo+%3A+pagan+and+Christian+mysteries+of+the+Eucharist&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46337324&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00040351&rft.isbn=978-0-89089-924-3&rft.aulast=Ruck&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.+P.&rft.au=Staples%2C+Blaise+D.&rft.au=Heinrich%2C+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Eris.html">"Eris - Greek Goddess of Strife & Discord (Roman Discordia)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theoi_Project" title="Theoi Project">Theoi Project</a>. Aaron J. Atsma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925003522/https://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Eris.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi+Project&rft.atitle=Eris+-+Greek+Goddess+of+Strife+%26+Discord+%28Roman+Discordia%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FDaimon%2FEris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksoflucianofs01luciuoft/page/78">The Works of Lucian of Samosata</a>. Vol. I. Translated by <a href="/wiki/H._W._Fowler" title="H. W. Fowler">Fowler, H.W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_George_Fowler" title="Francis George Fowler">Fowler, F.G.</a> (First ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 78–85. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06001045">06001045</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/506365">506365</a>. 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Atsma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824120807/https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/JudgementParis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi+Project&rft.atitle=Judgement+of+Paris+-+Greek+Mythology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FJudgementParis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeworks00plat/page/1744">"Epigrams"</a>. In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (eds.). Complete Works. Translated by Edmonds, J.M.; Cooper, John M. Indianapolis, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing</a>. p. 1744. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2"><bdi>0-87220-349-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96053280">96053280</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36178550">36178550</a>. 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London: Paul Hamlyn. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02422-4"><bdi>978-0-600-02422-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78449216">78449216</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61702">61702</a>. 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Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teach+English+In+China&rft.atitle=Why+Do+the+Chinese+Give+Apples+Around+Christmas%3F&rft.date=2019-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteach-english-in-china.co.uk%2Fwhy-do-the-chinese-give-apples-around-christmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macrone-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macrone_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macrone_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrone1998" class="citation book cs1">Macrone, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brushupyourbible00macr">Brush up your Bible!</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramercy Books">Gramercy Books</a>. pp. 15–16, 340–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-20189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-20189-3"><bdi>978-0-517-20189-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38270894">38270894</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brush+up+your+Bible%21&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.pub=Gramercy+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38270894&rft.isbn=978-0-517-20189-3&rft.aulast=Macrone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrushupyourbible00macr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissling2004" class="citation book cs1">Kissling, Paul J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&q=Genesis+apple&pg=PA193">Genesis</a>. Vol. 1. Joplin, Missouri: College Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-875-2"><bdi>978-0-89900-875-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004022577">2004022577</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56672257">56672257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&q=Genesis+apple&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.place=Joplin%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56672257&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004022577&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-875-2&rft.aulast=Kissling&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlotBnvqdmeQC%26q%3DGenesis%2Bapple%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:17">Genesis 2:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendel2013" class="citation book cs1">Hendel, Ronald S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&q=Genesis+apple+malum&pg=PA114">The Book of Genesis: A Biography</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69114012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69114012-4"><bdi>978-0-69114012-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012015634">2012015634</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788265521">788265521</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222115/https://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&q=Genesis+apple+malum&pg=PA114#v=snippet&q=Genesis%20apple%20malum&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Genesis%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788265521&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012015634&rft.isbn=978-0-69114012-4&rft.aulast=Hendel&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBPpIHwcZMUC%26q%3DGenesis%2Bapple%2Bmalum%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiederKingsburyHarder1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mieder" title="Wolfgang Mieder">Mieder, Wolfgang</a>; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; <a href="/wiki/Kelsie_B._Harder" title="Kelsie B. Harder">Harder, Kelsie B.</a>, eds. (1996) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00wolf_0/page/23">A Dictionary of American Proverbs</a> (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0"><bdi>978-0-19-511133-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91015508">91015508</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23693799">23693799</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+American+Proverbs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23693799&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91015508&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511133-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofamer00wolf_0%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Pollan, Michael</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl0000poll_v5w7">The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World</a> (First ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 9, 22, 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6"><bdi>978-0-375-50129-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00066479">00066479</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49803415">49803415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Botany+of+Desire%3A+A+Plant%27s-Eye+View+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9%2C+22%2C+50&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49803415&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00066479&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50129-6&rft.aulast=Pollan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbotanyofdesirepl0000poll_v5w7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Browning_(author)" title="Frank Browning (author)">Browning, Frank</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apples00brow">Apples</a> (First ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/North_Point_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="North Point Press">North Point Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3"><bdi>978-0-86547-537-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98027252">98027252</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39235786">39235786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apples&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39235786&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98027252&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-537-3&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapples00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bestapplestobuyg0000unse">The Best Apples to Buy and Grow</a> (First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2"><bdi>978-1-889538-66-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60384060">60384060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Apples+to+Buy+and+Grow&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Botanic+Garden&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60384060&rft.isbn=978-1-889538-66-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestapplestobuyg0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Juniper" title="Barrie Juniper">Juniper, Barrie E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Mabberley" title="David Mabberley">Mabberley, David J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofapple0000juni">The Story of the Apple</a> (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Timber_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber Press">Timber Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-784-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011869">2006011869</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67383484">67383484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Apple&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67383484&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006011869&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-784-9&rft.aulast=Juniper&rft.aufirst=Barrie+E.&rft.au=Mabberley%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofapple0000juni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/applegrowerguide0000phil">The Apple Grower : A Guide for the Organic Orchardist</a> (First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Green_Publishing" title="Chelsea Green Publishing">Chelsea Green Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0"><bdi>978-1-890132-04-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98003631">98003631</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38731995">38731995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apple+Grower+%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Organic+Orchardist&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2C+Vermont&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38731995&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98003631&rft.isbn=978-1-890132-04-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapplegrowerguide0000phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Rosie (2010). The Apple Book (Second ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lincoln_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Lincoln Limited">Frances Lincoln Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711231412" title="Special:BookSources/9780711231412"><bdi>9780711231412</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646397065">646397065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apple+Book&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646397065&rft.isbn=9780711231412&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApple" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apples" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apples">Apples</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apples" title="Template:Apples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apples" title="Template talk:Apples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apples532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">List of apple cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malus domestica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana" title="Malus niedzwetzkyana">Malus niedzwetzkyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">Table apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Pearmain" title="Adams Pearmain">Adams Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aia_Ilu" title="Aia Ilu">Aia Ilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh" title="Airlie Red Flesh">Airlie Red Flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akane_(apple)" title="Akane (apple)">Akane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6" title="Åkerö">Åkerö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)" title="Alkmene (apple)">Alkmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allington_Pippin" title="Allington Pippin">Allington Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(apple)" title="Anna (apple)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(apple)" title="Ariane (apple)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Black" title="Arkansas Black">Arkansas Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel" title="Ashmead's Kernel">Ashmead's Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala" title="Aurora Golden Gala">Aurora Golden Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Bough" title="Autumn Bough">Autumn Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Glory" title="Autumn Glory">Autumn Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(apple)" title="Beacon (apple)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath" title="Beauty of Bath">Beauty of Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop" title="Belle de Boskoop">Belle de Boskoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellflower_apple" title="Bellflower apple">Bellflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)" title="Ben Davis (apple)">Ben Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier" title="Birgit Bonnier">Birgit Bonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brina" title="Brina">Brina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(apple)" title="Cameo (apple)">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_(apple)" title="Champion (apple)">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civni_apple" title="Civni apple">Civni (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain" title="Claygate Pearmain">Claygate Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivia_(apple)" title="Clivia (apple)">Clivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic" title="Cornish Aromatic">Cornish Aromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower" title="Cornish Gilliflower">Cornish Gilliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat" title="Court Pendu Plat">Court Pendu Plat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)" title="Crimson Gold (apple)">Crimson Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Cripps Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e" title="Delbard Jubilée">Delbard Jubilée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbarestivale" title="Delbarestivale">Delbarestivale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delrouval" title="Delrouval">Delrouval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden" title="Devonshire Quarrenden">Devonshire Quarrenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(apple)" title="Discovery (apple)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsett_Golden" title="Dorsett Golden">Dorsett Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)" title="Dougherty (apple)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling" title="Dumelow's Seedling">Dumelow's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange" title="Ellison's Orange">Ellison's Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstar" title="Elstar">Elstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(apple)" title="Empire (apple)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy_(apple)" title="Envy (apple)">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg" title="Esopus Spitzenburg">Esopus Spitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(apple)" title="Eva (apple)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EverCrisp" title="EverCrisp">EverCrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)" title="Fiesta (apple)">Fiesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippa_(apple)" title="Filippa (apple)">Filippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(apple)" title="Florina (apple)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet" title="Gascoyne's Scarlet">Gascoyne's Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg" title="Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg">Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Gold" title="Ginger Gold">Ginger Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Orange_(apple)" title="Golden Orange (apple)">Golden Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Golden" title="Grimes Golden">Grimes Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haralson_(apple)" title="Haralson (apple)">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuto_(apple)" title="Hokuto (apple)">Hokuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeygold" title="Honeygold">Honeygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Marie" title="Ingrid Marie">Ingrid Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(apple)" title="James Grieve (apple)">James Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Black" title="Jersey Black">Jersey Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadel" title="Jonadel">Jonadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(apple)" title="Jonathan (apple)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_apple" title="Jubilee apple">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieta_(apple)" title="Julieta (apple)">Julieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(apple)" title="Jupiter (apple)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi_(apple)" title="Kanzi (apple)">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville" title="Karmijn de Sonnaville">Karmijn de Sonnaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins" title="King of the Pippins">King of the Pippins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobby_Russet" title="Knobby Russet">Knobby Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)" title="Lady Alice (apple)">Lady Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb" title="Laxton's Superb">Laxton's Superb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(apple)" title="Liberty (apple)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple" title="Liveland Raspberry apple">Liveland Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_(apple)" title="Lodi (apple)">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)" title="Lord Lambourne (apple)">Lord Lambourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling" title="Lucombe's Seedling">Lucombe's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoun_apple" title="Macoun apple">Macoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_(apple)" title="Melba (apple)">Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_(apple)" title="Mutsu (apple)">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pippin" title="Newtown Pippin">Newtown Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(apple)" title="Nicola (apple)">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(apple)" title="Opal (apple)">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciros" title="Sciros">Sciros (Pacific Rose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight" title="Pam's Delight">Pam's Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirovka" title="Papirovka">Papirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinova" title="Pinova">Pinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_apple" title="Prima apple">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristine_apple" title="Pristine apple">Pristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajka_(apple)" title="Rajka (apple)">Rajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_Janet" title="Ralls Janet">Ralls Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_apple" title="Rambo apple">Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN55_(apple)" title="MN55 (apple)">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Astrachan" title="Red Astrachan">Red Astrachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlove_apples" title="Redlove apples">Redlove apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribston_Pippin" title="Ribston Pippin">Ribston Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandow_(apple)" title="Sandow (apple)">Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_apple" title="Sansa apple">Sansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Ichi" title="Sekai Ichi">Sekai Ichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_(apple)" title="Spartan (apple)">Spartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendour_(apple)" title="Splendour (apple)">Splendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Devon" title="Star of Devon">Star of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stayman_(apple)" title="Stayman (apple)">Stayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin" title="Sturmer Pippin">Sturmer Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SugarBee" title="SugarBee">SugarBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfree" title="Summerfree">Summerfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Sundowner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(apple)" title="Sunset (apple)">Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntan_(apple)" title="Suntan (apple)">Suntan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliaferro_(apple)" title="Taliaferro (apple)">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Rose" title="Tartu Rose">Tartu Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentation" title="Tentation">Tentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_King" title="Tompkins King">Tompkins King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(apple)" title="Topaz (apple)">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winesap" title="Winesap">Winesap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(apple)" title="Winston (apple)">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyken_Pippin" title="Wyken Pippin">Wyken Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Imperial" title="York Imperial">York Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonovka" title="Antonovka">Antonovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Orange" title="Blenheim Orange">Blenheim Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver" title="Calville Blanc d'hiver">Calville Blanc d'hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanino" title="Campanino">Campanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellini_(apple)" title="Cellini (apple)">Cellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder" title="Chelmsford Wonder">Chelmsford Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costard_(apple)" title="Costard (apple)">Costard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creston_(apple)" title="Creston (apple)">Creston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Bramley" title="Crimson Bramley">Crimson Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Kent" title="Flower of Kent">Flower of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Noble" title="Golden Noble">Golden Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(apple)" title="Grenadier (apple)">Grenadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Byerd" title="King Byerd">King Byerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manks_Codlin" title="Manks Codlin">Manks Codlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Wonder" title="Newton Wonder">Newton Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin" title="Norfolk Biffin">Norfolk Biffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada" title="Reinette du Canada">Reinette du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple" title="Upton Pyne apple">Upton Pyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Transparent" title="White Transparent">White Transparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccagee" title="Coccagee">Coccagee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufflin_(apple)" title="Dufflin (apple)">Dufflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Bitter" title="Ellis Bitter">Ellis Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spire" title="Golden Spire">Golden Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple" title="Harrison Cider Apple">Harrison Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black" title="Kingston Black">Kingston Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_(apple)" title="Michelin (apple)">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveshon" title="Poveshon">Poveshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstreak" title="Redstreak">Redstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styre" title="Styre">Styre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt" title="Tom Putt">Tom Putt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_(apple)" title="Woodcock (apple)">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental apple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh" title="Wijcik McIntosh">Wijcik McIntosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">Apple products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelk%C3%BCchle" title="Apfelküchle">Apfelküchle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">Apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cheese" title="Apple cheese">Apple cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">Apple crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_dumpling" title="Apple dumpling">Apple dumpling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_flour" title="Apple flour">Apple flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">Apple sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apples_and_honey" title="Apples and honey">Apples and honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Baked apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Betty_(dessert)" title="Brown Betty (dessert)">Brown Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding" title="Eve's pudding">Eve's pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde" title="Himmel und Erde">Himmel und Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple picking">Apple picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Arctic Apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearmain" title="Pearmain">Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples" title="Fruit tree pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program" title="PRI disease resistant apple breeding program">PRI disease resistant apple breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette" title="Reinette">Reinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">Russeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Apple_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="US Apple Association">US Apple Association</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Countries by apple production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">Apple diseases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apples" title="Category:Apples">Apples</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Cultivars</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_production" title="Category:Apple production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Crabapple&quot;_or_&quot;Wild_apple&quot;_(of_the_genus_Malus)406" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:name;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crabapple" title="Template:Crabapple"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crabapple" title="Template talk:Crabapple"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Crabapple&quot;_or_&quot;Wild_apple&quot;_(of_the_genus_Malus)406" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Crabapple</a>" or "Wild apple" (of the genus <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malus_angustifolia" title="Malus angustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a> (Southern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_asiatica" title="Malus asiatica">Malus asiatica</a> (Chinese pearleaf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_baccata" title="Malus baccata">Malus baccata</a> (Siberian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_bracteata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus bracteata">Malus bracteata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_brevipes" title="Malus brevipes">Malus brevipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_coronaria" title="Malus coronaria">Malus coronaria</a> (Sweet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_crescimannoi" title="Malus crescimannoi">Malus crescimannoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_doumeri" title="Malus doumeri">Malus doumeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_%27Evereste%27" title="Malus 'Evereste'">Malus 'Evereste'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_florentina" title="Malus florentina">Malus florentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_floribunda" title="Malus floribunda">Malus floribunda</a> (Japanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_fusca" title="Malus fusca">Malus fusca</a> (Oregon/Pacific)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus glabrata">Malus glabrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_glaucescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus glaucescens">Malus glaucescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_halliana" title="Malus halliana">Malus halliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_honanensis" title="Malus honanensis">Malus honanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_hupehensis" title="Malus hupehensis">Malus hupehensis</a> (Tea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_ioensis" title="Malus ioensis">Malus ioensis</a> (Prairie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_kansuensis" title="Malus kansuensis">Malus kansuensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_lancifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus lancifolia">Malus lancifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_mandshurica" title="Malus mandshurica">Malus mandshurica</a> (Manchurian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetskyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus niedzwetskyana">Malus niedzwetskyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_orientalis" title="Malus orientalis">Malus orientalis</a> (Caucasian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_prattii" title="Malus prattii">Malus prattii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_prunifolia" title="Malus prunifolia">Malus prunifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_rockii" title="Malus rockii">Malus rockii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sargentii" title="Malus sargentii">Malus sargentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieboldii" title="Malus sieboldii">Malus sieboldii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a> (Asian wild/Almaty)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sikkimensis" title="Malus sikkimensis">Malus sikkimensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_spectabilis" title="Malus spectabilis">Malus spectabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sublobata" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus sublobata">Malus sublobata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a> (European wild)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_toringoides" title="Malus toringoides">Malus toringoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_transitoria" title="Malus transitoria">Malus transitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_trilobata" title="Malus trilobata">Malus trilobata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_tschonoskii" class="mw-redirect" title="Malus tschonoskii">Malus tschonoskii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_yunnanensis" title="Malus yunnanensis">Malus yunnanensis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crab apples by the roadside"><img alt="Crab apples by the roadside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/100px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/150px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg/200px-Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apple cultivars">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers10194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers10194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Malus domestica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18674606" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q18674606">Q18674606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_domestica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Malus domestica">Malus domestica</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152668">152668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/122984">122984</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39552">39552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=254406">254406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NHJZ">7NHJZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1407">1407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABSD">MABSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180045">180045</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242331459">242331459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3001244">3001244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=104681">104681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/469472">469472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/726282-1">726282-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=516655">516655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3750">3750</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0">14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/123770/">123770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3902985">3902985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+domestica">Malus domestica</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2175">2175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-454">rjp-454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726282-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/27804420">27804420</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/20142">20142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b">e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001008355">wfo-0001008355</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Malus pumila</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158657" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q158657">Q158657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_pumila" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Malus pumila">Malus pumila</a></li> <li>APA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3159">3159</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/225375">225375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/201024">201024</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id214890">214890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121191">121191</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10099">10099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/629943">629943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABPM">MABPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/179710">179710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200010913">200010913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010913">200010913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3001093">3001093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=23261">23261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/77949">77949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/726372-1">726372-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25262">25262</a></li> <li>MichiganFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2499">2499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160610/">2.160610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000460571">NHMSYS0000460571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=283210">283210</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6">e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/140258/">140258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=854961">854961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila">Malus pumila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-5777">rjp-5777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/MAPU">MAPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726372-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/27800985">27800985</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8790">8790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8">5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8</a></li> <li>WisFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4188">4188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001013584">wfo-0001013584</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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