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Capacități termice ale gazelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații_ale_principiului_întâi_al_termodinamicii_la_gazele_perfecte._Capacități_termice_ale_gazelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 64 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Eerste wet van termodinamika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste wet van termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principiu_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikan%C4%B1n_birinci_qanunu" title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Първи закон на термодинамиката – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първи закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principi_de_la_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_termodynamick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="První termodynamický zákon – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První termodynamický zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88%C4%95" title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_1._lov" title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Hauptsatz_der_Thermodynamik" title="Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_le%C4%9Do_de_termodinamiko" title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principio_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principio de la termodinámica – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primer principio de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika_esimene_seadus" title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikan_ensimm%C3%A4inen_p%C3%A4%C3%A4s%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinámica – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premye_lwa_t%C3%A8modinamik" title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_termodinamika_els%C5%91_f%C5%91t%C3%A9tele" title="A termodinamika első főtétele – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A termodinamika első főtétele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_pertama_termodinamika" title="Hukum pertama termodinamika – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum pertama termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Primo principio della termodinamica – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primo principio della termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="熱力学第一法則 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学第一法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학 제1법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_termodinamikas_likums" title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Прв закон на термодинамиката – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прв закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_termodinamik_pertama" title="Hukum termodinamik pertama – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukum termodinamik pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_termodynamikklova" title="Den første termodynamikklova – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den første termodynamikklova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_f%C3%B8rste_hovedsetning" title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principi_de_la_termodinamica" title="Premier principi de la termodinamica – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premier principi de la termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwsza_zasada_termodynamiki" title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Первое начало термодинамики – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первое начало термодинамики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_o_thermodynamics" title="First law o thermodynamics – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First law o thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_termodynamick%C3%A1_veta" title="Prvá termodynamická veta – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá termodynamická veta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Први принцип термодинамике – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први принцип термодинамике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Перший закон термодинаміки – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перший закон термодинаміки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaning_birinchi_qonuni" title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_prinsipio_de_%C5%82a_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_l%C3%BD_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BB%A7a_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学第一定律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 – chineză" lang="zh" 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrincipiul_%25C3%25AEnt%25C3%25A2i_al_termodinamicii"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Principiul+%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i+al+termodinamicii"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179380" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" width="250" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principiile termodinamicii</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Principiul zero al termodinamicii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii#Stabilirea_echilibrului_termodinamic" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Stabilirea echilibrului termodinamic</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii#Tranzitivitatea_echilibrului_termic" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Tranzitivitatea echilibrului termic</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Principiile_termodinamicii&action=edit">modifică </a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;display:block;margin:0.3em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi%C8%99ier:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg&lang=ro" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Schema unei mașini termice Carnot</div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Ramuri</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Clasică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Statistică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Chimică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamic%C4%83_cuantic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamică cuantică — pagină inexistentă">Cuantică</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamica_echilibrului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamica echilibrului — pagină inexistentă">la echilibru</a> / <a href="/wiki/Termodinamica_neechilibrului" title="Termodinamica neechilibrului">nu la echilibru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principii</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Zero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Al doilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Al treilea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sisteme</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_izolat" title="Sistem izolat">Izolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_%C3%AEnchis" title="Sistem închis">Închis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_deschis" title="Sistem deschis">Deschis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic#Sisteme_termodinamice" title="Sistem termodinamic">Adiabatic</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Stare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Stare termodinamică">Stare</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Ecuație de stare">Ecuație de stare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Stare de agregare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echilibru_termodinamic" title="Echilibru termodinamic">Echilibru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volum_de_control" title="Volum de control">Volum de control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_pentru_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Instrument pentru termodinamică">Instrumente</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Procese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destindere_Joule" title="Destindere Joule">Destindere liberă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izobar" title="Proces izobar">Izobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izocor" title="Proces izocor">Izocor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izotermic" title="Proces izotermic">Izotermic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Adiabatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">exponent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentropic" title="Proces izentropic">Izentropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentalpic" title="Proces izentalpic">Izentalpic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_politropic" title="Proces politropic">Politropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_cvasistatic" title="Proces cvasistatic">Cvasistatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_reversibil" title="Proces reversibil">Reversibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_ireversibil" title="Proces ireversibil">Ireversibil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disipare" title="Disipare">disipare</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Cicluri</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic_inversat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciclu termodinamic inversat">Inversat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randament_termic" title="Randament termic">Randament și eficiență</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Diagram%C4%83_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Diagramă termodinamică">Diagrame termodinamice</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93volum" title="Diagrama presiune–volum">p-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_temperatur%C4%83%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama temperatură–entropie">T-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_entalpie%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama entalpie–entropie">h-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93entalpie" title="Diagrama presiune–entalpie">p-h</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagrama_psihrometric%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagrama psihrometrică — pagină inexistentă">Psihro</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bilor_termodinamice" title="Lista proprietăților termodinamice">Propertăți ale sistemelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Notă: <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Parametri_conjugați" title="Potențial termodinamic">Parametri conjugați</a> cu <i>italice</i></div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_intensive_%C8%99i_extensive" title="Proprietăți intensive și extensive">Proprietăți intensive și extensive</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_proces" title="Funcție de proces">Funcții de proces</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">Lucru mecanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">Căldură</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Funcție de stare">Funcții de stare</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">Presiune</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Presiune_intern%C4%83" title="Presiune internă">internă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiune_par%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Presiune parțială">parțială</a>)</small> / <i><a href="/wiki/Volum_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Volum (termodinamică)">Volum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_particule" title="Număr de particule">Număr de particule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titlul_vaporilor" title="Titlul vaporilor">Titlul vaporilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_reduse" title="Proprietăți reduse">Proprietăți reduse</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_ale_materialelor_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Proprietăți ale materialelor (termodinamică)">Proprietăți ale materialelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baze_de_date_termodinamice_pentru_substan%C8%9Be_pure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baze de date termodinamice pentru substanțe pure — pagină inexistentă">Baze de date cu proprietăți</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Compresibilitate" title="Compresibilitate">Coeficient de compresibilitate</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Dilatare_termic%C4%83" title="Dilatare termică">Coeficient de dilatare volumică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Ecuații</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_lui_Carnot_(termodinamic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema lui Carnot (termodinamică) — pagină inexistentă">Teorema lui Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Clausius" title="Teorema lui Clausius">Teorema lui Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Bia_fundamental%C4%83_a_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relația fundamentală a termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Relația fundamentală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legea_gazelor_ideale" title="Legea gazelor ideale">Legea gazelor ideale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_st%C4%83rilor_corespondente" title="Teorema stărilor corespondente">Stări corespondente</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Relațiile_Maxwell" title="Potențial termodinamic">Relațiile Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Biile_reciproce_Onsager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relațiile reciproce Onsager — pagină inexistentă">Relațiile Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_termodinamice_ale_lui_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuațiile termodinamice ale lui Bridgman — pagină inexistentă">Ecuațiile Bridgman</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_cu_ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențiale</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Energie_intern%C4%83" title="Energie internă">Energie internă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropie_liber%C4%83" title="Entropie liberă">Entropie liberă</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Istorie </li><li style="">Cultură</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Istorie</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_termodinamicii" title="Istoria termodinamicii">Generală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_entropiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria entropiei — pagină inexistentă">Istoria entropiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legile_gazelor" title="Legile gazelor">Legile gazelor</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_perpetuum_mobilelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria perpetuum mobilelor — pagină inexistentă">Istoria perpetuum mobilelor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofia_fizicii" title="Filozofia fizicii">Filozofie</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_timp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și timp — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și timp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_via%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și viață — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și viață</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clichetul_brownian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clichetul brownian — pagină inexistentă">Clichetul brownian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_mor%C8%9Bii_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul morții termice — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul morții termice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_lui_Loschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul lui Loschmidt — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul lui Loschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinergetic%C4%83_(Haken)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinergetică (Haken) — pagină inexistentă">Sinergetică</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Teorii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_caloricului" title="Teoria caloricului">Teoria caloricului</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">Forța vie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echivalentul_mecanic_al_caloriei" title="Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei">Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putere" title="Putere">Putere motrice</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Lucrări fundamentale</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction — pagină inexistentă">An Experimental Enquiry<br />Concerning ... Heat</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of<br />Heterogeneous Substances</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexions_sur_la_puissance_motrice_du_feu_et_sur_les_machines_propres_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9velopper_cette_puissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance — pagină inexistentă">Réflexions sur la puissance<br />motrice du feu</a></i></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Cronologii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Termodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_ma%C8%99inilor_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia mașinilor termice — pagină inexistentă">mașini termice</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Artă</li><li style="">Învățământ</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafa%C8%9Ba_termodinamic%C4%83_a_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell — pagină inexistentă">Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropia_ca_disipare_a_energiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropia ca disipare a energiei — pagină inexistentă">Entropia ca disipare a energiei</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Personalități</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron">Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder" title="Théophile de Donder">de Donder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Massieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Massieu — pagină inexistentă">Massieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer — pagină inexistentă">von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Tait — pagină inexistentă">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson — pagină inexistentă">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston — pagină inexistentă">Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Altele</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclea%C8%9Bie" title="Nucleație">Nucleație</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoasamblare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoasamblare — pagină inexistentă">Autoasamblare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoorganizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoorganizare — pagină inexistentă">Autoorganizare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordine_%C8%99i_dezordine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordine și dezordine — pagină inexistentă">Ordine și dezordine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Termodinamică">Categorie</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Discuție Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Termodinamic%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</b> constituie o particularizare a legii conservării energiei la procesele în care intervine mișcarea termică a materiei, adică mișcarea dezordonată a unui <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_particule" title="Număr de particule">număr mare de particule</a> (atomi, molecule etc.). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transfer_de_energie">Transfer de energie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transfer de energie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Transfer de energie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energia unui <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">sistem termodinamic</a> este egală cu suma tuturor energiilor particulelor componente. Energia unui sistem se măsoară în raport cu un sistem de referință solidar cu sistemul termodinamic și cu originea în centrul de inerție al sistemului. </p><p>Ca urmare a interacțiunii dintre sistemul fizic și mediul exterior poate avea loc un transfer de energie. Acest transfer de energie se poate face cu sau fără variația parametrilor externi. În cazul în care interacțiunea are loc cu variația parametrilor externi, avem de-a face cu un proces mecanic sau cu o acțiune mecanică iar energia transferată se numește <i>lucru mecanic</i>. Un proces de interacțiune are loc și în alte situații când parametrii externi care variază sunt inducția electrică, inducția magnetică etc. Daca interacțiunea are loc fără variația parametrilor externi, transmiterea energiei se numește <i>schimb de căldură</i>, iar energia transmisă se numește <i>căldură</i>. Rezultă că deși lucrul mecanic și căldura au dimensiunile unei energii, ele nu sunt <i>forme de energie</i>, ci <i>forme de schimb de energie</i> și nu sunt echivalente. Lucrul mecanic este o forma macrofizică (ordonată) de transmitere a energiei de la un sistem la altul, în timp ce căldura este o forma microfizică (neordonată) de transmitere a energiei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formularea_primului_principiu_al_termodinamicii">Formularea primului principiu al termodinamicii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formularea primului principiu al termodinamicii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Formularea primului principiu al termodinamicii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primul principiu al termodinamicii a fost o formă precursoare legii conservării energiei la procesele în care intervine mișcarea termică a materiei. Acest principiu a fost enunțat pentru prima dată de către <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mayer">Robert Mayer</a> în <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>. La baza enunțului său a stat observația experimentală că lucrul mecanic se poate transforma în căldură și invers. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dU=\delta Q-\delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dU=\delta Q-\delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d9603a4caacaac2ad94216b52bba3d47d320e0b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.843ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dU=\delta Q-\delta L\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Transformări ale lucrului mecanic în căldură se întâlnesc în toate fenomenele de frecare între corpuri, la comprimarea și dilatarea gazelor, la transformarea lucrului mecanic în energie electrică și apoi în căldură prin efect Joule etc. Transformarea directă a căldurii în lucru mecanic se realizează prin intermediul <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">mașinilor termice</a>. Dacă se consideră un <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">sistem adiabatic</a>, adică între sistem și mediul înconjurător să nu aibă loc schimb de căldură, atunci <a href="/wiki/Stare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Stare termodinamică">starea</a> unui astfel de sistem se poate schimba prin efectuarea unui lucru mecanic asupra sa de către mediul înconjurător și invers. În acest caz primul principiu poate fi scris sub forma </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4eb71005dbd7d901372a3d70d9408708e58e3b31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.945ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dacă se consideră schimbarea stării unui sistem neadiabatic atunci, în general, lucrul mecanic <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68404d03cd3f5f6d5f4d8de800d5f02c041becb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.906ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta L\,}"></span> efectuat asupra sistemului nu va fi egal cu variația energiei sale interne. În acest caz are loc și un schimb de căldură între sistem și mediul înconjurător, astfel încât primul principiu al termodinamicii (care exprimă legea conservării energiei) se exprimă prin relația: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a0e173fe583a5c77f07ff5f9d7798f3e6229e32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>sau </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12d36ae4c4c7d0af3fdf773d15b13c1a7dff4399" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta L\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Din această relație rezultă că variația energiei interne a sistemului este egală cu diferența dintre cantitatea de căldură schimbată de sistem cu mediul înconjurător și lucrul mecanic efectuat asupra sistemului (sau de către sistem către exterior). Pentru schimbările infinitezimale, primul principiu se scrie sub forma: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta U=\delta Q-\delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta U=\delta Q-\delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/567d9aead89aad2b5e4b8a5afc8a312f0282a35c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.676ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta U=\delta Q-\delta L\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>În cadrul calculelor se face următoarea convenție: căldura este <u>pozitivă</u> dacă este primită de sistem din exterior și <u>negativă</u> dacă este cedată de sistem exteriorului; lucrul mecanic este <u>pozitiv</u> dacă este efectuat de sistem asupra exteriorului și <u>negativ</u> dacă este efectuat de exterior asupra sistemului. Această convenție este, ca orice convenție, arbitrară și la locul ei poate fi aleasă o alta. Forma descrisă permite ca la <i>mașinile termice motoare</i> mărimile care definesc <i>randamentul termic</i> să aibă valori pozitive. </p><p>O consecință a primului principiu este aceea că este imposibil să funcționeze un <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">perpetuum mobile</a> de speța întâi (prin perpetuum mobile de speța întâi se înțelege un sistem termodinamic capabil să furnizeze lucru mecanic exteriorului fără a primi o energie echivalentă sub formă de căldură din exterior). Să considerăm în acest scop un sistem ce suferă o transformare ciclică, adică o transformare în care starea finală coincide cu starea inițială. Energia internă fiind o <a href="/wiki/Variabil%C4%83_de_stare" title="Variabilă de stare">mărime de stare</a>, variația ei într-o astfel de transformare este nulă, ceea ce conduce la: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71b81f2bd2cb05c31aed02e1bfdec02c8058c5c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.781ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=\Delta Q-\Delta L\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>sau </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta Q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta Q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fa2b41c96d6e827193dcc8c18e391992545298e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.778ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta L=\Delta Q\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ceea ce în conformitate cu convenția stabilită impune ca sistemul să primească căldura de la exterior pentru a putea efectua lucrul mecanic asupra acestuia. </p><p>În cazul unei pile galvanice sau celule de concentrație in ecuația primului principiu lucrul care apare este de natură electrică fiind produsul intre tensiunea la borne și sarcina electrică elementară deoarece pila debitează curent electric în circuitul exterior. Pilele galvanice (inclusiv cele de concentrație) transformă căldura în lucru electric (curent electric). </p><p>În concluzie, alte formulări ale principiului întâi ale termodinamicii sunt: </p> <ul><li>Nu se poate realiza o <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">mașină termică</a> care să producă <a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">lucru mecanic</a> fără a consuma o cantitate echivalentă de <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldură</a>. O astfel de mașină care ar produce lucru mecanic continuu fără să consume căldură în cantitate echivalentă a primit numele de <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">perpetuum mobile</a> de ordinul I (sau de speța I).</li> <li>Perpetuum mobile de speța I este imposibil.</li> <li>Căldura se poate transforma în lucru mecanic sau poate fi obținută prin transformarea <a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">lucrului mecanic</a> întotdeauna cu respectarea raportului de echivalență: 1 Kcal = 427 Kgfm.</li> <li>Nu se poate realiza o mașină care să producă <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> de o anumită formă fără a consuma o cantitate echivalentă de energie de o altă formă. Acest enunt afirmă de fapt imposibilitatea creării energiei.</li> <li>Nu se poate realiza o mașină care să consume <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> fără a ceda în exterior o cantitate echivalentă de altă formă de energie. Acest enunț afirmă imposibilitatea distrugerii sau dispariției energiei.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații_ale_principiului_întâi_al_termodinamicii_la_gazele_perfecte._Capacități_termice_ale_gazelor"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii_ale_principiului_.C3.AEnt.C3.A2i_al_termodinamicii_la_gazele_perfecte._Capacit.C4.83.C8.9Bi_termice_ale_gazelor"></span>Aplicații ale principiului întâi al termodinamicii la gazele perfecte. Capacități termice ale gazelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații ale principiului întâi al termodinamicii la gazele perfecte. Capacități termice ale gazelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații ale principiului întâi al termodinamicii la gazele perfecte. Capacități termice ale gazelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se numește <i>capacitate termică</i> <i><b>C</b></i> a unui sistem într-un anumit proces considerat și la o anumită temperatură căldura necesară pentru a ridica cu un grad temperatura sistemului, fără schimbarea stării de agregare. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=\lim _{t\to t_{0}}{\frac {\Delta \ Q}{t-t_{0}}}={\frac {dQ}{dT}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=\lim _{t\to t_{0}}{\frac {\Delta \ Q}{t-t_{0}}}={\frac {dQ}{dT}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c03c39143ca8f76a9ef0ff69d2ea41163b9901d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.313ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=\lim _{t\to t_{0}}{\frac {\Delta \ Q}{t-t_{0}}}={\frac {dQ}{dT}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Unitatea de măsură a lui <i>C</i> în <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-disambig" title="SI">Sistemul Internațional de unități</a> este J/K. </p><p>Capacitatea termică raportată la unitatea de masă dintr-o substanță omogenă se numește <i>capacitate termică masică</i>, iar cea raportată la unitatea de volum <i>capacitate termică volumică</i>. Vechea denumire de <i>căldură specifică</i> este ambiguă și nerecomandată. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a374d990e09b87f992368ffa5c4c1039a816efe7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.982ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}}"></span>         <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-disambig" title="SI">J/(kg K)</a></dd></dl> <p>respectiv </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{V}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>C</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{V}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29fb43ee39f6d40d170a31e22bfef50a85e18740" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.729ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{V}}}"></span>         <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-disambig" title="SI">J/(m<sup>3</sup> K).</a></dd></dl> <p>Capacitatea termică kilomolară, folosită mai ales la gaze, reprezintă capacitatea termică a unui kilomol de gaz și se măsoară în <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-disambig" title="SI">J/(kmol K)</a>. </p><p>Deoarece cantitatea de căldură nu este o <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Funcție de stare">funcție de stare</a>, valoarea capacității termice va depinde felul transformărilor prin care trece sistemul. </p><p>În fizică cele mai folosite sunt căldurile molare la volum constant (C<sub>v</sub>) și la presiune constantă (C<sub>p</sub>) care se definesc prin cantitatea de căldură necesară încălzirii cu un grad a unui mol de gaz când se menține constant volumul, respectiv presiunea. </p><p>Energia internă a unui gaz este, în general, o funcție atât de T cât și de V și prin urmare: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ddc53dc2fa3fdbc7536a05f3bef00c011c11af5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.398ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dacă se consideră o transformare la volum constant   ( <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dV=0\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dV=0\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2314d010d773d985bc9e8206779ee5eac8cef21b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.845ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dV=0\ }"></span> ), <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta L=0\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta L=0\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09774797a2c74208609a979550e9e2248aef4235" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.28ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta L=0\,}"></span>   rezultă: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(\delta Q\right)_{V}=dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\delta Q\right)_{V}=dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b417099d0cc22a58a0017d6ad2884dd742d07d3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.094ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\delta Q\right)_{V}=dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Conform definiției, capacitatea termică molară la volum constant va fi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial Q}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial Q}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/131d381d1b0064b118f11633e52a2ae86b48b971" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.652ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial Q}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>În mod analog capacitatea termică molară la presiune constantă este dată de relația: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}=\left({\frac {\delta \ Q}{dT}}\right)_{p}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}+\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}=\left({\frac {\delta \ Q}{dT}}\right)_{p}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}+\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e6652fbbd0fbe7c4cf4f4d342277d106a3953bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:53.422ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}=\left({\frac {\delta \ Q}{dT}}\right)_{p}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}+\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Din relațiile de mai sus rezultă legătura dintre căldurile la volum și respectiv presiune constantă: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd03bbf81d0e34744356a72f9e31245e8f3cdc12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.377ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=\left[\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}+p\right]\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Pentru un gaz perfect energia internă depinde numai de temperatură <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=U(T)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=U(T)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fb8ed8cb21f407d9b3abea46201be68f91de984" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.496ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=U(T)\,}"></span>; aceasta se explică prin aceea că volumul ocupat de moleculele și interacțiunile dintre ele pot fi neglijate. Ca urmare, ținând cont și de ecuația de stare pV = RT (scrisă pentru un mol de gaz) se obține: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=p\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}=R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=p\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}=R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb4daf6af696715c0620923fa31e9032d7e7a8ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:25.805ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}-C_{v}=p\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}=R}"></span></dd></dl> <p>relație cunoscuta sub denumirea de <i>relația lui R. Mayer</i>. </p><p>Daca se ține cont de expresia energiei interne a unui mol de gaz perfect <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U={\frac {i}{2}}RT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U={\frac {i}{2}}RT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0109720774bde57f2ff633ccb773329b0912b160" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.28ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U={\frac {i}{2}}RT}"></span>, unde <i>i</i> este numărul gradelor de libertate, atunci: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{v}={\frac {i}{2}}R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{v}={\frac {i}{2}}R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2712e86aa49e219cec9ffcafa186e62983fe203a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.039ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{v}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{v}={\frac {i}{2}}R}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}=C_{v}+R={\frac {i+2}{2}}R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}=C_{v}+R={\frac {i+2}{2}}R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4605130cf1ef9c555db77d5e2020f0c6ddf444d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.619ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}=C_{v}+R={\frac {i+2}{2}}R}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Un rol important în descrierea comportării gazelor îl joacă raportul dintre căldura molară la presiune constantă și căldura molară la volum constant: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{v}}}={\frac {i+2}{i}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{v}}}={\frac {i+2}{i}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7c94ad9257db79abc78f5c7dfc65149216ce443" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.607ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{v}}}={\frac {i+2}{i}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Acest raport este denumit <i><a href="/wiki/Exponent_adiabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponent adiabatic">exponent adiabatic</a></i> și pentru <a href="/wiki/Gaz_perfect" title="Gaz perfect">gaze perfecte</a> are urmatoarele valori: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_monoatomic" title="Gaz monoatomic">gaze monoatomice</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {5}{3}}=1,66}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>5</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>66</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {5}{3}}=1,66}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cddceed13af4a327c5042d89e2f507050966da5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.928ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {5}{3}}=1,66}"></span> (He, Ne, Ar, Kr ...)</li> <li>gaze biatomice: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {7}{5}}=1,4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>7</mn> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {7}{5}}=1,4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d2af798403195d21e3373ba9a5abc6fc3edcdf9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.766ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {7}{5}}=1,4}"></span> (N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> ...)</li> <li>gaze tri sau poliatomice: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {4}{3}}=1,33}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>33</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {4}{3}}=1,33}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43b03f6fc2d7ee257b3e6b371e1890299997e019" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.928ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {4}{3}}=1,33}"></span> (H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> ...)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bunget, I., Burlacu, L., Ciobotaru, D., <i>Compendiu de fizică</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83_%C8%99i_Enciclopedic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică">Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică</a>, București, 1988</li> <li>Nicolae Băran ș.a., <i>Termodinamică tehnică - Teorie și aplicații</i> Vol.1, 1998</li> <li>E. Dragomirescu, L. Enache, <i>Biofizică</i>, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1993</li> <li>L. Oniciu, <i>Chimie fizică. Electrochimie</i>, 1977</li> <li>I. Rădoi, M. Nemes, <a href="/wiki/Ciprian_Radovan" title="Ciprian Radovan">C. Radovan</a> <i>Electrochimie</i>, Editura Facla, Timișoara, 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Vl%C4%83dea" title="Ioan Vlădea">Vlădea, I.</a> <i>Manual de termotehnică</i> vol 1, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Didactic%C4%83_%C8%99i_Pedagogic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Didactică și Pedagogică">Editura Didactică și Pedagogică</a>, București, 1962.</li> <li>Stoian Petrescu, <i>Principiile termodinamicii - Evoluție, fundamentări, aplicații</i>, Editura Tehnică, București, 1983</li> <li>Theil, H., <i>Termotehnică și mașini termice</i>, Litografia IPTVT, Timișoara, 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remus_R%C4%83dule%C8%9B" title="Remus Răduleț">Răduleț, R.</a> și colab., <i><a href="/wiki/Lexiconul_Tehnic_Rom%C3%A2n" title="Lexiconul Tehnic Român">Lexiconul Tehnic Român</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Tehnic%C4%83" title="Editura Tehnică">Editura Tehnică</a>, București, 1957-1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazil_Popa" title="Bazil Popa">Popa, B.</a> ș.a., <i>Manualul inginerului termotehnician</i> vol I, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Tehnic%C4%83" title="Editura Tehnică">Editura Tehnică</a>, București, 1955.</li> <li>Niac, G., <i>Chimie fizică</i>, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1966</li> <li>Rodica Vâlcu, <i>Termodinamica chimică</i>, Editura Tehnică, București, 1975, 1994</li> <li>Dumitru Săndulescu, <i>Chimie fizică - vol I</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1979</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Transformare termodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Ciclu termodinamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">Mașină termică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energie_termic%C4%83" title="Energie termică">Energie termică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energie_intern%C4%83" title="Energie internă">Energie internă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">Căldură</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetrie" title="Calorimetrie">Calorimetrie</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fizic%C4%83" title="Portal:Fizică">Portal Fizică </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Format:Fizică statistică"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Fizică statistică — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Fizică statistică">Fizică statistică</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termodinamică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Calorimetrie" title="Calorimetrie">Calorimetrie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică">Capacitate termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_latent%C4%83" title="Căldură latentă">Căldură latentă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Ciclu termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Ciclul Carnot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Clausius-Rankine" title="Ciclul Clausius-Rankine">Ciclul Clausius-Rankine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">Coeficient de transformare adiabatică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_universal%C4%83_a_gazului_ideal" title="Constanta universală a gazului ideal">Constanta universală a gazului ideal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_termodinamic" title="Echilibru termodinamic">Echilibru termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energie_intern%C4%83" title="Energie internă">Energie internă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_radia%C8%9Biei_electromagnetice" title="Entropia radiației electromagnetice">Entropia radiației electromagnetice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_termodinamic%C4%83_(dup%C4%83_Carath%C3%A9odory)" title="Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)">Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Entropie termodinamică">Entropie termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evaporare" title="Evaporare">Evaporare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fierbere" title="Fierbere">Fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Formula_lui_Planck" title="Formula lui Planck">Formula lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frac%C8%9Bie_molar%C4%83" title="Fracție molară">Fracție molară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_perfect" title="Gaz perfect">Gaz perfect</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Boyle-Mariotte" title="Legea Boyle-Mariotte">Legea Boyle-Mariotte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Dulong-Petit" title="Legea Dulong-Petit">Legea Dulong-Petit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Avogadro" title="Legea lui Avogadro">Legea lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Dalton" title="Legea lui Dalton">Legea lui Dalton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Henry" title="Legea lui Henry">Legea lui Henry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Raoult" title="Legea lui Raoult">Legea lui Raoult</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_de_deplasare_ale_lui_Wien" title="Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien">Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_lui_Kirchhoff_(radia%C8%9Bie)" title="Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)">Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lema_lui_Carath%C3%A9odory_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)">Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83rimi_molare_de_exces" title="Mărimi molare de exces">Mărimi molare de exces</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_lui_Gibbs_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)">Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">Perpetuum mobile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențial termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principiile termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii:_Planck_versus_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Principiul zero al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Proces adiabatic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" title="Radiație termică">Radiație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bia_lui_Mayer" title="Relația lui Mayer">Relația lui Mayer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rezonatorul_lui_Planck" title="Rezonatorul lui Planck">Rezonatorul lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termochimie" title="Termochimie">Termochimie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_Legendre" title="Transformare Legendre">Transformare Legendre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Transformare termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Termodinamică chimică</a> •</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mecanică statistică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Entropie_statistic%C4%83" title="Entropie statistică">Entropie statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83)" title="Fază (mecanică statistică)">Fază (mecanică statistică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grad_de_libertate" title="Grad de libertate">Grad de libertate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Mecanică statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Operator_statistic" title="Operator statistic">Operator statistic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorie cinetică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Agita%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Agitație termică">Agitație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_Boltzmann" title="Constanta Boltzmann">Constanta Boltzmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83rul_lui_Avogadro" title="Numărul lui Avogadro">Numărul lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_cinetic%C4%83_a_gazelor" title="Teoria cinetică a gazelor">Teoria cinetică a gazelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_haosului" title="Teoria haosului">Teoria haosului</a></div> 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