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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-어원과_사용례" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#어원과_사용례"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>어원과 사용례</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-어원과_사용례-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>어원과 사용례 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-어원과_사용례-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-명나라" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#명나라"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>명나라</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-명나라-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-청나라" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#청나라"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>청나라</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-청나라-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기타_사용례" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기타_사용례"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>기타 사용례</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기타_사용례-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-출처" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#출처"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>출처</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-출처-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">중국 제국</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 20개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Keiserryk" title="Chinese Keiserryk – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinese Keiserryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_China" title="Kaiserreich China – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaiserreich China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_chinu" title="Imperiu chinu – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চীনা সাম্রাজ্য – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_xin%C3%A8s" title="Imperi xinès – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi xinès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Čínské císařství – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_China" title="Kaiserreich China – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική Αυτοκρατορία – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_chino" title="Imperio chino – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Chine impériale – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chine impériale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerryk_Sina" title="Keizerryk Sina – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keizerryk Sina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carska_Kina" title="Carska Kina – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carska Kina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="中華帝国 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Çînê – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Çînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees_Keizerrijk" title="Chinees Keizerrijk – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinees Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_imperiala" title="China imperiala – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="China imperiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carska_Kina" title="Carska Kina – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carska Kina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Imperial China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Çin İmparatorluğu – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" 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<b>중국 제국</b>(Chinese Empire)은 제정 중국으로 알려진 시대에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="중국의 황제">중국 황제</a>가 통치한 영역을 지칭하는 용어이다. 이 용어는 서양 학자들에 의해 만들어졌으며 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라">명나라</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청나라</a>(또는 일반적으로 중국 제국 왕조)를 설명하는 데 사용되었다. 또 다른 용어는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%9E%90" title="천자">천자</a>인 황제의 지위와 관련하여 "천상 제국"(Celestial Empire)이었다. 기원전 221년 중국은 처음으로 황제 아래 통일되었고, 이후 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="진나라">진</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="한나라">한</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%A7%84%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EC%A1%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="위진남북조 시대">남북조</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="수나라">수</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="당나라">당</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="송나라">송</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="원나라">원</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라">명</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청</a> 등 세습 군주에 의해 세워진 여러 왕조 또는 제국이 총 2천 년 동안 중국을 통치했다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="어원과_사용례"><span id=".EC.96.B4.EC.9B.90.EA.B3.BC_.EC.82.AC.EC.9A.A9.EB.A1.80"></span>어원과 사용례</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 어원과 사용례"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Qing_china.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Qing_china.jpg/260px-Qing_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Qing_china.jpg/390px-Qing_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Qing_china.jpg/520px-Qing_china.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>청나라("중국 제국"으로 표시됨)를 보여주는 1890년 지도.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg/260px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg/390px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg/520px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-33621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>중국 제국의 내륙 아시아 종속국을 보여주는 1851년 지도.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Chinese_empire_and_Japan._LOC_2006629414.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5783" data-file-height="4879" /></a><figcaption>중국 제국과 일본을 보여주는 1840년 지도.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg/260px-A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg/390px-A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg/520px-A_new_universal_atlas_of_the_world.Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>중국 제국과 기타 아시아 지역을 보여주는 1825년 지도.</figcaption></figure> <p>중국(China)이라는 단어는 16세기부터 영어에서 사용되었다. 중국은 13세기(원나라 시대) <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94_%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C" title="마르코 폴로">마르코 폴로</a>가 저서인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9%EA%B2%AC%EB%AC%B8%EB%A1%9D" title="동방견문록">동방견문록</a>에서 사용한 '<a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="캐세이">캐세이</a>'라는 이름으로 유럽인들에게 알려졌으며, 유럽인들이 캐세이가 중국 또는 북중국을 가리킨다는 사실을 확신하기까지는 꽤나 시간이 걸렸다. "중국 제국"(Chinese Empire)이라는 용어는 명대 말기인 16세기에 처음으로 등장했으며 이후 청대부터 사용례가 증가했다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="명나라"><span id=".EB.AA.85.EB.82.98.EB.9D.BC"></span>명나라</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 명나라"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16세기 초 유럽 탐험가들이 항해를 통해 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라">명나라</a>(1368~1644)를 직접 접하면서 유럽 지식인 사회는 중국 정치 체제에 대한 개념을 새롭게 정립하기 시작했다. 그러나 처음에는 유럽인들 대다수가 명나라를 제국이 아닌 왕국으로 간주했다. 막시밀리우스 트란실바누스는 그의 저서에서 중국을 처음으로 제국으로 간주한 것으로 보인다. 1585년 후안 곤살레스 데 멘도사는 조공 제도의 다단계 체계를 바탕으로 명나라가 제국 수준이라고 지적했다. 이후 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%98" title="마테오 리치">마테오 리치</a>, 알바로 세메도, 마르티노 마르티니, 필립 쿠플레와 같은 유럽인들이 제국-왕국 수준을 비교하고 유럽과 중국의 개념을 번역하고 계보를 구성하여 점차 '중국 제국'이라는 명칭을 구축해나갔다. 그러나 대중적인 채택은 더딘 과정이었다. 예수회 중국 선교부의 창립자 중 한 명인 마테오 리치가 쓴 1615년 저서 '명나라 원정(De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas)'에서도 명나라를 왕국으로 더 자주 언급했다. 하지만 명 말기가 지나면서 점점 더 많은 유럽인이 명나라를 '중국 제국'으로 부르기 시작했다.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="청나라"><span id=".EC.B2.AD.EB.82.98.EB.9D.BC"></span>청나라</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 청나라"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>명에서 청으로 왕조가 교체되자 유럽인들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청나라</a>(1644~1912)에 "중국 제국"이라는 이름을 붙이기 시작했다.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "중국 제국"(Chinese Empire)은 청대에 일반적으로 사용되었으며, 특히 서양 지도와 국제 조약에서 가장 많이 사용되었다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%B0%A8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 차르국">러시아 차르국</a>은 1650년대에 청나라와 공식적인 교류를 시작했으며, 당시 러시아 문서에서는 청을 "중국 제국", "중국" 또는 보그다국으로 지칭했다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1689년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="네르친스크 조약">네르친스크 조약</a>에서 권위 있는 라틴어 텍스트는 청나라를 지칭하기 위해 "임페리 시니치"("중국 제국"이라는 뜻)라는 이름을 사용했다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1793년 영국 최초의 중국 특사였던 조지 매카트니는 중국에 파견된 직후 "중국 제국은 지난 백오십 년 동안 유능하고 경계심이 강한 장교들의 행운의 계승으로 유지되어 온 늙고 미친 일류의 전쟁의 제국이다..."라는 유명한 말을 남겼다.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 청나라는 전통적인 중국식 조공 체제를 유지하려고 노력했지만 19세기 후반에 이르러 유럽식 주권 공동체의 일원이 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그 과정에서 청나라의 지리적 경계는 외교와 전쟁을 통해 서구 열강과 일본에 의해 재정의되었다. 청 정부는 국경을 효과적으로 관리하는 동시에 근대화를 위해 노력했고, 내륙 아시아(당시에는 중국 타타리로 통칭)의 종속 지역은 서구 국가들이 인정한 대로 중국 제국의 지배 영역으로 내재화되고 통합되었다. 19세기 내내 서양의 지도 제작자들은 일반적으로 만주, 몽골, 신장(중국 투르키스탄), 티베트를 선으로 구분된 중국과 함께 '중국 제국'의 일부로 출판된 지도에 포함시켰다. 청나라 마지막 10년 동안 중국에서 출판된 지도는 서양의 지도 제작 방식을 따라잡았고, 중국의 내륙 지역은 고정된 국제 경계로 둘러싸여 있었으며 특별한 경계선으로 중국 본토와 분리되지 않았다.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="기타_사용례"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.83.80_.EC.82.AC.EC.9A.A9.EB.A1.80"></span>기타 사용례</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 기타 사용례"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"중국 제국"이라는 용어는 명나라나 청나라가 존재하던 시기에 명나라와 청나라를 구체적으로 지칭하는 의미로 사용되기도 하지만, 중국 전통 사학에서는 역사를 끊어지지 않는 왕조의 연속이라는 관점에서 생각하기 때문에 중국 역사에서 여러 왕조가 통치한 연속 제국을 지칭하는 의미로 자주 사용되었다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%84%B1%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="역성혁명">역성혁명</a> 참조).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 예를 들어 후안 곤살레스 데 멘도사는 16세기 후반 그의 저서에서 고대 중국에 대해 이야기하면서 중국의 첫 번째 (신화적) 통치자인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C_(%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A4)" title="황제 (전설)">황제</a>가 중국 왕국을 제국으로 만들었고, 황제 시대에 중국은 이미 제국이었기 때문에 그 이후의 모든 왕조는 '제국'의 연속으로 간주한다고 세 곳에서 명확하게 언급했다. 마테오 리치의 '제국의 권력 이전'에 대한 견해에 따르면, 제국의 이름은 고대부터 변하지 않았지만 통치 가문에 따라 다른 이름을 가진 경우가 많았는데, 예를 들어 '독일 제국'이라는 이름은 변하지 않았지만 오스트리아 가문이 통치할 때는 '오스트리아 제국'이라고도 불릴 수 있었다고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 마찬가지로 1853년에 발행된 신문 <<a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%9A%95_%ED%97%A4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C" title="뉴욕 헤럴드">뉴욕 헤럴드</a>>에 따르면 "4600년 동안 21개의 왕조가 중국 제국의 운명을 좌우했으며, 현 통치자 외에 220의 황제를 배출했으며, 이들의 평균 재위 기간은 각각 19년 가까이 되었다"고 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 반면 현대 학자들은 일반적으로 중국의 제정 왕조들을 하나의 연속된 제국이라기보다는 별도의 국가 또는 제국으로 간주하며, 특히 중국 제국 말기 이후에는 더욱 그렇다. 한편, 오늘날 "엠퍼러"라는 영어 용어는 일반적으로 중국의 엠퍼러라고도 불리는 황제(皇帝)라는 중국어 용어에 해당한다. 예를 들어, 황제라는 칭호를 최초로 사용한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="진나라">진나라</a>는 현대 자료에서 "최초의 중국 제국"으로 언급되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 반면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청나라</a>는 마지막 중국 제국으로 간주된다.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그 사이의 왕조도 마찬가지로 하나의 연속된 제국이 아닌 제국으로 간주되지만, 일부 학자에 따라 진나라와 그 뒤를 이은 한나라를 통틀어 '진-한 제국'이라고 부르는 등 일부 왕조는 함께 묶이기도 한다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 두 왕조는 서양의 그리스-로마와 마찬가지로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="중국 문명">중국 문명</a>의 "고전" 시대를 구성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:China_Dynasties.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/China_Dynasties.gif/260px-China_Dynasties.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/China_Dynasties.gif/390px-China_Dynasties.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/China_Dynasties.gif/520px-China_Dynasties.gif 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>중국 역사상 다양한 왕조와 국가의 대략적인 영토 범위.</figcaption></figure> <p>중국 제국 시대는 고대와 현대사를 통틀어 2,000년 이상 지속되었다. 수 세기 동안 중국의 왕조나 제국은 분쟁과 전쟁의 시기를 포함하여 흥망성쇠를 거듭했지만, 제정 중국은 놀랍게도 변함없이 지속되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 모든 중국 제국들의 특징은 거대한 규모와 민족의 다양성이었다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>전국 시대에 한어를 사용하는 다양한 국가들의 느슨한 집합체로 등장한 진나라는 통일 전쟁을 통해 화하 왕국 대부분을 하나의 왕조로 통합하여 기원전 221년 최초의 중국 제국이 세워진 해에 최초의 제정 왕조가 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 진나라가 멸망한 후에도 중국 제국은 계속 확장되어 한대에 북쪽과 남쪽, 서쪽으로 세력을 확장해 나갔다.<sup id="cite_ref-hanexpansion_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanexpansion-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4세기 후 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="당나라">당대</a>에 중국은 경제, 군사, 정치력 면에서 황금기를 맞이했다. 당나라의 영토는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="중앙아시아">중앙아시아</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="동북아시아">동북아시아</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="동남아시아">동남아시아</a> 일부에 걸쳐 있었으며 8세기 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="안사의 난">안사의 난</a>으로 왕조가 멸망할 때까지 이어졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 몽골에 기반을 둔 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="원나라">원나라</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8" title="티베트">티베트</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8" title="몽골">몽골</a> 등 내륙 아시아 영토를 통합하면서 중국 제국의 부흥을 알렸다. 원나라가 멸망하고 3세기 후에 세워진 청나라는 내륙으로 다시 확장하면서 오늘날 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="중화인민공화국">중화인민공화국</a> 영토의 기반을 마련했다.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1911년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="신해혁명">신해혁명</a>이 일어난지 1년 후, <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="푸이">현통제</a>(푸이)의 퇴위와 함께 청나라가 멸망하면서 제정 중국 시대는 막을 내렸다.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3년 후, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%95%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4" title="위안스카이">위안스카이</a>가 자신을 황제로 추대하며 황제 통치를 회복했다.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhengyuan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhengyuan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spence3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 하지만 반대 여론과 반란이 거세지고 원제의 건강이 악화되어 퇴위하기까지 83일밖에 버티지 못했다. 1917년 7월, 푸이는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%89%B0" title="장쉰">장쉰</a>에 의해 다시 옹립되었지만 2주도 채 되지 않아 복권이 취소되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLachVan_Kley1994" class="citation">Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1994), 《Asia in the Making of Europe》, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1575–1577쪽, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-226-46734-4" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-226-46734-4"><bdi>978-0-226-46734-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1575-1577&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46734-4&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Van+Kley%2C+Edwin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-origin_2-3">라</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.ifeng.com/c/8CWbwPcoIPd">“西方“中华帝国”概念的起源（1516—1688）”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 6월 5일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%9D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%881516%E2%80%941688%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.ifeng.com%2Fc%2F8CWbwPcoIPd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kuzmin, Sergius L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212123001/https://www.academia.edu/7730158/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1.%D0%9B._2012._%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_Dmitriev_S.V._Kuzmin_S.L._2012._What_is_China_The_Middle_State_in_historical_myth_and_real_policy_">“Dmitriev, S.V. and Kuzmin, S.L. 2012. What is China? The Middle State in historical myth and real policy, Oriens (Moscow), no 3, pp. 5-19.”</a>. 2022년 2월 12일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7730158">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2015년 2월 8일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dmitriev%2C+S.V.+and+Kuzmin%2C+S.L.+2012.+What+is+China%3F+The+Middle+State+in+historical+myth+and+real+policy%2C+Oriens+%28Moscow%29%2C+no+3%2C+pp.+5-19.&rft.aulast=Kuzmin&rft.aufirst=Sergius+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7730158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hayton, Bill (2021). 《製造中國：近代中國如何煉成的九個關鍵詞》. 麥田. 23쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9786263100275" title="특수:책찾기/9786263100275"><bdi>9786263100275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%9A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%85%89%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E4%B9%9D%E5%80%8B%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E8%A9%9E&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=%E9%BA%A5%E7%94%B0&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9786263100275&rft.aulast=Hayton&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2020/01/06/a-lesson-for-american-foreign-trade-with-china/">“A Lesson for American Foreign Trade with China”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2024년 6월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Lesson+for+American+Foreign+Trade+with+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2F2020%2F01%2F06%2Fa-lesson-for-american-foreign-trade-with-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">—— (2009). 《China's Last Empire: The Great Qing》. History of Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 211쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-674-03612-3" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-674-03612-3"><bdi>978-0-674-03612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Last+Empire%3A+The+Great+Qing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=History+of+Imperial+China&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03612-3&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kirby, William C. (2020). 《The People's Republic of China at 60: An International Assessment》. History of Imperial China. Brill. 308쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9781684171217" title="특수:책찾기/9781684171217"><bdi>9781684171217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Republic+of+China+at+60%3A+An+International+Assessment&rft.series=History+of+Imperial+China&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781684171217&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Evelyn, Evelyn (2015). 《Early Modern China and Northeast Asia》. Cambridge University Press. 1쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9781107093089" title="특수:책찾기/9781107093089"><bdi>9781107093089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+China+and+Northeast+Asia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107093089&rft.aulast=Evelyn&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">“The Chinese Empire”. 《New York Daily Herald》 (United States). 1853년 6월 14일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Empire&rft.date=1853-06-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The New York Times, 편집. (2011). 《The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind》. St. Martin's Publishing Group. 513쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9781429950855" title="특수:책찾기/9781429950855"><bdi>9781429950855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge%3A+A+Desk+Reference+for+the+Curious+Mind&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781429950855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dietmar W. Winkler, 편집. (2013). 《From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia》. Lit. 126쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9783643903297" title="특수:책찾기/9783643903297"><bdi>9783643903297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Oxus+River+to+the+Chinese+Shores%3A+Studies+on+East+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783643903297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stephanie Lawson, 편집. (2013). 《Europe and the Asia-Pacific: Culture, Identity and Representations of Region》. Taylor & Francis. 154쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9781136497322" title="특수:책찾기/9781136497322"><bdi>9781136497322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Asia-Pacific%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Representations+of+Region&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136497322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Andrea Balbo, 편집. (2022). 《Empire and Politics in the Eastern and Western Civilizations》. De Gruyter. 30쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9783110731590" title="특수:책찾기/9783110731590"><bdi>9783110731590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Politics+in+the+Eastern+and+Western+Civilizations&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783110731590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mark Edward Lewis, 편집. (2010). 《The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han》. Harvard University Press. 1쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Samir Puri, 편집. (2021). 《The Shadows of Empire》. Pegasus Books. 106쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/9781643136691" title="특수:책찾기/9781643136691"><bdi>9781643136691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadows+of+Empire&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781643136691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mark Edward Lewis, 편집. (2010). 《The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han》. Harvard University Press. 2쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Qin-Shi-Huang">“Qin Shi Huang | Biography, Accomplishments, Family, United China, Tomb, & Facts | Britannica”</a>. 2024년 4월 8일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qin+Shi+Huang+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+Family%2C+United+China%2C+Tomb%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FQin-Shi-Huang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanexpansion-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hanexpansion_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/early-china/expansion-and-political-transition-of-the-han-empire/D876A79D835304F5E068882D0D639D46">〈Expansion and political transition of the Han Empire〉</a>. 《Early China》. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2013. 256–281쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139034395.015">10.1017/CBO9781139034395.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-521-89552-1" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-521-89552-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+political+transition+of+the+Han+Empire&rft.btitle=Early+China&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+Asian+History&rft.pages=256-281&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034395.015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89552-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fearly-china%2Fexpansion-and-political-transition-of-the-han-empire%2FD876A79D835304F5E068882D0D639D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ushistory.org/civ/9d.asp">https://www.ushistory.org/civ/9d.asp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pan, Yihong (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cedar.wwu.edu/easpress/6/">“Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and its Neighbors”</a>. 《East Asian Studies Press》 (Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University). Studies on East Asia, Volume 20. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25710%2Fvs3m-gw59">10.25710/vs3m-gw59</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Studies+Press&rft.atitle=Son+of+Heaven+and+Heavenly+Qaghan%3A+Sui-Tang+China+and+its+Neighbors&rft.volume=Studies+on+East+Asia%2C+Volume+20&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25710%2Fvs3m-gw59&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Yihong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcedar.wwu.edu%2Feaspress%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.nahf.or.kr/english/item/level.do?levelId=iscd_003e_0030_0040">“Northeast Asian History Network”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Asian+History+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.nahf.or.kr%2Fenglish%2Fitem%2Flevel.do%3FlevelId%3Discd_003e_0030_0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhaven.com/APWH/unit2/Sinification_of_East_and_Southeast_Asia.htm">“Sinification of East and Southeast Asia”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinification+of+East+and+Southeast+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhaven.com%2FAPWH%2Funit2%2FSinification_of_East_and_Southeast_Asia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zcjrbqt">“Overview and expansion of the Qing dynasty - the Qing dynasty - KS3 History - homework help for year 7, 8 and 9”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+and+expansion+of+the+Qing+dynasty+-+the+Qing+dynasty+-+KS3+History+-+homework+help+for+year+7%2C+8+and+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Farticles%2Fzcjrbqt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/for-educators/teaching-china-with-the-smithsonian/explore-by-dynasty/qing-dynasty/">“Qing dynasty (1644–1911)”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qing+dynasty+%281644%E2%80%931911%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia-archive.si.edu%2Flearn%2Ffor-educators%2Fteaching-china-with-the-smithsonian%2Fexplore-by-dynasty%2Fqing-dynasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/abdication-emperor-puyi-1912/">“The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)”</a>. 2013년 6월 4일.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+abdication+decree+of+Emperor+Puyi+%281912%29&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fchineserevolution%2Fabdication-emperor-puyi-1912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhengyuan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhengyuan_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhengyuan Fu. (1994) <i>Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University (없는 문서)">Cambridge University</a> Press. pp. 153–154. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38117996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-44228-1" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-44228-1">0-521-44228-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Spence3_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) <i>The Search for Modern China</i>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxxMAQAAIAAJ">《Literary Knowledge》</a>. Henan People's Publishing House. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Knowledge&rft.pub=Henan+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxxMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="출처"><span id=".EC.B6.9C.EC.B2.98"></span>출처</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 출처"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Fangyin, Zhou (2023년 12월 31일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377003015_7_The_Particularity_of_Ancient_China_as_an_Empire/fulltext/65919e342468df72d3edc315/7-The-Particularity-of-Ancient-China-as-an-Empire.pdf">〈7 The Particularity of Ancient China as an Empire〉</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《Bridging Two Worlds》. University of California Press. 155–169쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520390997-010">10.1525/9780520390997-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-520-39099-7" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-520-39099-7"><bdi>978-0-520-39099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+The+Particularity+of+Ancient+China+as+an+Empire&rft.btitle=Bridging+Two+Worlds&rft.pages=155-169&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520390997-010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-39099-7&rft.aulast=Fangyin&rft.aufirst=Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F377003015_7_The_Particularity_of_Ancient_China_as_an_Empire%2Ffulltext%2F65919e342468df72d3edc315%2F7-The-Particularity-of-Ancient-China-as-an-Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Historical_Archives_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Historical Archives of China (없는 문서)">First Historical Archives of China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shac.net.cn/shac_en/">Second Historical Archives of China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ealac.columbia.edu/program/graduate/fields/chinese-history/">Chinese History at the Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/mcsh20">Chinese Studies in History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="엘람 제국">엘람</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="아카드 제국">아카드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C3%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="우르 제3왕조">우르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8" title="고대 이집트">이집트</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%A0%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이집트 고왕국">고왕국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A4%91%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이집트 중왕국">중왕국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8B%A0%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이집트 신왕국">신왕국</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="바빌로니아">바빌로니아</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="고바빌로니아 제국">고바빌로니아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="신바빌로니아 제국">신바빌로니아</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EA%B3%A0" title="카르타고">카르타고</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="아시리아">아시리아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="히타이트">히타이트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="헬레니즘 제국">헬레니즘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="마케도니아 왕국">마케도니아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="프톨레마이오스 왕국">프톨레마이오스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="셀레우코스 제국">셀레우코스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4-%EB%B0%95%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="그리스-박트리아 왕국">그리스-박트리아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="인도-그리스 왕국">인도-그리스</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4" title="마가다">마가다</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%80%EC%B9%B4_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="하리얀카 왕조">하리얀카</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="샤이슈나가 왕조">샤이슈나가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%8B%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="난다 제국">난다</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="마우리아 제국">마우리아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%AD%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="숭가 제국">숭가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%BD%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="굽타 제국">굽타</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%80%EB%B0%94%ED%95%98%EB%82%98" class="mw-redirect" title="사타바하나">사타바하나</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EC%83%A8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="쿠샨 제국">쿠샨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%89%EB%85%B8" title="흉노">흉노</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">중국</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="진나라">진</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="한나라">한</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4" title="고구려">고구려</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="로마 제국">로마</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="서로마 제국">서로마</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="동로마 제국">동로마</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="메디아">메디아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="페르시아 제국">페르시아</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%BC%80%EB%A9%94%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="아케메네스 제국">아케메네스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="파르티아 제국">파르티아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%82%B0_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="사산 제국">사산</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="팔미라 제국">팔미라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9B%88%EC%A1%B1" title="훈족">훈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B8" title="테오티우아칸">테오티우아칸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%84%ED%83%88" title="에프탈">에프탈</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">중세</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="동로마 제국">로마</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="칼리파국">칼리파국</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EB%91%94_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="라시둔 칼리파국">라시둔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="우마이야 칼리파국">우마이야</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="아바스 칼리파국">아바스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="파티마 칼리파국">파티마</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%99%80%ED%9E%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="무와히드 칼리파국">무와히드</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">중국</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="수나라">수</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="당나라">당</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="송나라">송</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="요나라">요</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="금나라">금</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="원나라">원</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%B2%88" title="토번">토번</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%84%B4-%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="카넴-보르누 제국">카넴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9B%94" title="대월">베트남</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%98_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="딘 왕조">딘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84_%EB%A0%88_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="전 레 왕조">전 레</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="리 왕조">리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A9%90_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="쩐 왕조">쩐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="호 왕조">호</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A6%88%ED%85%8D_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="아즈텍 제국">아즈텍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A6%88%EB%82%98_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="가즈나 술탄국">가즈나</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EC%A3%BC%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="셀주크 제국">셀주크</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%A0%88%EC%A6%98_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="화레즘 제국">화레즘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="티무르 제국">티무르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A8%ED%85%8D_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="톨텍 제국">톨텍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%99%80%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="와리 제국 (없는 문서)">와리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%BC%EB%B6%80%ED%8B%B0_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="푸시야부티 왕조">하르샤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%9E%90_%ED%88%AC%EC%9F%81" title="삼자 투쟁">카나우지</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%90%EB%9D%BC-%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC" title="구르자라-프라티하라">구르자라-프라티하라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="팔라 제국">팔라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%BF%A0%ED%83%80" title="라슈트라쿠타">라슈트라쿠타</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EB%A3%A8%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="찰루키아 왕조">찰루키아</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%B0%EB%A3%A8%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="동찰루키아 왕조">동찰루키아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%B0%B0%EB%A3%A8%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="서찰루키아 왕조">서찰루키아</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%90%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="촐라 제국">촐라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90%EC%95%BC%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="비자야나가라 제국">비자야나가라</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%9E%9B_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="마자파힛 제국">마자파힛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="믈라카 술탄국">믈라카</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="몽골 제국">몽골</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="원나라">원</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B5%EC%B0%A8%ED%81%AC_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="킵차크 칸국">킵차크 칸국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="일 칸국">일 칸국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B3%A0%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="오고타이 칸국">오고타이 칸국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="차가타이 칸국">차가타이 칸국</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%90%EC%95%BC" title="스리위자야">스리위자야</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="세르비아 제국">세르비아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="불가리아 제국">불가리아</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="불가리아 제1제국">제1제국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C2%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="불가리아 제2제국">제2제국</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%81%ED%95%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="북해 제국">북해</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="브루나이 술탄국">브루나이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9C%ED%95%98" title="서하">서하</a></li> <li>로마-게르만 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A1%A4%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="카롤루스 제국">카롤루스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="신성 로마 제국">신성 로마</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EC%A3%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="앙주 제국">앙주</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="말리 제국">말리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="잉카 제국">잉카</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%99%80%EA%B0%80%EB%91%90" title="와가두">와가두</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="에티오피아 제국">에티오피아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="라틴 제국">라틴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">근세</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>인도-페르시아 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="무굴 제국">무굴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="수르 제국">수르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="시크 제국">시크</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%83%80_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="마라타 제국">마라타</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="마이소르 왕국">마이소르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="인도 제국">영국령 인도</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">중국</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라">명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="청나라">청</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="중화제국">중화</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오스만 제국">오스만</a></li> <li>이란 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%8C%8C%EB%B9%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="사파비 제국">사파비</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="아프샤르 제국">아프샤르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%94%EB%93%9C" title="잔드">잔드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="카자르 제국">카자르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="팔라비 제국">팔라비</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="두라니 제국">두라니</a></li> <li>프랑스 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="프랑스 제1제국">제1제국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C2%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="프랑스 제2제국">제2제국</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 제국">러시아</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="오스트리아-헝가리 제국">오스트리아-헝가리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="브라질 제국">브라질</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="일본 제국">일본</a></li> <li>독일 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="독일 제국">제2제국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%98_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="나치 독일">제3제국</a></li></ul></li> <li>베트남 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9B%84_%EB%A0%88_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="후 레 왕조">후 레</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="막 왕조">막</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%96%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%A0_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="떠이선 왕조">떠이선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%8C_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="응우옌 왕조">응우옌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="대한제국">한국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="만주국">만주</a></li> <li>멕시코 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="멕시코 제1제국">제1제국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EC%A0%9C2%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="멕시코 제2제국">제2제국</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">식민제국</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="포르투갈 제국">포르투갈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="스페인 제국">스페인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="네덜란드 제국">네덜란드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%98%81_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="대영 제국">영국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="프랑스 식민제국">프랑스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="독일 제국">독일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD_(1861%EB%85%84~1946%EB%85%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="이탈리아 왕국 (1861년~1946년)">이탈리아</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">원본 주소 "<a dir="ltr" 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