CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Scientology and law - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"17b354f5-01dd-4071-a6f6-b177a5a95dec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Scientology_and_law","wgTitle":"Scientology and law","wgCurRevisionId":1257061487,"wgRevisionId":1257061487,"wgArticleId":105074,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2019","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with dead external links from September 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from September 2015","Scientology and law","Lawsuits","Copyright law", "Abuse of the legal system","Scientology-related controversies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Scientology_and_law","wgRelevantArticleId":105074,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Scientology_and_the_legal_system","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Scientology_and_law","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7433865","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="857"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/800px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="571"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/640px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="457"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Scientology and law - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_and_law"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_and_law"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Scientology_and_law rootpage-Scientology_and_law skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Scientology+and+law" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Scientology+and+law" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Scientology+and+law" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Scientology+and+law" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation_for_religious_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_for_religious_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Litigation for religious recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_for_religious_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L._Ron_Hubbard_and_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L._Ron_Hubbard_and_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>L. Ron Hubbard and lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L._Ron_Hubbard_and_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Court cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Court cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paulette_Cooper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paulette_Cooper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Paulette Cooper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paulette_Cooper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guardian's_Office_convictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guardian's_Office_convictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Guardian's Office convictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guardian's_Office_convictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerry_Armstrong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerry_Armstrong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.3</span> <span>Gerry Armstrong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerry_Armstrong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_IRS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_IRS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.4</span> <span>War with the IRS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_IRS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_Awareness_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_Awareness_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.5</span> <span>Cult Awareness Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_Awareness_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.6</span> <span><i>Time</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hill_&_Knowlton_and_Eli_Lilly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hill_&_Knowlton_and_Eli_Lilly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.7</span> <span>Hill & Knowlton and Eli Lilly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hill_&_Knowlton_and_Eli_Lilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology_versus_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology_versus_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.8</span> <span>Scientology versus the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology_versus_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FACTNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FACTNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.9</span> <span>FACTNet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FACTNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lisa_McPherson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisa_McPherson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.10</span> <span>Lisa McPherson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisa_McPherson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larry_Wollersheim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larry_Wollersheim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.11</span> <span>Larry Wollersheim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larry_Wollersheim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netcom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netcom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.12</span> <span>Netcom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netcom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.13</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scientology and law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="山達基教與法律 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="山達基教與法律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7433865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Scientology_and_law" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Scientology_and_law" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Scientology_and_law" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&oldid=1257061487" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Scientology_and_law&id=1257061487&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScientology_and_law"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScientology_and_law"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Scientology_and_law&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology_and_the_legal_system" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7433865" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_the_legal_system&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology and the legal system">Scientology and the legal system</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church of Scientology legal cases</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="PAC Base, Los Angeles"><img alt="PAC Base, Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/110px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/165px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/220px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>General</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Beliefs and practices</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge to Total Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials and staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Controversies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">RPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">War on psychiatry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">More</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> has been involved in numerous court disputes across the world. In some cases, when the Church has initiated the dispute, questions have been raised as to its motives.<sup id="cite_ref-frantz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frantz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church of Scientology says that its use of the legal system is necessary to protect its intellectual property and its right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. Critics say that most of the organization's legal claims are designed to harass those who criticize it and its manipulative business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Offensive_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offensive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptimes1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years since its inception, the Church of Scientology's lawsuits have numbered in the thousands—filed against newspapers, magazines, government agencies (including the United States tax collecting unit, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">the IRS</a>), and many individuals. In 1991, <i>Time</i> magazine estimated that the Church spends an average of about $20 million per year on various legal actions,<sup id="cite_ref-behar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the exclusive client of several law firms. According to a U.S. District Court Memorandum of Decision in 1993, Scientologists "have abused the federal court system by using it, <a href="/wiki/Inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alia">inter alia</a>, to destroy their opponents, rather than to resolve an actual dispute over trademark law or any other legal matter. This constitutes 'extraordinary, malicious, wanton, and oppressive conduct.' ... It is abundantly clear that plaintiffs sought to harass the individual defendants and destroy the church defendants through massive over-litigation and other highly questionable litigation tactics. The Special Master has never seen a more glaring example of bad faith litigation than this."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulings such as this have classified the Church of Scientology as a chronically <a href="/wiki/Vexatious_litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vexatious litigant">vexatious litigant</a>. Legal disputes initiated by Scientology against its former members, the media or others include the following: </p> <ul><li>Religious discrimination cases, including recognition as a religious organization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> infringement cases. Scientology's religious documents are copyrighted, and many are available only to members who pay for higher levels of courses and <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Libel and slander</a> cases.</li></ul> <p>In the past, the Church has been the defendant in criminal cases (for example, in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a></i>), and increasingly, lawsuits are being brought by former Church members against the Church, such as: </p> <ul><li>human trafficking and forced labor (<i><a href="/wiki/Headley_v._Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Headley v. Church of Scientology International">Claire and Mark Headley v. Church of Scientology International</a></i>)</li> <li>fraud and misrepresentation<sup id="cite_ref-garcia-salon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-salon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>libel (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litigation_for_religious_recognition">Litigation for religious recognition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country</a></div> <p>One goal of the Church of Scientology is to be recognized as a religion or a tax-free charity, which has met resistance from several governments, with Scientology taking to the courts with varying results. For example, Scientology's path to legal recognition as a religion in New Zealand took 48 years and several lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the United Kingdom rejected an application for charity status and the attendant tax benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-charity-com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charity-com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientology applied for Canadian tax-exempt status in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-globe-mail-saunders_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-mail-saunders-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rejected in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-hagglund-usenet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagglund-usenet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is not registered as a charity as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-cra-list_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cra-list-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Austria, the organization withdrew its application to register as a "religious confessional community".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some governments have labeled the church as a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>. German<sup id="cite_ref-germany-embassy-US_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germany-embassy-US-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Belgian government entities have accused Scientology of violating the human rights of its members and therefore called it a "<a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> cult" and a "commercial enterprise". In 1995, a parliamentary report in France classified it as a "dangerous cult".<sup id="cite_ref-france-assembly-report_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france-assembly-report-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russia, the government had refused to consider Scientology for registration as a religious organization, which became the subject of proceedings before the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Moscow_v._Russia" title="Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia">Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECHR-Russia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHR-Russia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L._Ron_Hubbard_and_lawsuits">L. Ron Hubbard and lawsuits</h2></div> <p>Critics state that the ultimate aim of Scientology lawsuits is to destroy church opponents by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">forcing them into bankruptcy or submission</a>, using its resources to pursue <a href="/wiki/Frivolous_litigation" title="Frivolous litigation">frivolous lawsuits</a> at considerable cost to defendants. In doing so, they draw particular attention to certain controversial statements made by Scientology founder, <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Offensive_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offensive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptimes1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Scientology attorney <a href="/wiki/Moxon_%26_Kobrin" title="Moxon & Kobrin">Helena Kobrin</a> was fined $17,775 for filing a frivolous lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-kobrin-fine_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobrin-fine-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Brinkema" title="Leonie Brinkema">Leonie Brinkema</a> cited a frequently quoted statement of L. Ron Hubbard on the subject in the case of <i>Religious Technology Center vs. The Washington Post</i>, on November 28, 1995:<sup id="cite_ref-rtc-v-post_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtc-v-post-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than win. The law can be used very easily to harass, and enough harassment on somebody who is simply on the thin edge anyway, well knowing that he is not authorized, will generally be sufficient to cause professional decease. If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, The Scientologist, a Manual on the Dissemination of Material, 1955<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Critics also allege that the Church uses litigation as a cover for intimidation tactics, such as investigating the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal records</a> (or lack thereof) of opponents and subjecting them to <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and invasive inquiries, both to discourage further criticism and to ensure the opponent's unwillingness to fight the lawsuit. A policy letter by L. Ron Hubbard, distributed in early 1966, says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is correct procedure: </p><ol><li>Spot who is attacking us.<i></i></li> <li>Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals, not outside agencies.</li> <li>Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.</li> <li>Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press.</li></ol><p> Don't ever tamely submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.<sup id="cite_ref-attacks-lrh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attacks-lrh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Critics of Scientology cite this passage, among others (such as the widely documented <a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">fair game doctrine</a>), to support their contentions that the church uses smear tactics to augment the effectiveness of legal threats.<sup id="cite_ref-Offensive_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offensive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptimes1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_cases">Court cases</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Australia#Litigation" title="Scientology in Australia">Scientology in Australia § Litigation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country#Canada" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country § Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada" title="Scientology in Canada">Scientology in Canada</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="R v Church of Scientology of Toronto">R v Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i> (1992), the Church of Scientology was convicted on two charges of breaching the public trust and fined $250,000, and seven members were convicted on various charges. The case was brought to light after the USA FBI raids in the 1970s on Church of Scientology properties resulted in the discovery of stolen Canadian records, followed by a Canadian raid on the Toronto property and the discovery of 250,000 documents in more than 900 boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to court records, Scientology's <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Office">Guardian Office</a> in Toronto ran a <a href="/wiki/Spy_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy ring">spy ring</a> from 1974 to 1976 that infiltrated <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue Canada">Revenue Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police" title="Ontario Provincial Police">Ontario Provincial Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service" title="Toronto Police Service">Metro Police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario" title="Attorney General of Ontario">provincial attorney general's office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mental_Health_Association" title="Canadian Mental Health Association">Canadian Mental Health Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Medical_Association" title="Ontario Medical Association">Ontario Medical Association</a> and two law firms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i> (1995), Justice Casey Hill, at that time a <a href="/wiki/Crown_attorney" title="Crown attorney">Crown attorney</a> involved in the <i>R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</i> case, sued and won CAD$1,600,000 for libel, the largest libel damage award in Canadian history. During the case, it was shown that a file had been kept on him as an "Enemy Canada". In their decision, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> found: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this case, there was ample evidence upon which the jury could properly base their finding of aggravated damages. The existence of the file on Casey Hill under the designation "Enemy Canada" was evidence of the malicious intention of Scientology to "neutralize" him. The press conference was organized in such a manner as to ensure the widest possible dissemination of the libel. Scientology continued with the contempt proceedings although it knew its allegations were false. In its motion to remove Hill from the search warrant proceedings, it implied that he was not trustworthy and might act in those proceedings in a manner that would benefit him in his libel action. It pleaded justification or truth of its statement when it knew it to be false. It subjected Hill to a demeaning cross-examination and, in its address to the jury, depicted Hill as a manipulative actor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country#France" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country § France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">Scientology in France</a></div> <p>In 1978, L. Ron Hubbard, creator of Scientology, was convicted for illegal business practices, namely, making false claims about his ability to cure physical illnesses. He was sentenced in absentia to four years in prison, which was never served.<sup id="cite_ref-critics_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critics-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smh_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Jean-Jacques Mazier, then head of the Church of Scientology of Lyons, was convicted of fraud and involuntary homicide, and sentenced to 18 months in prison plus 18 months suspended and fined $100,000. Fourteen of 22 others charged with frauds were also convicted. The manslaughter charge was in connection with the 1988 death of Patrice Vic, who killed himself by jumping from a 12th-floor apartment after being pressured to borrow money to pay for yet another Scientology service. The victim's widow said her husband had been "subjected to psychological torture".<sup id="cite_ref-critics_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critics-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related to this trial, two other scientologists were convicted in Toulon for threatening a psychiatrist and expert witness in the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, a Marseille court found five senior officials of the Church of Scientology guilty of fraud for "<a href="/wiki/Purification_Rundown" title="Purification Rundown">sham purification treatments</a>" in Nice and Marseille. Xavier Delamare was sentenced to two years, partially deferred, and received a fine. Four others received suspended sentences of six months to two years, and two more were found not guilty. In a similar case in Lyons in 1997, six Scientologists had been given suspended prison sentences for fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a French parliament report designated the Church of Scientology as a dangerous sect.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a case went to trial in France, after a woman claims to have been pressured into paying €21,000 ($29,400) to the Church of Scientology for lessons, books and medicines for her poor mental state, accusing the Church of Scientology of "<a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organised fraud</a>". Her lawyers argue that the church systematically seeks to make money through mental pressure and use scientifically dubious cures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, a large scale simplification of the laws in France occurred just prior to the beginning of the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspicion was raised as the new law revision forbids the dissolution of a legal entity, an unadvertised change among hundreds of others. Dissolution was the main sentence requested by the prosecutor against the Church of Scientology in this trial, becoming unlawful as the law changed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 27, 2009, a verdict was rendered: six members of the CoS in France, and the Church itself, were convicted of fraud. Four of these, including Alain Rosenberg, were given suspended prison sentences. The Scientology Celebrity Center in Paris, a Scientology bookstore, and all six individual convicts were ordered to pay fines. The plaintiff's request for dissolution of the Church was not fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karin_Spaink#Scientology_litigation_against_Spaink_and_XS4ALL" title="Karin Spaink">Karin Spaink § Scientology litigation against Spaink and XS4ALL</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Moscow_v._Russia" title="Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia">Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country#Russia" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country § Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Russia" title="Scientology in Russia">Scientology in Russia</a></div> <p>On April 5, 2007, the Church of Scientology of Moscow won a judgment against the Russian government establishing its right to recognition as a religious organization. The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> held that the government's refusal of registration "had no lawful basis ... the Moscow authorities did not act in good faith and neglected their duty of neutrality and impartiality vis-à-vis the applicant's religious community."<sup id="cite_ref-ECHR-Russia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHR-Russia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3></div> <p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet#Notable_legal_actions" title="Scientology and the Internet">Zenon Panoussis</a> of Sweden published some of the confidential <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#NOTs" title="Operating Thetan">NOTs</a> documents online and the Church of Scientology sued Panoussis for copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-rinder_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rinder-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 153">: 153 </span></sup> In his defense, Panoussis used a provision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution of Sweden</a> that guarantees access to public documents. Panoussis turned over a copy of the NOTs documents to the office of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Parliament">Swedish Parliament</a> and, by law, copies of all documents (with few exceptions) received by authorities are available for anyone from the public to see, at any time he or she wishes. This, known as the Principle of Public Access (<i>Offentlighetsprincipen</i>), is considered a basic civil right in Sweden. The case, however, was decided against Panoussis and he was ordered to pay $164,000 for infringing copyright. The results of the case sparked a legal firestorm in Sweden that debated the necessity of re-writing part of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the Church of Scientology engaged <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Bono" title="Sonny Bono">Sonny Bono</a>, then a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> who had studied Scientology in the 1970s and 1980s, to pressure US Trade Representative <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Barshefsky" title="Charlene Barshefsky">Charlene Barshefsky</a> to pressure Sweden to change their law permitting free access to any published work regardless of copyright. Along with pressure from Congress, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce Department</a>, Sweden agreed to pass tougher copyright protection laws.<sup id="cite_ref-reitman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reitman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 269">: 269 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3></div> <p>In several cases between 1995 and 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a> consistently ruled that the Church of Scientology was a primarily commercial, rather than religious, organization, and in 2003 upheld a decision to force closure of a Scientology-affiliated school.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, three Scientologists were convicted and jailed on fraud and usury charges after conning a member out of $80,000 for courses.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country#United_Kingdom" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country § United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Scientology in the United Kingdom">Scientology in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_v_Vosper" title="Hubbard v Vosper">Hubbard v Vosper</a></i> (1972) was a copyright case involving the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_Benders_(Vosper_book)" title="The Mind Benders (Vosper book)">The Mind Benders</a></i> authored by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Vosper" title="Cyril Vosper">Cyril Vosper</a> that contained numerous excerpts from Scientology writings. Using the <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> defence, Vosper won his case on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Woods" title="Bonnie Woods">Bonnie Woods</a>, a former member who began counseling people involved with Scientology and their families, became a target along with her husband Richard in 1993 when the Church of Scientology started a leaflet operation denouncing her as a "hate campaigner" with demonstrators outside their home and around <a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a>. She and her family were followed by a private investigator, and a creditor of theirs was located and provided free legal assistance to sue them into bankruptcy. After a long battle of libel suits, in 1999 the church agreed in a settlement to issue an apology<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woods-apology_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods-apology-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pay £55,000 damages and £100,000 costs to the Woods.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country#United_States" title="Scientology status by country">Scientology status by country § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientology in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paulette_Cooper">Paulette Cooper</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Cooper#Lawsuits" title="Paulette Cooper">Paulette Cooper § Lawsuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a></div> <p>After writing an article and publishing a book about the Church of Scientology in 1971, journalist <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Cooper" title="Paulette Cooper">Paulette Cooper</a> was sued 19 times as part of the Church's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a>, and almost successfully <a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">framed</a> in 1976 for crimes. The plan was foiled when in 1977 the FBI raided several Scientology offices, seizing over 48,000 documents, which detailed the operation against Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guardian's_Office_convictions"><span id="Guardian.27s_Office_convictions"></span>Guardian's Office convictions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg/170px-1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg/255px-1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg/340px-1979_GrandJuryCover_US_v_Hubbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">Grand jury</a> charges from the case of <i>United States of America v. Mary Sue Hubbard</i> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">DDC</a>, 1979)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guardian%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian's Office">Guardian's Office</a></div> <p>In a 1979 criminal case against 11 high-ranking Church officials regarding <a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a>, the largest then-known program of domestic espionage in U.S. history, all were convicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerry_Armstrong">Gerry Armstrong</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Armstrong_(activist)#Litigation_with_Church_of_Scientology" title="Gerry Armstrong (activist)">Gerry Armstrong (activist) § Litigation with Church of Scientology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_cases" title="Armstrong cases">Armstrong cases</a></div> <p>In 1984, the church began a legal battle with <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Armstrong_(activist)" title="Gerry Armstrong (activist)">Gerry Armstrong</a> that spanned two decades. The church sued Armstrong for providing confidential documents about <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> to his own attorney. The court found that Armstrong's actions were justifiable and affirmed this conclusion in <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Gerald_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong">Church of Scientology v. Gerald Armstrong</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong settled his counter-claims with the church in December 1986 for $800,000 in exchange for his agreement to keep confidential his experience with the church. The church sued Armstrong for $10.5 million in 1995 and 2002 for allegedly violating the confidentiality agreement in 131 instances. A California appellate court awarded the church $321,923 in damages and $334,671.75 in attorneys fees in 1995, and $500,000 in damages in 2004. The court noted that "Armstrong makes no claim that he has complied, or will ever comply, with the injunction" and that Armstrong claims to now reside in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_the_IRS">War with the IRS</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tax_status_of_Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Tax status of Scientology in the United States">Tax status of Scientology in the United States</a></div> <p>From the time its tax exemption was removed by the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a> in 1967 to the reinstatement of the tax exemption in 1993, Scientologists filed approximately 2,500 lawsuits against the IRS. Over fifty lawsuits were still active against the IRS in 1993, although these were settled after the church negotiated a tax exemption with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-puzzling_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puzzling-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardball_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardball-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cult_Awareness_Network">Cult Awareness Network</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cult_Awareness_Network#Jason_Scott_case" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network § Jason Scott case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Cult_Awareness_Network" title="New Cult Awareness Network">New Cult Awareness Network</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a> (CAN) was driven into bankruptcy in 1996 in part by a number of Scientology-related lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the TV news program <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> reported in 1997, Scientologists filed over fifty lawsuits against the non-profit organization, which spent over $2 million on its legal defense. After one court handed down a judgment of $1 million against CAN, the organization filed for bankruptcy and auctioned off its assets, which were purchased for $20,000 by a lawyer affiliated with Scientology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_magazine"><i>Time</i> magazine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power#Litigation" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power § Litigation</a></div> <p>In May 1991, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine published a cover story on Scientology entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-behar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church responded by suing <i>Time</i> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Behar" title="Richard Behar">Richard Behar</a> for $400 million; a five-year legal battle ensued in which <i>Time</i> spent approximately $7 million defending itself in court.<sup id="cite_ref-hardball_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardball-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was eventually dismissed in the magazine's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientology unsuccessfully sued <i>Reader's Digest</i> in Switzerland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany to stop distribution of a condensed version of the <i>Time</i> story.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hill_&_Knowlton_and_Eli_Lilly"><span id="Hill_.26_Knowlton_and_Eli_Lilly"></span>Hill & Knowlton and Eli Lilly</h4></div> <p>The PR firm <a href="/wiki/Hill%2BKnowlton_Strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill+Knowlton Strategies">Hill & Knowlton</a> (H&K) was hired by the Church of Scientology in 1987. Right after the devastating <i>Time</i> magazine article <a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a> was published, H&K dropped them as a client. In 1992, the Church of Scientology sued H&K and <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly</a> for $40 million claiming H&K had illegally terminated the contract because of pressure exerted upon their parent company WPP Group by Eli Lilly, which Scientology had been attacking through its branch group, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a>. In 1994, after 57,000 pages of discovery and 75 depositions, the parties settled out of court for an undisclosed amount or conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 217–218
Quotation: "The 1980s had been a devastating period for the church's reputation, with Hubbard's disappearance and eventual death, the high-profile lawsuits, and the avalanche of embarrassing publicity. Miscavige hired Hill & Knowlton, the oldest and largest public relations firm in the world, to oversee a national campaign. ... Hill & Knowlton went to work for the church, putting out phony news stories, often in the form of video news releases made to look like actual reports rather than advertisements. The church began supporting high-profile causes, such as Ted Turner's Goodwill Games, thereby associating itself with other well-known corporate sponsors, such as Sony and Pepsi. There were full-page ads in newsmagazines touting the church's philosophy, and cable television ads promoting Scientology books and Dianetics seminars."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">217–218</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-rinder_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rinder-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 132–133
Quotation: "Hill & Knowlton was paid handsomely to initially take us on as a client, and then received a large monthly retainer. It seemed we hired them in perfect anticipation of what was to come: In May 1991, Time magazine published a disastrous cover story by Richard Behar titled "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power." It was the most devastating media hit in the history of scientology to that point. ... It was the moment we needed a large firm with influence and contacts most. Instead, Hill and Knowlton's UK parent company demanded Bob Gray terminate his relationship with us. He bowed to the pressure and stopped representing us overnight. ... Regarding Hill and Knowlton dropping us as a client, Miscavige was convinced there was a conspiracy between its UK parent company WPP, and drug company Eli Lilly. ... We filed a lawsuit..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">132–133</span> </sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientology_versus_the_Internet">Scientology versus the Internet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">Scientology and the Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Spaink#Scientology_litigation_against_Spaink_and_XS4ALL" title="Karin Spaink">Karin Spaink § Scientology litigation against Spaink and XS4ALL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arnie_Lerma#Scientology_sues_Lerma_over_copyrights" title="Arnie Lerma">Arnie Lerma § Scientology sues Lerma over copyrights</a></div> <p>Scientology has filed lawsuits against a number of Internet users, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> newspaper, over fifteen various Internet service providers in <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, and others concerned in the matter of <a href="/wiki/Karin_Spaink" title="Karin Spaink">Karin Spaink</a>, a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Arnie_Lerma" title="Arnie Lerma">Arnie Lerma</a> and other Internet activists who posted on her Web page excerpts from Scientology's <a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan#Confidential_materials" title="Operating Thetan">confidential works</a>. This legal case included claims by Scientology that <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to alleged copyright infringements were also illegal. Spaink's case was taken all the way to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands; however, the Court rejected Scientology's claims in their entirety, including the claims regarding hyperlinks.<sup id="cite_ref-edri_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edri-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FACTNet">FACTNet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FACTNet#Conflict_with_Church_of_Scientology" title="FACTNet">FACTNet § Conflict with Church of Scientology</a></div> <p>In 1998, Scientology sued <a href="/wiki/FACTNet" title="FACTNet">FACTNet</a> for claimed copyright violations. When federal judge John Kane denied Scientology's request for summary judgment because FACTNet challenged Scientology's ownership of the copyrights of the documents,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a settlement was reached in 1999. The terms were that if FACTNet is ever found guilty of violations of church copyrights, they are permanently enjoined to pay the church $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lisa_McPherson">Lisa McPherson</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lisa_McPherson" title="Death of Lisa McPherson">Death of Lisa McPherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_McPherson_Trust" title="Lisa McPherson Trust">Lisa McPherson Trust</a></div> <p>When the Church was charged with a felony count of practicing medicine without a license in the 1996 case involving the death of Scientologist <a href="/wiki/Lisa_McPherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa McPherson">Lisa McPherson</a>, Florida asked for damages of approximately $15,000 to be awarded against the organization. The Church hired law firms and medical specialists at an estimated cost of over $1 million, waging a defense that eventually resulted in the case being dismissed due to lack of credible evidence. On May 29, 2004, the Church paid an undisclosed amount to settle a wrongful death suit brought on behalf of McPherson's estate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article on the suit describes legal attacks made by Scientology's attorneys: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[McPherson family attorney Ken] Dandar has persevered through a seemingly endless barrage of legal attacks. There have been nine attempts to disqualify him, and four attempts to remove Lisa's aunt, Dell Liebreich, as executor of Lisa's estate. Scientology attorneys have filed bar complaints against both him and Lirot, lawsuits against Lisa's family, and motions to remove judges and move the case to other venues. When asked how going up against Scientology compares to normal litigation, [First Amendment attorney Luke] Lirot replied, "It's like comparing LSD to orange juice." ... The wrongful death case went through four judges in seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-razor-touretzky_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-razor-touretzky-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Larry_Wollersheim">Larry Wollersheim</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wollersheim#Wollersheim_v._Church_of_Scientology" title="Lawrence Wollersheim">Lawrence Wollersheim § Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology</a></div> <p>In the case of <i>Wollersheim vs. Church of Scientology</i> (1980), former member <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wollersheim" title="Lawrence Wollersheim">Larry Wollersheim</a> sued the organization for mental distress, and was awarded $30 million in damages. On appeal, the award was reduced to $2.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-wollersheim_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollersheim-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Wollersheim was awarded an additional $130,506.71 in attorney's fees incurred while defending against a church lawsuit that was dismissed for violating a California law prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuits_against_public_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic lawsuits against public participation">strategic lawsuits against public participation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wollersheim_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wollersheim-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church vowed not to pay the award, and the case dragged through the courts for 22 years, including two separate appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> and two additional appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>. In early 2002, the case was finally settled, with the Church of Scientology paying Larry Wollersheim $8,674,643.<sup id="cite_ref-factnet_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factnet-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crushing_Defeat_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crushing_Defeat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netcom">Netcom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Netcom_On-Line_Communication_Services,_Inc." title="Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.">Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Netcom_On-Line_Communication_Services,_Inc." title="Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.">Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1995), is a U.S. district court case about whether the operator of a computer <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board service</a> (BBS) and Internet access provider that allows that BBS to reach the Internet should be liable for copyright infringement committed by a subscriber of the BBS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div> <dl><dt><i>Religious Technology Center v. Gerbode</i></dt> <dd>In <i>Religious Technology Center v. Gerbode</i>, 1994 WL 228607 (C.D. Cal. 1994) (against <a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Gerbode" title="Frank A. Gerbode">Frank A. Gerbode</a>, inventor of Traumatic Incident Reduction), a Rule 11 sanction of $8,887.50 was imposed against <a href="/wiki/Helena_Kobrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Kobrin">Helena Kobrin</a>, an attorney for the Church, for bringing baseless and frivolous claims.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>DeCrescenzo v. Church of Scientology International</i></dt> <dd>In <i>DeCrescenzo v. Church of Scientology International,</i> Laura DeCrescenzo sued the organization in 2010 for forcing her to illegally work 14 hour days at age 12 and coercing her to get an abortion at age 17. In 2018, Scientology settled with DeCrescenzo three weeks before the case went to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Garcia Saz et al. v. Church of Scientology Religious Trust et al.</i></dt> <dd>In 2013, former Scientology members Luis and Rocio Garcia sued the Church, alleging fraudulent tactics. U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/James_D._Whittemore" title="James D. Whittemore">James D. Whittemore</a> granted the Church's motion to compel the couple into internal "religious arbitration" per the contracts the Garcias had previously signed with the Church. The Church had not established any rules for how to conduct arbitrations and had never before held such an arbitration. For 2½ years the Church objected to each arbiter the Garcias suggested. Eventually the judge selected three Scientologists at random from a list of 500 provided by the Church and the two-day arbitration was held in 2017. The Garcias were not allowed to have an attorney present, bring witnesses, or record the proceedings, and a Church official removed all but 70 pages of the 900 pages of evidence the Garcias submitted. Their attorney called the arbitration "a sham". According to an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a></i>, "The panel ultimately refunded the Garcias $18,495 for unused deposits on religious services but did not acknowledge the claims of fraud, misrepresentation or breach of contract."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garcia-salon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-salon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bixler"></span> </p> <dl><dt><i>Chrissie Bixler et al. v. Scientology and Danny Masterson</i></dt> <dd>In 2019, plaintiffs Chrissie Carnell Bixler, <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Bixler-Zavala" title="Cedric Bixler-Zavala">Cedric Bixler-Zavala</a>, Bobette Riales, and Jane Does #1 and #2 filed a civil suit against actor <a href="/wiki/Danny_Masterson" title="Danny Masterson">Danny Masterson</a> for rape, and against the Church of Scientology for systematically stalking them after they went to the police.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a setback when a judge ruled they would have to "take their claims before an ecclesiastical tribunal composed of three Scientologists deemed to be in good standing with the church," the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Court of Appeal</a> ruled that the plaintiffs could keep arguing their case in court.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Masterson was criminally charged with forcible rape, the parties agreed that discovery in the civil suit should be delayed pending the outcome of the criminal case, and in 2023 Masterson was convicted on two charges of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the Church of Scientology wasn't a party in the criminal trial, it came to light that the Church had been actively interfering with the criminal case, including harassing the prosecutor as well as the LAPD witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-lat2024_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat2024-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint, adding a sixth complainant, <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Vessey" title="Tricia Vessey">Tricia Vessey</a>, and adding <a href="/wiki/RICO" class="mw-redirect" title="RICO">civil RICO</a> claims against the Church of Scientology.<sup id="cite_ref-deadline20240102_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadline20240102-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Valerie Haney v. Scientology</i></dt> <dd>After 22 years in Scientology's <a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a>, Valerie Haney escaped from <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a> in 2016 by secretly climbing into the trunk of a visitor's car to get out of the compound unnoticed. In 2019, Haney sued Scientology for holding her against her will, libeling her online, and stalking her using private investigators after she left the Church. In 2020, a judge ordered her to "religious arbitration" per contracts she had earlier signed. Unable to come to any agreements about arbiters, in 2023 the judge ordered the parties to get it done. Scientology picked three arbiters, but would not tell Haney or the court their names. The judge denied plaintiff's motion to allow an attorney, a court reporter, or even a friend to attend with Haney. Per Haney, "The court is OK with me having to go back to the place where I literally had to escape in the trunk of a car to get out? ... It's the worst thing you could probably have a victim do. ... Someone who has been abused her entire life, to go back into the abusive environment with the abusers. It's appalling. And absolutely disgusting. It's so crazy."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Baxter, Baxter, and Paris v. Scientology</i></dt> <dd>In 2022, Gawain Baxter, his wife Laura Baxter, and Valeska Paris filed suit against the Church of Scientology and <a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a> alleging six counts of forced labor and <a href="/wiki/Peonage" class="mw-redirect" title="Peonage">peonage</a> in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000</a>. Since childhood, all three had been held captive for years on the Scientology ship <i><a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a></i>, with their passports and identification documents confiscated. Gawain Baxter alleged he was held captive on the ship for 14 more years after he tried to leave the organization at age 15. Valeska Paris alleged she was sexually assaulted in the Sea Org since childhood, but was punished whenever she tried to report the incidents. She spent 11 years working on the ship, and was then sent to <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Scientology's work camp</a> in Australia. Laura Baxter alleged cruel abuse, forced confessions and manual labor. She deliberately got pregnant and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion#Sea_Org" title="Scientology and abortion">refused an abortion in order to be kicked out of the Sea Org</a>. Deliberately evading <a href="/wiki/Service_of_process" title="Service of process">service</a>, in 2023 after plaintiff's lawyers attempted 27 times at multiple sites in California and Florida to serve Miscavige, a judge finally ruled Miscavige as served.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 3, six weeks after the magistrate ruled Miscavige as served, US District Judge Tom Barber ruled in favor of the first amendment, saying in his order that the plaintiffs must seek relief from Church arbitration and not the courts. Ruling on the case would require the courts to interpret religious doctrine, which is against the first amendment, said Barber.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Jane Doe 1 v. Scientology, David Miscavige, and Gavin Potter</i></dt> <dd>In December 2022, a Jane Doe filed suit against Scientology leader David Miscavige, recruiter Gavin Potter and three church entities claiming that as a minor the Church enabled one of their recruiters to sexually assault her. After she reported the incident, not only did Scientology fail to report the allegations to police but she was given the ultimatum of going to <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Scientology's prison work camp, the RPF</a>, for five years or marry her abuser. The case alleges Scientology even transported her out of state to Nevada where an underage marriage was possible, and that <a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Scientology officials</a> "knew ... of Gavin Potter's unlawful sexual conduct, that he was an unfit agent, and still placed him in a position to solicit young girls into an environment in which sexual assault and battery were commonplace."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Accusing David Miscavige of "service dodging", Judge Broadbelt ruled in February 2024 that the plaintiff must exhaust all options before being allowed to serve Miscavige by publication.<sup id="cite_ref-judges_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judges-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 2024, Judge Broadbelt posted a tentative ruling in favor of the plaintiff when he found Scientology's religious arbitration contract "unconscionable". The following morning, Miscavige—effectively accepting service in the case for the first time—sent his lawyer to the courthouse to file a <a href="/wiki/Peremptory_challenge" title="Peremptory challenge">peremptory challenge</a> to disqualify the judge, causing Broadbelt to step aside.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Remini"></span> </p> <dl><dt><i>Leah Remini v. Scientology</i></dt> <dd>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Leah_Remini" title="Leah Remini">Leah Remini</a> filed a lawsuit against the Church of Scientology and David Miscavige claiming defamation, harassment, stalking and tortious interference with a contractual relationship (Remini's business relationships), seeking compensatory and punitive damages for economic and psychological harm. Remini claimed she had been stalked, surveilled, harassed, threatened, intimidated, and subjected to intentionally malicious and fraudulent rumors. Remini's family and friends had also been subjected to the harassment, and in 2015 Remini hired bodyguards fearing for her physical safety. "For 17 years, Scientology and David Miscavige have subjected me to what I believe to be psychological torture, defamation, surveillance, harassment, and intimidation, significantly impacting my life and career", Remini said.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>In January 2024, the lawsuit survived an anti-SLAPP motion by the Church of Scientology, though the judge removed some of the defamation claims which occurred prior to the one-year statute of limitations, kept some, where the defendants published false claims "with at least a reckless disregard of the facts", and rejected Scientology's argument that their early surveillance of Remini was a "pre-litigation stance".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accused of "service dodging", in February 2024 judge Hammock told David Miscavige's lawyer, "He should just appear, and defend himself."<sup id="cite_ref-judges_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judges-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">Scientology and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Germany" title="Scientology in Germany">Scientology in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game (Scientology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology timeline">Scientology timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole (Scientology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frantz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frantz_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrantz1997" class="citation web cs1">Frantz, Douglas (March 9, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060210/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/an-ultra-aggressive-use-of-investigators-and-the-courts.html">"An Ultra-Aggressive Use of Investigators and the Courts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/an-ultra-aggressive-use-of-investigators-and-the-courts.html">the original</a></span> on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Ultra-Aggressive+Use+of+Investigators+and+the+Courts&rft.date=1997-03-09&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F09%2Fus%2Fan-ultra-aggressive-use-of-investigators-and-the-courts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offensive-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offensive_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offensive_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offensive_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSappellWelkos,_Robert_W.1990" class="citation news cs1">Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. (June 29, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-scientology062990x-story.html">"On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421025309/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062990x,0,138179,full.story">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=On+the+Offensive+Against+an+Array+of+Suspected+Foes&rft.date=1990-06-29&rft.aulast=Sappell&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Welkos%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fla-scientology062990x-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sptimes1979-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sptimes1979_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1979" class="citation web cs1">Stafford, Charles (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809193839/http://sptimes.com/2006/webspecials06/scientology/Scientology_Special_Report.pdf">"Scientology: An in-depth profile of a new force in Clearwater"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg Times">St Petersburg Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sptimes.com/2006/webspecials06/scientology/Scientology_Special_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology%3A+An+in-depth+profile+of+a+new+force+in+Clearwater&rft.pub=St+Petersburg+Times&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsptimes.com%2F2006%2Fwebspecials06%2Fscientology%2FScientology_Special_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/bette-swenson-orsini-and-charles-stafford">"The 1980 Pulitzer Prize Winner in National Reporting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">The Pulitzer Prizes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pulitzer+Prizes&rft.atitle=The+1980+Pulitzer+Prize+Winner+in+National+Reporting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fwinners%2Fbette-swenson-orsini-and-charles-stafford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Cooper, Anderson</a> (April 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/14/acd.01.html">"Inside Scientology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper_360%C2%B0" title="Anderson Cooper 360°">Anderson Cooper 360°</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anderson+Cooper+360%C2%B0&rft.atitle=Inside+Scientology&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0705%2F14%2Facd.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-behar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-behar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-behar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar1991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Behar" title="Richard Behar">Behar, Richard</a> (May 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html">"Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200902/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Scientology%3A+The+Thriving+Cult+of+Greed+and+Power&rft.date=1991-05-06&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C156952%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>RTC v. Robin Scott</i>, U. S. District Court, Central District of California, No. 85-711-JMI (Bx) 85-7197-JMI (Bx), January 20, 1993, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/cos/morejud.html">Memorandum of Decision</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garcia-salon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garcia-salon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garcia-salon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedensky2013" class="citation news cs1">Sedensky, David (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/01/23/calif_couple_sues_over_donations_to_scientology_2/">"California couple sues over donations to Scientology"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=California+couple+sues+over+donations+to+Scientology&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Sedensky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F01%2F23%2Fcalif_couple_sues_over_donations_to_scientology_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwf-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrwf_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031023064114/http://www.hrwf.net/html/newzealand2002.HTM">"IRD recognises Scientology church as charity"</a> (Press release). Human Rights Without Frontiers International. December 27, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrwf.net/html/newzealand2002.HTM">the original</a> on October 23, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRD+recognises+Scientology+church+as+charity&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Without+Frontiers+International&rft.date=2002-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrwf.net%2Fhtml%2Fnewzealand2002.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charity-com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charity-com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623095446/http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Library/registration/pdfs/cosfulldoc.pdf">"Decision of the Commissioners on the application by the Church of Scientology (England and Wales) for registration as a charity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a></i>. November 17, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Library/registration/pdfs/cosfulldoc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charity+Commission&rft.atitle=Decision+of+the+Commissioners+on+the+application+by+the+Church+of+Scientology+%28England+and+Wales%29+for+registration+as+a+charity&rft.date=1999-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charity-commission.gov.uk%2FLibrary%2Fregistration%2Fpdfs%2Fcosfulldoc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globe-mail-saunders-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globe-mail-saunders_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Saunders & T. Appleby, <i>Scientology Seeks Tax Receipt Status</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, January 19, 1998, A1, A6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagglund-usenet-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hagglund-usenet_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Hagglund1999" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Gregg Hagglund (November 14, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/38e3bce5f8b9dbbb">"Charity status reported turned down"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.religion.scientology">alt.religion.scientology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:130919992016161959%elrond@cgo.wave.ca">130919992016161959%elrond@cgo.wave.ca</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charity+status+reported+turned+down&rft.pub=alt.religion.scientology&rft.date=1999-11-14&rft_id=news%3A130919992016161959%25elrond%40cgo.wave.ca%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Gregg+Hagglund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.ca%2Fgroup%2Falt.religion.scientology%2Fmsg%2F38e3bce5f8b9dbbb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cra-list-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cra-list_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.cra-arc.gc.ca/ebci/haip/srch/sec/SrchLogin-e?login=true">Canada Revenue Agency Charity List</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71367.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2006</a>, U.S. State Department</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-germany-embassy-US-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-germany-embassy-US_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813194020/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html">"Scientology and Germany, Understanding the German View of Scientology"</a>. German Embassy in Washington, D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/scientology.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+and+Germany%2C+Understanding+the+German+View+of+Scientology&rft.pub=German+Embassy+in+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.info%2Frelaunch%2Finfo%2Farchives%2Fbackground%2Fscientology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-france-assembly-report-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-france-assembly-report_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp">Report of the Board of Inquiry into Cults</a> (December 22, 1995, in French, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133154/http://www.cftf.com/french/Les_Sectes_en_France/cults.html">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> available)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECHR-Russia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECHR-Russia_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECHR-Russia_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> first section <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?skin=hudoc-en&action=html&key=61566">Judgment on Application no. 18147/02 by CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY OF MOSCOW against Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526112049/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?skin=hudoc-en&action=html&key=61566">Archived</a> May 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (April 5, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kobrin-fine-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kobrin-fine_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/cos/kobrinsanctions.htm">"Scientology's Scientologist Attorney Helena Kobrin"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology%27s+Scientologist+Attorney+Helena+Kobrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermanet.com%2Fcos%2Fkobrinsanctions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtc-v-post-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rtc-v-post_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/scientologylegal/brinkema-washpost.txt">"Religious Technology Center vs. The Washington Post"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Technology+Center+vs.+The+Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermanet.com%2Fscientologylegal%2Fbrinkema-washpost.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Technical Bulletins of Dianetics and Scientology, Volume II, 1954-1956, pp. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-attacks-lrh-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-attacks-lrh_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/bfm/makeitro.htm">Attacks on Scientology</a></i> by L. Ron Hubbard, "HCO Policy Letter of 15 February 1966"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaridge1992" class="citation news cs1">Claridge, Thomas (September 12, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A164025909/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=7e7a46df">"Church of Scientology fined $250,000 for espionage Judge rejects jail sentences for individuals who infiltrated government in '70s"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+fined+%24250%2C000+for+espionage+Judge+rejects+jail+sentences+for+individuals+who+infiltrated+government+in+%2770s&rft.date=1992-09-12&rft.aulast=Claridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA164025909%2FSTND%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-STND%26xid%3D7e7a46df&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCooper1992" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Barry; Cooper, David Y (August 19, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195312/https://buffalonews.com/news/toronto-church-faces-heavy-fine-scientology-branch-is-convicted-of-spying-on-police-others/article_671948ed-5f3a-5867-bb1c-e56ba12bace1.html">"Toronto Church Faces Heavy Fine Scientology Branch is Convicted of Spying on Police, Others"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/toronto-church-faces-heavy-fine-scientology-branch-is-convicted-of-spying-on-police-others/article_671948ed-5f3a-5867-bb1c-e56ba12bace1.html">the original</a></span> on October 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toronto+Church+Faces+Heavy+Fine+Scientology+Branch+is+Convicted+of+Spying+on+Police%2C+Others&rft.date=1992-08-19&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Cooper%2C+David+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Ftoronto-church-faces-heavy-fine-scientology-branch-is-convicted-of-spying-on-police-others%2Farticle_671948ed-5f3a-5867-bb1c-e56ba12bace1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i>, Full text of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> decision at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/en/1995/1995rcs2-1130/1995rcs2-1130.html">LexUM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-critics-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-critics_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-critics_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Lucy (March 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522214354/http://www.sptimes.com/News/32999/Worldandnation/Abroad__Critics_publi.html">"Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/News/32999/Worldandnation/Abroad__Critics_publi.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Abroad%3A+Critics+public+and+private+keep+pressure+on+Scientology&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2FNews%2F32999%2FWorldandnation%2FAbroad__Critics_publi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Lizzy (May 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/25/scientology-france-fraud">"Church of Scientology goes on trial in France"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+goes+on+trial+in+France&rft.date=2009-05-25&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fmay%2F25%2Fscientology-france-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smh_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/church-of-scientology-on-trial-in-france-20090526-bl3s.html">"Church of Scientology on trial in France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. May 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+on+trial+in+France&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-world%2Fchurch-of-scientology-on-trial-in-france-20090526-bl3s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1996" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Craig R (November 23, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030143306/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/23/world/french-scientologist-sentenced-after-church-member-s-suicide.html">"French Scientologist Sentenced After Church Member's Suicide"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/23/world/french-scientologist-sentenced-after-church-member-s-suicide.html">the original</a></span> on October 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Scientologist+Sentenced+After+Church+Member%27s+Suicide&rft.date=1996-11-23&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Craig+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F11%2F23%2Fworld%2Ffrench-scientologist-sentenced-after-church-member-s-suicide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation news cs1">James, Barry (October 2, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701181906/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/02/IHT-scientology-is-fighting-for-its-future-in-france.html">"Scientology Is Fighting For Its Future in France"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/02/IHT-scientology-is-fighting-for-its-future-in-france.html">the original</a></span> on July 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology+Is+Fighting+For+Its+Future+in+France&rft.date=1996-10-02&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F10%2F02%2FIHT-scientology-is-fighting-for-its-future-in-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley1999" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (September 21, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A75888199/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=5d39030b">"French fraud case puts Scientology in the dock"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=French+fraud+case+puts+Scientology+in+the+dock&rft.date=1999-09-21&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA75888199%2FSTND%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-STND%26xid%3D5d39030b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A82992426/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=05e577b3">"Scientology church members convicted of fraud"</a>. The Scotsman. November 16, 1999. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientology+church+members+convicted+of+fraud&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1999-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA82992426%2FSTND%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-STND%26xid%3D05e577b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8066743.stm">"Scientology on trial in France"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, May 25, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000020604162">"LOI n° 2009-526 du 12 mai 2009 de simplification et de clarification du droit et d'allègement des procédures"</a> [LAW no. 2009-526 of May 12, 2009 on the simplification and clarification of the law and the streamlining of procedures] (in French). <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gifrance" title="Légifrance">Légifrance</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LOI+n%C2%B0+2009-526+du+12+mai+2009+de+simplification+et+de+clarification+du+droit+et+d%27all%C3%A8gement+des+proc%C3%A9dures&rft.pub=L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Floda%2Fid%2FJORFTEXT000020604162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maitre-eolas.fr/post/2009/09/15/Simplifions-le-droit-%3A-sauvons-la-Scientologie">"Simplifions le droit : sauvons la Scientologie – Journal d'un avocat"</a> [Simplify the Law: Save Scientology] (in French). Maitre-eolas.fr. September 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simplifions+le+droit+%3A+sauvons+la+Scientologie+%E2%80%93+Journal+d%27un+avocat&rft.pub=Maitre-eolas.fr&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maitre-eolas.fr%2Fpost%2F2009%2F09%2F15%2FSimplifions-le-droit-%253A-sauvons-la-Scientologie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2009" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (October 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/world/europe/28france.html?ref=world">"French Branch of Scientology Convicted of Fraud"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Branch+of+Scientology+Convicted+of+Fraud&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28france.html%3Fref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rinder-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rinder_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rinder_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinder2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Rinder, Mike</a> (2022). <i>A Billion Years: My Escape From a Life in the Highest Ranks of Scientology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982185763" title="Special:BookSources/9781982185763"><bdi>9781982185763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Billion+Years%3A+My+Escape+From+a+Life+in+the+Highest+Ranks+of+Scientology&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781982185763&rft.aulast=Rinder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacavinta1998" class="citation web cs1">Macavinta, Courtney (September 15, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092708/http://news.cnet.com/Short-Take-Scientologists-win-Net-court-case/2110-1023_3-215586.html">"Short Take: Scientologists win Net court case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Short+Take+Scientologists+win+Net+court+case/2110-1023_3-215586.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Short+Take%3A+Scientologists+win+Net+court+case&rft.date=1998-09-15&rft.aulast=Macavinta&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FShort%2BTake%2BScientologists%2Bwin%2BNet%2Bcourt%2Bcase%2F2110-1023_3-215586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacavinta1999" class="citation web cs1">Macavinta, Courtney (March 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052054/http://news.cnet.com/Scientologists-settle-legal-battle/2100-1023_3-223683.html">"Scientologists settle legal battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Scientologists+settle+legal+battle/2100-1023_3-223683.html?tag=item">the original</a> on November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Scientologists+settle+legal+battle&rft.date=1999-03-30&rft.aulast=Macavinta&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FScientologists%2Bsettle%2Blegal%2Bbattle%2F2100-1023_3-223683.html%3Ftag%3Ditem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reitman-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reitman_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Reitman">Reitman, Janet</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Inside_Scientology:_The_Story_of_America%27s_Most_Secretive_Religion" title="Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion"><i>Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618883028" title="Special:BookSources/9780618883028"><bdi>9780618883028</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24881847M">24881847M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Scientology%3A+The+Story+of+America%27s+Most+Secretive+Religion&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24881847M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780618883028&rft.aulast=Reitman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041104110157/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35487.htm">"2004 Report on International Religious Freedom: Switzerland"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35487.htm">the original</a> on November 4, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2004+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Switzerland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35487.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Lucy (March 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1999/03/29/critics-public-and-private-keep-pressure-on-scientology-abroad/">"Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Critics+public+and+private+keep+pressure+on+Scientology&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1999%2F03%2F29%2Fcritics-public-and-private-keep-pressure-on-scientology-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniset.ca/other/cs3/vosper.html">"Hubbard and another v. Vosper and another, Court of Appeal"</a>. February 9, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hubbard+and+another+v.+Vosper+and+another%2C+Court+of+Appeal&rft.date=1972-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiset.ca%2Fother%2Fcs3%2Fvosper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapeint.org/legal/apology.htm">Apology to Bonnie Woods</a> from the Church of Scientology and other defendants, June 8, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods-apology-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woods-apology_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsfrombree.co.uk/apology.htm">Text of apology</a> to Bonnie Woods</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1999" class="citation news cs1">Dyer, Clare (June 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,292357,00.html">"Scientologists pay for libel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scientologists+pay+for+libel&rft.date=1999-06-09&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk_news%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C292357%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannane2016" class="citation web cs1">Cannane, Steve (December 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/how-scientology-tried-to-bring-down-miss-lovely/6627782">"How the Church of Scientology tried to bring down journalist Paulette Cooper, aka Miss Lovely"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=How+the+Church+of+Scientology+tried+to+bring+down+journalist+Paulette+Cooper%2C+aka+Miss+Lovely&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.aulast=Cannane&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-07-17%2Fhow-scientology-tried-to-bring-down-miss-lovely%2F6627782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Armstrong" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Armstrong">Wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Armstrong</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church of Scientology v. Superior Court</i>, not reported in Cal.Rptr.3d (Cal.App. 1 Dist.), ¶¶2–7 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International_v._Superior_Court" class="extiw" title="s:Church of Scientology International v. Superior Court">s:Church of Scientology International v. Superior Court</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puzzling-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puzzling_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz1997" class="citation news cs1">Frantz, Douglas (March 9, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012741/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html">"Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/us/scientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html">the original</a></span> on January 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+Puzzling+Journey+From+Tax+Rebel+to+Tax+Exempt&rft.date=1997-03-09&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F03%2F09%2Fus%2Fscientology-s-puzzling-journey-from-tax-rebel-to-tax-exempt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardball-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardball_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardball_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1998" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Lucy (January 28, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991001093027/http://www.sptimes.com/News/32899/TampaBay/Hardball.html">"Hardball: When Scientology goes to court, it likes to play rough—very rough"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/News/32899/TampaBay/Hardball.html">the original</a> on October 1, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Hardball%3A+When+Scientology+goes+to+court%2C+it+likes+to+play+rough%E2%80%94very+rough.&rft.date=1998-01-28&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2FNews%2F32899%2FTampaBay%2FHardball.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith1995" class="citation news cs1">Goldsmith, Steven (September 30, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/archives/1995/9510010074.asp">"Sect member awarded $5 million in kidnap case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Sect+member+awarded+%245+million+in+kidnap+case&rft.date=1995-09-30&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Farchives%2F1995%2F9510010074.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Behar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Behar">Wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Behar</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Behar/Opinion_of_the_Court" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Behar/Opinion of the Court">Wikisource:Church of Scientology v. Behar/Opinion of the Court</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcfp.org/journals/the-news-media-and-the-law-spring-2001/scientology-defamation-laws/">"Scientology defamation lawsuit against Time magazine dismissed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Committee_for_Freedom_of_the_Press" title="Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press">Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press</a>. 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+defamation+lawsuit+against+Time+magazine+dismissed&rft.pub=Reporters+Committee+for+Freedom+of+the+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcfp.org%2Fjournals%2Fthe-news-media-and-the-law-spring-2001%2Fscientology-defamation-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody1991" class="citation news cs1">Carmody, Deirdre (October 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111065355/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/02/business/the-media-business-reader-s-digest-defies-court.html">"Reader's Digest Defies Court"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/02/business/the-media-business-reader-s-digest-defies-court.html">the original</a></span> on November 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reader%27s+Digest+Defies+Court&rft.date=1991-10-02&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-media-business-reader-s-digest-defies-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102912/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/27/business/the-media-business-swiss-lift-ban-on-digest.html">"Swiss Lift Ban on Digest"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 27, 1991. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/27/business/the-media-business-swiss-lift-ban-on-digest.html">the original</a></span> on November 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Swiss+Lift+Ban+on+Digest&rft.date=1991-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-media-business-swiss-lift-ban-on-digest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Behar" title="Richard Behar">Behar, Richard</a> (August 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbehar/2020/08/05/scientology-ruthlessly-harassed-reporters-including-me-for-decades-biden-vp-contender-karen-basss-statements-about-the-cult-just-dont-add-up/">"Scientology Ruthlessly Harassed Reporters (including Me) For Decades. Biden VP Contender Karen Bass's Statements About The Cult Just Don't Add Up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Scientology+Ruthlessly+Harassed+Reporters+%28including+Me%29+For+Decades.+Biden+VP+Contender+Karen+Bass%27s+Statements+About+The+Cult+Just+Don%27t+Add+Up.&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frichardbehar%2F2020%2F08%2F05%2Fscientology-ruthlessly-harassed-reporters-including-me-for-decades-biden-vp-contender-karen-basss-statements-about-the-cult-just-dont-add-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiger1994" class="citation news cs1">Kiger, Patrick J. (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrickjkiger.com/regardies_scientology_story.pdf">"Monkey Business"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Regardie%27s" title="Regardie's">Regardie's</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regardie%27s&rft.atitle=Monkey+Business&rft.date=1994-07&rft.aulast=Kiger&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrickjkiger.com%2Fregardies_scientology_story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassandra_Burrell1994" class="citation news cs1">Cassandra Burrell (March 25, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19940325&id=00seAAAAIBAJ&pg=2784,3641468">"Scientology to face Hill & Knowlton"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TimesDaily" title="TimesDaily">TimesDaily</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TimesDaily&rft.atitle=Scientology+to+face+Hill+%26+Knowlton&rft.date=1994-03-25&rft.au=Cassandra+Burrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1842%26dat%3D19940325%26id%3D00seAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2784%2C3641468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1994" class="citation news cs1">Garcia, Wayne (March 31, 1994). "Scientology suit on PR firm heads for trial". <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i> – via Newspapers.com. <q>[S]ealed documents [showed] how Lilly officials threatened to cancel their multimillion-dollar, 23-year relationship with J. Walter Thompson if Hill & Knowlton didn't stop working for the Church of Scientology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology+suit+on+PR+firm+heads+for+trial&rft.date=1994-03-31&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1994" class="citation web cs1">Garcia, Wayne (July 7, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/07/07/church-of-scientology-settles-suit-with-pr-firm/">"Church of Scientology settles suit with PR firm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401045138/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51847739.html?dids=51847739:51847739&FMT=FT">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Scientology+settles+suit+with+PR+firm&rft.pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.date=1994-07-07&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1994%2F07%2F07%2Fchurch-of-scientology-settles-suit-with-pr-firm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wright_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Wright, Lawrence</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(book)" title="Going Clear (book)"><i>Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307700667" title="Special:BookSources/9780307700667"><bdi>9780307700667</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25424776M">25424776M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Clear%3A+Scientology%2C+Hollywood+and+the+Prison+of+Belief&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25424776M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780307700667&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edri-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edri_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918171015/http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number4.1/scientologycase">"NL Supreme court ends 10-year-old Scientology case"</a>. EDRI-gram - Number 4.1. <a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a>. January 18, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edri.org/edrigram/number4.1/scientologycase">the original</a> on September 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NL+Supreme+court+ends+10-year-old+Scientology+case&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edri.org%2Fedrigram%2Fnumber4.1%2Fscientologycase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorland1998" class="citation web cs1">Borland, John (November 9, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-217696.html">"Scientology loses copyright round"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="CNET Networks">CNET</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711202847/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-217696.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Scientology+loses+copyright+round&rft.date=1998-11-09&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2100-1023-217696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacavinta1999" class="citation web cs1">Macavinta, Courtney (March 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713162824/http://news.cnet.com/Scientologists-settle-legal-battle/2100-1023_3-223683.html">"Scientologists settle legal battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="CNET Networks">CNET</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Scientologists+settle+legal+battle/2100-1023_3-223683.html?tag=item">the original</a> on July 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Scientologists+settle+legal+battle&rft.date=1999-03-30&rft.aulast=Macavinta&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FScientologists%2Bsettle%2Blegal%2Bbattle%2F2100-1023_3-223683.html%3Ftag%3Ditem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2004" class="citation news cs1">Farley, Robert (May 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2004/05/29/Tampabay/Scientologists_settle.shtml">"Scientologists settle death suit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Scientologists+settle+death+suit&rft.date=2004-05-29&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F29%2FTampabay%2FScientologists_settle.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-razor-touretzky-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-razor-touretzky_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouretzky2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Touretzky" title="David S. Touretzky">Touretzky, David S</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Scientology/ReleaseForms/archive/razor-article-2003.html">"A Church's Lethal Contract"</a>. <i>Razor (Web-based magazine)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Razor+%28Web-based+magazine%29&rft.atitle=A+Church%27s+Lethal+Contract&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Touretzky&rft.aufirst=David+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~dst%2FScientology%2FReleaseForms%2Farchive%2Frazor-article-2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wollersheim-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wollersheim_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wollersheim_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wollersheim_v._Church_of_Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology">Wikisource:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factnet-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-factnet_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903133811/http://www.factnet.org/letters/FACTNewsMay2002Wollersheim.html">"Scientology cult pays $8,674,643 to ex-member to end 22-year legal battle"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/FACTNet" title="FACTNet">FACTNet</a>. May 9, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factnet.org/letters/FACTNewsMay2002Wollersheim.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+cult+pays+%248%2C674%2C643+to+ex-member+to+end+22-year+legal+battle.&rft.pub=FACTNet&rft.date=2002-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factnet.org%2Fletters%2FFACTNewsMay2002Wollersheim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crushing_Defeat-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crushing_Defeat_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Ortega" title="Tony Ortega">Ortega, Tony</a> (June 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/2008/06/24/scientologys-crushing-defeat/">"Scientology's Crushing Defeat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709230659/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-06-24/news/Scientologys-Crushing-Defeat/full">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+Crushing+Defeat&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2008%2F06%2F24%2Fscientologys-crushing-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Gerbode" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Religious Technology Center v. Gerbode">Wikisource:Religious Technology Center v. Gerbode</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/311006535/2ndAmendedComplaint-DeCrescenzo-vs-Church-of-Scientology-International-and-RTC">"2ndAmendedComplaint-DeCrescenzo vs Church of Scientology International and RTC"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=2ndAmendedComplaint-DeCrescenzo+vs+Church+of+Scientology+International+and+RTC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F311006535%2F2ndAmendedComplaint-DeCrescenzo-vs-Church-of-Scientology-International-and-RTC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-scientology-suit-settled-20180723-story.html">"Church of Scientology and former member settle long lawsuit - Los Angeles Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Associated Press. July 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+and+former+member+settle+long+lawsuit+-+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-ln-scientology-suit-settled-20180723-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2021" class="citation web cs1">McManus, Tracey (November 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2021/11/03/scientology-can-settle-legal-disputes-from-within-appeals-court-rules/">"Scientology can settle legal disputes from within, appeals court rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Bay_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tampa Bay Times">The Tampa Bay Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology+can+settle+legal+disputes+from+within%2C+appeals+court+rules&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fclearwater%2F2021%2F11%2F03%2Fscientology-can-settle-legal-disputes-from-within-appeals-court-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Dillon, Nancy (December 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/what-we-know-danny-masterson-scientology-rape-civil-suit-1249704/">"Everything We Know About the Civil Suit Against Danny Masterson and the Church of Scientology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Everything+We+Know+About+the+Civil+Suit+Against+Danny+Masterson+and+the+Church+of+Scientology&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Fwhat-we-know-danny-masterson-scientology-rape-civil-suit-1249704%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2022" class="citation news cs1">Hernandez, Danny (October 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/scientology-lawyers-say-theyre-ready-for-masterson-civil-rape-case/">"Scientology Lawyers Say They're Ready for Masterson Civil Rape Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_(magazine)" title="Los Angeles (magazine)">Los Angeles</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Scientology+Lawyers+Say+They%27re+Ready+for+Masterson+Civil+Rape+Case&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamag.com%2Fcitythinkblog%2Fscientology-lawyers-say-theyre-ready-for-masterson-civil-rape-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolokh2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh, Eugene</a> (January 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/volokh/2022/01/25/scientology-arbitration-and-the-first-amendment-some-questions-about-bixler-v-superior-court/">"Scientology Arbitration and the First Amendment: Some Questions About Bixler v. Superior Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">reason</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+Arbitration+and+the+First+Amendment%3A+Some+Questions+About+Bixler+v.+Superior+Court&rft.pub=reason&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fvolokh%2F2022%2F01%2F25%2Fscientology-arbitration-and-the-first-amendment-some-questions-about-bixler-v-superior-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/bixler-v-superior-court/">"Bixler v. Superior Court"</a>. <i>casetext.com</i>. January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=Bixler+v.+Superior+Court&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fbixler-v-superior-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2023" class="citation news cs1">Dalton, Andrew (June 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/danny-masterson-guilty-verdict-rape-4c60cc1031e917fc52c05238a22cc1ad">"Danny Masterson convicted of 2 counts of rape, 'That '70s Show' actor faces 30 years to life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609080722/https://apnews.com/article/danny-masterson-guilty-verdict-rape-4c60cc1031e917fc52c05238a22cc1ad">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Danny+Masterson+convicted+of+2+counts+of+rape%2C+%27That+%2770s+Show%27+actor+faces+30+years+to+life&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdanny-masterson-guilty-verdict-rape-4c60cc1031e917fc52c05238a22cc1ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat2024-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat2024_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueally2024" class="citation news cs1">Queally, James (April 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404190444/https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/scientology-tried-to-derail-star-s-rape-trial-by-harassing-prosecutor-suit-says-church-calls-claim-false/ar-BB1l3Pvx?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=LGTS&cvid=d5ab479fce2e40a1ae3ca61e3a396418&ei=39">"Scientology tried to 'derail' star's rape trial by harassing prosecutor, suit says; church calls claim 'false'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/scientology-tried-to-derail-star-s-rape-trial-by-harassing-prosecutor-suit-says-church-calls-claim-false/ar-BB1l3Pvx?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=LGTS&cvid=d5ab479fce2e40a1ae3ca61e3a396418&ei=39">the original</a> on April 4, 2024 – via MSN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology+tried+to+%27derail%27+star%27s+rape+trial+by+harassing+prosecutor%2C+suit+says%3B+church+calls+claim+%27false%27&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.aulast=Queally&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Ftv%2Fcelebrity%2Fscientology-tried-to-derail-star-s-rape-trial-by-harassing-prosecutor-suit-says-church-calls-claim-false%2Far-BB1l3Pvx%3Focid%3Dmsedgdhp%26pc%3DLGTS%26cvid%3Dd5ab479fce2e40a1ae3ca61e3a396418%26ei%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deadline20240102-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deadline20240102_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten2024" class="citation web cs1">Patten, Dominic (January 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2024/01/scientology-danny-masterson-lawsuit-rico-charges-leah-remini-1235693928/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Criminal Enterprise" Scientology Should Face RICO Charges, Danny Masterson Accusers Say – Update"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=%22Criminal+Enterprise%22+Scientology+Should+Face+RICO+Charges%2C+Danny+Masterson+Accusers+Say+%E2%80%93+Update&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F01%2Fscientology-danny-masterson-lawsuit-rico-charges-leah-remini-1235693928%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Ortega" title="Tony Ortega">Ortega, Tony</a> (March 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/valerie-haney-scientology-escape-car-trunk-religious-arbitration-david-miscavige-tom-cruise-elisabeth-moss-1234703982/">"She Escaped Scientology in the Trunk of a Car. Her Nightmare Is Far From Over"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=She+Escaped+Scientology+in+the+Trunk+of+a+Car.+Her+Nightmare+Is+Far+From+Over&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-features%2Fvalerie-haney-scientology-escape-car-trunk-religious-arbitration-david-miscavige-tom-cruise-elisabeth-moss-1234703982%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2022" class="citation web cs1">McManus, Tracey (April 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2022/04/28/3-former-scientology-workers-sue-saying-they-were-trafficked-as-children/">"3 former Scientology workers sue, saying they were trafficked as children"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Bay_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tampa Bay Times">The Tampa Bay Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=3+former+Scientology+workers+sue%2C+saying+they+were+trafficked+as+children&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fclearwater%2F2022%2F04%2F28%2F3-former-scientology-workers-sue-saying-they-were-trafficked-as-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusumeci2023" class="citation web cs1">Musumeci, Natalie (February 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/scientology-david-miscavige-concealing-whereabouts-trafficking-lawsuit-judge-rules-2023-2">"Scientology leader David Miscavige went missing to hide from a human trafficking lawsuit, federal judge rules"</a>. <i>Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insider&rft.atitle=Scientology+leader+David+Miscavige+went+missing+to+hide+from+a+human+trafficking+lawsuit%2C+federal+judge+rules&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Musumeci&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insider.com%2Fscientology-david-miscavige-concealing-whereabouts-trafficking-lawsuit-judge-rules-2023-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2023" class="citation news cs1">McManus, Tracey (April 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2023/04/03/church-of-scientology-david-miscavige-sea-org-first-amendment-human-trafficking/">"Scientologists to rule on abuse claims against their church, judge says"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Scientologists+to+rule+on+abuse+claims+against+their+church%2C+judge+says&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fclearwater%2F2023%2F04%2F03%2Fchurch-of-scientology-david-miscavige-sea-org-first-amendment-human-trafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2023" class="citation news cs1">McManus, Tracey (June 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2023/06/26/scientology-sued-by-worker-who-claims-she-was-forced-marry-abuser/">"Scientology sued by worker who says she was forced to marry abuser"</a>. Tampa Bay Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientology+sued+by+worker+who+says+she+was+forced+to+marry+abuser&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fclearwater%2F2023%2F06%2F26%2Fscientology-sued-by-worker-who-claims-she-was-forced-marry-abuser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judges-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judges_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judges_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyjournal.com/articles/377364-judges-and-lawyers-call-for-new-ways-to-serve-notice">"Judges and lawyers call for new ways to serve notice"</a>. <i>Daily Journal</i>. February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Journal&rft.atitle=Judges+and+lawyers+call+for+new+ways+to+serve+notice&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyjournal.com%2Farticles%2F377364-judges-and-lawyers-call-for-new-ways-to-serve-notice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audacy.com/knxnews/news/local/another-judge-steps-down-from-church-of-scientology-suit">"Another judge steps down from Church of Scientology suit"</a>. <i>Audacy</i>. April 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audacy&rft.atitle=Another+judge+steps+down+from+Church+of+Scientology+suit&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audacy.com%2Fknxnews%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fanother-judge-steps-down-from-church-of-scientology-suit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2024" class="citation web cs1">Dillon, Nancy (April 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/scientology-david-miscavige-judge-removed-sex-abuse-case-1235005592/">"Scientology Boss David Miscavige Gets Judge Knocked Off Sex Assault Lawsuit"</a>. <i>RollingStone</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RollingStone&rft.atitle=Scientology+Boss+David+Miscavige+Gets+Judge+Knocked+Off+Sex+Assault+Lawsuit&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Fscientology-david-miscavige-judge-removed-sex-abuse-case-1235005592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchman2024" class="citation web cs1">Buchman, Brandi (April 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/scientology-leader-has-judge-removed-from-case-alleging-sex-abuse-forced-marriage-after-unfavorable-ruling-report/">"Scientology leader has judge removed from case alleging sex abuse, forced marriage after unfavorable ruling: Report"</a>. <i>Law & Crime</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Crime&rft.atitle=Scientology+leader+has+judge+removed+from+case+alleging+sex+abuse%2C+forced+marriage+after+unfavorable+ruling%3A+Report&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft.aulast=Buchman&rft.aufirst=Brandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandcrime.com%2Fhigh-profile%2Fscientology-leader-has-judge-removed-from-case-alleging-sex-abuse-forced-marriage-after-unfavorable-ruling-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasrathBurke2023" class="citation web cs1">Dasrath, Diana; Burke, Minyvonne (August 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/leah-remini-sues-church-scientology-says-threatened-subjected-psycholo-rcna97817">"Leah Remini sues Church of Scientology, says she's been threatened and subjected to 'psychological torture'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Leah+Remini+sues+Church+of+Scientology%2C+says+she%27s+been+threatened+and+subjected+to+%27psychological+torture%27&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.aulast=Dasrath&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Burke%2C+Minyvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpop-culture%2Fpop-culture-news%2Fleah-remini-sues-church-scientology-says-threatened-subjected-psycholo-rcna97817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasrathLi2023" class="citation web cs1">Dasrath, Diana; Li, David K. (September 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/leah-remini-claims-church-scientology-targeting-business-friends-rcna111348">"Leah Remini claims Church of Scientology is targeting her business and friends"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Leah+Remini+claims+Church+of+Scientology+is+targeting+her+business+and+friends&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft.aulast=Dasrath&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Li%2C+David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fleah-remini-claims-church-scientology-targeting-business-friends-rcna111348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2024" class="citation web cs1">Aron, Hillel (January 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/leah-remini-defamation-suit-against-church-of-scientology-likely-survive-trimmed/">"Leah Remini suit against Church of Scientology likely to survive, trimmed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Courthouse_News_Service" title="Courthouse News Service">Courthouse News Service</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courthouse+News+Service&rft.atitle=Leah+Remini+suit+against+Church+of+Scientology+likely+to+survive%2C+trimmed&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fleah-remini-defamation-suit-against-church-of-scientology-likely-survive-trimmed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_vs._Netcom" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Religious Technology Center vs. Netcom">Religious Technology Center vs. Netcom</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Church of Scientology</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/humanrights/">"Church of Scientology International Human Rights Department"</a>. <i>Scientology's official site in regards to the acceptance of the church as a religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientology%27s+official+site+in+regards+to+the+acceptance+of+the+church+as+a+religion&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+International+Human+Rights+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fhumanrights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/scnnews/intern_1.htm">"Scientology in the News: Press Office"</a>. <i>Questions and Answers about the Church's actions to uphold religious freedom, copyright law and trade secret protections on the Internet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Questions+and+Answers+about+the+Church%27s+actions+to+uphold+religious+freedom%2C+copyright+law+and+trade+secret+protections+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Scientology+in+the+News%3A+Press+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fscnnews%2Fintern_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628013910/http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Religion_and_Spirituality/Faiths_and_Practices/Scientology/Legal_Cases/">"Links related to Scientology and legal cases"</a>. <i>Yahoo directory of Scientology and legal cases</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Religion_and_Spirituality/Faiths_and_Practices/Scientology/Legal_Cases/">the original</a> on June 28, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+directory+of+Scientology+and+legal+cases&rft.atitle=Links+related+to+Scientology+and+legal+cases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdir.yahoo.com%2FSociety_and_Culture%2FReligion_and_Spirituality%2FFaiths_and_Practices%2FScientology%2FLegal_Cases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Critical and other sites</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xenu.net/archive/CourtFiles">"Scientology Court Files"</a>. <i>a site critical of Scientology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Clambake" title="Operation Clambake">Xenu.net</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=a+site+critical+of+Scientology&rft.atitle=Scientology+Court+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xenu.net%2Farchive%2FCourtFiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modemac.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl/Scientology_and_the_Legal_System">"Scientology and the Legal System"</a>. <i>a site critical of Scientology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">SubGenius</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=a+site+critical+of+Scientology&rft.atitle=Scientology+and+the+Legal+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modemac.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwiki.pl%2FScientology_and_the_Legal_System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110703213229/http://www.chillingeffects.org/search.cgi?search=scientology">"Chilling effects"</a>. <i>a clearinghouse of legal documents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chilling_Effects_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilling Effects (group)">Chilling Effects</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chillingeffects.org/search.cgi?search=scientology">the original</a> on July 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=a+clearinghouse+of+legal+documents&rft.atitle=Chilling+effects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chillingeffects.org%2Fsearch.cgi%3Fsearch%3Dscientology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Research</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge2002" class="citation book cs1">Edge, Peter W. (2002). <i>Legal Responses to Religious Difference</i>. Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1678-9"><bdi>978-90-411-1678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Responses+to+Religious+Difference&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1678-9&rft.aulast=Edge&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lord, Phil (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/9z9034375">"Scientology's Legal System"</a>. <i>Marburg Journal of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3232113">10.2139/ssrn.3232113</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3232113">3232113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+Legal+System&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3232113%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3232113&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.mcgill.ca%2Fconcern%2Farticles%2F9z9034375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScientology+and+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientology" title="Template:Scientology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientology" title="Template talk:Scientology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Beliefs and<br />practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health"><i>Dianetics</i> (book)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter">E-meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engram_(Dianetics)" title="Engram (Dianetics)">Engram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_terminology" title="Scientology terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implant_(Scientology)" title="Implant (Scientology)">Implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_(Scientology)" title="Incident (Scientology)">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Scientology_Working" title="Keeping Scientology Working">Keeping Scientology Working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcab_Confederacy" title="Marcab Confederacy">Marcab Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEST_(Scientology)" title="MEST (Scientology)">MEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">Operating Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT_VIII" title="OT VIII">OT VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_mind" title="Reactive mind">Reactive mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_religious_groups" title="Scientology and religious groups">Scientology and religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Scientology" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_security_checks" title="List of Scientology security checks">Sec Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_sex" title="Scientology and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_gender" title="Scientology and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_homosexuality" title="Scientology and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_Technology" title="Study Technology">Study Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_routines_(Scientology)" title="Training routines (Scientology)">Training routines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Mental_Health_Enabling_Act" title="Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act">Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Hearings" title="Clearwater Hearings">Clearwater Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Elli_Perkins" title="Murder of Elli Perkins">Death of Elli Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Kaja_Ballo" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Kaja Ballo">Death of Kaja Ballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lisa_McPherson" title="Death of Lisa McPherson">Death of Lisa McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Fishman Affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Henson" title="Keith Henson">Keith Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">The Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clambake" title="Operation Clambake">Operation Clambake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Chanology" title="Project Chanology">Project Chanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Normandy" title="Project Normandy">Project Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R2-45" title="R2-45">R2-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_Me" title="Scientology and Me">Scientology and Me</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">Scientology as a business</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Scientology" title="The Secrets of Scientology">The Secrets of Scientology</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_status_of_Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Tax status of Scientology in the United States">Tax status in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_v_Vosper" title="Hubbard v Vosper">Hubbard v Vosper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X._and_Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden">X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="Church of Scientology v. Sweden">Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollersheim_v._Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology">Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Commissioner" title="Hernandez v. Commissioner">Hernandez v. Commissioner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_Publications_International_ApS_v._Carol_Publishing_Group_and_Jonathan_Caven-Atack" title="New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack">New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_of_California_v._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong">Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="R v Church of Scientology of Toronto">R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Technology Center v Lerma">Religious Technology Center v Lerma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Netcom_On-Line_Communication_Services,_Inc." title="Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.">Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenz,_R%C3%B6der_and_Dagmar_v._Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany">Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Moscow_v._Russia" title="Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia">Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Headley_v._Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Headley v. Church of Scientology International">Headley v. Church of Scientology International</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">Organizations</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_properties" title="Scientology properties">properties</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Org" title="Cadet Org">Cadet Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centre" title="Celebrity Centre">Celebrity Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" title="Château Élysée">Château Élysée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Guaranty Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trementina_Base" title="Trementina Base">Trementina Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Flag Service Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Building" title="Flag Building">Flag Building/Super Power Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Ship_Service_Org" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Ship Service Org">Flag Ship Service Org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Church of Scientology">Founding Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">Author Services building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">Hubbard Association of Scientologists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientologists" title="International Association of Scientologists">International Association of Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Rehabilitation Project Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_Missions_International" title="Scientology Missions International">Scientology Missions International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_by_country" title="Category:Scientology by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Australia" title="Scientology in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Belgium" title="Scientology in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada" title="Scientology in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Germany" title="Scientology in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_Netherlands" title="Scientology in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_New_Zealand" title="Scientology in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Norway" title="Scientology in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Pakistan" title="Scientology in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Russia" title="Scientology in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Scientology in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Hubbard" title="Mary Sue Hubbard">Mary Sue Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Miscavige" title="Shelly Miscavige">Shelly Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Adams_(American_football)" title="Bob Adams (American football)">Bob Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmichael_(Scientology)" title="John Carmichael (Scientology)">John Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Davis_(Scientology)" title="Tommy Davis (Scientology)">Tommy Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Feshbach" title="Jessica Feshbach">Jessica Feshbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gaiman" title="David Gaiman">David Gaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisa_Goodman" title="Leisa Goodman">Leisa Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_Jentzsch" title="Heber Jentzsch">Heber Jentzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Moxon" title="Kendrick Moxon">Kendrick Moxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Pouw" title="Karin Pouw">Karin Pouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rathbun" title="Mark Rathbun">Mark Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Mike Rinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Stith" title="Michelle Stith">Michelle Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weiland" title="Kurt Weiland">Kurt Weiland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_organizations" title="Category:Scientology organizations">Affiliated <br />organizations<br />and recruitment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Scholastics" title="Applied Scholastics">Applied Scholastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_celebrities" title="Scientology and celebrities">Celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Businessmen%27s_Association_of_America" title="Concerned Businessmen's Association of America">Concerned Businessmen's Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminon" title="Criminon">Criminon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cult_Awareness_Network" title="New Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Delphian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Delphian School">The Delphian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Front groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxon_%26_Kobrin" title="Moxon & Kobrin">Moxon & Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narconon" title="Narconon">Narconon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Rescue_Workers_Detoxification_Project" title="New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project">New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">Oxford Capacity Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Environment_Fund" title="Safe Environment Fund">Safe Environment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_Program" title="Second Chance Program">Second Chance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trademarks_owned_by_the_Church_of_Scientology_and_its_affiliates" title="List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Ministers" title="Volunteer Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises" title="World Institute of Scientology Enterprises">World Institute of Scientology Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Human_Rights_International" title="Youth for Human Rights International">Youth for Human Rights International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_popular_culture" title="Scientology in popular culture">Popular <br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali%27s_Smile:_Naked_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology">Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_Tom_Cruise" title="Being Tom Cruise">Being Tom Cruise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowfinger" title="Bowfinger">Bowfinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(2006_drama_film)" title="The Bridge (2006 drama film)">The Bridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(book)" title="Going Clear (book)">Going Clear</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Going_Clear_(film)" title="Going Clear (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leah_Remini:_Scientology_and_the_Aftermath" title="Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath">Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Scientology_Movie" title="My Scientology Movie">My Scientology Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_(2012_film)" title="The Master (2012 film)">The Master</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Profit_(film)" title="The Profit (film)">The Profit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Closet_(South_Park)" title="Trapped in the Closet (South Park)">South Park</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Token_of_My_Extreme" title="A Token of My Extreme">A Token of My Extreme</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Merry_Unauthorized_Children%27s_Scientology_Pageant" title="A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant">A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Stand_Tall" title="We Stand Tall">We Stand Tall</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikibooks</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikinews</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikiquote</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikisource</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Church of Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wikiversity</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Scientology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Scientology"><span style="color:#002BB8;">Wiktionary</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&oldid=1257061487">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&oldid=1257061487</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_and_law" title="Category:Scientology and law">Scientology and law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawsuits" title="Category:Lawsuits">Lawsuits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law" title="Category:Copyright law">Copyright law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abuse_of_the_legal_system" title="Category:Abuse of the legal system">Abuse of the legal system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology-related_controversies" title="Category:Scientology-related controversies">Scientology-related controversies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2019">Articles with dead external links from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2016">Articles with dead external links from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2015" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2015">Use mdy dates from September 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 01:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientology_and_law&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cdf8n","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.240","walltime":"1.475","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8499,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":272494,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22289,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":33,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":325774,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1300.371 1 -total"," 49.23% 640.190 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.33% 303.340 44 Template:Cite_web"," 10.88% 141.500 28 Template:Cite_news"," 8.71% 113.311 6 Template:Multiref2"," 7.62% 99.149 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.74% 87.705 1 Template:Scientology_sidebar"," 6.69% 87.023 9 Template:R"," 6.42% 83.429 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.95% 77.373 9 Template:R/ref"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.759","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8287164,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rpq2w","timestamp":"20241123215903","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Scientology and law","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientology_and_law","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7433865","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7433865","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-15T13:52:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T01:24:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg","headline":"Legal disputes involving the Church of Scientology"}</script> </body> </html>