CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Herbert Butterfield - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"14622593-f06b-457d-856f-d5f4fec0130b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Herbert_Butterfield","wgTitle":"Herbert Butterfield","wgCurRevisionId":1254920311,"wgRevisionId":1254920311,"wgArticleId":1523764,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: postscript","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2020","Use British English from April 2012","Articles with hCards","Articles needing additional references from December 2022","All articles needing additional references", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","1900 births","1979 deaths","20th-century English historians","20th-century Methodists","Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge","English Methodists","Fellows of the British Academy","Historians of Christianity","Historians of Europe","British historians of science","Historiographers","Intellectual historians","International relations historians","Knights Bachelor","Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge","Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history","Methodist philosophers","People from Sawston","People from West Yorkshire","Philosophers of history","Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge","Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)","Whig history"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Herbert_Butterfield","wgRelevantArticleId":1523764 ,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1350443","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups" ,"ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1066"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="710"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="568"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Herbert Butterfield - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Herbert_Butterfield rootpage-Herbert_Butterfield skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Herbert+Butterfield" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Herbert+Butterfield" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Herbert+Butterfield" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Herbert+Butterfield" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Christianity and History</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Origins_of_Modern_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Origins_of_Modern_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Origins of Modern Science</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Origins_of_Modern_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_and_accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_and_accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prizes and accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes_and_accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbert Butterfield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Хърбърт Бътърфийлд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърбърт Бътърфийлд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="هربرت بترفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هربرت بترفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ハーバート・バターフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバート・バターフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Баттерфилд, Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баттерфилд, Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herbert Butterfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1350443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Herbert_Butterfield" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Herbert_Butterfield" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Herbert_Butterfield" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&oldid=1254920311" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Herbert_Butterfield&id=1254920311&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHerbert_Butterfield"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHerbert_Butterfield"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Herbert_Butterfield&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Herbert_Butterfield" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Herbert_Butterfield" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1350443" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English historian and philosopher (1900–1979)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American actor, see <a href="/wiki/Herb_Butterfield" title="Herb Butterfield">Herb Butterfield</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Herbert Butterfield</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Butterfield_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young, clean-shaven man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg/220px-Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg/330px-Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg/440px-Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Herbert Butterfield</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-10-07</span>)</span>7 October 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oxenhope" title="Oxenhope">Oxenhope</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-07-20)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Sawston" title="Sawston">Sawston</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Peterhouse,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge">Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> (1955–1968)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Pamela Crawshaw</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Lord Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Temperley" title="Harold Temperley">Harold Temperley</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cairn_Vellacott" title="Paul Cairn Vellacott">P. C. Vellacott</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">intellectual history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political history</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cosgrave" title="Patrick Cosgrave">Patrick Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Sir John Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mosse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Mosse (page does not exist)">Werner Mosse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_E._Mosse" class="extiw" title="de:Werner E. Mosse">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Karl W. Schweizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wight" title="Martin Wight">Martin Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i> (1931)</li><li><i>The Origins of Modern Science</i> (1949)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Rupert_Hall" title="A. Rupert Hall">A. Rupert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Plumb" class="mw-redirect" title="J. H. Plumb">J. H. Plumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Karl W. Schweizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Herbert Butterfield</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (7 October 1900 – 20 July 1979) was an English historian and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosopher of history</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_History_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Modern History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is remembered chiefly for a short volume early in his career entitled <i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i> (1931) and for his <i>Origins of Modern Science</i> (1949). Butterfield turned increasingly to historiography and man's developing view of the past. Butterfield was a devout Christian and reflected at length on Christian influences in historical perspectives. </p><p>Butterfield thought that individual personalities were more important than great systems of government or economics in historical study. His Christian beliefs in personal sin, salvation and providence were a great influence in his writings, a fact he freely admitted. At the same time, Butterfield's early works emphasised the limits of a historian's moral conclusions, "If history can do anything it is to remind us that all our judgments are merely relative to time and circumstance". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Special:EditPage/Herbert Butterfield">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22">"Herbert Butterfield"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Butterfield was born on 7 October 1900 in <a href="/wiki/Oxenhope" title="Oxenhope">Oxenhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, and was raised a devout <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, which he remained for life. Despite his humble origins, receiving his education at the <a href="/wiki/Oakbank_School,_Keighley" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakbank School, Keighley">Trade and Grammar School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a>, in 1919 he won a scholarship to study at <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a>, graduating with a BA in 1922, followed by an MA four years later. Butterfield was a fellow at Cambridge from 1928 to 1979 and in the 1950s, he was a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>. He was Master of Peterhouse (1955–1968), <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellor</a> of the University (1959–1961) and <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Modern History</a> (1963–1968). Butterfield served as editor of the <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i> from 1938 to 1955 and was knighted in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married Edith Joyce Crawshaw in 1929 and had three children. He died on 20 July 1979.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butterfield's main interests were <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>, 18th-century constitutional history, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and history as well as the theory of international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1965. As a deeply religious Protestant, Butterfield was highly concerned with religious issues, but he did not believe that historians could uncover the hand of God in history. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, he warned that conflicts between self-righteous value systems could be catastrophic: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The greatest menace to our civilization is the conflict between giant organized systems of self-righteousness – each only too delighted to find that the other is wicked – each only too glad that the sins of the other give it pretext for still deeper hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History"><i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Whig Interpretation of History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butterfield's book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> (1931), became a classic for history students and is still widely read.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butterfield had in mind especially the historians of his own country but his criticism of the retrospective creation of a line of progress toward the glorious present can be and has subsequently been applied generally. The "<a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig interpretation of history</a>" is now a general label applied to various historical interpretations. </p><p>Butterfield found the Whig interpretation of history objectionable because it warps the past to see it in terms of the issues of the present and attempts to squeeze the contending forces of the past into a form that reminds us of ourselves. Butterfield argued that the historian must seek the ability to see events as they were perceived by those who lived through them. Butterfield wrote that "Whiggishness" is too handy a "rule of thumb... by which the historian can select and reject, and can make his points of emphasis".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote about how simple pick-and-choose history misses the point, "Very strange bridges are used to make the passage from one state of things to another; we may lose sight of them in our surveys of general history, but their discovery is the glory of historical research. History is not the study of origins; rather it is the analysis of all the mediations by which the past was turned into our present".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Butterfield wrote in <i>The Englishman and His History</i> that, </p> <blockquote><p>We are all of us exultant and unrepentant whigs. Those who, perhaps in the misguided austerity of youth, wish to drive out that whig interpretation, (that particular thesis which controls our abridgment of English history,) are sweeping a room which humanly speaking cannot long remain empty. They are opening the door for seven devils which, precisely because they are newcomers, are bound to be worse than the first. We, on the other hand, will not dream of wishing it away, but will rejoice in an interpretation of the past which has grown up with us, has grown up with the history itself, and has helped to make the history... we must congratulate ourselves that our 17th-century forefathers... did not resurrect and fasten upon us the authentic middle ages... in England we made peace with our middle ages by misconstruing them; and, therefore, we may say that "wrong" history was one of our assets. The whig interpretation came at exactly the crucial moment and, whatever it may have done to our history, it had a wonderful effect on English politics... in every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_History"><i>Christianity and History</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity and History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butterfield's 1949 book <i>Christianity and History</i>, asks if history provides answers to the meaning of life, answering in the negative:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"So the purpose of life is not in the far future, nor, as we so often imagine, around the next corner, but the whole of it is here and now, as fully as ever it will be on this planet."</li> <li>"If there is a meaning in history, therefore, it lies not in the systems and organizations that are built over long periods, but in something more essentially human, something in each personality considered for mundane purposes as an end in himself."</li> <li>"I have nothing to say at the finish except that if one wants a permanent rock in life and goes deep enough for it, it is difficult for historical events to shake it. There are times when we can never meet the future with sufficient elasticity of mind, especially if we are locked in the contemporary systems of thought. We can do worse than remember a principle which both gives us a firm Rock and leaves us the maximum elasticity for our minds: the principle: Hold to Christ, and for the rest be totally uncommitted."</li></ul> <p>Butterfield and his Anglo-Catholic contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Christopher Dawson</a>, have been referred to as prominent "providential" historians.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Origins_of_Modern_Science"><i>The Origins of Modern Science</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Origins of Modern Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Vickers_(literary_scholar)" title="Brian Vickers (literary scholar)">Brian Vickers</a>, in the 1949 book <i>The Origins of Modern Science</i> Butterfield makes simplistic generalisations which "seem unworthy of a serious historian". Vickers considers the book a late example of the earliest stage of modern analysis of the history of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> magic in relation to the development of science, when magic was largely dismissed as being "entertaining but irrelevant".<sup id="cite_ref-VickersVickers1984_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VickersVickers1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes_and_accolades">Prizes and accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prizes and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, Butterfield was awarded the University Member's Prize for English Essay, writing on the subject of English novelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and the way in which the author straddled the fields of history and literature. </p><p>In 1923, Butterfield won the Le Bas Prize for his first publication, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Novel" title="The Historical Novel">The Historical Novel</a></i>; the work was published in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1924, Butterfield won the Prince Consort Prize for a work on the problem of peace in Europe between 1806 and 1808. At the same time, he was given the Seeley Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Novel" title="The Historical Novel">The Historical Novel</a></i>, 1924.</li> <li><i>The Peace Tactics of Napoleon, 1806-1808</i>, 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i>, London: G. Bell, 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Napoleon</i>, Duckworth, Great Lives series, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Statecraft of Machiavelli</i>, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Englishman and His History</i>, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lord Acton</i>, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Christianity and History</i>, 1949.</li> <li><i>George III, Lord North and the People, 1779-80</i>, 1949. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/50001588">50-1588</a></li> <li><i>The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800</i>, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>History and Human Relations</i>, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contains the essay "Moral Judgments in History".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry into the Origins of the Seven Years' War</i>, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Liberty in the Modern World</i>, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Christianity in European History</i>, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Christianity, Diplomacy and War</i>, 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship</i>, 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>George III and the Historians</i>, 1957, revised edition, 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>International Conflict in the Twentieth Century</i>, 1960. (1st edition, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/60007954">60-7954</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1976" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1976). <i>2nd edition</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837175690" title="Special:BookSources/0837175690"><bdi>0837175690</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74006777">74006777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2nd+edition&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74006777&rft.isbn=0837175690&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>History and Man's Attitude to the Past</i>, 1961.</li> <li><i>The Universities and Education Today</i>, 1962. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/63002887">63-2887</a></li> <li><i>The present state of historical scholarship</i>, 1965. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/65004621">65-4621</a></li> <li><i>Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics</i> (co-edited with Martin Wight), 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfieldWight2019" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert; Wight, Martin (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZOzDwAAQBAJ"><i>2019 pbk reprint</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198836469" title="Special:BookSources/9780198836469"><bdi>9780198836469</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019941463">2019941463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2019+pbk+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019941463&rft.isbn=9780198836469&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Wight%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZOzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Magna Carta in the Historiography of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>, 1969. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/73455486">73-455486</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901024015" title="Special:BookSources/0901024015">0901024015</a></li> <li><i>The Discontinuities between the Generations in History</i>, 1971. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/72075307">72-75307</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521085802" title="Special:BookSources/0521085802">0521085802</a></li> <li><i>The Politicization of Society: Essays</i>, 1979. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/78017491">78-17491</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913966487" title="Special:BookSources/0913966487">0913966487</a></li> <li><i>Writings on Christianity and History</i> (edited by Carl Thomas McIntire, 1979)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195024540" title="Special:BookSources/0195024540">0195024540</a></li> <li><i>The Origins of History</i> (edited by A. Watson) (1981). His final thoughts on history, emphasizing the role of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Essays on the History of Science</i> (edited by <a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Karl W. Schweizer</a>, 1998) <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/98040049">98-40049</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773482644" title="Special:BookSources/0773482644">0773482644</a></li> <li><i>The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield</i> (edited by <a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Karl W. Schweizer</a> and Paul Sharp, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230001661" title="Special:BookSources/0230001661">0230001661</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_committee_on_the_theory_of_international_politics" title="British committee on the theory of international politics">British committee on the theory of international politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Fair, <i>Harold Temperley: A Scholar and Romantic in the Public Realm</i>, University of Delaware Press, 1992, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas S. Kuhn">Thomas S. Kuhn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970 (2nd ed.), p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2011" class="citation news cs1">Haslam, Jonathan (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/15/life-herbert-butterfield-michael-bentley-review">"The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield by Michael Bentley – review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Thought+of+Herbert+Butterfield+by+Michael+Bentley+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fjul%2F15%2Flife-herbert-butterfield-michael-bentley-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette44600" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44600/supplement/6299">"No. 44600"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 May 1968. p. 6299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+44600&rft.pages=6299&rft.date=1968-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F44600%2Fsupplement%2F6299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=32">Gifford Lectures – Biography of Butterfield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322065129/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=32">Archived</a> 22 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dr Brannon Hancock</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christianity, Diplomacy and War</i> (1952)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cronon, "Two Cheers for the Whig Interpretation of History" (American Historical Association, September 2012) online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2012/two-cheers-for-the-whig-interpretation-of-history">https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2012/two-cheers-for-the-whig-interpretation-of-history</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield 1931, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/2011/03/whig-history-at-eighty">"Whig History at Eighty | Wilfred M. McClay"</a>. March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whig+History+at+Eighty+%26%23124%3B+Wilfred+M.+McClay&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2Fwhig-history-at-eighty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Butterfield, <i>The Englishman and His History</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1944), pp. 1–4, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Butterfield, <i>Christianity and History</i> (London: Bell, 1949) 88-89, 130. There have been reprints and revisions in 1950, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1967 and 3009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/window-faith/providential-history-need-continuing-revelation">Brian Q. Cannon, “Providential History: The Need for Continuing Revelation,” in Window of Faith: Latter-day Saint Perspectives on World History, ed. Roy A. Prete (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2005), 142–60.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VickersVickers1984-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VickersVickers1984_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1984" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Brian, ed. (1984). "Introduction". <i>Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511572999.002">10.1017/CBO9780511572999.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511572999" title="Special:BookSources/9780511572999"><bdi>9780511572999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Occult+and+Scientific+Mentalities+in+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=1-56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511572999.002&rft.isbn=9780511572999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1924" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voZZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The historical novel: an essay</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+novel%3A+an+essay&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Sir+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoZZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntire, C.T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0cgWwy5ByAC&q=%22Herbert+Butterfield%22+prizes&pg=PA29"><i>Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 29–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300130089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300130089"><bdi>978-0300130089</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Butterfield%3A+Historian+as+Dissenter&rft.pages=29-36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300130089&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=C.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0cgWwy5ByAC%26q%3D%2522Herbert%2BButterfield%2522%2Bprizes%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1929" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBAsAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Peace Tactics of Napoleon, 1806-1808</i></a>. The University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peace+Tactics+of+Napoleon%2C+1806-1808&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1929-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBAsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1965" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whiginterpretati00butt"><i>The Whig Interpretation of History</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393003185" title="Special:BookSources/9780393003185"><bdi>9780393003185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Interpretation+of+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1965-01-01&rft.isbn=9780393003185&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhiginterpretati00butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1939" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l8OAQAAMAAJ"><i>Napoleon</i></a>. Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1939-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l8OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_Herbert1960" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz4UAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Statecraft of Machiavelli</i></a>. Collier Books; 126 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statecraft+of+Machiavelli&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz4UAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1970" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzJLAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Englishman and His History</i></a>. Archon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780208009937" title="Special:BookSources/9780208009937"><bdi>9780208009937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Englishman+and+His+History&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=9780208009937&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzJLAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1948" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6GfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lord Acton</i></a>. Historical Assn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Acton&rft.pub=Historical+Assn.&rft.date=1948-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6GfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rootx.com/i/the-origins-of-modern-science-1300-1800/">http://rootx.com/i/the-origins-of-modern-science-1300-1800/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150520134544/http://rootx.com/i/the-origins-of-modern-science-1300-1800/">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1951" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1 January 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-Q8AAAAIAAJ"><i>History and human relations</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+human+relations&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1951-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Sir+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-Q8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntire, C. T. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0cgWwy5ByAC"><i>Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300130089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300130089"><bdi>978-0300130089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Butterfield%3A+Historian+as+Dissenter&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0300130089&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0cgWwy5ByAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1951" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1grAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry Into the Origins of the Seven Years' War : Being the Eighteenth Lecture on the David Murray Foundation in the University of Glasgow Delivered on 20th April, 1951</i></a>. Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+an+Historical+Episode%3A+The+History+of+the+Enquiry+Into+the+Origins+of+the+Seven+Years%27+War+%3A+Being+the+Eighteenth+Lecture+on+the+David+Murray+Foundation+in+the+University+of+Glasgow+Delivered+on+20th+April%2C+1951&rft.pub=Jackson&rft.date=1951-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1grAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1952" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MR4iAAAAMAAJ"><i>Liberty in the modern world</i></a>. Ryerson Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+in+the+modern+world&rft.pub=Ryerson+Press&rft.date=1952-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMR4iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1952" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soocAAAAMAAJ"><i>Christianity in European History</i></a>. Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+European+History&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1952-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoocAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1953" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Sir Herbert (1 January 1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianitydipl0000butt"><i>Christianity, diplomacy and war</i></a></span>. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+diplomacy+and+war&rft.pub=Abingdon-Cokesbury+Press&rft.date=1953-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Sir+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianitydipl0000butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1955" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob46AAAAIAAJ"><i>Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship</i></a>. CUP Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+on+His+Past%3A+The+Study+of+the+History+of+Historical+Scholarship&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1955-01-01&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOb46AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1957" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 January 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qlZnAAAAMAAJ"><i>George III and the historians</i></a>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787250009045" title="Special:BookSources/9787250009045"><bdi>9787250009045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III+and+the+historians&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1957-01-01&rft.isbn=9787250009045&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqlZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard,_Cedric" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Cedric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1495&context=auss">"review of <i>Writings on Christianity and History</i> by H. Butterfield, edited by C. T. McIntire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Andrews_University" title="Andrews University">Andrews University</a> (andrews.edu)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrews+University+%28andrews.edu%29&rft.atitle=review+of+Writings+on+Christianity+and+History+by+H.+Butterfield%2C+edited+by+C.+T.+McIntire&rft.au=Ward%2C+Cedric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1495%26context%3Dauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1981" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Herbert (1 August 1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofhistory00butt"><i>The Origins of History</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465053445" title="Special:BookSources/9780465053445"><bdi>9780465053445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981-08-01&rft.isbn=9780465053445&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofhistory00butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bentley, Michael <i>The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Chadwick, Owen "Acton and Butterfield" pages 386-405 from <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>, volume 38, 1987.</li> <li>Coll, Alberto R. <i>The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics</i>, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985.</li> <li>Elliott, J.H. & H.G. Koenigsberger (editors) <i>The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield</i>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, G.R.</a> "Herbert Butterfield and the Study of History" pages 729-743 from <i>Historical Journal</i>, Volume 27, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reba_N._Soffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reba N. Soffer">Soffer, Reba N.</a> <i>History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan</i> (2009), chapter on Butterfield</li> <li>Thompson, Kenneth W. (editor) <i>Herbert Butterfield: The Ethics of History and Politics</i>, Washington: University Press of America, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Schweizer, Karl</a>, <i>The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield</i>, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Schweizer, Karl</a>, ed. Herbert Butterfield: Essays on the History of Science, New York: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diversityofhisto0000unse_8zy">Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield</a>, Routledge and K. Paul, London, 1970.</li> <li>Bentley, Michael, <i>The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield, History, Science and God</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00397-2">978-1-107-00397-2</a>.</li> <li>Coll, Alberto R., <i>The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics</i>, Duke University Press, 1985.</li> <li>McClay, Wilfred M., <i>Whig History at Eighty: The Enduring Relevance of Herbert Butterfield and His Most Famous Book</i>, 2011.</li> <li>McIntire, C. T., <i>Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter</i>, Yale University Press, 2004</li> <li>McIntyre, Kenneth B., <i>Herbert Butterfield: History, Providence, and Skeptical Politics</i>, ISI Books, 2011</li> <li>Sewell, Keith C., <i>Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Herbert_Butterfield" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Herbert Butterfield">Herbert Butterfield</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Herbert_Butterfield" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Herbert Butterfield">Herbert Butterfield</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185906/http://yalepress.yale.edu/YUPBOOKS/book.asp?isbn=9780300098075">Herbert Butterfield at Yale University Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctlibrary.com/4497">Modern Pioneers: Herbert Butterfield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121061621/http://www.ctlibrary.com/4497">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Butterfield%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Herbert%20Butterfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butterfield%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herbert%20Butterfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butterfield%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Herbert%20Butterfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Butterfield%2C%20Herbert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Herbert%20Butterfield%22%29%20OR%20%28%221900-1979%22%20AND%20Butterfield%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Herbert Butterfield</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIjtVnZrxCs">"Ep 8 Kenneth McIntyre on Herbert Butterfield and History"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. Chronicles Magazine. 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Ep+8+Kenneth+McIntyre+on+Herbert+Butterfield+and+History&rft.date=2023-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEIjtVnZrxCs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Butterfield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cairn_Vellacott" title="Paul Cairn Vellacott">Paul Cairn Vellacott</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Peterhouse,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge">Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1955–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Burkill" title="John Charles Burkill">John Charles Burkill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">The Lord Adrian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> </b><br />1959–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Sir Ivor Jennings</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Knowles_(scholar)" title="David Knowles (scholar)">David Knowles</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_History_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Modern History<br />at the University of Cambridge</a> </b><br />1963–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Owen Chadwick</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historians_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historians_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Europe" title="Category:Historians of Europe">Historians of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin" title="Henri-Jean Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Roberts" title="J. M. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_de_Schaepdrijver" title="Sophie de Schaepdrijver">de Schaepdrijver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">Peçevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87" title="Antun Knežević">Knežević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdija_Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87" title="Hamdija Kreševljaković">Kreševljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Vego" title="Marko Vego">Vego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmedin_Mesihovi%C4%87" title="Salmedin Mesihović">Mesihović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bailyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rudolph_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Rudolph Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Harding Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Christopher_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Christopher Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Namier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Seeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper,_Baron_Dacre_of_Glanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjana_Gross" title="Mirjana Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Klai%C4%87" title="Nada Klaić">Klaić (Nada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Klai%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Klaić">Klaić (Vjekoslav)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lucius" title="Johannes Lucius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpimir_Macan" title="Trpimir Macan">Macan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Franjo Rački">Rački</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ferdo Šišić">Šišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadija_Smi%C4%8Diklas" title="Tadija Smičiklas">Smičiklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87" title="Pavao Ritter Vitezović">Vitezović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodkin" title="Mikhail Borodkin">Borodkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesar_Ordin" title="Kesar Ordin">Ordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Becker" title="Jean-Jacques Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Febvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Mousnier" title="Roland Mousnier">Mousnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Bock" title="Gisela Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Citino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hirschfeld" title="Gerhard Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Jäckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">Komlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Langewiesche" title="Dieter Langewiesche">Langewiesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke" title="Friedrich Meinecke">Meinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen (Hans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Mommsen (Wolfgang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">Mosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Peukert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rothfels" title="Hans Rothfels">Rothfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Wehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolffsohn" title="Michael Wolffsohn">Wolffsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">de Zayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonaventure_Browne" title="Mary Bonaventure Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Mícheál Ó Cléirigh">Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hughes_(historian)" title="Kathleen Hughes (historian)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchu_moccu_Machtheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muirchu moccu Machtheni">Machtheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" title="Eugene O'Curry">O'Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" title="John O'Donovan (scholar)">O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADrech%C3%A1n" title="Tírechán">Tírechán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Ware">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arnone_Sipari" title="Lorenzo Arnone Sipari">Arnone Sipari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.J.B._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J.B. Bosworth">Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">De Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginsborg" title="Paul Ginsborg">Ginsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Petacco" title="Arrigo Petacco">Petacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Cazacu" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Nistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawel_Jasienica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawel Jasienica">Jasienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Steed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hermano_Saraiva" title="José Hermano Saraiva">Hermano Saraiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mattoso" title="José Mattoso">Mattoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._de_Oliveira_Marques" title="A. H. de Oliveira Marques">Oliveira Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Rosas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Boia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Hasdeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kogalniceanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail Kogalniceanu">Kogalniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitrany" title="David Mitrany">Mitrany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tismaneanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Tismaneanu">Tismaneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_D._Xenopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru D. Xenopol">Xenopol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bethell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bethell">Bethell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Danilov" title="Viktor Danilov">Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Grimsted" title="Patricia Kennedy Grimsted">Grimsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Khlevniuk" title="Oleg Khlevniuk">Khlevniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrov" title="Nikita Petrov">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86orovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćorović">Ćorović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_I._Dereti%C4%87" title="Jovan I. Deretić">Deretić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Mihalj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Rade Mihaljčić">Mihaljčić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Stojan Novaković">Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanoje_Stanojevi%C4%87" title="Stanoje Stanojević">Stanojević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Boece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Harvie" title="Christopher Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Tranter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_De%C3%A1k" title="Ladislav Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kamenec" title="Ivan Kamenec">Kamenec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Adam František Kollár">Kollár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Marusiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Juraj Marusiak">Marusiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1-Zubercov%C3%A1" title="Zora Mintalová-Zubercová">Mintalová-Zubercová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Šafárik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogo_Grafenauer" title="Bogo Grafenauer">Grafenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Melik" title="Vasilij Melik">Melik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Verginella" title="Marta Verginella">Verginella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Altamira_y_Crevea" title="Rafael Altamira y Crevea">Altamira y Crevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ari%C3%A9" title="Rachel Arié">Arié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Bennassar" title="Bartolomé Bennassar">Bennassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Florencio" title="Rafael Núñez Florencio">Florencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)" title="Ian Gibson (author)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Ivars" title="Andreu Ivars">Ivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Rada" title="Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada">de Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ribera_y_Tarrag%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Ribera y Tarragó">Ribera y Tarragó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Englund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Grimberg" title="Carl Grimberg">Grimberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth" title="Erik Lönnroth">Lönnroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ringmar" title="Erik Ringmar">Ringmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(1650%E2%80%931723)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson (1650–1723)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Stolpe" title="Sven Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Weibull" title="Curt Weibull">Weibull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Weibull" title="Lauritz Weibull">Weibull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (journalist)">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012277673X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27074662">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1717166/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8dXG86jjKCYCKwxjHmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118675079">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80010129">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119973514">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119973514">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434994">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Butterfield, Herbert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV012216">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36056793">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2008462601&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX975645">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/53487">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069310688">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90162845">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029470&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=96350">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201430163">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609517205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/73291">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259242405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517291606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01466501?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=23062895500">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1203652">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118675079.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118675079">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028063368">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64r1z86">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&oldid=1254920311">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&oldid=1254920311</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_births" title="Category:1900 births">1900 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_deaths" title="Category:1979 deaths">1979 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_historians" title="Category:20th-century English historians">20th-century English historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Methodists" title="Category:20th-century Methodists">20th-century Methodists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge">Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Methodists" title="Category:English Methodists">English Methodists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Fellows of the British Academy">Fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Christianity" title="Category:Historians of Christianity">Historians of Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Europe" title="Category:Historians of Europe">Historians of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_historians_of_science" title="Category:British historians of science">British historians of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historiographers" title="Category:Historiographers">Historiographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intellectual_historians" title="Category:Intellectual historians">Intellectual historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations_historians" title="Category:International relations historians">International relations historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Bachelor" title="Category:Knights Bachelor">Knights Bachelor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masters_of_Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Category:Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge">Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_University_of_Cambridge_faculty_of_history" title="Category:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history">Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_philosophers" title="Category:Methodist philosophers">Methodist philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sawston" title="Category:People from Sawston">People from Sawston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Yorkshire" title="Category:People from West Yorkshire">People from West Yorkshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_history" title="Category:Philosophers of history">Philosophers of history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge">Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regius_Professors_of_History_(Cambridge)" title="Category:Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)">Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whig_history" title="Category:Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use British English from April 2012">Use British English from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2022">Articles needing additional references from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 09:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Butterfield&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-9j2jf","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.018","walltime":"1.336","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8701,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":156953,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16325,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":137918,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1180.728 1 -total"," 27.01% 318.920 1 Template:Infobox_historian"," 15.35% 181.254 20 Template:Cite_book"," 14.69% 173.464 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.02% 82.907 3 Template:S-bef"," 6.98% 82.431 38 Template:Main_other"," 6.82% 80.531 1 Template:Historians_of_Europe"," 6.42% 75.840 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.04% 71.272 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.35% 63.227 1 Template:Moresources"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.565","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11232328,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6f4956b788-2z5lm","timestamp":"20241128152430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Herbert Butterfield","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Butterfield","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1350443","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1350443","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-19T03:11:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T09:31:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8b\/Herbert_Butterfield_%282%29.jpg","headline":"British historian (1900 \u2013 1979)"}</script> </body> </html>