Ecology of the plastisphere | Nature Reviews Microbiology

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data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Linda_A_-Amaral_Zettler-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Linda_A_-Amaral_Zettler-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Amaral-Zettler, Linda A." data-corresp-id="c1">Linda A. Amaral-Zettler<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0807-4744"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0807-4744</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Erik_R_-Zettler-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Erik_R_-Zettler-Aff1" data-author-search="Zettler, Erik R.">Erik R. Zettler</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-1142"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-1142</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tracy_J_-Mincer-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Tracy_J_-Mincer-Aff3" data-author-search="Mincer, Tracy J.">Tracy J. Mincer</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-5609"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-5609</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nrmicro" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Reviews Microbiology</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 18</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>139–151 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2020</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">26k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">165 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41579-019-0308-0/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/communities" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Microbial communities</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/marine-microbiology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Marine microbiology</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/microbial-ecology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Microbial ecology</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/water-microbiology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Water microbiology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The plastisphere, which comprises the microbial community on plastic debris, rivals that of the built environment in spanning multiple biomes on Earth. Although human-derived debris has been entering the ocean for thousands of years, microplastics now numerically dominate marine debris and are primarily colonized by microbial and other microscopic life. The realization that this novel substrate in the marine environment can facilitate microbial dispersal and affect all aquatic ecosystems has intensified interest in the microbial ecology and evolution of this biotope. Whether a ‘core’ plastisphere community exists that is specific to plastic is currently a topic of intense investigation. 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The work was also supported by NSF collaborative grants to L.A.A.-Z. (OCE-1155571) and E.R.Z. (OCE-1155379).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Linda A. Amaral-Zettler & Erik R. Zettler</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Linda A. Amaral-Zettler</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Wilkes Honors College and Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tracy J. Mincer</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Linda_A_-Amaral_Zettler-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Linda A. Amaral-Zettler</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Linda%20A.%20Amaral-Zettler" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Linda%20A.%20Amaral-Zettler" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Linda%20A.%20Amaral-Zettler%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Erik_R_-Zettler-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Erik R. Zettler</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Erik%20R.%20Zettler" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Erik%20R.%20Zettler" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Erik%20R.%20Zettler%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Tracy_J_-Mincer-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Tracy J. Mincer</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Tracy%20J.%20Mincer" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Tracy%20J.%20Mincer" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Tracy%20J.%20Mincer%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>L.A.A.-Z., E.R.Z. and T.J.M. researched data for the article, substantially contributed to discussion of the content, wrote the article, and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:linda.amaral-zettler@nioz.nl">Linda A. Amaral-Zettler</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher’s note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Reviewer information</h3><p><i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i> thanks H.-C. Flemming, M. Labrenz and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Related links</h3><p><b>Visual Analysis of Microbial Population Structures (VAMPS):</b> <a href="https://vamps2.mbl.edu">https://vamps2.mbl.edu</a> </p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary Information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec16-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec16">Supplementary Information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec16-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0308-0/MediaObjects/41579_2019_308_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Glossary"><div class="c-article-section" id="glossary-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="glossary">Glossary</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="glossary-content"><dl class="c-description-list"><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos1">Microplastics</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Generally, plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in size.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos2">Fragmentation</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Physically breaking an item into smaller pieces.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos3">Degradation</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The physical, chemical or biological breakdown of a substrate (synthetic polymers, biomass) into smaller units.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos4">Carrying capacity</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The number of organisms that can be sustained in a given environment.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos5">Species richness</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The total number of different species in a community.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos6">Evenness</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A diversity index that refers to how equally abundant the different members of a given community are.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos7">Beta diversity</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A measure of the variation in species composition between two different environments.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos8">Phototrophs</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that harness light energy and convert it into chemical energy.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos9">Predators</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that kill and ingest other organisms for nutrition.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos10">Symbionts</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that live with another organism, where both derive benefits from the arrangement.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos11">Heterotrophic</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Types of organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon and energy source for biosynthesis.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos20">Grazers</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that ingest organisms or parts of organisms for nutrition.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos12">Saprotrophs</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that feed on the organic matter of decaying organisms.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos13">Epibionts</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Symbionts that live attached to the outside of another organism.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos14">Parasites</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Organisms that derive nutrients and energy from larger organisms while causing harm to their ‘host’.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos15">Mariculture</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Marine agriculture.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos16">Manta trawls</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Nets resembling the shape of a manta ray, used for sampling plankton and plastic at the surface of the ocean.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos17">Redfield ratio</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The consistent stoichiometric carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratio in marine phytoplankton, typically 106:16:1.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos18">Biodegradation</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The biological breakdown of a carbon-based product into water and carbon dioxide or methane.</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos19">Nanoplastics</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Generally, plastic pieces smaller than 1 µm.</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><section 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Amaral-Zettler, L.A., Zettler, E.R. & Mincer, T.J. Ecology of the plastisphere. <i>Nat Rev Microbiol</i> <b>18</b>, 139–151 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0308-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41579-019-0308-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2019-11-20">20 November 2019</time></span></p></li><li 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