CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Civil defense siren - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"56b18e58-4090-48ad-bada-e055eeaa447c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Civil_defense_siren","wgTitle":"Civil defense siren","wgCurRevisionId":1276790236,"wgRevisionId":1276790236,"wgArticleId":51018,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2025","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title", "Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2024","All articles with style issues","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from November 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles to be expanded from September 2023","All articles to be expanded","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles needing additional references from January 2025","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles to be expanded from February 2022", "Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Civil defense","Emergency population warning systems","Sirens"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Civil_defense_siren","wgRelevantArticleId":51018,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q695738","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/1200px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/800px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/640px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Civil defense siren - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_siren"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_siren"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Civil_defense_siren rootpage-Civil_defense_siren skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Civil+defense+siren" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Civil+defense+siren" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Civil+defense+siren" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Civil+defense+siren" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sirens_in_integrated_public_warning_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sirens_in_integrated_public_warning_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sirens in integrated public warning systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sirens_in_integrated_public_warning_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_sirens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_sirens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of sirens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_sirens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of sirens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_sirens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_sirens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_sirens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mechanical sirens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_sirens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Basic design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercharged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercharged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Supercharged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercharged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_sirens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_sirens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Electronic sirens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_sirens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_defense_sirens_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_defense_sirens_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil defense sirens around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_defense_sirens_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil defense sirens around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_defense_sirens_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran,_Kuwait,_and_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran,_Kuwait,_and_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Iran, Kuwait, and Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran,_Kuwait,_and_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Türkiye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Türkiye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Türkiye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Türkiye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>The People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.9</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.11</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.13</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.14</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.15</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.16</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.17</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.18</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.19</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.20</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.21</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.22</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.23</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil defense siren</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A" title="صفارة إنذار الدفاع المدني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفارة إنذار الدفاع المدني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сирена за гражданска защита – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирена за гражданска защита" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varslingssirene" title="Varslingssirene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varslingssirene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilschutzsignale" title="Zivilschutzsignale – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zivilschutzsignale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%8A%B5%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%B4" title="공습경보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공습경보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אזעקת מלחמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזעקת מלחמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Азаматтық қорғаныс дабылы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азаматтық қорғаныс дабылы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9goltalmi_szir%C3%A9na" title="Légoltalmi sziréna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légoltalmi sziréna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtalarm" title="Luchtalarm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtalarm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E8%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1" title="空襲警報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空襲警報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varslingsanlegg" title="Varslingsanlegg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varslingsanlegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_wczesnego_ostrzegania" title="System wczesnego ostrzegania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System wczesnego ostrzegania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren%C4%83_de_protec%C8%9Bie_civil%C4%83" title="Sirenă de protecție civilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sirenă de protecție civilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автоматизированная система централизованного оповещения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автоматизированная система централизованного оповещения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="හදිසි අනතුරු ඇඟවීම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හදිසි අනතුරු ඇඟවීම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4est%C3%B6h%C3%A4lytin" title="Väestöhälytin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väestöhälytin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktigt_meddelande_till_allm%C3%A4nheten" title="Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivil_savunma_sireni" title="Sivil savunma sireni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sivil savunma sireni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Система оповіщення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система оповіщення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E8%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1" title="防空警報 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="防空警報" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5" title="防空警报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="防空警报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q695738#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Civil_defense_siren" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Civil_defense_siren" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Civil_defense_siren" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&oldid=1276790236" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Civil_defense_siren&id=1276790236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCivil_defense_siren"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCivil_defense_siren"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Civil_defense_siren&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sounds_of_warning_sirens" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q695738" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Outdoor warning device used to audibly warn about incoming or ongoing danger</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWS_295_Sirens,_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/220px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/330px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/440px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An HSS TWS 295 Siren (license-built Whelen WPS-2805) in Saudi Arabia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg/220px-Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg/330px-Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg/440px-Federal_Signal_Thunderbolt_1003_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Signal">Federal Signal</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(siren)" title="Thunderbolt (siren)">Thunderbolt 1003</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg/220px-Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>There are 8,200 alarm <a href="/wiki/Siren_(noisemaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siren (noisemaker)">sirens</a> for <a href="/wiki/Civil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil protection">civil protection</a> throughout Switzerland. They are tested once a year on the first Wednesday in February.<sup id="cite_ref-Testing_sirens_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testing_sirens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/43\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sound sample"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Sound sample</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg" title="File:BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>civil defense siren</b> is a siren used to provide an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">emergency population warning</a> to the general population of approaching danger. Initially designed to warn city dwellers of <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raids</a> (<b>air-raid sirens</b>) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, they were later used to warn of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> (<b>tornado sirens</b>). The generalized nature of sirens led to many of them being replaced with more specific warnings, such as the broadcast-based <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cell_Broadcast" title="Cell Broadcast">Cell Broadcast</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU-Alert" title="EU-Alert">EU-Alert</a> mobile technologies. </p><p>By use of varying tones or binary patterns of sound, different alert conditions can be called. Electronic sirens can transmit voice announcements in addition to alert tone signals. Siren systems may be electronically controlled and integrated into other warning systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sirens_in_integrated_public_warning_systems">Sirens in integrated public warning systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sirens in integrated public warning systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballston_Spa,_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg/220px-Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg/330px-Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg/440px-Ballston_Spa%2C_NY_Federal_Signal_Model_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption>Federal Signal Model 5 in <a href="/wiki/Ballston_Spa,_New_York" title="Ballston Spa, New York">Ballston Spa, New York</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sirens are sometimes integrated into a warning system that links sirens with other warning media, such as the radio and TV <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a>, telephone alerting systems, <a href="/wiki/Reverse_911" title="Reverse 911">Reverse 911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_Access_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Access Alert">Cable Override</a>, and wireless alerting systems in the United States and the National Public Alerting System, <a href="/wiki/Alert_Ready" title="Alert Ready">Alert Ready</a>, in Canada. This fluid approach enhances the credibility of warnings and reduces the risk of assumed false alarms by corroborating warning messages through multiple forms of media. The <a href="/wiki/Common_Alerting_Protocol" title="Common Alerting Protocol">Common Alerting Protocol</a> is a technical standard for this sort of multi-system integration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siren installations have many ways of being activated. Commonly used methods are <a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">dual-tone multi-frequency signaling</a> (DTMF) or <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN) using telephone lines, but activation can also be done via radio broadcast. This method opens up vulnerability for exploitation, but there are protections from false alarms. These sirens can also be tied into other networks such as a fire department's volunteer notification/paging system. The basics of this type of installation would consist of a device (possibly the same pager the firefighters have) connected to the controller/timer system of the siren. When a page is received, the siren is activated.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_sirens">Types of sirens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of sirens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren (alarm)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_sirens">Mechanical sirens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical sirens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_design">Basic design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/175px--ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" height="117" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv/ACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AACA_Allertor_125_video.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An ACA Allertor 125 in Alert and Attack modes (video)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3T22_Sandy,_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg/175px-3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg/263px-3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg/350px-3T22_Sandy%2C_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An older and damaged 3T22 at a fire station in Sandy, Oregon, that has now been restored and hung from the ceiling of the entrance lobby</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg/175px-IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg/263px-IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg/350px-IsraeliAirRaidSiren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="2653" /></a><figcaption>A Hormann HLS F-71 Pneumatic air-raid siren in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel. Sirens of this type are common in Israeli towns and cities, and until 2012<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used to warn against air raids and missile attacks.</figcaption></figure> <p>A mechanical siren uses a <a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">rotor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">stator</a> to chop an air stream, which is forced through the siren by radial <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vane" class="extiw" title="wikt:vane">vanes</a> in the spinning rotor. An example of this type of siren is the Federal Signal 2T22, which was originally developed during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and produced from the early 1950s to the late 1980s. This particular design employs dual rotors and stators to sound each pitch. Because the sound power output of this type of siren is the same in every direction at all times, it is described as omnidirectional. The Federal 2T22 was also marketed in a three-signal configuration known as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_3T22" title="Federal Signal 3T22">Federal Signal 3T22</a>, with the capability for a <i>high–low</i> signal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some mechanical sirens produce sound in all directions simultaneously, other designs produce sound in only one direction, while employing a rotator mechanism to turn the siren head through 360 degrees of rotation. One rare type of mechanical siren, the Federal Signal RSH-10 ("Thunderbeam"), does not rotate or produce equal sound output in all directions. It instead uses a slowly rotating angled disc below the siren which directs the siren's output throughout 360 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supercharged">Supercharged</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supercharged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variation of the electromechanical siren is a <i>supercharged</i> siren. A supercharged siren uses a separate source, usually a <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharger</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Blower_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Blower fan">blower</a>, which forces air into the rotor assembly of the siren. This increases the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">air pressure</a> in the rotor assembly, causing the sound output of the siren to increase heavily, which in return increases the sound range by a large amount. The blower is generally driven by an electric motor, but in rare cases it is driven by an <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Corporation" title="Federal Signal Corporation">Federal Signal</a> took advantage of this design and created their <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(siren)" title="Thunderbolt (siren)">Thunderbolt Siren Series</a>, utilizing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutorbilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutorbilt (page does not exist)">Sutorbilt</a> <a href="/wiki/Roots_Blower" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots Blower">Roots Blowers</a> of different varieties and outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very early model called the Thunderbolt 2000. The difference between the Thunderbolt 2000 and later editions is that its blower is driven by an <a href="/wiki/Cummins" title="Cummins">Onan</a> two cylinder gas engine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a siren that has a separate blower is the <a href="/wiki/Alerting_Communicators_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Alerting Communicators of America">Alerting Communicators of America</a> (ACA) <a href="/wiki/ACA_Hurricane" title="ACA Hurricane">Hurricane</a>. One more example of a siren with a blower is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">SoCal</a> Edison Model 120, utilizing a Centrifugal Style Blower, built specifically for the <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</a>. The SoCal Edison Model 120 is no longer standing out in public, as only one exists, and is owned privately.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg/220px-SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg/330px-SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg/440px-SoCal_Edison_Model_120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>A SoCal Edison Model 120 illuminated by a spotlight in the night sky in 2003. They were manufactured in-house by SoCal Edison and were installed in 1982 for use with the <a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</a> Community Alert Siren System. The blower is located in the middle just above the mounting plate hidden within the mesh bird screen between the frame support structure for the horns.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another variation on the electromechanical siren is the <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> siren. Similar to supercharged sirens, pneumatic sirens also force air into the rotor assembly of the siren. However, these sirens use a pressurized air reservoir instead of a motor-driven blower.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hochleistungssirene</i></span> (HLS), first produced by the German firm <a href="/wiki/Pintsch-Bamag" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch-Bamag">Pintsch-Bamag</a> and later by the German firm <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rmann" title="Hörmann">Hörmann</a>. Soon afterward, Hörmann improved on the design to create the HLS 273, which did away with the massive siren head of the original in favor of a more compact head and cast aluminum exponential-profile horns. These sirens stored a reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, recharged periodically by a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a> in a vault in the base of the massive siren unit. The later HLS 273 placed the large (6,000 liter) air tank underground beside the machinery vault, instead of in the mast itself as in the earlier HLS units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_sirens">Electronic sirens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic sirens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG/220px-Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG/330px-Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG/440px-Alertronic_High_Powered_Voice_Siren.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>American Signal AL-8000 in <a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Illinois" title="O'Fallon, Illinois">O'Fallon, Illinois</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic sirens consist of an electronic <a href="/wiki/Tone_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone generator">tone generator</a>, a high-power <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker" title="Horn loudspeaker">horn loudspeaker</a>. Typically, the loudspeaker unit incorporates horn loading, causing them to be similar in appearance to some electromechanical sirens. Many of these loudspeakers incorporate a vertical array of horns to achieve pattern control in the vertical plane. Each cell of the loudspeaker horn is driven by one or more <a href="/wiki/Compression_driver" title="Compression driver">compression drivers</a>. One type of compression driver for this type of loudspeaker uses two doughnut-shaped permanent magnet slugs to provide <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a>. For siren applications, <a href="/wiki/High-fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="High-fidelity">high-fidelity</a> sound is a secondary concern to high output, and siren drivers typically produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Distortion#Audio_distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> which would not be tolerable in an audio system where fidelity is important. Most newer (and some older) electronic sirens have the ability to store <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">digital audio files</a>. These audio files could be custom sounds, or emergency messages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the situation, the stored sound file can broadcast through the siren.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sirens could also come with a <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Microphone Jack</a> to broadcast live messages via microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> sirens, there are both omnidirectional, directional, and rotating categories. <a href="/wiki/Whelen_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Whelen Engineering">Whelen Engineering</a> produces sirens which oscillate through 360 degrees, rotating in one direction and then in the other to allow a hard-wired connection between the amplifiers and the siren drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sirens can also be set to rotate any amount from 0 to 360 degrees, allowing sirens to broadcast only in certain directions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Electronic sirens may be mechanically rotated to cover a wide area, or may have transducers facing in all directions to make an omnidirectional pattern. A directional siren may be applied where notification is only required for a defined area in one direction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_defense_sirens_around_the_world">Civil defense sirens around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil defense sirens around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apecpas20071115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Apecpas20071115.jpg/220px-Apecpas20071115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Apecpas20071115.jpg/330px-Apecpas20071115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Apecpas20071115.jpg/440px-Apecpas20071115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>One of the various outdoor public address systems to warn the public of terrorism, installed at various locations around Sydney's Central Business District</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran,_Kuwait,_and_Iraq"><span id="Iran.2C_Kuwait.2C_and_Iraq"></span>Iran, Kuwait, and Iraq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iran, Kuwait, and Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuwait has an entire siren system of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Modulator" title="Federal Signal Modulator">Federal Signal Modulators</a>. They once had an entire system of Thunderbolt system 7000's, until they all got replaced. However, one System 7000 remains on display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ECN3000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ECN3000.JPG/220px-ECN3000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ECN3000.JPG/330px-ECN3000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ECN3000.JPG/440px-ECN3000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An electronic ECN3000 siren in <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Hess" title="Kfar Hess">Kfar Hess</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Israel has more than 3,100 warning sirens. Most of the sirens in urban areas are German-made HLS sirens, models F71 and ECN3000. All the other sirens are HPSS32 models made by Acoustic Technologies (<a href="/wiki/ATI_HPSS" title="ATI HPSS">ATI</a>). During the early 2010s, mechanical sirens were gradually phased out and replaced by electronic ones, although the mechanical ones were generally left standing. The air-raid sirens are called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אזעקה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">az'aka</i></span>, 'alarm', and consist of a continuous ascending and descending tone. The <i>all clear</i> signal, called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צפירת הרגעה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tzfirat harga'a</i></span>, is a constant single-pitch sound. In recent conflicts, use of the <i>all clear</i> signal has been discontinued, as it was seen as causing unnecessary confusion and alarm. In certain regions in the south of Israel, which regularly undergo <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">rocket attacks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, a specialized system called <a href="/wiki/Red_Color" title="Red Color">Red Color</a> is used. </p><p>There is an earthquake warning system in Israel, which uses the sirens, called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Trua</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תרועה</span></span>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="אזעקה.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%94.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%94.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%94.ogg/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%94.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Siren in Israel, during missile attack, October 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>all clear</i> signal is used three times per year to denote a moment of silence (of one or two minutes): once on Israel's <a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Holocaust Remembrance Day</a> and twice on the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Hazikaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Hazikaron">Day of Remembrance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">minaret speakers</a> are used as sirens. The purpose of warnings is to notify the population of a danger that threatens their lives. Individuals must go to shelters or their homes, lock doors and windows, take appropriate protective actions, and listen through the radio and television for instructions of civil defense. The entire siren system is ASC I-Force and Whelen WPS-2900 series. As well as some <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Modulator" title="Federal Signal Modulator">Federal Signal Modulators</a> in Air Force Bases, and a FS EOWS 1212 in Dammam.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Türkiye"><span id="T.C3.BCrkiye"></span>Türkiye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Türkiye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Türkiye has Nationwide Siren System of Mechanical Sirens and Loudspeakers, though <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">minaret speakers</a> also are used as sirens sometimes. Models for mechanical sirens used across country are Selay SL-1170's, Even though the main models of the warning speakers are unknown, there is a slightly common presence of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Corporation" title="Federal Signal Corporation">Federal Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whelen_Engineering_Company" title="Whelen Engineering Company">Whelen</a> and Hörmann, Sonnenburg, despite very rare cases of some Elektror or <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckertwerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens-Schuckertwerke">Siemens-Schuckert</a> models remaining. They sound-off during the memorial of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk's death</a> on November 10 at 9:05 AM and often sound off for common emergencies such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">Chemical plant</a> issues or incoming enemy attack. Sirens are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency" title="Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency">AFAD</a>. Sirens can also be mounted on roofs, or sometimes on 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>m long Towers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Arab Emirates uses an integrated national Early Warning System (EWS) which was developed in 2017 and utilizes a network of <a href="/wiki/Cell_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell broadcast">cell broadcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">variable-message signs</a> on roads, radio alerts, television alerts, and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">loudspeakers in mosque minarets</a> as sirens. The warning system is managed by the National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority (NCEMA) and is used to warn the public during times of an emergency or a disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering,_electronic_siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg/220px-Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg/330px-Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg/440px-Civil_defense_siren_tws_295_Hss_Engineering%2C_electronic_siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption>TWS-295 siren for warning system, manufactured by HSS Engineering</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="The_People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>The People's Republic of China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has sirens located in most cities and towns, particularly those located in or near <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China#International_territorial_disputes" title="Foreign relations of China">disputed territories</a>. If the state declares a state of emergency due to attacks or invasion, or when there is a very high risk of military conflict, sirens will warn the public of possible attacks or invasion. The sirens are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are annual or semi-annual test runs, often occurring on commemorative dates that are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> annually tests air raid sirens at 10 a.m. on 13 December, followed by a moment of silence to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>. There have also been some commemorative tests during the memorial periods of major disasters, such as on 19 May 2008 in memory of victims of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_Earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Sichuan Earthquake">2008 Sichuan Earthquake</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="542" data-mwtitle="Air_raid_alarm_in_China.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Air_raid_alarm_in_China.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Air_raid_alarm_in_China.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Air_raid_alarm_in_China.ogg/Air_raid_alarm_in_China.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A complete set of air raid alarms</figcaption></figure> <p>The air raid warning comes in three types:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pre-raid warning: a 36-second high tone followed by a 24-second low tone, with three cycles per period. This warning signifies an air raid is likely about to take place.</li> <li>Raid warning: a six-second high-tone followed by a six-second low tone, with 15 cycles per period. This signifies that an air raid is imminent.</li> <li>Post-raid warning: a single three-minute high tone. When sounded, it signifies an end to the raid or a cool-down of the wartime situation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg/220px-The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg/330px-The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg/440px-The_Alarm_of_TCPD_Minzu_Rd._Police_Station_04469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A typical siren found on police stations in Taiwan, seen with loudspeakers around it. Either the yellow mechanical siren or the surrounding electronic sirens are in service.</figcaption></figure> <p>Taiwanese civil defense sirens are erected on police stations and commanded by the nation's Civil Defense Office (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">民防指揮管制所</span></span>). The government issues air raid warnings, as well as tsunami warnings, through the sirens in conjunction with their own Public Warning System that utilizes 4G LTE cell signals. The Taiwanese government also holds annual air-raid drills called Wan-an drills (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">萬安演習</span></span>) so the populace can be familiar with what to do in an air raid, given the high risk of war with neighboring mainland China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> has around 200–250 functional sirens. The government is planning to change the system by incorporating modern wireless and digital technology in place of the present landline switching system. </p><p>In Mumbai civil defence, sirens were used during the Indo-Pakistan wars of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a>, warning civilians about air raids by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>. At night, sirens were also used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">blackouts</a>, when all lights in Mumbai were switched off. Daily tests of the sirens at 9 a.m. were recently reduced to once per month. They are controlled by the Regional Civil Defence Control Center, Mumbai, with input from Indian Defence Services. Sirens are also used to denote a minute's worth of silence on special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg/220px-EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg/330px-EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg/440px-EF9GwxnUUAENzR-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <i>Bosai Musen</i> electronic siren. Note the left one has an unusual design and has the <i>UNI-PEX</i> branding, and the right one has a reflex horn design and has the <i>TOA</i> logo on the front. Both are capable of playing music at certain times of day and broadcasting voice announcements.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan utilizes a system of mainly electronic <i>Bosai Musen</i> electronic sirens to warn of impending missile strikes or natural disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a>. The system was installed by <a href="/wiki/J-Alert" title="J-Alert">J-Alert</a> in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as one of their many other methods of warning the public of incoming dangers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg/220px-Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg/330px-Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg/440px-Bosaimusenspeaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>An example of the most common <i>Bosai Musen</i> types in Japan. Note the one on the left has a common reflex horn design, while the right one has an unusual speaker design. Both are made by TOA, a Japanese company.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of these sirens are also used to play <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> at certain times of day,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably as an <i>end of day</i> signal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/220px--%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="防災行政無線チャイム_岐阜県揖斐郡大野町_18_00_新音源「夕焼け小焼け」.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm/%E9%98%B2%E7%81%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0_%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E7%9C%8C%E6%8F%96%E6%96%90%E9%83%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E7%94%BA_18_00_%E6%96%B0%E9%9F%B3%E6%BA%90%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%95%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E5%B0%8F%E7%84%BC%E3%81%91%E3%80%8D.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An example of a <i>Bosai Musen</i> electronic siren playing a version of the <i>Yuyake Koyake</i> Japanese folk song as an <i>end of day</i> signal. Note that the horns are made by UNI-PEX and painted green.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan also had a large mechanical siren system not used to warn residents, made by Yamaha, called the <i>Yamaha Music Siren</i>, sounded at certain times of day presumably as an <i>end of day</i> signal. These sirens had many mechanical choppers with different port ratios to match a certain <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">musical note</a>. These choppers would have rotating stators in order to let each note play individually, in order to play music.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Warning_Siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Public_Warning_Siren.jpg/220px-Public_Warning_Siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Public_Warning_Siren.jpg/330px-Public_Warning_Siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Public_Warning_Siren.jpg/440px-Public_Warning_Siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A public warning system siren in Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> currently has a network of 284 stationary sirens named the <a href="/wiki/Public_Warning_System_(Singapore)" title="Public Warning System (Singapore)">Public Warning System</a> which warns the entire country of air raids, as well as human-made and natural disasters (except <a href="/wiki/Earth_tremor" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth tremor">earth tremors</a>). Singapore's sirens are tested at noon on the first day of every month. During the test, the sirens sound a light cheerful chime instead of any of the three signals. The sirens look very similar to the Hörmann ECN3000 (See picture). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all towns and cities are equipped with civil defense sirens in case of natural disasters or missile attacks from North Korea. South Korea holds civil defense drills every month to prepare for such scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austria is fully covered with an operational air-raid siren system consisting of 8,203 devices as of 2012. They are tested weekly at noon on Saturdays (except in Vienna) with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sirenenprobe</i></span> signal, a 15-second continuous tone. Every year on the first Saturday of October, the whole range of alarm signals (with the exception of the fire alert) is sounded as a system test (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zivilschutz-Probealarm</i></span>) and to familiarize the population with the signals. </p> <ul><li>Warning: a three-minute continuous tone. People are warned of an incoming danger and advised to tune into the appropriate <a href="/wiki/%C3%962" title="Ö2">Ö2</a> regional radio station or <a href="/wiki/ORF_2" title="ORF 2">ORF 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for further instructions.</li> <li>General alarm: a one-minute ascending and descending tone. Danger is imminent; people should seek shelter immediately and listen to radio or TV.</li> <li>End of danger: a one-minute continuous tone. The danger is over, and shelters can be left. Any hazards potentially encountered during normal life are announced in the media.</li> <li>Fire alert: three 15-second continuous tones separated by seven-second intervals. All firemen of volunteer fire brigades should report to their fire station immediately. This signal is being used less and less, as many fire brigades have begun to alert their members by radio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belgium used to test its air raid sirens every first Thursday of the trimester (three-month period). Sirens are Sonnenburg Electronic sirens. When the air-raid sirens are tested, the message <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">proefsignaal</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">signal d'essai</i></span> is broadcast every time the sirens sound. There are 540 sirens all across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-audible test was performed every day, and the last test occurred on 4 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the network was decommissioned. The sirens remain around nuclear facilities, but no tests are performed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official recommendation is that people subscribe to BE-Alert,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system where information is provided via <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>, e-mail or phone.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgaria has over 4000 sirens deployed around in the country, especially Sofia. These are likely used to warn people of earthquakes <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Sirens were first installed during WW2 to warn people of incoming attacks by Nazi Germany; these were replaced by electronic ones during the 1990s. The sirens are tested on the first workday of April and November every year to see if they are functioning properly. On 2 June every year, the day of <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Hristo Botev</a> and demised ones for the liberation and independence of Bulgaria is commemorated with a two-minute signal, different from the usual tone. The public is informed about the test beforehand. The sirens are mainly electronic ones (German made type ECN units or other high powered speaker systems on top of public buildings). The signals may include – attack (a one-minute wailing tone used to indicate an incoming danger) and alert (sometimes referred to as the <i>all clear</i> signal which is a continuous single tone). Strong tremors in Bulgaria are quite rare, so a special earthquake warning system is not needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Czech Republic has around 6,000 sirens. Within these 6,000 sirens which include mechanical sirens and electronic sirens, are tested every first Wednesday of the month. There are three warning signals, which are accompanied by a verbal message in Czech and usually with an English and German translation on electronic sirens. There is also an emergency broadcast on TV channels, maintained by <a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">Czech Television</a>, and radio channels, maintained by <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a>. </p> <ul><li>General alert: a 140-second long fluctuating tone. The alert can be repeated up to three times in three-minute intervals with four possible verbal messages: <ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Všeobecná výstraha, všeobecná výstraha, všeobecná výstraha. Sledujte vysílání Českého rozhlasu, televize a regionálních rozhlasů. Všeobecná výstraha, všeobecná výstraha, všeobecná výstraha.</i></span> The danger is unspecified and people should go inside a building, close the doors and windows (the alert usually means a dangerous element may be present in the air), and turn the TV or radio to an appropriate channel to find out more;</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nebezpečí zátopové vlny, nebezpečí zátopové vlny. Ohrožení zátopovou vlnou. Sledujte vysílání Českého rozhlasu, televize a regionálních rozhlasů. Nebezpečí zátopové vlny, nebezpečí zátopové vlny.</i></span> A flooding alert. (Siren signals for Flooding alert is not used anymore). The required action is that people should turn on the radio and get away from the source of danger (usually a river);</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Chemická havárie, chemická havárie, chemická havárie. Ohrožení únikem škodlivin. Sledujte vysílání Českého rozhlasu, televize a regionálních rozhlasů. Chemická havárie, chemická havárie, chemická havárie.</i></span> There was a chemical accident. People should behave the same way as during an <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Obecná výstraha</i></span> message;</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Radiační havárie, radiační havárie, radiační havárie. Ohrožení únikem radioaktivních látek. Sledujte vysílání Českého rozhlasu, televize a regionálních rozhlasů. Radiační havárie, radiační havárie, radiační havárie.</i></span> There was a radioactive accident. People should behave the same way as during an <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Obecná výstraha</i></span> message.</li></ul></li> <li>Testing of sirens: a 140-seconds long still tone, used to test the functionality of the sirens. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén. Za několik minut proběhne zkouška sirén. Zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén.</i></span> is the verbal message before the test, and <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén. Právě proběhla zkouška sirén. Zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén, zkouška sirén.</i></span> is the verbal message after the test.</li> <li>Fire alert: a one-minute long still tone with a pause. It is used to alert firefighters of a fire, accompanied by this verbal message: <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Požární poplach, požární poplach, požární poplach. Svolání hasičů, svolání hasičů. Byl vyhlášen požární poplach. Požární poplach.</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 1,078 electronic warning sirens have been installed in Denmark by HSS Engineering and were actually license built <a href="/wiki/Whelen_Engineering_Company" title="Whelen Engineering Company">Whelen</a> WPS 2800 sirens. The sirens are placed on the tops of buildings or on masts. This warning system makes it possible to warn the populations of all urban areas with more than 1,000 inhabitants. This means that about 80% of Denmark's population can be warned using stationary sirens. The remaining 20% are warned by mobile sirens mounted on police cars. The function of the sirens is tested every night, but does not produce any sound. Once every year, on the first Wednesday of May at 12:00, the sirens are tested with sound.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg/220px-Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg/330px-Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg/440px-Sirena_electronica_TWS_295_sirena_alerta_temprana_para_tsunami_sismos_inundaciones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>A HSS Engineering TWS-295 (Whelen WPS 2805) electronic siren</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-i7YYQzzUU">Annual Danish Warning Siren Test/ Luftalarm Test 2022 (Whelen WPS 2809 Kirkendrup)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A general alarm consists of a repeating one-minute sound, made up of tones that ascend for seven seconds and descend for seven seconds. The end of danger is signaled by a one-minute continuous tone. Warning sirens are tested on the first Monday of every month at noon. The testing alarm is shorter than the general alarm (only lasting for seven or fourteen seconds) and may be a flat tone. The system commonly uses Teho-Ulvo sirens, which are electronic and are powered by horn loudspeaker arrays. They are known for their very distinctive wind-ups and wind-downs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the emergency population warning network is called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerte_aux_populations" class="extiw" title="fr:Alerte aux populations">Réseau national d'alerte</a></i></span> (<i>RNA</i>). The system is inherited from the air raid siren network (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">défense passive</i></span>) developed before World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II. It consists of about 4,500 electronic or electromechanical sirens placed all over France.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is tested each month at noon on the first Wednesday. The most common siren type is the electromechanical KM Europ eight-port single-tone siren. These sirens have a very characteristic sound: a very fast wind-up and a lower pitch than most sirens (the pitch is comparable to a Federal Signal STL-10 on a lower frequency). A recording of these sirens was used in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Hill_(film)" title="Silent Hill (film)">Silent Hill</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Warnämter</i></span> ('warning authorities') were closed in the 1990s after the threat of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was over, since the ability to alert the public was then considered unnecessary. As the civil defense sirens were also frequently used to alert volunteer firefighters, many sirens were sold to municipalities for a symbolic price; others were dismantled. In the 2000s, it was realized that the ability to warn the public is not only necessary in cases of war, but also in events like natural disasters, chemical or nuclear accidents, or terrorist attacks. As a result, some cities like <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> began to rebuild their warning sirens. In <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, the sirens are still operational. They also warn the public during <a href="/wiki/Storm_surges" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm surges">storm surges</a>; for instance, all towns in the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a> continue to operate and test their warning sirens. The majority of operational sirens in Germany are either electric-mechanical type E57 or electronic sirens. </p><p>There are no precise official numbers as to how many sirens there used to be, as most of the documents regarding the system's construction and upkeep have been disposed of after the Cold War ended. However, estimates place the number of operational sirens during the system's peak at around 80,000 in West Germany alone. Accounts as to how many of those sirens are still in operation vary significantly depending on the source. The most prominent German company regarding manufacturing and maintenance of sirens, Hörmann Industries, states on its website that they are in charge of maintaining over 60,000 sirens. Granted, that includes mobile sirens that can be mounted on vehicles, but one can deduct from this information that there could be at least around 50,000 stationary sirens still in operation today, many of the once electro-mechanical sirens having been replaced with newer electronic models. </p><p>During World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, Berlin's air raid sirens became known by the city's residents as <i>Meier's trumpets</i> or <i>Meier's hunting horns</i> due to <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Goering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Goering">Hermann Goering</a>'s boast that "If a single bomb ever falls on Berlin, you can call me Meier!".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg\/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Audio sample of an older mechanical siren in Germany"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Motorsirene - Feuerwehralarm.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Audio sample of an older mechanical siren in Germany</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg" title="File:Motorsirene - Feuerwehralarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Civil_defense_siren" title="Special:EditPage/Civil defense siren">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Civil+defense+siren%22">"Civil defense siren"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Civil+defense+siren%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Civil+defense+siren%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Civil+defense+siren%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Civil+defense+siren%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Civil+defense+siren%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The installation of sirens across the country was requested by the Minister of National Defense in 1938. Various models from several companies were used, and some were manufactured locally in Hungary under license from the companies owning the designs. The FM Si 41 model originates from Germany, the TESLA/Braun-Bovery siren originates from a Swiss company, and the EKA series and DINAMO sirens were manufactured locally in Hungary. </p><p>There were 25 air raid warning zones in Hungary. Only the larger towns and cities were afforded electric sirens, the rest of the country used hand-crank sirens, in addition to warnings broadcast by radio. The electric sirens were controlled via phone lines and were operated from a central location, such as a city hall, fire station, post office, or local military base or outpost. </p><p>Initially, there were only two siren signals, similar to the signals used in Britain at the time: <i>Red Alert</i>, or <i>Air Raid Warning</i> signal, indicating an imminent threat, and <i>All Clear</i>, indicating the danger had passed. </p><p>In 1944, the signal system was updated to four total signals: </p> <ol><li><i>Air Warning</i> – 30 seconds of continuous siren sounding. Used when enemy combatants entered within 150 km of the area</li> <li><i>Red Alert</i>, <i>Air Raid Warning</i> – issued when enemy combatants were estimated to arrive within 15 minutes</li> <li><i>Air Warning Over</i> – issued when enemy combatants were leaving the immediate area and the attack was considered over</li> <li><i>All Clear</i> – issued when the enemy combatants moved back past the 150km range</li></ol> <p>After the conclusion of World War II siren installation continued throughout the country. Previously unfurnished towns were equipped with the same type of sirens that were installed during the war, as those models were still kept in production. In the 1960s, after allying with the Soviet Union, Hungary planned to replace the aging siren systems installed during the war with sirens that were produced in other communist countries like Czechoslovakia and East Germany. In the early 1970s, a massive siren replacement program began. Nearly all sirens were replaced with the DDR DS977 and MEZ models. Some of the siren models that were used during the war were still in production, so some areas did receive "WW2-Type" sirens. </p><p>The sirens installed during the 70s were and remain as property of the National Civil Defense. These more modern installations weren't controlled via telephone lines, but by sound-activated receivers. Each installation had a remote control unit at the local police station, fire station or Civil Defense Office that would transmit the specific frequencies that would activate the sirens in the surrounding areas. Testing and maintaining this system was problematic, as the remote control unit was not allowed to be used to run tests and only to be operated in legitimate use cases of war or emergency. Civil Defense workers had to manually go to and test each individual siren in the system that was registered to their station. With only a few Civil Defense stations per county, any given station would be responsible for several cities, towns and villages, making maintenance take significant amounts of time. A rare few of these Cold-War–era siren systems were equipped with phone line control systems, these were mostly located around nuclear shelters. </p><p>In the late 1990s, the remote control system was deemed unstable and unreliable. With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the likelihood of war was low, and the National Warning System was abandoned. </p><p>In the mid 2000s, the MoLaRi System was built around factories that work with hazardous materials, to warn surrounding areas in case of emergency or risk to public health or safety. These systems continue to be installed near facilities that work with hazardous materials. </p><p>In 2011, a National Civil Defense Drill was held to see how many of the sirens abandoned for decades still functioned. Many of them did not work, and while some counties decided to repair the sirens and start doing yearly growl tests again, others decided to leave the abandoned systems as they were. A few cities and counties kept their sirens active and in good condition, and still perform repairs, maintenance, and yearly tests, like Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Heves county, Hajdú-Bihar county, and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. </p><p>In 2014 regular testing of the MoLaRi sirens near hazardous materials facilities began, testing is performed on the first Monday of each month at 11:00, this is most easily heard in and around Budapest, where a large number of these facilities are located </p><p>The remaining siren systems that were found to be non-functional have been dismantled or left in place. Emergency Plan documents for some towns still state that citizens will be warned with the use of sirens, despite these systems being defunct. </p><p>The government has attempted to destroy all old siren systems that were dismantled, out of fear that intact systems could be activated and cause panic. The Civil Defense Office currently relies on radio, TV, and phone alerts to warn the population in case of emergency, and in some emergency plans, church bells are included as a potential warning system. </p><p>There are four current siren signals, used by the MoLaRi system, HÖRMANN sirens, and on the old siren systems where they are still maintained: </p> <ol><li><i>Air-Raid Alert</i> – a 30-second continuous sounding with pitch alternating between 280<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz and 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz, repeated three times, with 30-second pauses between soundings</li> <li><i>Emergency Alarm</i> – a 120-second continuous sounding with pitch alternating between 133<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz and 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz</li> <li><i>All Clear</i> a 30-second continuous sounding with a constant pitch of 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz, repeated twice, with 30-second pauses between the signals</li> <li><i>Test Alarm</i> – a six-second sounding ramping up to 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz over the duration</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian War Ministry began installing air raid sirens and issuing air defence regulations in 1938. Production was entrusted to La Sonora, founded in 1911 and still active today.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, every town had a siren, and several were present in each large city. Even after the danger of bombings had ended, they were kept to provide warning in case of any threat (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Acqua_alta" title="Acqua alta">high water</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>). </p><p>As of 2015, some of them still survive. For instance, as many as 34 have been located in Rome using <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a>. Up until the 1980s, they underwent routine maintenance and sounded at noon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Protezione Civile</a> (Civil Protection) operates sirens to warn the public in case of a threat to the citizen population. Protezione Civile also provides transport needs and military defence for the Government of Italy. These defence systems were put in place in the 1990s and are occasionally still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urbania,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbania, Italy">Urbania, Italy</a> has a British Secomak GP3 air raid siren which is annually activated in honor of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_in_Urbania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombing in Urbania (page does not exist)">Bombing in Urbania</a>, which took place during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferrara,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrara, Italy">Ferrara, Italy</a> has a system of Whelen (remodeled HSS-TWS series) sirens that warn of industrial risks in the area. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuania operates sirens from the Cold War mainly in suburban areas of big cities such as Vilnius, Klaipėda, Kaunas, Šiauliai, Panevėžys and or others. The most common models are Elektror, Siemens and Hörmann, even though Federal Signal is not too rare in these areas. These sirens can be found in fire stations, factories, police stations and city halls. The attack and all clear signal is used for tests even though tests aren't as frequent as in other areas across Northern Europe. They soundnoff in case of fires, chemical issues, floods, incoming enemy attack, etc. Testing date for most areas is most likely yearly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirene_op_paal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sirene_op_paal.jpg/220px-Sirene_op_paal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sirene_op_paal.jpg/330px-Sirene_op_paal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sirene_op_paal.jpg/440px-Sirene_op_paal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Modulator" title="Federal Signal Modulator">Federal Signal Modulator 2008</a>: Netherlands Electronic Air Raid Siren</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpHB_dfQsEY&t=40s">Dutch mobile phone emergency message & air raid alarm test</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Netherlands tests its air-raid sirens once per month, on the first Monday at noon, to keep the public aware of the system. There are about 4,200 sirens placed all across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015 it was announced that, due to high maintenance costs, the sirens will be taken out of service by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has implemented a <a href="/wiki/Cell_Broadcast" title="Cell Broadcast">Cell Broadcast</a> system called <a href="/wiki/NL-Alert" title="NL-Alert">NL-Alert</a>, compliant to the mandatory European regulation <a href="/wiki/EU-Alert" title="EU-Alert">EU-Alert</a>, to replace the sirens by 2021. However, as of early 2022, the sirens will continue to be heard until another decision has been made.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway has about 1,250 operational sirens (mostly <a href="/wiki/Kockums" class="mw-redirect" title="Kockums">Kockums</a> air horn units rather than motorized sirens), primarily located in cities. Three different signals are used: </p> <ul><li>Critical message, listen to radio: three periods of three signals, separated by one minute between the periods. The <i>critical message</i> signal is followed by a radio broadcast. It is used in peacetime to warn the population about major accidents, large fires and gas leaks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Air raid, take cover: an intermittent signal lasting for about a minute.</li> <li>All clear: a continuous signal sounded for about 30 seconds.</li></ul> <p>The sirens are tested twice each year, at noon on the second Wednesday of January and June. As of 2014, only the <i>critical message</i> signal is used during tests. Previously, the signal tested in June would use the <i>air raid</i> and <i>all clear</i> signals. The latter two are no longer used in peacetime. </p><p>There are also sirens in the <a href="/wiki/Storfjorden_(Sunnm%C3%B8re)" title="Storfjorden (Sunnmøre)">Storfjorden</a> area in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a> county to warn about an avalanche from the mountain <a href="/wiki/%C3%85kerneset" class="mw-redirect" title="Åkerneset">Åkerneset</a>. These sirens are not operated by Norwegian Civil Defense department; instead, they are operated by Åksnes/Tafjord Beredskap. These sirens can be found in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Stranda,_M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Stranda, Møre og Romsdal">Stranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geiranger" title="Geiranger">Geiranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellesylt" title="Hellesylt">Hellesylt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linge" title="Linge">Linge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valldal" class="mw-redirect" title="Valldal">Valldal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous civil defense sirens employed throughout Poland. Though the testing schedule is unclear, sirens are commonly sounded on the anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising. As in other parts of the world, many of the country's volunteer fire stations utilize civil defense sirens for fire calls. Many of these stations will use a two siren set-up; one unit being high pitched, the other being low pitched. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-ynhEsnOgk">2 syreny Kaczyckiej OSP !!!</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portugal has hundreds of sirens placed across the country. Urban areas most likely use a few electronic sirens even though the presence of warning sirens is more common in suburban or rural areas, where fire stations use them for fire calls. These kinds of sirens are dual-tone and mechanical and are the most common kind of warning siren in Portugal. Between the 2000s and the early 2010s, a few fire sirens were decommissioned due to maintenance upkeep even though most of them remain active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, civil defense sirens have been used since the early 1930s. Originally, each street had a small siren on top of a high-rise building, which could be powered mechanically. During <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, the sirens had a single continuous tone to warn of an air strike.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, larger sirens were manufactured locally and installed on various public buildings and residences.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sirens were able to transmit a comprehensive variety of tones, each with a different meaning such as a chemical disaster, an earthquake, a flood, or an imminent air or nuclear strike; each of these tones required the population to either move to higher ground or an <a href="/wiki/Atomic,_biological_and_chemical_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic, biological and chemical warfare">ABC</a> shelter. An <i>all clear</i> signal was played after the area had been deemed safe for the general public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, civil defense sirens have been replaced by electronic sirens and the procedure has been simplified. As of 2013, there are four playable tones: a natural disaster warning, an upcoming air/nuclear strike, an imminent air/nuclear strike, and an <i>all clear</i> signal. Taking shelter is no longer a legal requirement, although ABC shelters are still <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_nation#Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defense by nation">operational</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, Romanian authorities started to perform monthly defence siren tests. The first such test took place on 2 August 2017 and is scheduled to be repeated on the first Wednesday of each month, between 10:00 and 11:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am local time. Such tests have been stopped in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a>, the radio network carried information for the population about raids and air alerts. The famous "metronome" went down in the history of the siege of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> as a cultural monument of resistance of the population. </p><p>At that time, there were more than a thousand <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> and four hundred thousand radio streams operating in the city. If there were no broadcast programs, then the metronome was broadcast with a slow rhythm of 50–55 beats per minute. The network was switched on around the clock, which allowed the population and services to be confident in the operation of the network. By order of the MPVO headquarters, the duty officer of the Central station of the radio network interrupted the broadcast of the program, turned on an electric player with a record of the alarm text. This record was supplemented by 400 electric sirens. At the end of the recording, the metronome was switched on with a rapid rhythm of 160–180 beats per minute. When the danger was over, the electric player was switched on again by order of the staff, and the alarm was sounded in the streets and houses, accompanied by the sound of <a href="/wiki/Fanfare" title="Fanfare">fanfares</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> has 1,563 operable civil defence sirens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them are electronic sirens, although there are some mechanical ones. Civil defence sirens are mounted on fire stations, town halls, or other structures. </p><p>Three siren tones are used in the country:<sup id="cite_ref-sos112.si_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos112.si-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Warning (<i>Opozorilo na nevarnost</i>): two-minute–long steady tone. Serves as a warning of the impending danger of a fire, natural or other type of disaster, or high water level.</li> <li>Immediate danger (<i>Neposredna nevarnost</i>): one-minute wailing tone. Used in case of dangers, such as major fires, floods, radiological or chemical danger and air raid.</li> <li>All clear – end of danger (<i>Konec nevarnosti</i>): thirty-second steady tone. It is heard during tests of air raid sirens each month on the first Saturday of each month at noon, and at the end of an emergency for which the immediate danger signal was sounded.</li></ul> <p>Since 1 September 1998, there are two additional siren tones, which are used in certain Slovenian municipalities. The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Hrastnik" title="Hrastnik">Hrastnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trbovlje" title="Trbovlje">Trbovlje</a> use a special signal (called <i>Neposredna nevarnost nesreče s klorom</i>) for the immediate danger in case of an accident involving <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Hazards" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> when there is a danger of chlorine leaks in the environment. The 100-second-long signal consists of a 30-second wailing tone immediately followed by a 40-second steady tone and again of a 30-second wailing tone. The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Muta" title="Municipality of Muta">Muta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vuzenica" title="Vuzenica">Vuzenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podvelka" title="Podvelka">Podvelka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radlje_ob_Dravi_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Radlje ob Dravi Municipality">Radlje ob Dravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bre%C5%BEice" title="Brežice">Brežice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko" title="Krško">Krško</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevnica" title="Sevnica">Sevnica</a> use a 100-second-long wailing signal (named <i>Neposredna nevarnost poplavnega vala</i>) (consisting of four-second bursts separated by four seconds of silence) for the immediate danger of flash floods, used in case of overflow or collapse of a hydroelectric dam.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When emergencies impact multiple regions at the same time, or the whole country, people are advised to listen to the first channel of the public Radio Slovenia, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Val_202" title="Radio Val 202">Val 202</a>, or watch the first or second channel of the public broadcaster RTV Slovenija. Emergencies of smaller extent are announced via regional radio and TV stations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1 January 1998, air-raid sirens were tested each Saturday at noon. The formerly used warning signals were:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>General public mobilisation (<i>Splošna javna mobilizacija</i>): three-minute long ascending and descending tone, consisting of alternating ten-second bursts and five seconds of silence</li> <li>Immediate danger of air raid (<i>Zračna nevarnost</i>): one-minute wailing tone</li> <li>ABC (chemical, biological, nuclear disaster) alarm (<i>Radiacijsko-biološko-kemična nevarnost</i>): 90-second tone, consisting of three twenty-second ascending and descending bursts, separated by fifteen seconds of silence</li> <li>Fire alarm (<i>Požarna nevarnost</i>): 90-second tone, consisting of three 20-second steady bursts, separated by fifteen seconds of silence</li> <li>(Natural) disaster (<i>Nevarnost naravnih nesreč</i>): 60-second signal with alternating 20 seconds of steady tone, 20 seconds of ascending and descending tone and another 20-second wailing tone</li> <li>All clear (<i>Konec nevarnosti</i>): 60-second steady tone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few sirens that were used for civil defence against bombings during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> are preserved. The <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Guernica</a> siren has a highly symbolic value because of the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Bombing of Guernica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_City_History_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona City History Museum">Barcelona City History Museum</a> preserves one related to the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">Bombing of Barcelona</a>, and another siren from <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War in Spain">civil war</a> years is also preserved in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish alarm system uses outdoor sirens in addition to information transmitted through radio and television and sent by text messages and mobile apps.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special radio receivers are handed out to residents living near nuclear power plants. The outdoor system <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten</i></span>, also known as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Hesa Fredrik</i></span> ('Hoarse Fredrik', alluding to the sound of the siren) to the Swedish population, consists of 4,600 sirens. These sirens were first tested in 1931, and were mounted to cars and bikes sent out by the government. The sirens can be found on tall buildings all around Sweden. They are driven by compressed air in giant tanks, but are successively being replaced by modern electronic sirens which use speakers. The emergency services are also able to send out spoken messages through the new sirens. The outdoor signals used are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Readiness alarm (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Beredskapslarm</i></span>): a five-minute pattern of 30-second tones separated by 15-second gaps. Used when an imminent danger of war is present.</li> <li>Air raid alarm (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Flyglarm</i></span>): a one-minute pattern of two-second tones separated by two-second gaps. Sent when the threat of an air attack is imminent.</li> <li>Important public announcement, general alarm (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten</i></span>): a pattern of seven-second-long tones and fourteen-second-long gaps. People should go inside, close windows and doors, close ventilation, and listen to radio channel P4. Information may also be given via television and text-television.</li> <li>All clear (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Faran över</i></span>): a 30-second-long single tone. Used for all above signals when danger is over.</li></ul> <p>The outdoor sirens are tested four times a year on the first non-holiday Monday of March, June, September, and December at 15:00 local time. The test consists of the general alarm for two minutes, followed by a 90-second gap before the <i>all clear</i> is sounded. </p><p>There are usually around 15 to 20 general alarms, occurring locally, per year. The most common cause of general alarms is fire, specially in situations that involve industries, landfills, and other facilities containing dangerous substances which can create hazardous smoke. The 2018 peak in alarms (54 that year) is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/2018_Sweden_wildfires" title="2018 Sweden wildfires">2018 Sweden wildfires</a> which alone caused over 20 general alarms. Other possible attributing factors could be the increased public safety awareness after the <a href="/wiki/2017_Stockholm_truck_attack" title="2017 Stockholm truck attack">2017 Stockholm truck attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Siren%2C_viktigt_meddelande_2017-03-06.ogg\/Siren%2C_viktigt_meddelande_2017-03-06.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Audio sample of signal \"Important public announcement\" recorded in Stockholm, 6 March 2017"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Siren, viktigt meddelande 2017-03-06.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Siren%2C_viktigt_meddelande_2017-03-06.ogg/Siren%2C_viktigt_meddelande_2017-03-06.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Audio sample of signal "Important public announcement" recorded in Stockholm, 6 March 2017</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Siren,_viktigt_meddelande_2017-03-06.ogg" title="File:Siren, viktigt meddelande 2017-03-06.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg/220px-BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg/330px-BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg/440px-BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>There are 8,200 alarm <a href="/wiki/Siren_(noisemaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siren (noisemaker)">sirens</a> for <a href="/wiki/Civil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil protection">civil protection</a> throughout Switzerland. They are tested once a year on the first Wednesday in February.<sup id="cite_ref-Testing_sirens_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testing_sirens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/43\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sound of the general-alarm signal"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Sound of the general-alarm signal</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg" title="File:BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> <br /><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/BABS_-_Wasseralarm.ogg\/BABS_-_Wasseralarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sound of the water-alarm signal"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"BABS - Wasseralarm.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/BABS_-_Wasseralarm.ogg/BABS_-_Wasseralarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Sound of the water-alarm signal</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:BABS_-_Wasseralarm.ogg" title="File:BABS - Wasseralarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Switzerland currently has 8,500 mobile and stationary civil defense sirens, which can alert 99% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also 700 sirens located near dams.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year on the first Wednesday of February, Switzerland's sirens are tested to see if they are functioning properly. During this test, general alert sirens as well as sirens near dams are checked.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is informed of the test in the days leading up to the tests by radio, television, teletext, and newspapers, and the siren tests do not require the population to take any special measures.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tones of the different sirens are provided on the last page of all phone books as well as on the Internet. </p> <ul><li>General alert: a one-minute regularly ascending and descending tone, followed by a two-minute interval of silence before repeating. The 'general alert' siren goes off when there is a possible threat to the population. The population is instructed to inform those around them to proceed inside. Once inside, people are instructed to listen to emergency broadcasts made by the broadcasting networks <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen" title="Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen">SRF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Suisse" title="Radio Télévision Suisse">RTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiotelevisione_svizzera_di_lingua_italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana">RSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiotelevisiun_Svizra_Rumantscha" title="Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha">RSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flood alert: 12 continuous low-pitched tones, each lasting 20 seconds. The flood alert is activated once the general siren is sounding. If heard by the population in danger zones (such as near dams), they must leave the dangerous area immediately or find shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-CHsiren_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ukraine has employed civil defense sirens to warn citizens of danger during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observed use of sirens in Ukraine has been the following: </p> <ul><li>Danger threat: Repeated long bursts</li> <li>All Clear: Final Short burst<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof,_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg/220px-Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg/330px-Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg/440px-Air_raid_siren_from_Hillingdon_House_roof%2C_RAF_Uxbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A Second World War-era Gents air raid siren, originally sited at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge" title="RAF Uxbridge">RAF Uxbridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. Unlike other Gents air raid sirens, this is a 10/12/15 tritone siren which gives off a unique warning tone.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_defense_sire,_alert,_England,_1968.ogg" title="File:Civil defense sire, alert, England, 1968.ogg">Alert</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Civil_defense_sire,_alert,_England,_1968.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Civil_defense_sire%2C_alert%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/5/5a/Civil_defense_sire%2C_alert%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg/Civil_defense_sire%2C_alert%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Air raid siren: Alert, England</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_defense_siren,_all_clear,_England,_1968.ogg" title="File:Civil defense siren, all clear, England, 1968.ogg">All clear</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="Civil_defense_siren,_all_clear,_England,_1968.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Civil_defense_siren%2C_all_clear%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/c/c5/Civil_defense_siren%2C_all_clear%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg/Civil_defense_siren%2C_all_clear%2C_England%2C_1968.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Air raid siren: All clear, England</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>During World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, Britain had two warning tones: </p> <ul><li>Red warning: attack in progress or imminent (attack/wail)</li> <li>All clear: attack over (steady alert)</li></ul> <p>These tones would be initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps" title="Royal Observer Corps">Royal Observer Corps</a> after spotting <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> aircraft coming toward Britain, with the help of coastal radar stations. The <i>red warning</i> would be sounded when the Royal Observer Corps spotted enemy aircraft in the immediate area. The sirens were tested periodically by emitting the tones in reverse order, with the <i>all clear</i> tone followed by the <i>red warning</i> tone. This ensured the public would not confuse a test with a real warning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Every village, town, and city in the United Kingdom used to have a network of dual-tone sirens to warn of incoming air raids during World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II. The operation of the sirens was coordinated by a wire broadcast system via police stations. In towns and cities with a population of over 3,000, powered sirens were used, whereas in rural areas hand-operated sirens were used (which were later put to use as warnings for nuclear attack during the Cold War). At the end of the Cold War in 1992, the siren network was decommissioned, and very few remain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sirens, mostly built by Carter, Gents, Castle Castings, and Secomak (now Klaxon Signal Co.), have 10 and 12 ports to create a <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor third interval</a> (B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> notes) and are probably the world's most recognised World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II air raid siren sound. Recordings of British sirens are often dubbed into movies set in countries which never used this type of siren.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around 1,200 sirens remain, mostly used to warn the public of severe flooding. They are also used for public warning near gas or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power plants">nuclear power plants</a>, nuclear submarine bases, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>. The remaining sirens are a mix of older motor driven models (usually from World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II), such as the Carter siren manufactured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carter%27s_of_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carter's of Nelson (page does not exist)">Carter's of Nelson</a> or the "syren" manufactured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gent%27s_of_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gent's of Leicester (page does not exist)">Gent's of Leicester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> like Castle Castings and Secomak (now Klaxon Signal Co.) and newer electronic sirens like Hormann ECN, Whelen, Federal Signal Modulator, ATI HPSS and COOPER WAVES. Most of them usually tested annually between August and September if they're not in a siren system. They are also used to start and finish silences on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a siren system consisted mainly of Castle Castings and two Secomak GP3s for their flood warning system sector. When MoD was decommissioning these systems across the country, Norfolk kept their sector back for flood warning. With the advent of digital services and mobile technology, many local authorities are now retiring their siren networks in favour of contacting people by telephone. In January 2007, proposals to retire a network of sirens in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> were made by the Norfolk Resilience Forum. In November 2007, residents were angered after the sirens had not sounded following a <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">tidal surge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walcott,_Norfolk" title="Walcott, Norfolk">Walcott</a>. In 2008, a review of the current and future role of flood warning sirens was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council" title="Norfolk County Council">Norfolk County Council</a>, after plans to retire them were halted following concerns from nearby residents.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of the sirens were initially withdrawn, 40 out of the 57 were eventually temporarily reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, in July 2010 the flood warning sirens were finally retired in favour of alerting people by telephone, <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">e-mail</a>. After three years of consultations, the council had failed to demonstrate that refurbishing the sirens would be a worthwhile investment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole siren system was completely gone by late 2013, with only two sirens remaining, which are both inactive with one of them refurbished and put on display on a beach not far from its original location, and another, in Mundesley Fire Station, just standing there, extremely unlikely to ever sound again. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg/200px-Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg/300px-Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg/400px-Flood_warning_siren_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1244728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Flood warning sirens, like this one in <a href="/wiki/Wiggenhall_St_Mary_Magdalen" title="Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen">Magdalen</a> in Norfolk, UK, are common along the <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a>, which is prone to flooding.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lincolnshire, which had one of the largest siren systems in the country consisting of Carters,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had 46 sirens based in <a href="/wiki/North_Somercotes" title="North Somercotes">North Somercotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mablethorpe" title="Mablethorpe">Mablethorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skegness" title="Skegness">Skegness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Lincolnshire" title="Spalding, Lincolnshire">Spalding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Bridge" title="Sutton Bridge">Sutton Bridge</a>, as well as inland at <a href="/wiki/Louth,_Lincolnshire" title="Louth, Lincolnshire">Louth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horncastle,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Horncastle, Lincolnshire">Horncastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rasen" title="Middle Rasen">Middle Rasen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough,_Lincolnshire" title="Gainsborough, Lincolnshire">Gainsborough</a>, the areas most at risk of being hit by floods.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods" title="2007 United Kingdom floods">serious flooding in the summer of 2007</a>, investigations took place into how the flood warning system could be improved. The <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a> admitted that the warning system in Louth had not sounded early enough.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_County_Council" title="Lincolnshire County Council">Lincolnshire County Council</a> began to investigate the possibility of replacing the flood warning sirens with mobile phone alerts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A council report in November 2009 described the sirens as being "outdated, in the wrong places and difficult to repair".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sirens were eventually decommissioned in November 2011 and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Floodline" title="Floodline">Floodline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2010, 13 public warning sirens on the island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> that had first been installed in 1937 were due to be retired and replaced by text messages. This followed claims by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Department</a> that the sirens had "reached the end of their useful working life". The sirens had previously been used to warn of major incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1950 to 2010, the Civil Defence Committee took responsibility for the sirens, and had tested them annually since 9 May 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the public had criticised the decision,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Deputy Janine Le Sauvage claimed that sirens were the only way everyone knew there was an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2010, 40 islanders formed a protest march opposing the proposal to retire the sirens.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaigners accused the government of not listening to them, as an online petition calling for the sirens to be saved was signed by more than 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, it was decided to dismantle the public warning system.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emergency planners had proposed to use a new warning system that would contact residents by telephone; however, this was abandoned due to technical limitations and local media and other communication methods are used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two remain in Guernsey, one in Victoria Tower, which sounded off once at around 2017, and another, active for a quarry. </p><p>Following severe flooding in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Calder_Valley" title="Upper Calder Valley">Upper Calder Valley</a> in June 2000, the Environment Agency replaced its network of sirens, with eight being placed around <a href="/wiki/Walsden" title="Walsden">Walsden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebden_Bridge" title="Hebden Bridge">Hebden Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mytholmroyd" title="Mytholmroyd">Mytholmroyd</a>. The network was designed to complement the agency's Floodline service.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sirens became what is now known as the Todmorden Flood Warning System. There are nine sirens that are part of the system, five of them being Secomak, three of them being Klaxon and one of them being Carter (which was recently confirmed to be inactive according to the local environment agency). </p><p>In November 2010, 36 flood warning sirens in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, including nine on <a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey</a>, were retired following concerns from the county council that the system was "no longer fit for purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sirens were due to become obsolete in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only five sirens from the entire system remain, two of them in Canvey Island. </p><p>In September 2012, new flood warning sirens were installed in the Dunhills Estate in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, as part of flood defence work at <a href="/wiki/Wykebeck" title="Wykebeck">Wyke Beck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2014, flood sirens sounded for the first time in 30 years on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Isle of Portland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital" title="Broadmoor Hospital">Broadmoor Hospital</a> used <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Sirens" title="Broadmoor Sirens">13 sirens</a> installed in 1952, which were tested weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were consisted of Secomak CS8s, which were similar to a Secomak GP8 except the CS8 had coded shutters which could do an alternating hi-lo signal, and if designed to do so, could also do a pulse signal. For emergencies, they sounded the hi-lo and for all clear, they sounded a steady tone. In tests, they would sound the all-clear. In July 2014, plans were put forward to retire seven of the thirteen alarms, which had last been properly activated in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alarms are located in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire">Sandhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wokingham" title="Wokingham">Wokingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagshot" title="Bagshot">Bagshot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, the West London Mental Health Trust, who manages the hospital, proposed decommissioning the sirens altogether and replacing them with social media alerts through websites such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, this entire system was decommissioned, in favour of a new Electronic siren located at the hospital. This siren is tested silently, however on occasion (with prior notice from the hospital) it is audibly tested, but not at full volume. </p><p>A similar siren system in Carstairs, Scotland, called the Carstairs Hospital Siren System, uses nine sirens, seven of them being Secomak CS8, one being a Klaxon GP8 and one being Secomak GP12. The hi-lo signal is rarely used since during emergencies they sound a continuous tone for eight minutes, and in <i>all clear</i> they sound a long wail, consisting of thirty seconds of startup and alert and a thirty-second wind-down, three times. The test schedule is the third Thursday of every month at 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>PM with the <i>all clear</i>. </p><p>There are several sirens in use around <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> to warn of chemical incidents from industry in the area. These are known as the <a href="/wiki/Severnside_Sirens" title="Severnside Sirens">Severnside Sirens</a>. These sirens consist of Federal Signal Modulators and two DSAs, which were installed in 1997 for the public. The system is tested every third day of every month at 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>PM. This consists of rising tones and a steady pulsing tone, followed by a steady tone for all clear. In emergencies, they will run for as long as the batteries can allow since they are off-grid powered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, a nationwide network of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Line_Materials" title="Canadian Line Materials">Canadian Line Materials</a> sirens was established in the 1950s to warn urban populations of a possible <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was tested nationwide twice in 1961, under the codenames <i><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tocsin" title="Exercise Tocsin">Exercise Tocsin</a></i> and <i>Tocsin B</i>. The system was maintained until the 1970s, when advancements in military technology reduced the Soviet nuclear missile strike time from 3–5 hours to less than 15 minutes. Sirens can still be found in many Canadian cities, all in various states of repair. In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, for instance, the network has been abandoned to the point where no level of government will take responsibility for its ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A handful of sirens still remain in Toronto in older established neighbourhoods: </p> <ul><li>Dundas Street West and Shaw Street</li> <li>York Quay, Harbourfront</li></ul> <p>Sirens have recently been built within three kilometers (two miles) of the <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Darlington Nuclear Generating Station">Darlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickering_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Pickering Nuclear Generating Station">Pickering</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power plants</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. (Both plants are within 30 kilometers; 20 miles of each other.) These sirens will sound in the event of a nuclear emergency that could result in a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">release of radioactivity</a>. Sirens have also been placed (and are tested weekly) in <a href="/wiki/Sarnia,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarnia, Ontario">Sarnia, Ontario</a> due to the large number of chemical plants in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/ATI_HPSS" title="ATI HPSS">ATI HPSS32</a> sirens, as well as a Federal Signal Modulator in the rail yards and three Thunderbolt 1003s located at the <a href="/wiki/Suncor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncor">Suncor</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirens have also been installed in and around the Grey Bruce Nuclear Generating Station. The sirens are on the plant and in the surrounding communities such as <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Ontario" title="Tiverton, Ontario">Tiverton, Ontario</a>. One notable siren is a Federal Signal Modulator at the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce Nuclear</a> Visitor's Centre. The Public Siren network as it is called, consists of mostly Whelens, Modulators, and Model 2s. One of the sirens in this network (a Model 2) is at Tiverton, which is about 10 km (6 miles) from the plant. </p><p>Many warning sirens in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> are now used as <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a> instruments. <a href="/wiki/Smithers,_British_Columbia" title="Smithers, British Columbia">Smithers, British Columbia</a> uses an old air raid siren as a noon-day whistle. <a href="/wiki/New_Waterford,_Nova_Scotia" title="New Waterford, Nova Scotia">New Waterford, Nova Scotia</a> uses a siren to signal the daily curfew. One of the warning sirens was even used as a <a href="/wiki/Goal_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal horn">goal horn</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques" title="Quebec Nordiques">Quebec Nordiques</a> between the mid-1980s and 1991. <a href="/wiki/Caledonia,_Ontario" title="Caledonia, Ontario">Caledonia, Ontario</a> routinely uses an air raid siren to call in their local volunteer firefighters to the fire hall. <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radios</a> in Canada are often used for advance warnings about future severe storms whenever people are at home, at a business or in a car. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG/170px-Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG/255px-Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG/340px-Civil_Defense_Siren.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Federal Signal Model SD-10</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEDERAL500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FEDERAL500.jpg/220px-FEDERAL500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FEDERAL500.jpg/330px-FEDERAL500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FEDERAL500.jpg/440px-FEDERAL500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Federal Signal Model 500AT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornado_siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tornado_siren.jpg/170px-Tornado_siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tornado_siren.jpg/255px-Tornado_siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tornado_siren.jpg/340px-Tornado_siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="2745" /></a><figcaption>Federal Signal Model 2001</figcaption></figure><p>In the United States, several sets of warning tones have been used that have varied due to age, government structure, and manufacturer. The initial alerts used during World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II were the alert signal (a 3–5-minute steady, continuous siren tone) and the attack signal (a 3–5-minute warbling tone, or series of short tone bursts on devices incapable of warbling, such as whistles). The Victory Siren manual stated that when a manual generation of the warbling tone was required, it could be achieved by holding the <i>Signal</i> switch on for eight seconds and off for four seconds. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Federal Civil Defense Administration</a> revised the signals, naming the alert signal <i>red alert</i> and adding an <i>all clear</i> signal, characterized by three one-minute steady blasts with two minutes of silence between the blasts.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1952, the Bell and Lights Air Raid Warning System,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, was made available to provide automated transmission of an expanded set of alert signals: </p> <ul><li>Red alert: Attack imminent</li> <li>Yellow alert: Attack likely</li> <li>White alert: All clear</li> <li>Blue alert: High–low (Different warning, such as a local warning)</li></ul> <p>The <i>yellow alert</i> and <i>red alert</i> signals correspond to the earlier <i>alert</i> signal and <i>attack</i> signal, respectively, and the early Federal Signal AR timer siren control units featured the <i>take cover</i> button labeled with a red background and the <i>alert</i> button labeled with a yellow background. Later AF timers changed the color-coding, coloring the <i>alert</i> button blue, the <i>take cover</i> button yellow, and the <i>fire</i> button red (used to call out volunteer firefighters), thus confusing the color-coding of the alerts. In 1955, the Federal Civil Defense Administration again revised the warning signals, altering them to deal with concern over <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>. The new set of signals were the <i>alert</i> signal (unchanged) and the <i>take cover</i> signal (previously the <i>attack</i> signal). The <i>all clear</i> signal was removed because leaving a shelter while fallout was present would prove hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sirens began to replace bells for municipal warning in the early 1900s, but became commonplace following America's entry into World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II. Most siren models of this time were single-tone models which often sounded almost an octave higher in pitch than their European counterparts. Dual-tone sirens became more common in the 1950s, but had been used in some areas since about 1915. During the Cold War, standard signals were used throughout the country for civil defense purposes, referred to as <i>alert</i> and <i>attack</i>. Volunteer fire departments generally used a different siren signal. Many towns, especially in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, used coded air horns or <a href="/wiki/Diaphone" title="Diaphone">diaphones</a> for fire calls and reserved sirens for civil defense use. </p><p>Today, signals are determined by state and local authorities, and can vary from one region to another. The most common tones produced by sirens in the United States are <i>alert</i> (steady) and <i>attack</i> (wail). Other tones include <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Quarters" title="Westminster Quarters">Westminster Chimes</a> (commonly used for the testing of electronic sirens), hi-lo (high-low), whoop, pulse (pulsing), air horn, and fast wail. </p><p>The U.S. federal standard regarding emergency warning signals is defined in <a href="/wiki/FEMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMA">FEMA's</a> Outdoor Warning Systems Guide, CPG 1–17,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published on March 1, 1980, which describes the Civil Defense Warning System (CDWS) and its warning signals. The language was slightly revised by FEMA's National Warning System Operations Manual, Manual 1550.2<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published 03-30-2001: </p> <ul><li>Attack warning: a three-to-five-minute wavering tone on sirens or a series of short blasts on horns or other devices. The <i>attack warning</i> signal means an actual attack or accidental missile launch was detected, and people should take protective action immediately. The signal will be repeated as often as deemed necessary by local government authorities to get the required response from the population, including taking protective action from the arrival of fallout. This signal will have no other meaning and will be used for no other purpose. (However, sometimes the <i>attack</i> signals are used for tornado warnings.)</li> <li>Attention or alert warning: a three-to-five-minute steady signal from sirens, horns, or other devices. Local government officials may authorize use of this signal to alert the public of peacetime emergencies, normally tornadoes, flash floods, and tsunamis. With the exception of any other meaning or requirement for action as determined by local governments, the <i>attention</i> or <i>alert</i> signal will indicate that all persons in the United States should "turn on [their] radio or television and listen for essential emergency information".</li> <li>A third distinctive signal may be used for other purposes, such as a local fire signal.</li> <li>All clear: no all clear signal is defined by either document.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrKditDBaAA&ab_channel=Naturity">Chicago Tornado Siren Test</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common tone, <i>alert</i>, is widely used by municipalities to warn citizens of impending severe weather, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> which have earmarked the sirens as <i>tornado sirens</i>. This practice is nearly universal in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, where intense and fast-moving thunderstorms that can produce tornadoes occur frequently. The <i>alert</i> sound is a steady, continuous note. In seaside towns, <i>alert</i> may also be used to warn of a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>. Sirens that rotate will have a rising-and-falling tone as the direction of the horn changes. The <i>attack</i> tone is the rising and falling sound of an air raid or nuclear attack, frequently heard in war movies. It was once reserved for imminent enemy attack, but is today sometimes used to warn of severe weather, tsunamis, or even fire calls, depending on local ordinance. Criteria to sound sirens during severe weather events is established by regional <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> offices and do not have an <i>all clear</i> signal.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no standard <i>fire</i> signal in the United States, and while the use of sirens by volunteer fire departments is still common, it is diminishing. In the dry areas of the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>, residents may be required to shut off outdoor water systems to ensure adequate pressure at fire hydrants upon hearing the signal. The <i>fire</i> signal can vary from one community to another. Three long blasts on a siren is one common signal, similar to the signal used by volunteer brigades in Germany and other countries, while other locales use the hi-lo (high-low) signal described above. Some communities, particularly in New England and northern California, make use of coded blasts over a <a href="/wiki/Diaphone" title="Diaphone">diaphone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_horn" title="Air horn">air horn</a> for fire signals, reserving the use of sirens for more serious situations. Still others use the <i>attack</i> tone as their fire call. Some communities make use of an <i>all clear</i> signal, or sound separate signals for fire calls and ambulance runs. Some fire signals in the U.S. are often blasted at least once a day, mostly at noon, to test the system, and are often referred to as <i>noon sirens</i> or <i>noon whistles</i>. These also function as a time tick for setting clocks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CPG 1-17 recommends that a monthly test be conducted, consisting of the steady <i>attention</i> signal for no more than one minute, one minute of silence, and the <i>attack</i> signal for no more than one minute. A <i>growl test</i> signal is also described by CPG 1–17, when a siren must be tested more than once a month. This is typically a one-second burst of sound to verify the proper operation of the siren without causing a significant number of people to interpret the test as an actual alert. Many cities in the U.S. periodically sound their sirens as a test, either weekly, monthly, or yearly, at a day and hour set by each individual city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, there is no national level alert system. Normally, sirens are controlled on a county or local level, but some are controlled on a state level, such as in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Sirens are usually used to warn of impending natural disaster; while they are also used to warn of threats of military attacks, these rarely occur in the United States. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, Midwest, and South, they are typically used to warn the public to take cover when a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a> is issued, sometimes even for <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_warning" title="Severe thunderstorm warning">severe thunderstorm warnings</a>, and very rarely used for anything else. They are generally required in areas within a ten-mile radius of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">South</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>), sirens are used to inform people about approaching <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a> there is a system of sirens set up along the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup,_Washington" title="Puyallup, Washington">Puyallup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_River" title="Carbon River">Carbon River</a> valleys to warn residents of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahars">lahars</a> (giant mudslides) from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mt. Rainier</a>. </p><p>Coastal communities, especially those in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, use siren systems to warn of incoming <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. In 2011, the city of <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> created an <i>Adopt-a-Siren</i> website for its tsunami sirens. The site is modeled after <a href="/wiki/Code_for_America" title="Code for America">Code for America</a>'s <i>Adopt-a-Hydrant</i>, which helps volunteers in Boston sign up to shovel out <a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire hydrants">fire hydrants</a> after storms.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some U.S. volunteer fire departments, particularly in rural areas, use sirens to call volunteers to assemble at the firehouse. This method is being used less frequently as technology advances and local residents within earshot often file complaints with their town boards.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas utilize their sirens as a last resort, relying more on cellular and <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">paging</a> technology; however, a decreasing number of rural departments are still outside the range of wireless communications and rely on sirens to activate the local volunteer departments. </p><p>Many college campuses in the U.S., especially in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a>, have begun installing sirens to warn students in the event of dangerous incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirens in the United States have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radios</a> for advance warnings about future severe storms whenever people are inside cars or buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Argentina</b> </p><p>Around mainly suburban areas of big cities like Bahia Blanca, Mar De Plata, Rosario, Cordoba and Comodoro Rivadavia, in police stations, fire stations, factories, weather stations, city halls and amongst common public neighbourhoods, warning sirens can be found. Most of the common models are a special model which isn't completely identified yet as of now, which however, looks like a vertical Klaxon GP6/10, a Mechtric MS22 or a vertically installed mechanical or electro-mechanical eight-, nine-, eleven-, or twelve-port single-tone siren, most of which have six rectangular horns and are most often identified as a Kingvox. They sound off for terrorism attacks, bushfires, dam leakages, chemical plant issues, life-threatening/extremely severe weather alerts which are certain to happen, incoming enemy attack and any other common natural disasters. Other models present in the country's warning system include Federal Signal, Elektror/Siemens, Whelen, Telegrafia, Klaxon and Hörmann. In extremely urban areas like Buenos Aires, most of the mechanical sirens which used to operate in a large amount were decommissioned and replaced with a smaller amount of electronic sirens, SMS alerts to phones and in some cases, as EAS alerts to TV. In some areas around the suburban areas of the big cities, over the years and since the 2010s, some sirens were decommissioned due to maintenance upkeep even though most of them remain active. </p><p>Two signals are commonly used. Here are the signals: </p> <ul><li>General warning: Thirteen-second wind-up and alert with a six-second wind-down, which repeats three times. This signal is used if a public emergency is imminent.</li> <li>All clear: A 100-second alert to be used after a public emergency has been dealt with.</li></ul> <p>The <i>all clear</i> signal is mainly used during the nationwide siren testing in Argentine Volunteer Firefighters' Day on 2 June, and sometimes, in some sirens, the general warning is tested after the all-clear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grifco_663_Siren.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grifco_663_Siren.png/220px-Grifco_663_Siren.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grifco_663_Siren.png/330px-Grifco_663_Siren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Grifco_663_Siren.png/440px-Grifco_663_Siren.png 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A Grifco 777 Siren at Empire Bay Rural Fire Station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grifco_888_Siren.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grifco_888_Siren.png/220px-Grifco_888_Siren.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grifco_888_Siren.png/330px-Grifco_888_Siren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grifco_888_Siren.png/440px-Grifco_888_Siren.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A Grifco 888 Siren at Penrith Fire Station, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales, Australia">New South Wales, Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A series of 98 electronic sirens, making up a large-scale public-address system (the Sydney CBD Emergency Warning System) and including thirteen <a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">variable-message signs</a>, are installed in the Sydney <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a>. While installed in the months preceding the <a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007 APEC conference</a>, they are designed to be a permanent fixture and are tested on a monthly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some large-scale sirens are also deployed, like the Grifco Model 888, Grifco Model 777, and Klaxon SO4, which are used at fire stations for call-outs and at Sydney's beaches for shark alarms. Alarms are also used around prisons for breakouts and at many factories and schools to announce start and finish times. </p><p>A siren is located at the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Kwinana" title="City of Kwinana">Kwinana</a> BP plant south of Perth; this syren is tested every Monday. It is used to evacuate the plant in case of an emergency and can be heard in Kwinana and certain parts of <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia" title="Rockingham, Western Australia">Rockingham</a>. It can also be used to warn of severe weather and potentially dangerous emergencies on the Kwinana Industrial Strip. </p><p>In South Australia, a number of <a href="/wiki/Country_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Fire Service">Country Fire Service</a> stations have sirens on or near the stations. These are only activated when the brigade are responding to <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfire</a> or grassfire events and for testing. They are not activated for every call, only as a public alert for the presence of bushfires. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This electronic siren is to warn the communities of bushfire and fire callout. They are being set up at the mountains of Queensland, Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp/220px-A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp/330px-A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp/440px-A_electronic_siren_in_Mount_Glorious..webp.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>This electronic siren is to warn the communities of bushfire and fire callout. They are being set up at the mountains of Queensland, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are electronic sirens that include Whelen, Telegrafia, SiRcom, Klaxon and Grifco. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority" title="Country Fire Authority">Country Fire Authority</a> stations have sirens installed that are used to summon volunteers to an emergency callout, as well as consequently alerting the local community of brigade activity. Due to a variety of siren models in use across the state, there are two signals that are used, differentiated by length:<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Emergency callout: Siren sounds for no longer than 90 seconds.</li> <li>Community alert: Siren sounds for no less than five minutes.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">CBD</a>, there is a set of sirens installed to warn of attack and extreme flooding. These became necessary after the <a href="/wiki/January_2017_Melbourne_car_attack" title="January 2017 Melbourne car attack">Bourke and Flinders St. attacks</a>, where people were killed as a result of a person intentionally driving a vehicle into pedestrians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious,_QLD,_Australia..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bushfire warning sirens in Mount glorious, Queensland, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg/220px-Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg/330px-Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg/440px-Bushfire_warning_sirens_in_Mount_Glorious%2C_QLD%2C_Australia..jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Bushfire warning sirens in Mount glorious, Queensland, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Whelen Vortex-R4 sirens have been installed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Regional Council">Somerset Regional Council</a> Flood Warning System. At nearby <a href="/wiki/Grantham,_Queensland" title="Grantham, Queensland">Grantham, Queensland</a>, a Whelen WPS-2906, which features both warning tones and pre-recorded messages provides early warning in the event of flooding. As well, Cairns Regional Council have installed nine Whelen WPS-2900 series sirens to alert to a dam breach of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Copperlode_Falls_Dam" title="Copperlode Falls Dam">Copperlode Falls Dam</a>. A map of the system can be found here,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as additional information. Other Whelen WPS-2900 series sirens can be found in a few towns around Queensland as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lower_Hutt" title="Lower Hutt">Lower Hutt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the former <a href="/wiki/Waitakere_City" title="Waitakere City">Waitakere City area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each have a network of civil defense sirens. The networks in Lower Hutt and Napier are bolstered by fire sirens that also function as civil defense sirens. Lower Hutt's network is further bolstered by selected industrial sirens that double as civil defence sirens. In the western <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty Region</a>, several fire sirens also serve as civil defense sirens, and there are dedicated civil defense sirens at the Bay Park Raceway in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Maunganui" title="Mount Maunganui">Mount Maunganui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokoroa" title="Tokoroa">Tokoroa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whangamat%C4%81" title="Whangamatā">Whangamatā</a> (which has two). Additionally, Tokoroa, <a href="/wiki/Put%C4%81ruru" title="Putāruru">Putāruru</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABrau" title="Tīrau">Tīrau</a>, and Whangamatā have fire sirens serving double duty as civil defense sirens.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the tsunamis of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004</a>, Meerkat electronic sirens were installed in all populated areas of the west coast lower than 10 metres. </p><p>Warning sounds vary from area to area, including rising and falling notes and <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> sirens. Communities with volunteer fire brigades use a continuous note on all sirens for civil defense, and a warbling siren on the fire station siren only for fire callouts. Civil defense uses a distinctive "sting" siren that is used by all radio stations nationwide, but is currently only used for civil defense sirens in Wanganui. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morocco, like many other countries, has civil defense sirens installed in several cities and towns such as Casablanca, Oujda, Asilah, M'diq, Chefchaouen, and Qalaat Sraghna. However, not all cities are equipped with this system. These sirens are typically located at fire stations and city halls. They were first introduced during the French and Spanish colonial era, and while some have been dismantled, many continue to operate to this day. These sirens are strategically positioned in areas with high population densities like Casablanca, or in regions that are susceptible to natural disasters like floods, such as the Eureka siren. Additionally, they can also be found in tourist areas such as M'Diq and Chefchaouen, as well as in areas where dangerous industries are located. Although these sirens are seldom used due to the rarity of imminent danger, they were recently utilized during the quarantine period of the pandemic. Sirens sounded in various cities, including Oujda, to alert the population of the nightly curfew. During the holy month of Ramadan, these sirens are employed to signal the arrival of the Fotour time. In the past, these sirens were used in small towns to call for volunteer paramedics in emergencies such as fires or drowning incidents. However, in cities without sirens, the state utilizes alternative means to alert the public, such as broadcasting warning messages on television or radio, or sending SMS messages to citizens' phone numbers. In dangerous situations, police patrol car horns are also used to warn the public. Surprisingly, the state does not allocate any specific days to test the sirens, and the reasons behind this remain unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_defense_sirens" title="List of civil defense sirens">List of civil defense sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">Fire alarm system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Acoustic_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Acoustic Device">Long Range Acoustic Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_woofer" title="Rotary woofer">Rotary woofer</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Testing_sirens-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Testing_sirens_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Testing_sirens_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/en/home/themen/alarmierung/sirenentest.html">Testing sirens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022032410/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/en/home/themen/alarmierung/sirenentest.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (page visited on 7 September 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/common-alerting-protocol">"Common Alerting Protocol | FEMA.gov"</a>. <i>fema.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fema.gov&rft.atitle=Common+Alerting+Protocol+%7C+FEMA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fcommon-alerting-protocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/DTMF">"What is DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency) and how does it work?"</a>. <i>SearchNetworking</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SearchNetworking&rft.atitle=What+is+DTMF+%28dual+tone+multi-frequency%29+and+how+does+it+work%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtarget.com%2Fsearchnetworking%2Fdefinition%2FDTMF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFזיתון2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">זיתון, יואב (20 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4192091,00.html">"שקל אחד, וכל הצופרים הישנים יורדים מהגגות"</a>. <i>Ynet</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%2C+%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%92%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft.aulast=%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4192091%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.airraidsirens.net/2T22_and_3T22">"2T22 and 3T22"</a>. <i>Air Raid Sirens Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Raid+Sirens+Wiki&rft.atitle=2T22+and+3T22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.airraidsirens.net%2F2T22_and_3T22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.thesirenboard.com/RSH-10">"RSH-10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RSH-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.thesirenboard.com%2FRSH-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwE0w7jQkPE"><i>Sutorbilt 4M Blower Test</i></a>. 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutorbilt+4M+Blower+Test&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzwE0w7jQkPE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D04jpC2hr8Q"><i>Testing a Thunderbolt siren C-series blower</i></a>. 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testing+a+Thunderbolt+siren+C-series+blower&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DD04jpC2hr8Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnDOO9UyDwE"><i>My Thunderbolt 1000BT Blower Test</i></a>. 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Thunderbolt+1000BT+Blower+Test&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKnDOO9UyDwE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbkVQgk1ro4"><i>Series A1 (6M) Thunderbolt blower run</i></a>. 25 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Series+A1+%286M%29+Thunderbolt+blower+run&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIbkVQgk1ro4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.airraidsirens.net/Thunderbolt_Siren_Series">"Thunderbolt Siren Series"</a>. <i>Air Raid Sirens Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Raid+Sirens+Wiki&rft.atitle=Thunderbolt+Siren+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.airraidsirens.net%2FThunderbolt_Siren_Series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.airraidsirens.net/Model_120">"Model 120"</a>. <i>Air Raid Sirens Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Raid+Sirens+Wiki&rft.atitle=Model+120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.airraidsirens.net%2FModel_120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVFQ04kBDRU"><i>Classic Siren Recordings – HLS 273 on the ground</i></a>. 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Siren+Recordings+%E2%80%93+HLS+273+on+the+ground&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoVFQ04kBDRU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DETlhT22-UA"><i>Carnation, WA Analog Whelen WPS-2808 Short wail and voice x2, Dam Failure Siren Test</i></a>. 7 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnation%2C+WA+Analog+Whelen+WPS-2808+Short+wail+and+voice+x2%2C+Dam+Failure+Siren+Test&rft.date=2021-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDETlhT22-UA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gJ9DOzYnqE"><i>This is a tornado warning</i></a>. 3 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+a+tornado+warning&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6gJ9DOzYnqE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ea_29SOIkfc"><i>Modulator 6024B Waialae Beach Park 8-9-2019</i></a>. 27 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Ea_29SOIkfc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modulator+6024B+Waialae+Beach+Park+8-9-2019&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEa_29SOIkfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhLjL39e_Ag"><i>Whelen Vortex Slab Rotator Test After Reassembly</i></a>. 22 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whelen+Vortex+Slab+Rotator+Test+After+Reassembly&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKhLjL39e_Ag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedsig.com/product/dsa-high-powered-directional-speaker">"DSA High-Powered Directional Speaker | Federal Signal"</a>. <i>fedsig.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fedsig.com&rft.atitle=DSA+High-Powered+Directional+Speaker+%7C+Federal+Signal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedsig.com%2Fproduct%2Fdsa-high-powered-directional-speaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.998.gov.sa/English/CivilProtection/Pages/whistle_alarm.aspx">"Whistle Alarm"</a>. <i>Civil Protection</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Protection&rft.atitle=Whistle+Alarm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.998.gov.sa%2FEnglish%2FCivilProtection%2FPages%2Fwhistle_alarm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncema.gov.ae/en/initiatives/early-warning-system.aspx#page=1">"National early warning system"</a>. National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority (NCEMA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+early+warning+system&rft.pub=National+Emergency+Crisis+and+Disaster+Management+Authority+%28NCEMA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncema.gov.ae%2Fen%2Finitiatives%2Fearly-warning-system.aspx%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.henandaily.cn/content/szheng/rdyw/2016/0918/16324.html">"今天是"9·18"纪念日教你分辨三种防空警报河南日报网 – 河南日报官方网站"</a>. <i>henandaily.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=henandaily.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%98%AF%229%C2%B718%22%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5+%E6%95%99%E4%BD%A0%E5%88%86%E8%BE%A8%E4%B8%89%E7%A7%8D%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5+%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E7%BD%91+%E2%80%93+%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.henandaily.cn%2Fcontent%2Fszheng%2Frdyw%2F2016%2F0918%2F16324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-silent-sirens-may-shriek-again-under-revival-plan-2588235">"Silent sirens may shriek again under revival plan"</a>. <i>DNA India</i>. 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Silent+sirens+may+shriek+again+under+revival+plan&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-silent-sirens-may-shriek-again-under-revival-plan-2588235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/disaster-technology-japan">"J-Alert: disaster warning technology in Japan"</a>. <i>Centre For Public Impact (CPI)</i>. 30 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+For+Public+Impact+%28CPI%29&rft.atitle=J-Alert%3A+disaster+warning+technology+in+Japan&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreforpublicimpact.org%2Fcase-study%2Fdisaster-technology-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKXawUXU8q4"><i>Sirens Sound As North Korean Missile Flies Over Japan</i></a>. 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirens+Sound+As+North+Korean+Missile+Flies+Over+Japan&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBKXawUXU8q4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3X04ZWC2Ck"><i>Japan's 5pm Chime | Tokyo Bosai Musen</i></a>. 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+5pm+Chime+%7C+Tokyo+Bosai+Musen&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY3X04ZWC2Ck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dq32VQZwRx0"><i>時を告げるヤマハのサイレン消えゆく「平和の象徴」全国で現役5台</i></a> (in Japanese). 23 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%99%82%E3%82%92%E5%91%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E6%B6%88%E3%81%88%E3%82%86%E3%81%8F+%E3%80%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E3%81%AE%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B4%E3%80%8D+%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%A7%E7%8F%BE%E5%BD%B95%E5%8F%B0&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ddq32VQZwRx0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3r5UVtZ5ze0"><i>岸和田市役所ミュージックサイレン「荒城の月」</i></a> (in Japanese). 2 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%B8%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E5%BD%B9%E6%89%80%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8C%E8%8D%92%E5%9F%8E%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%88%E3%80%8D&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3r5UVtZ5ze0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2010" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Mark (15 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/world/asia/16korea.html">"NY Times: Amid Tension, South Korea Holds Nationwide Air-Raid Drill"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331044258/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/world/asia/16korea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NY+Times%3A+Amid+Tension%2C+South+Korea+Holds+Nationwide+Air-Raid+Drill&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F16korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ff-mistlberg.at/sirenensignale/">"Sirenensignale | FF Mistlberg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122050648/http://ff-mistlberg.at/sirenensignale/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirenensignale+%26%23124%3B+FF+Mistlberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fff-mistlberg.at%2Fsirenensignale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006043852/http://www.brussel.be/artdet.cfm/6459">"Sirenetest in Brussel op 3 April 2014 – Stad Brussel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brussel.be/artdet.cfm/6459">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirenetest+in+Brussel+op+3+April+2014+%E2%80%93+Stad+Brussel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brussel.be%2Fartdet.cfm%2F6459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807102309/https://crisiscentrum.be/nl/news/crisisbeheer/alarmeringstest-op-2-april-combinatie-sirenes-en-be-alert">"Alarmeringstest op 2 april: combinatie sirenes en BE-Alert"</a>. <i>Crisiscentrum</i> (in Dutch). 25 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crisiscentrum.be/nl/news/crisisbeheer/alarmeringstest-op-2-april-combinatie-sirenes-en-be-alert">the original</a> on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisiscentrum&rft.atitle=Alarmeringstest+op+2+april%3A+combinatie+sirenes+en+BE-Alert&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrisiscentrum.be%2Fnl%2Fnews%2Fcrisisbeheer%2Falarmeringstest-op-2-april-combinatie-sirenes-en-be-alert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stora.org/en/node/1675">"Laatste test alarmsirenes op 4 oktober"</a> [Last test of alarm sirens on 4 October]. <i>STORA</i> (in Dutch). 2 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STORA&rft.atitle=Laatste+test+alarmsirenes+op+4+oktober&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stora.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F1675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807102309/https://crisiscentrum.be/nl/news/crisisbeheer/4-oktober-2018-alarmeringstest">"4 oktober 2018 – Alarmeringstest"</a> [4 October 2018 – Alarm test]. <i>Crisiscentrum</i> (in Dutch). 2 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crisiscentrum.be/nl/news/crisisbeheer/4-oktober-2018-alarmeringstest">the original</a> on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisiscentrum&rft.atitle=4+oktober+2018+%E2%80%93+Alarmeringstest&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrisiscentrum.be%2Fnl%2Fnews%2Fcrisisbeheer%2F4-oktober-2018-alarmeringstest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.be-alert.be/en/what-be-alert">"What is BE-Alert? | BE-Alert"</a>. <i>be-alert.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=be-alert.be&rft.atitle=What+is+BE-Alert%3F+%7C+BE-Alert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.be-alert.be%2Fen%2Fwhat-be-alert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brs.dk/eng/operations/siren/about_the_warning_system/Pages/about_the_warning_system.aspx">"Denmarks siren warning system, frome DEMA (Danish Emergency Management Agency)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322020415/http://brs.dk/eng/operations/siren/about_the_warning_system/Pages/about_the_warning_system.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denmarks+siren+warning+system%2C+frome+DEMA+%28Danish+Emergency+Management+Agency%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrs.dk%2Feng%2Foperations%2Fsiren%2Fabout_the_warning_system%2FPages%2Fabout_the_warning_system.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/votre_securite/en-dehors-du-domicile/sirenes/view">"Information by the French Government"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025175013/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/votre_securite/en-dehors-du-domicile/sirenes/view">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+by+the+French+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_votre_service%2Fvotre_securite%2Fen-dehors-du-domicile%2Fsirenes%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2015" class="citation cs2">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B59-BAAAQBAJ"><i>Operation Chowhound: The Most Risky, Most Glorious US Bomber Mission of WWII</i></a>, St. Martin's Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B59–BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-7915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-7915-7"><bdi>978-1-4668-7915-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Chowhound%3A+The+Most+Risky%2C+Most+Glorious+US+Bomber+Mission+of+WWII&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-7915-7&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB59-BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasonora.it/">"Lasonora sirene e segnalatori luminosi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714102738/http://www.lasonora.it/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lasonora+sirene+e+segnalatori+luminosi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasonora.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romasegreta.it/rubriche/sirene-antiaeree.html">"RomaSegreta.it – Sirene antiaeree"</a>. 10 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703034250/http://www.romasegreta.it/rubriche/sirene-antiaeree.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RomaSegreta.it+%E2%80%93+Sirene+antiaeree&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romasegreta.it%2Frubriche%2Fsirene-antiaeree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeromedia.it/soremgb.html">"Italian Flying Firefighters"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233007/http://www.aeromedia.it/soremgb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Flying+Firefighters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeromedia.it%2Fsoremgb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Secher, C. (2020, July 3). Industrial Risk Ferrara Italy. HSS Engineering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hss.dk/industrial-risk-ferrara-italy/">https://hss.dk/industrial-risk-ferrara-italy/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215012005/http://www.lfr.nl/activiteiten/was">"WAS (Waarschuwingsstelsel)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfr.nl/activiteiten/was">the original</a> on 15 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WAS+%28Waarschuwingsstelsel%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfr.nl%2Factiviteiten%2Fwas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/binnenland/nooit-meer-sirenes-op-de-eerste-maandag-van-de-maand">"Nooit meer sirenes op de eerste maandag van de maand – RTL Nieuws"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124056/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/binnenland/nooit-meer-sirenes-op-de-eerste-maandag-van-de-maand">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nooit+meer+sirenes+op+de+eerste+maandag+van+de+maand+%E2%80%93+RTL+Nieuws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtlnieuws.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fbinnenland%2Fnooit-meer-sirenes-op-de-eerste-maandag-van-de-maand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2019/11/13/besluit-over-toekomst-sirenes-in-najaar-2020">"Besluit over toekomst sirenes in najaar 2020 | Nieuwsbericht"</a>. <i>rijksoverheid.nl</i> (in Dutch). 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Besluit+over+toekomst+sirenes+in+najaar+2020+%7C+Nieuwsbericht&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Factueel%2Fnieuws%2F2019%2F11%2F13%2Fbesluit-over-toekomst-sirenes-in-najaar-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sivilforsvaret.no/Varsling/Varslingssignaler/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201023734/http://www.sivilforsvaret.no/Varsling/Varslingssignaler/">Archived</a> 1 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sivilforsvarets varslingssignaler</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casedeepoca.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/sirena-antiaeriana-din-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial/">"Sirena antiaeriana din timpul celui de al Doilea Razboi Mondial"</a>. 1 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sirena+antiaeriana+din+timpul+celui+de+al+Doilea+Razboi+Mondial&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasedeepoca.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F07%2F01%2Fsirena-antiaeriana-din-timpul-celui-de-al-doilea-razboi-mondial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isubotosani.ro/doc/Protectia%20Civila%20in%20Romania.pdf">"Civil defense in Romania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182718/http://www.isubotosani.ro/doc/Protectia%20Civila%20in%20Romania.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+defense+in+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isubotosani.ro%2Fdoc%2FProtectia%2520Civila%2520in%2520Romania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/psi/norme_mec/ce%20trebuie%20sa%20stim%20despre%20semnale%20de%20protectie%20civila.pdf">"What we need to know about protection signals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213053533/http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/psi/norme_mec/ce%20trebuie%20sa%20stim%20despre%20semnale%20de%20protectie%20civila.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+we+need+to+know+about+protection+signals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcis01.central.ucv.ro%2Fpsi%2Fnorme_mec%2Fce%2520trebuie%2520sa%2520stim%2520despre%2520semnale%2520de%2520protectie%2520civila.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igsu.ro/media/comunicate/IGSU_Exercitii_PROCIV.pdf">"Ministry of Internal Affairs – IGSU – Press Release 83/August 1, 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123546/https://www.igsu.ro/media/comunicate/IGSU_Exercitii_PROCIV.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs+%E2%80%93+IGSU+%E2%80%93+Press+Release+83%2FAugust+1%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igsu.ro%2Fmedia%2Fcomunicate%2FIGSU_Exercitii_PROCIV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frisco-project.eu/files/2017/03/T7_Porocilo_AnalizaStanja_SI.pdf">"Uprava Republike Slovenije za zaščito in reševanje"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120180730/https://frisco-project.eu/files/2017/03/T7_Porocilo_AnalizaStanja_SI.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uprava+Republike+Slovenije+za+za%C5%A1%C4%8Dito+in+re%C5%A1evanje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrisco-project.eu%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F03%2FT7_Porocilo_AnalizaStanja_SI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sos112.si-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sos112.si_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos112.si/slo/page.php?src=pe21.htm">"Uprava Republike Slovenije za zaščito in reševanje"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103900/http://www.sos112.si/eng/page.php?src=sj1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uprava+Republike+Slovenije+za+za%C5%A1%C4%8Dito+in+re%C5%A1evanje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos112.si%2Fslo%2Fpage.php%3Fsrc%3Dpe21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos112.si/slo/page.php?src=pe22.htm">"Localno posebni alarmni znaki"</a>. <i>sos112.si</i> (in Slovenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023059/http://www.sos112.si/slo/page.php?src=pe22.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sos112.si&rft.atitle=Localno+posebni+alarmni+znaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos112.si%2Fslo%2Fpage.php%3Fsrc%3Dpe22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=83215">"Uradni list – Vsebina Uradnega lista"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104024/https://www.uradni-list.si/1/content?id=83215">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uradni+list+%E2%80%93+Vsebina+Uradnega+lista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uradni-list.si%2F1%2Fcontent%3Fid%3D83215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinkoLemut1998" class="citation web cs1">Marinko, Valentin; Lemut, Primož (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos112.si/slo/tdocs/ujma/1998/156_159.pdf">"ALARMNI ZNAKI ZA JAVNO ALARMIRANJE PREBIVALSTVA"</a> [National Alarm Signals for Alerting the Population] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sos112.si</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325162341/http://www.sos112.si/slo/tdocs/ujma/1998/156_159.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sos112.si&rft.atitle=ALARMNI+ZNAKI+ZA+JAVNO+ALARMIRANJE+PREBIVALSTVA&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Marinko&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.au=Lemut%2C+Primo%C5%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos112.si%2Fslo%2Ftdocs%2Fujma%2F1998%2F156_159.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMSB" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">MSB, Foto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krisinformation.se/detta-gor-samhallet/vma-sa-varnas-allmanheten">"Viktigt meddelande till allmänheten, VMA"</a>. <i>krisinformation.se</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krisinformation.se&rft.atitle=Viktigt+meddelande+till+allm%C3%A4nheten%2C+VMA&rft.aulast=MSB&rft.aufirst=Foto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krisinformation.se%2Fdetta-gor-samhallet%2Fvma-sa-varnas-allmanheten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalstrand2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ralstrand, Fredrik (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=7118822">"Ett rekordår för varningsmeddelanden"</a> [A record year for warning messages]. Trafikredaktionen [the Traffic Department]. <i>Sveriges Radio</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230152319/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=7118822">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sveriges+Radio&rft.atitle=Ett+rekord%C3%A5r+f%C3%B6r+varningsmeddelanden&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.aulast=Ralstrand&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fsida%2Fartikel.aspx%3Fprogramid%3D83%26artikel%3D7118822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHsiren-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHsiren_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/fr/home/themen/alarmierung/poly/alarmierungssysteme.html">Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222256/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/fr/home/themen/alarmierung/poly/alarmierungssysteme.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Visited on Wednesday, 10 February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60504334">"Ukraine conflict: What we know about the invasion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224115434/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60504334">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+conflict%3A+What+we+know+about+the+invasion&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-60504334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audio from Ukraine Live feed sources</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8486783.stm">"Sirens loss 'not a public risk'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sirens+loss+%27not+a+public+risk%27&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8486783.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One example of the ceremonial practice: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.wrexham.gov.uk/air-raid-siren-to-sound-on-armistice-day/">https://news.wrexham.gov.uk/air-raid-siren-to-sound-on-armistice-day/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7401339.stm">"Flood sirens' future under review"</a>. 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+sirens%27+future+under+review&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorfolk%2F7401339.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7412149.stm">"Coastal flood sirens to be saved"</a>. 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coastal+flood+sirens+to+be+saved&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorfolk%2F7412149.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/8677273.stm">"Talks over flood warning concerns"</a>. 12 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Talks+over+flood+warning+concerns&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnorfolk%2F8677273.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/6937559.stm">"Flood siren system to be tested"</a>. 12 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+siren+system+to+be+tested&rft.date=2007-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F6937559.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/4198816.stm">"Testing of county's flood sirens"</a>. 30 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Testing+of+county%27s+flood+sirens&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F4198816.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/3557654.stm">"Rain postpones flood siren test"</a>. 12 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rain+postpones+flood+siren+test&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F3557654.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/7024079.stm">"Flood warning system investigated"</a>. 2 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+warning+system+investigated&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F7024079.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/7358411.stm">"Flood siren system under scrutiny"</a>. 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+siren+system+under+scrutiny&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F7358411.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/8378343.stm">"Flood sirens' future considered"</a>. 25 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+sirens%27+future+considered&rft.date=2009-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flincolnshire%2F8378343.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-20204294">"Apology over flood siren misery"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130141044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-20204294">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Apology+over+flood+siren+misery&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-lincolnshire-20204294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8479155.stm">"Island's warning sirens removed"</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Island%27s+warning+sirens+removed&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8479155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/guernsey/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8479000/8479213.stm">"Sounding the warning since 1937"</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025192350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/guernsey/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_8479000/8479213.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sounding+the+warning+since+1937&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fguernsey%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fnature%2Fnewsid_8479000%2F8479213.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8482596.stm">"Removing sirens 'may cost lives'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Removing+sirens+%27may+cost+lives%27&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8482596.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8527788.stm">"Islanders protest over siren plan"</a>. 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islanders+protest+over+siren+plan&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8527788.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8510048.stm">"States 'not listening' on sirens"</a>. 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=States+%27not+listening%27+on+sirens&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8510048.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8637175.stm">"Warning sirens to be dismantled"</a>. 22 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Warning+sirens+to+be+dismantled&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F8637175.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-21923856">"Emergency texts system abandoned"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202030445/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-21923856">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Emergency+texts+system+abandoned&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-guernsey-21923856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7797123.stm">"Flood warning siren system tested"</a>. 23 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214070422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7797123.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flood+warning+siren+system+tested&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fwest_yorkshire%2F7797123.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-11694367">"Flood warning sirens to be axed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130172509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-11694367">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Flood+warning+sirens+to+be+axed&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-11694367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/castlepoint/8476044.Island___s_flood_sirens__scrapped_immediately/">"Island's flood sirens scrapped immediately"</a>. <i>Echo</i>. 27 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230657/http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/castlepoint/8476044.Island___s_flood_sirens__scrapped_immediately/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Echo&rft.atitle=Island%27s+flood+sirens+scrapped+immediately&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Fcastlepoint%2F8476044.Island___s_flood_sirens__scrapped_immediately%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-19625912">"New flood warning sirens tested"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130135423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-19625912">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+flood+warning+sirens+tested&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leeds-19625912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-25634199">"Homes evacuated as sirens sound"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218230227/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-25634199">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Homes+evacuated+as+sirens+sound&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-dorset-25634199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlmht.nhs.uk/bm/broadmoor-hospital/the-broadmoor-siren/">"The Broadmoor siren"</a>. West London Mental Health Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116041750/http://www.wlmht.nhs.uk/bm/broadmoor-hospital/the-broadmoor-siren/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Broadmoor+siren&rft.pub=West+London+Mental+Health+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlmht.nhs.uk%2Fbm%2Fbroadmoor-hospital%2Fthe-broadmoor-siren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-28251712">"Broadmoor to scrap satellite sirens"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130095535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-28251712">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Broadmoor+to+scrap+satellite+sirens&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-berkshire-28251712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-35806003">"Twitter 'better' than Broadmoor sirens"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130142953/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-35806003">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Twitter+%27better%27+than+Broadmoor+sirens&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-berkshire-35806003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-36429451">"Broadmoor 'Twitter sirens' need support"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130095542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-36429451">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Broadmoor+%27Twitter+sirens%27+need+support&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-berkshire-36429451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davescoldwarcanada.com/home/civil-defence/508-2/">"National Attack Warning Siren System | DAVE'S COLD WAR CANADA"</a>. <i>davescoldwarcanada.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=davescoldwarcanada.com&rft.atitle=National+Attack+Warning+Siren+System+%7C+DAVE%27S+COLD+WAR+CANADA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavescoldwarcanada.com%2Fhome%2Fcivil-defence%2F508-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrivener2007" class="citation news cs1">Scrivener, Leslie (23 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/09/23/the_mystery_of_the_air_raid_sirens.html">"The mystery of the air raid sirens"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017160322/http://www.thestar.com/News/article/259463">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=The+mystery+of+the+air+raid+sirens&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Scrivener&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fthe_mystery_of_the_air_raid_sirens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215084532/http://www.region.durham.on.ca/default.asp?nr=%2Fdepartments%2Fdemo%2Falerting%2FPAQandA.htm&setFooter=%2Fincludes%2FpapFooter.txt">"Welcome to the Region of Durham"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.region.durham.on.ca/default.asp?nr=%2Fdepartments%2Fdemo%2Falerting%2FPAQandA.htm&setFooter=%2Fincludes%2FpapFooter.txt">the original</a> on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Region+of+Durham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.region.durham.on.ca%2Fdefault.asp%3Fnr%3D%252Fdepartments%252Fdemo%252Falerting%252FPAQandA.htm%26setFooter%3D%252Fincludes%252FpapFooter.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907233642/http://www.caer.ca/warning.html">"Home"</a>. <i>BASES Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lambtonbases.ca/">the original</a> on 7 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BASES+Website&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flambtonbases.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNyEfOrbba8">"Sarnia, ON Federal Signal Thunderbolt 1003 High Low Fire Signal"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 14 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/rNyEfOrbba8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Sarnia%2C+ON+Federal+Signal+Thunderbolt+1003+High+Low+Fire+Signal&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrNyEfOrbba8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GVJZmanOW8">"Sarnia, Ontario Outdoor Warning Siren Test (ATI)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 9 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3GVJZmanOW8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Sarnia%2C+Ontario+Outdoor+Warning+Siren+Test+%28ATI%29&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3GVJZmanOW8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/history.html">"Civil Defense Museum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505005952/http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Defense+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civildefensemuseum.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=698&dat=19521119&id=_YAwAAAAIBAJ&pg=2070,6724657">"The shawinigan Standard"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312101413/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=698&dat=19521119&id=_YAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=20IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2070,6724657">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+shawinigan+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D698%26dat%3D19521119%26id%3D_YAwAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2070%2C6724657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victorysiren.com/x/images/5INSTRUC.JPG">"5INSTRUC.JPG"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717195633/http://victorysiren.com/x/images/5INSTRUC.JPG">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5INSTRUC.JPG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvictorysiren.com%2Fx%2Fimages%2F5INSTRUC.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/docs/femacpg1-17n.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204412/http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/docs/femacpg1-17n.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civildefensemuseum.com%2Fdocs%2Ffemacpg1-17n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/1550_2.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051034/http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/1550_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fpdf%2Flibrary%2F1550_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/dvn/sirenFAQ">"Outdoor Warning Sirens: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_Quad_Cities,_Iowa/Illinois" title="National Weather Service Quad Cities, Iowa/Illinois">National Weather Service Quad Cities, Iowa/Illinois</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outdoor+Warning+Sirens%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service+Quad+Cities%2C+Iowa%2FIllinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fdvn%2FsirenFAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaja2014" class="citation news cs1">Raja, Tasneem (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/06/computer-science-programming-code-diversity-sexism-education">"Is Coding the New Literacy?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715192729/https://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/06/computer-science-programming-code-diversity-sexism-education/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Is+Coding+the+New+Literacy%3F&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Tasneem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fmedia%2F2014%2F06%2Fcomputer-science-programming-code-diversity-sexism-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firerescue1.com/volunteer/articles/residents-of-ny-town-want-fd-siren-turned-off-2rxwePdnUYAHSLen/">"Residents of NY town want FD siren turned off"</a>. <i>FireRescue1</i>. 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FireRescue1&rft.atitle=Residents+of+NY+town+want+FD+siren+turned+off&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firerescue1.com%2Fvolunteer%2Farticles%2Fresidents-of-ny-town-want-fd-siren-turned-off-2rxwePdnUYAHSLen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamera2017" class="citation cs2">Camera, Lauren (14 April 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-04-14/virginia-tech-10-years-later-whats-changed-on-campuses-since-the-2007-shooting">"Virginia Tech 10 Years Later When Campus Safety Changed Forever Colleges and universities see safety as a never-ending job following the 2007 mass shooting at Virginia Tech"</a>, <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Virginia+Tech+10+Years+Later+When+Campus+Safety+Changed+Forever+Colleges+and+universities+see+safety+as+a+never-ending+job+following+the+2007+mass+shooting+at+Virginia+Tech&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft.aulast=Camera&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2017-04-14%2Fvirginia-tech-10-years-later-whats-changed-on-campuses-since-the-2007-shooting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215005927/http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/media_release_archive?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmViaXoucG9saWNlLm5zdy5nb3YuYXUlMkZtZWRpYSUyRjQ0NjkuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D">"NSW Police Media release – "Police test Sydney CBD Emergency Warning System"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/media_release_archive?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmViaXoucG9saWNlLm5zdy5nb3YuYXUlMkZtZWRpYSUyRjQ0NjkuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D">the original</a> on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSW+Police+Media+release+%E2%80%93+%22Police+test+Sydney+CBD+Emergency+Warning+System%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.nsw.gov.au%2Fnews%2Fmedia_release_archive%3Fsq_content_src%3D%252BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmViaXoucG9saWNlLm5zdy5nb3YuYXUlMkZtZWRpYSUyRjQ0NjkuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193359/https://www.emv.vic.gov.au/policies/community-sirens/">"Community sirens | Emergency Management Victoria"</a>. <i>emv.vic.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emv.vic.gov.au/policies/community-sirens/">the original</a> on 31 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emv.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Community+sirens+%7C+Emergency+Management+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emv.vic.gov.au%2Fpolicies%2Fcommunity-sirens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730011627/https://www.cairns.qld.gov.au/natural-disasters/copperlode-emergency-action-plan/about">"About the EAP – Cairns Regional Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairns.qld.gov.au/natural-disasters/copperlode-emergency-action-plan/about">the original</a> on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+EAP+%E2%80%93+Cairns+Regional+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairns.qld.gov.au%2Fnatural-disasters%2Fcopperlode-emergency-action-plan%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huttcity.govt.nz/Council-Services/Emergency-Management/Siren-Warning-System">Hutt City Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210014913/http://huttcity.govt.nz/Council-Services/Emergency-Management/Siren-Warning-System">Archived</a> 10 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209200132/http://www.napier.govt.nz/index.php?pid=217">"Napier City Council | New Zealand"</a>. <i>napier.govt.nz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napier.govt.nz/index.php?pid=217">the original</a> on 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=napier.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Napier+City+Council+%26%23124%3B+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napier.govt.nz%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanganui.govt.nz/CDEM/index.asp">Wanganui District Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126033457/http://www.wanganui.govt.nz/CDEM/index.asp">Archived</a> 26 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/cp/emgncyserv2.asp#tsunami">Civil Defence Emergency Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229122209/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/cp/emgncyserv2.asp#tsunami">Archived</a> 29 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110506/http://www.tcdc.govt.nz/Media/Item/Tsunami-warning-test-at-Whangamata/">"Tsunami warning test at Whangamata | Thames-Coromandel District Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdc.govt.nz/Media/Item/Tsunami-warning-test-at-Whangamata/">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsunami+warning+test+at+Whangamata+%26%23124%3B+Thames-Coromandel+District+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdc.govt.nz%2FMedia%2FItem%2FTsunami-warning-test-at-Whangamata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+defense+siren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sounds_of_warning_sirens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sounds of warning sirens">Sounds of warning sirens</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731210031/https://airraidsirens.com/">Air Raid Sirens – outdoor warning siren website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206142617/http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/">Civil Defense Museum – Overview of sirens since their inception</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.earthlink.net/~mgiffin/airraid/">Los Angeles air raid sirens – Pictures of unused nuclear-era civil defense sirens still extant in Los Angeles, California</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513133921/http://home.earthlink.net/~mgiffin/airraid/">Archived</a> 13 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmarcoz.com/sirens/sirenarchive.htm">The Siren Archive – Over 1,000 siren photographs coupled with a few recordings from around the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorysiren.com/x/index.htm">The world's loudest and largest sirens ever</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/cold-war/cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s/tocsin-b---this-is-not-an-emergency.html">"Tocsin B", Canada's dry run of its Nuclear Warning System from 1961</a> (CBC Radio News Special, 13 Nov 1961)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/09/23/the_mystery_of_the_air_raid_sirens.html">Toronto Star – The mystery of the air raid sirens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigancivildefense.com/">Michigan Civil Defense Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvSAs2oa2O0">Old German World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II Air Raid Siren YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erMO3m0oLvs">British World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II Air Raid Siren with all-clear YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_SaR-91P98">Federal Thunderbolt 1000T air raid siren in alert signal YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_defense_sirens142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_defense_sirens" title="Template:Civil defense sirens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_defense_sirens" title="Template talk:Civil defense sirens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_defense_sirens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil defense sirens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_defense_sirens142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil defense sirens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Corporation" title="Federal Signal Corporation">Federal Signal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(siren)" title="Thunderbolt (siren)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_3T22" title="Federal Signal 3T22">3T22 / 2T22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Model_2" title="Federal Signal Model 2">Model 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Modulator" title="Federal Signal Modulator">Modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_STH-10" title="Federal Signal STH-10">STH-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ATI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATI_HPSS" title="ATI HPSS">HPSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sirens_built_by_Alerting_Communicators_of_America" title="List of sirens built by Alerting Communicators of America">ACA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACA_Allertor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACA Allertor (page does not exist)">Allertor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACA_Cyclone" title="ACA Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACA_Hurricane" title="ACA Hurricane">Hurricane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Air-Raid_Siren" title="Chrysler Air-Raid Siren">Chrysler Air-Raid Siren</a></li> <li>Sentry Siren</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SiraTone" title="SiraTone">SiraTone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_defence148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_defence" title="Template:Civil defence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_defence" title="Template talk:Civil defence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_defence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil defence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_defence148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">Civil defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens!_During_shelling_this_side_of_the_street_is_the_most_dangerous" title="Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous">Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Corps" title="Civil Defence Corps">Civil Defence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Service" title="Civil Defence Service">Civil Defence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osoaviakhim" title="Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Civil_Defence_Board" title="Swedish Civil Defence Board">Swedish Civil Defence Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Nothilfe" title="Technische Nothilfe">Technische Nothilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unione_Nazionale_Protezione_Antiaerea" title="Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea">Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_Geiger_counters" title="Civil defense Geiger counters">Geiger counter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil defense siren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_defense_sirens" title="List of civil defense sirens">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency population warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkhav_Mugan" title="Merkhav Mugan">Merkhav Mugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_reserve" title="Strategic reserve">Strategic reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_observatory" title="Volcano observatory">Volcano observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">Decontamination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_decontamination" title="Human decontamination">Human decontamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_decontamination" title="Mass decontamination">Mass decontamination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Defence" title="Algerian Civil Defence">Algerian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Defense_Bureau_of_the_National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Civil Air Defense Bureau of the National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">Civil Air Defense Bureau (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defense_Directorate" title="Civil Defense Directorate">Civil Defense Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Ireland" title="Civil Defence Ireland">Civil Defence Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_in_Switzerland" title="Civil Protection in Switzerland">Civil Protection in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Emergency_Situations_and_Civil_Defense_of_Tajikistan" title="Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan">Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnaikai" title="Chōnaikai">Chōnaikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Civil_Defence" title="Dubai Civil Defence">Dubai Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)">Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Alliance" title="Forward Alliance">Forward Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_Academy" title="Kuma Academy">Kuma Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_Defense" title="Lebanese Civil Defense">Lebanese Civil Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Civil_Defence" title="Norwegian Civil Defence">Norwegian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)">Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Civil_Defence" title="Palestinian Civil Defence">Palestinian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Protezione Civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps">Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_Defense" title="Saudi Civil Defense">Saudi Civil Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile" title="Sécurité Civile">Sécurité Civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil Defence">Syrian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Emergency Service of Ukraine">State Emergency Service of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force" title="Singapore Civil Defence Force">Singapore Civil Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Red_Guards" title="Worker-Peasant Red Guards">Worker-Peasant Red Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defence_in_Finland" title="Civil defence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_of_the_GDR" title="Civil defense of the GDR">GDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Civil defense in the United States">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_City_Streets" title="Beneath the City Streets">Beneath the City Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_case_of_crisis_or_war" title="In case of crisis or war">In case of crisis or war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_Europe_Unconquerable" title="Making Europe Unconquerable">Making Europe Unconquerable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_defense" title="Homeland defense">Homeland defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_security" title="Infrastructure security">Infrastructure security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_defence" title="Total defence">Total defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transarmament" title="Transarmament">Transarmament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_clear" title="All clear">All clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_defense_ranks" title="List of civil defense ranks">List of civil defense ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dragon_(civil_defense_exercise)" title="Operation Red Dragon (civil defense exercise)">Operation Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">Radio silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&oldid=1276790236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&oldid=1276790236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_defense" title="Category:Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_population_warning_systems" title="Category:Emergency population warning systems">Emergency population warning systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sirens" title="Category:Sirens">Sirens</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2025">Articles with dead external links from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovenian-language_sources_(sl)" title="Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)">CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use American English from November 2020">Use American English from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2023">Articles to be expanded from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2025">Articles needing additional references from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from February 2022">Articles to be expanded from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 19:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_defense_siren&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil defense siren</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>21 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-zhkgl","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.264","walltime":"1.503","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10889,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":254179,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13016,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":384302,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1258.047 1 -total"," 43.08% 542.014 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.24% 279.780 55 Template:Cite_web"," 11.87% 149.283 31 Template:Lang"," 9.15% 115.154 31 Template:Cite_news"," 7.95% 100.008 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.26% 91.273 12 Template:Fix"," 5.34% 67.178 2 Template:Navbox"," 5.33% 67.110 1 Template:Civil_defense_sirens"," 5.09% 64.081 4 Template:External_media"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.777","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16653639,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-r459z","timestamp":"20250225124855","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Civil defense siren","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_defense_siren","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q695738","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q695738","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-01T08:10:09Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T19:45:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg","headline":"signal for emergency population warning"}</script> </body> </html>