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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_in-depth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_in-depth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content in-depth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_in-depth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content in-depth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_in-depth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preliminary_Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Preliminary Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_I:_fundamental_rights_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_I:_fundamental_rights_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Part I: fundamental rights and duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_I:_fundamental_rights_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_One:_Spaniards_and_Aliens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_One:_Spaniards_and_Aliens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Chapter One: Spaniards and Aliens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_One:_Spaniards_and_Aliens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Two:_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Two:_Rights_and_Freedoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Chapter Two: Rights and Freedoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Two:_Rights_and_Freedoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Three:_Governing_Principles_of_Economic_and_Social_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Three:_Governing_Principles_of_Economic_and_Social_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Chapter Three: Governing Principles of Economic and Social Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Three:_Governing_Principles_of_Economic_and_Social_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_Four:_Guarantees_for_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_Four:_Guarantees_for_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Chapter Four: Guarantees for Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_Four:_Guarantees_for_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_II:_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_II:_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Part II: Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_II:_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refrendo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrendo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Refrendo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrendo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_functions_in_the_Spanish_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_functions_in_the_Spanish_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>King's functions in the Spanish state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_functions_in_the_Spanish_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_to_the_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_the_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Succession to the Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_the_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_III:_Cortes_Generales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_III:_Cortes_Generales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Part III: Cortes Generales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_III:_Cortes_Generales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Deputies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Deputies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Congress of Deputies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Deputies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IV:_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IV:_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Part IV: government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_IV:_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_V:_relations_between_the_Cortes_Generales_and_the_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_V:_relations_between_the_Cortes_Generales_and_the_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Part V: relations between the Cortes Generales and the government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_V:_relations_between_the_Cortes_Generales_and_the_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_116" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_116"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Article 116</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_116-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VI:_judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VI:_judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Part VI: judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_VI:_judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VII:_economy_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VII:_economy_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Part VII: economy and taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_VII:_economy_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VIII:_territorial_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VIII:_territorial_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Part VIII: territorial model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_VIII:_territorial_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_143" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_143"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.1</span> <span>Article 143</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_143-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_155" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_155"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.2</span> <span>Article 155</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_155-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IX:_Constitutional_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IX:_Constitutional_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Part IX: Constitutional Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_IX:_Constitutional_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_X:_constitutional_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_X:_constitutional_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Part X: constitutional amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_X:_constitutional_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordinary_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinary_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.1</span> <span>Ordinary provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinary_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrenched_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrenched_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.2</span> <span>Entrenched provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrenched_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amendments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amendments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_of_the_autonomy_statutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_the_autonomy_statutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reform of the autonomy statutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_the_autonomy_statutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed amendments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_amendments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed amendments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_of_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reform of the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Spain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_1978" title="دستور إسبانيا 1978 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور إسبانيا 1978" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espanyola_de_1978" title="Constitución espanyola de 1978 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constitución espanyola de 1978" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սպանիոյ Սահմանադրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սպանիոյ Սահմանադրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978" title="Constitución española de 1978 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constitución española de 1978" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Канстытуцыя Іспаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Іспаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция на Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституция на Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonreizh_Spagn_1978" title="Bonreizh Spagn 1978 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bonreizh Spagn 1978" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_espanyola_de_1978" title="Constitució espanyola de 1978 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució espanyola de 1978" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstava_z_roku_1978" title="Španělská ústava z roku 1978 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská ústava z roku 1978" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_des_K%C3%B6nigreichs_Spanien" title="Verfassung des Königreichs Spanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung des Königreichs Spanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σύνταγμα της Ισπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταγμα της Ισπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978" title="Constitución española de 1978 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución española de 1978" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_Konstitucio_de_1978" title="Hispana Konstitucio de 1978 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana Konstitucio de 1978" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_1978ko_Konstituzioa" title="Espainiako 1978ko Konstituzioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako 1978ko Konstituzioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قانون اساسی اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_espagnole_de_1978" title="Constitution espagnole de 1978 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution espagnole de 1978" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978" title="Constitución española de 1978 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constitución española de 1978" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_(1978%EB%85%84)" title="스페인 헌법 (1978년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 헌법 (1978년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսպանիայի Սահմանադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիայի Սահմանադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_della_Spagna" title="Costituzione della Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione della Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="חוקת ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دستور اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دستور اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondwet_van_Spanje" title="Grondwet van Spanje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grondwet van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B31978%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="スペイン1978年憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン1978年憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanias_grunnlov_av_1978" title="Spanias grunnlov av 1978 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spanias grunnlov av 1978" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitucion_espanh%C3%B2la_de_1978" title="Constitucion espanhòla de 1978 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constitucion espanhòla de 1978" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espanhola_de_1978" title="Constituição espanhola de 1978 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição espanhola de 1978" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Spaniei" title="Constituția Spaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constituția Spaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Principles, institutions and law of political governance in Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the constitution currently in force in Spain. For other historical Spanish constitutions, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">List of constitutions of Spain</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of Kingdom of Spain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_p%C3%A1gina_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978,_con_escudo_de_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Primera_p%C3%A1gina_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%2C_con_escudo_de_1981.jpg/250px-Primera_p%C3%A1gina_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%2C_con_escudo_de_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Primera_p%C3%A1gina_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_de_1978%2C_con_escudo_de_1981.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary monarchy">Parliamentary monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court of Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a><br /><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">High courts of justice</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Auditors">Court of Auditors</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">15 February 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Constitution" title="Fathers of the Constitution">Fathers of the Constitution</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cisneros_Laborda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Cisneros Laborda">Gabriel Cisneros Laborda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)">UCD</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Herrero_y_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Mi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón">Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón</a> (UCD)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_P%C3%A9rez-Llorca_Rodrigo" class="mw-redirect" title="José Pedro Pérez-Llorca Rodrigo">José Pedro Pérez-Llorca Rodrigo</a> (UCD)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Peces-Barba_Mart%C3%ADnez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Peces-Barba Martínez">Gregorio Peces-Barba Martínez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Sol%C3%A9_Tura" title="Jordi Solé Tura">Jordi Solé Tura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga_Iribarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Fraga Iribarne">Manuel Fraga Iribarne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Popular_Alliance_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Alliance (Spain)">AP</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Miquel_Roca_i_Junyent" class="mw-redirect" title="Miquel Roca i Junyent">Miquel Roca i Junyent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">CDC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:21.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/180px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/270px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/360px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_(Spain)" title="President of the Constitutional Court (Spain)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Conde-Pumpido" title="Cándido Conde-Pumpido">Cándido Conde-Pumpido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President <ul><li>Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Capital punishment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Spain" title="Life imprisonment in Spain">Life imprisonment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">The Monarch</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Heir presumptive</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="List of heirs to the Spanish throne">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Succession to the Spanish throne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of the Nation</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero" title="María Jesús Montero">María Jesús Montero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">first</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_D%C3%ADaz" title="Yolanda Díaz">Yolanda Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">third</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_III_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez III Government">Sánchez III Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_(Spain)" title="Government Delegation (Spain)">Government Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegated_Committees" title="Government Delegated Committees">Government Delegated Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interministerial_Committees" title="Interministerial Committees">Interministerial Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prime-ministerial_transition" title="Spanish prime-ministerial transition">Spanish prime-ministerial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">List of agencies in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Spain)" title="Economic and Social Council (Spain)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Cortes_Generales" title="15th Cortes Generales">15th Cortes Generales</a>)</span></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Senate_of_Spain" title="15th Senate of Spain">15th Senate</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Spanish Senate">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Roll%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Rollán">Pedro Rollán</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_Deputies" title="15th Congress of Deputies">15th Congress</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francina_Armengol" title="Francina Armengol">Francina Armengol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)" title="Parliamentary group (Spain)">Parliamentary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Deputation" title="Permanent Deputation">Permanent Deputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaus_of_the_Cortes_Generales" title="Bureaus of the Cortes Generales">Bureaus of the Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Spokespersons" title="Board of Spokespersons">Board of Spokespersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombudsman of Spain">People's Defender <span style="font-size:85%;">(ombudsman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain" title="Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain">Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Supreme Court of Spain">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Supreme Court of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Perell%C3%B3" title="Isabel Perelló">Isabel Perelló</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_(Spain)" title="Vice President of the Supreme Court (Spain)">Vice President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mar%C3%ADn_Cast%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Marín Castán">Francisco Marín Castán</a> (acting)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">High courts of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)" title="Court of Auditors (Spain)">Court of Auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor of the Bank of Spain</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cos" title="Pablo Hernández de Cos">Pablo Hernández de Cos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain <ul><li>Margarita Delgado Tejero</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mint of Spain">Royal Mint of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Spain" title="Political divisions of Spain">Administrative subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish regional governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="List of current presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain">Presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">General</a>: <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Apr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Nov)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election"><i>2023</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Regional</a>: <a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Spain (European Parliament constituency)">European</a>: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic missions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions of Spain">of Spain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions in Spain">in Spain</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a>: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">Dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Liberalism and radicalism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationalisms_and_regionalisms_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain">Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis">Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish Constitution</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Constitución Española</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-es_lang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-es_lang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">supreme law</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>. It was enacted after its approval in a <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a>; it represents the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>. </p><p>The current version was approved in 1978, three years after the death of dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. There have been dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">constitutions and constitution-like documents</a> in Spain; however, it is "the first which was not imposed by a party but represented a negotiated compromise among all the major parties".<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1980_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1980-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was sanctioned by King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> on 27 December, before it was published in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado" title="Boletín Oficial del Estado">Boletín Oficial del Estado</a></i></span> (the <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">government gazette</a> of Spain) on 29 December, the date on which it became effective. </p><p>The promulgation of the constitution marked the climax of the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of general Franco, on 20 November 1975, who ruled over Spain as a military dictator for nearly 40 years. This led to the country undergoing a complex process that included a series of political, social and historical changes, gradually transforming the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist regime</a> into a democratic state. </p><p>The Constitution was redacted, debated and approved by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Cortes Constituyentes</i>) that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">1977 general election</a>. It then repealed all the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm" title="Fundamental Laws of the Realm">Fundamental Laws of the Realm</a> (i.e., the constitution of the Francoist regime), as well as other major historical laws and every pre-existing law that contradicted the new constitution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_summary">Content summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish Constitution is a written document that takes cues from both older Spanish constitutions and other then-current European constitutions. For example, it contains the provision for a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence#Germany" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/German_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="German Basic Law">German Basic Law</a>. </p><p>The Constitution is organized in ten parts (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Títulos</i>) and contains an additional introduction (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Título Preliminar</i>), a preamble, several additional and interim provisions, a series of repeals, and it ends with a final provision. </p> <ul><li><b>Part I</b> refers to fundamental rights and duties, which receive special treatment and protection under Spanish law. Article 1 defines the Spanish state: <ul><li><b>Article 1.1</b> states that "Spain is established as a <a href="/wiki/Social_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Social state">social</a> and democratic state, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, which advocates as the highest values of its <a href="/wiki/Legal_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal order">legal order</a> the following: <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">political pluralism</a>.</li> <li><b>Article 1.2</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>, which is vested in the Spanish people, "from whom the powers of the State emanate".</li> <li><b>Article 1.3</b> establishes <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary monarchy">parliamentary monarchy</a> as the "political form of the Spanish state".</li></ul></li> <li><b>Part II</b> refers to the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Spain">the Crown</a> and lays out the King's role in the Spanish state.</li> <li><b>Part III</b> elaborates on Spain's legislature, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span>.</li> <li><b>Part IV</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of Spain</a>, the executive power, and the Public Administration, which is managed by the executive.</li> <li><b>Part V</b> refers to the relations between the Government and the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span>; as a parliamentary monarchy, the Prime Minister (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Presidente del Gobierno</i>) is invested by the legislature and the Government is responsible before the legislature.</li> <li><b>Part VI</b> refers to the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial power">judicial power</a>, establishing that justice emanates from the people and is administered on behalf of the king by <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> who are independent, irrevocable, liable and subject to the rule of law only.</li> <li><b>Part VII</b> refers to the principles that shall guide the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">economy</a> and the finances of the Spanish state, subjecting all the wealth in the country to the general interest and recognizing public initiative in the economy, while also protecting <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> in the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. It also establishes the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Accounts (Spain)">Court of Accounts</a> and the principles that shall guide the approval of the state budget.</li> <li><b>Part VIII</b> refers to the "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">territorial organization of the State</a>" and establishes a unitary state that is nevertheless heavily decentralized through delegation and transfer of powers. The result is a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> model, with some differences from federal states. This is referred to as an autonomous state (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Estado Autonómico</i>) or state of the autonomies (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Estado de las Autonomías</i>).</li> <li><b>Part IX</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court (Spain)">Constitutional Court</a>, which oversees the constitutionality of all laws and protects the fundamental rights enshrined in Part I.</li> <li><b>Part X</b> refers to constitutional amendments, of which there have been only three since 1978 (in 1992, when Article #13 was reformed, in 2011, when Article #135 was reformed, and in 2024, when Article #49 was reformed).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></div> <p>The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a>. After the death of dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in 1975, a <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">general election</a> in 1977 convened the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes" title="Constituent Cortes">Constituent Cortes</a> (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution. </p><p>A seven-member panel was selected among the elected members of the <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cortes</i></span></i> to work on a draft of the Constitution to be submitted to the body. These came to be known, as the media put it, as the <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">padres de la Constitución</i></span></i> or "fathers of the Constitution". The seven people were chosen to represent the wide (and often, deeply divided) political spectrum within the Spanish Parliament, while the leading role was given to then ruling party and now defunct <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a> (UCD). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/220px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/330px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG/440px-Constitucion_espanola_1978.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Copy of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/220px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/330px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg/440px-TransicionCartelesCongreso1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Each of the Spanish parties had its recommendation to voters.</figcaption></figure><p>The members included: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cisneros" title="Gabriel Cisneros">Gabriel Cisneros</a> (UCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_P%C3%A9rez-Llorca" title="José Pedro Pérez-Llorca">José Pedro Pérez-Llorca</a> (UCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Herrero_y_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Mi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón">Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón</a> (UCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miquel_Roca" title="Miquel Roca">Miquel Roca i Junyent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">CDC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fraga_Iribarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Fraga Iribarne">Manuel Fraga Iribarne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Popular_Alliance_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Alliance (Spain)">AP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Peces-Barba" title="Gregorio Peces-Barba">Gregorio Peces-Barba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Sol%C3%A9_Tura" title="Jordi Solé Tura">Jordi Solé Tura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">PSUC</a>)</li></ul> <p>The writer (and Senator by Royal appointment) <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a> later polished the draft Constitution's wording. However, since much of the consensus depended on keeping the wording ambiguous, few of Cela's proposed re-wordings were approved. One of those accepted was the substitution of the archaic <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">gualda</i></span></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Mignonette_(Reseda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mignonette (Reseda)">weld</a>-colored") for the plain <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">amarillo</i></span></i> (yellow) in the description of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">flag of Spain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The constitution was approved by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span> on 31 October 1978, and by the Spanish people in a <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on 6 December 1978. 91.81% of voters supported the new constitution. Finally, it was sanctioned by King Juan Carlos on 27 December in a ceremony in the presence of parliamentarians. It came into effect on 29 December, the day it was published in the Official Gazette. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Día de la Constitución</i>) on 6 December has since been a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">national holiday in Spain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_in-depth">Content in-depth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content in-depth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution contains 169 articles as well as a number of additional and transitory provisions. </p><p>Notably, the Constitution also formally repealed several important Spanish laws related the political history of the country: the Laws of 25 October 1839 and 21 July 1876, related to the Basque <i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fuero</a></i>s and the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a>, as well as all of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm" title="Fundamental Laws of the Realm">Fundamental Laws of the Realm</a> were repealed. It also supersedes the Law of 4 January 1977, on Political Reform, which was conceived as a temporary mechanism to loosen restrictions on fundamental rights inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preamble">Preamble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, writing the preamble to the constitution was considered an honour, and a task requiring great literary ability. The person chosen for this purpose was <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tierno_Galv%C3%A1n" title="Enrique Tierno Galván">Enrique Tierno Galván</a></i></span>. The full text of the preamble may be translated as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Spanish Nation, wishing to establish justice, liberty and security, and to promote the welfare of all who make part of it, in use of her sovereignty, proclaims its will to: </p><dl><dd>Guarantee democratic life within the Constitution and the laws according to a just economic and social order.</dd> <dd>Consolidate a State ensuring the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> as an expression of the will of the people.</dd> <dd>Protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions.</dd> <dd>Promote the progress of culture and the economy to ensure a dignified quality of life for all</dd></dl> <p>Establish an advanced democratic society, and </p> <dl><dd>Collaborate in the strengthening of peaceful and efficient cooperation among all the peoples of the Earth.</dd></dl><p> Consequently, the <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cortes</i></span></i> approve and the Spanish people ratify the following Constitution.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_Title">Preliminary Title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preliminary Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Section 1. Spain is hereby established as a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> State, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, which advocates freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism as highest values of its legal system. National sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people, from whom all state powers emanate. The political form of the Spanish State is the Parliamentary Monarchy.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Section 2. The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to self-government of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.</dd></dl> <p>As a result, Spain is now composed entirely of 17 Autonomous Communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy, to the extent that, even though the Constitution does not formally state that Spain is a federation (nor a unitary state), actual power shows, depending on the issue considered, widely varying grades of decentralization, ranging from the quasi-confederal status of tax management in Navarre and the Basque Country to the total centralization in airport management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_I:_fundamental_rights_and_duties">Part I: fundamental rights and duties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Part I: fundamental rights and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Part I of the Spanish Constitution encompasses Sections 10 to 55, establishing fundamental rights and duties. The scope of the rights recognised by the text is the largest in Spanish constitutional history. Scholars deem the enumeration open insofar as new rights can be included under the principle of human dignity as a foundation of the political order and social peace (Section 10). This can be achieved by means of constitutional reform, jurisprudential developments or the ratification of new international treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effect of fundamental rights is twofold. They are subjective rights to be exercised both individually and collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, they are a binding principle for all public authorities, which allows for peaceful coexistence and legitimates the political and social order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_One:_Spaniards_and_Aliens">Chapter One: Spaniards and Aliens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapter One: Spaniards and Aliens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter One deals with the entitlement of constitutional rights. Section 11 provides for the regulation by statute of Spanish nationality whilst providing for its inalienability for Spaniards. Section 12 establishes the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> in Spain at 18. Section 13 limits the entitlement of public freedoms to aliens to the provisions of statutes and international treaties. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Legal persons</a> are entitled to a reduced array of rights, among which the right of association,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to honour,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to due process of law,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freedom of speech<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the inviolability of the home<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_Two:_Rights_and_Freedoms">Chapter Two: Rights and Freedoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapter Two: Rights and Freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter Two begins with Section 14, an <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal rights clause</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Section One, fundamental rights and freedoms</dt></dl> <p>Section One (Sections 15 to 29) includes an enumeration of fundamental rights and public freedoms. This section is <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched</a>, meaning it is extremely difficult to modify or repeal, in order to prevent the establishment of a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_dictatorship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal dictatorship (page does not exist)">legal dictatorship</a></i> via constitutional amendment. Furthermore, an individual can request the protection of a justice court if any of these rights are infringed. </p><p>Individual rights include the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> (Section 15), <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of conscience</a> (Section 16), <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">right to freedom and security</a> (Section 17), honour, privacy and inviolability of the home (Section 18), <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> and residence (Section 19), and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> (Section 20). The list of collective rights include the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">right of assembly</a> (Section 21), <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">right of association</a> (Section 22), <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right of suffrage</a> (Section 23), <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> (Section 27) and the <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">right to strike</a> (Section 28). The <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process of law</a> is covered by Sections 24 to 26. </p> <dl><dt>Section two, other rights and obligations</dt></dl> <p>Section Two of Chapter Two (Sections 30 to 38) includes a list of civic rights and duties. Section 30 includes <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military duties</a> with guarantees and alternatives for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> (this section has been inactive since 2002). Section 31 establishes a progressive and non-confiscatory <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">tax system</a>. The principles of <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> are laid out in Section 32. Chapter Two also deals with the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a> (Section 33), to create <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">foundations</a> (Section 34), <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">to work</a> (Section 35), to create <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional associations</a> (Section 36) and to <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> (Section 37). This Section also guarantees <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> and calls for a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> which can be subject to government <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning</a> (Section 38). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_Three:_Governing_Principles_of_Economic_and_Social_Policy">Chapter Three: Governing Principles of Economic and Social Policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chapter Three: Governing Principles of Economic and Social Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter Three includes Sections 39 to 52. They lay out the foundations of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in accordance with the constitutional mandate for a social state (Section 1) and for effective freedom and equality and societal integration for all citizens and collectives (Section 9, Part 2). It includes provisions for a public <a href="/wiki/Pension_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pension system">pension system</a>, a social security system, <a href="/wiki/Public_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Public healthcare">public healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">cultural rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_Four:_Guarantees_for_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms">Chapter Four: Guarantees for Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter Four: Guarantees for Fundamental Rights and Freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter Four includes a series of guarantees for fundamental rights. Section 53 limits the regulation of all rights in Chapter Two and Chapter Three to <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a>, which excludes administrative regulation (<i>reglamentos</i>). These statutes must respect the essential content of said rights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental rights and public freedoms included in Section One of Chapter Two can be invoked directly, and they ought to be regulated by means of <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_(Spain)" title="Organic Law (Spain)">Organic Law</a> (which ensures greater political consensus). The creation of this statute cannot be delegated to the executive power.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 54 calls for the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ombudsman" title="Spanish Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> (<i>Defensor del Pueblo</i>), accountable to the legislative power, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span>. It acts as a supervisor of administrative activity. In addition to this, it has <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a> to lodge <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/recurso_de_inconstitucionalidad" class="extiw" title="es:recurso de inconstitucionalidad">unconstitutionality appeals</a> and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/recurso_de_amparo" class="extiw" title="es:recurso de amparo">individual appeals for protection</a> <i>(recurso de amparo)</i>. </p><p>Sections 14 to 29 and Section 30, Part 2, enjoy the right to a preferential and summary procedure in the ordinary courts. Once this procedure is exhausted, citizens may lodge an <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/recurso_de_amparo" class="extiw" title="es:recurso de amparo">individual appeal for protection</a> <i>(recurso de amparo)</i>, a last instance unique to Spanish constitutional law and created in 1978 that, once exhausted, allows for an appeal before the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. This scope of additional protection reinforces the guarantees of the due process of law, including the process of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this, the Prime Minister, the Ombudsman, 50 members of the Congress of Deputies, 50 Senators, and regional governments and legislative assemblies may lodge <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/recurso_de_inconstitucionalidad" class="extiw" title="es:recurso de inconstitucionalidad">unconstitutionality appeals</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_duplicada_22_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_duplicada_22-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_duplicada_25_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_duplicada_25-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_II:_Crown">Part II: Crown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Part II: Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy of Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/King_Felipe_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Felipe VI of Spain">King Felipe VI of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(color_THV).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg/220px-Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg/330px-Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg/440px-Distintivo_Felipe_VI_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28color_THV%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>King Felipe's royal insignia<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitution dedicates its Part II to the regulation of the monarchy, which is referred to as <i>The Crown</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Corona</i>). Article 56 of the Constitution establishes that the monarch is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and symbolizes the unity of the Spanish state. It refers to the monarch's role as a "moderator" whose main role is to oversee and ensure the regular functioning of the institutions. The monarch is also the highest-ranked representative of the Spanish state in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> and only exercises the functions that are explicitly attributed to him by the Constitution and the laws. The King's official title is "King of Spain" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Rey de España</i>), but he is allowed to use any <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">other titles that are associated to the Spanish Crown</a>. </p><p>The King of Spain enjoys immunity and is not subject to legal accountability. In a broad sense, this means that the King cannot be legally prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurists say that this only refers to criminal procedures, while others claim this immunity is also present in civil procedures; in practice, the King has never been prosecuted and it is unlikely that he would be prosecuted even if it was proven that the monarch had committed a crime. The legal justification for royal immunity is that the King is mandated by the Constitution to fulfill several roles as the head of state; thus, the King is obligated to perform his actions and fulfill his duties, so the King cannot be judged for actions that he is constitutionally obligated to perform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refrendo">Refrendo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Refrendo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></div> <p>The King is vested with executive power, but is not personally responsible for exercising it. This does not mean that his actions are free of responsibility. The responsibility for the King's actions falls into the persons who hold actual political power and who actually take political decisions, which the King only formally and symbolically ratifies. This is done through a procedure or institution called the <i>refrendo</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">countersigning</a>" in the official English translation of the constitution). </p><p>All the King's acts have to undergo the refrendo procedure. Through the refrendo, other persons assume legal and political responsibility for the King's acts, if such responsibility is demanded from them. Article 64 explains the refrendo and transfers responsibility for royal acts to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> in most cases, though it also allows other ministers to assume responsibility for royal acts as well. In general, when there is not a formed government, the responsibility is assumed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">President of the Congress of Deputies</a>. Without the refrendo, the King's actions are <a href="/wiki/Null_and_void" class="mw-redirect" title="Null and void">null and void</a>. </p><p>There are only two royal acts that do not require the refrendo. The first encompasses all acts related to the management of the Royal House of Spain; the King can freely hire and fire any employees of the Royal House and he receives an annual amount from the state budget to operate the Royal House, which he freely distributes across the institution. The second one refers to the King's will, which enables him to distribute his material legacy and name tutors for his children, if they are not legal adults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King's_functions_in_the_Spanish_state"><span id="King.27s_functions_in_the_Spanish_state"></span>King's functions in the Spanish state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: King's functions in the Spanish state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/220px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/330px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg/440px-Proclamacionfelipevi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> takes the oath before the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span> during the proclamation ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_las_Cortes,_Madrid" title="Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid">Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid</a> the 19th of June, 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 62 of the Spanish Constitution establishes an exhaustive list of the King's functions, all of which are symbolic and do not reflect the exercise of any political power. The King sanctions and promulgates the laws, which are approved by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span>, which the King also symbolically and formally calls and dissolves. The King also calls for periodic elections and for referendums in the cases that are included by the laws or the Constitution. </p><p>The King also proposes a candidate for Prime Minister, which is probably the King's most 'political' function, as he traditionally holds meetings with the leaders of all the major political parties in order to facilitate the formation of a government. If a candidate is successfully invested by the Parliament, he formally names him Prime Minister of Spain. When a Prime Minister has been named, he also formally names all the members of his government, all of which are proposed by the Prime Minister himself. The King has both a right and a duty to be informed of all the state affairs; he is also allowed to preside over the government meetings when the Prime Minister invites him to do so, although he has the ability to reject this invitation. </p><p>Regarding the Government, the King also formally issues the governmental decrees, as well as bestowing all the civil and military ranks and employments, and he also grants honors and distinctions according to the laws. The King is also the supreme head of the Armed Forces of Spain, although the effective lead is held by the Government of Spain. Finally, the King holds the High Patronage of all the Royal Academies and other organizations that have a royal patronage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Succession_to_the_Crown">Succession to the Crown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Succession to the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain#Succession_and_regency" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy of Spain § Succession and regency</a></div> <p>The succession to the Crown is regulated in article 57 which establishes a male preference primogeniture to the successors of <a href="/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a> and his dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Dynasty">Bourbon dynasty</a>. The heir to the throne receives the title of Prince or Princess of Asturias as well as the other historic titles of the heir and the other children received the title of Infantes or Infantas. </p><p>If some person with rights of succession marries against the will of the King or Queen regnant or the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span>, they shall be excluded from succession to the Crown, as shall their descendants. This article also establishes that if the lines are extinguished, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span> shall decide who will be the new King or Queen attending to the general interests of the country. </p><p>Finally, article 57.5 establishes that abdications or any legal doubt about the succession must be clarified by an Organic Act. </p><p>This legal forecast was exercised for the first time of the current democratic period in 2014 when King Juan Carlos abdicated in favor of his son. The Organic Act 3/2014 made effective the abdication of the King. A Royal decree of the same year also modified the Royal Decree of 1987 which establishes the titles of the Royal family and the Regents and arranged that the outgoing King and Queen shall conserve their titles. And the Organic Act 4/2014 modified the Organic Act of the Judiciary to allow the former Kings to conserve their judicial prerogatives (immunity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regency">Regency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain#Succession_and_regency" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy of Spain § Succession and regency</a></div> <p>The Regency is regulated in article 59. The Regency is a period in which a person exercises the duties of the King or Queen regnant on behalf of the real monarch who is a minor. This article establishes that the King or Queen's mother or father shall immediately assume the office of regent and, in the absence of these, the oldest relative of legal age who is nearest in succession to the Crown. </p><p>Article 59 § 2 establishes that the monarch may be declared incapacitated by Parliament if the monarch becomes unfit for the exercise of authority, in which case the Prince or Princess of Asturias shall assume the regency if they are of age; if not, the previous procedure must be followed. </p><p>If there is no person entitled to exercise the regency, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span> shall appoint one regent or a council of three or five persons known as the Council of Regency. The regent must be a Spaniard and legally of age. </p><p>The Constitution also establishes in article 60 that the guardian of the King or Queen during their minority cannot be the same as the person who acts as regent, unless the regent is the father, the mother, or a direct ancestor of the King. Parents can be guardian while widowed. If the parent marries again, the parent loses the guardianship, and the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span> shall appoint a guardian who must comply with the same requirements as to be regent. </p><p>Article 60 § 2 also establishes that the exercise of the guardianship is also incompatible with the holding of any office or political representation so that no person can be the guardian of the monarch while holding a political office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_III:_Cortes_Generales">Part III: Cortes Generales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Part III: Cortes Generales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-02-12,_La_ministra_de_Hacienda,_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero,_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso,_pge03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg/220px-2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg/330px-2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg/440px-2019-02-12%2C_La_ministra_de_Hacienda%2C_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero%2C_interviene_en_el_hemiciclo_del_Congreso%2C_pge03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Part III (Sections 66 to 96) deals with the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></span></span>, the Spanish legislature. It consists of two chambers: the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate of Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the former being privileged above the latter, in contrast with other upper chambers, such as the Italian <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic.</a> </p><p>Each chamber is provided with internal <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_law" title="Regulatory law">regulatory</a> powers for governance,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Speaker (<i>Presidente</i>) and a Governing Board (<i>Mesa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Art._72.2_CE_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art._72.2_CE-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Permanent Deputation exerts a limited series of powers during recesses and after the dissolution of the chambers. Joint sessions of the Cortes are presided by the Speaker of the Congress of Deputies under a common procedure code passed by a majority of each chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Art._72.2_CE_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art._72.2_CE-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cortes exert legislative, budgetary and control powers over the executive. They have the power to appoint members to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)" title="Court of Auditors (Spain)">Court of Auditors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ombudsman" title="Spanish Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>. They have control over the line of succession of the Spanish Crown, with the power to appoint Regents, Tutors and to elect a new head of state according to the interest of Spain if all sucessory lines are exhausted. </p><p>Each chambers works in a Plenary or by Commissions, work groups with a composition proportional to each party's representation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commissions may be assigned the study of bills and matters by the Governing Board, and the Plenary may delegate unto them the passing of certain bills, excluding those related to constitutional reform, international matters, organic laws and the budget. Commissions can be legislative and non-legislative, and permanent or temporary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress_of_Deputies">Congress of Deputies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Congress of Deputies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 68 provides for a lower chamber with a minimum of three hundred and a maximum of four hundred Deputies,<sup id="cite_ref-Art_2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elected by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral districts are the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">provinces</a> and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta_(Congress_of_Deputies_constituency)" title="Ceuta (Congress of Deputies constituency)">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla_(Congress_of_Deputies_constituency)" title="Melilla (Congress of Deputies constituency)">Melilla</a>, with a minimum of two seats for each province and one seat for each city, the rest being apportioned by population.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All deputies are elected in each district by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate">Senate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 69 establishes the Senate as an upper and territorial chamber. It is elected under a mixed system where 208 Senators are elected directly by universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage and the rest are indirectly appointed by the legislative assemblies of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities.</a> </p><p>Senators are elected by <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a>, with citizens being able to elect all but one members of a district. This affords the second most voted party in each district a degree of representation. </p><p>The attributions of the Spanish Senate are subordinate to those of the Spanish Congress, which makes it comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> or the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Councillors (Japan)">House of Councillors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet of Japan</a> insofar as it may exert limited control and review powers over the lower chamber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_IV:_government">Part IV: government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Part IV: government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg/220px-Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg/330px-Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg/440px-Reuni%C3%B3n_extraordinaria_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_Espa%C3%B1a_el_3_de_junio_de_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers (Spain)</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Section 97 vests the <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of Spain</a>, which runs the country's domestic and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, the civil and military administration and the <a href="/wiki/National_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="National defense">national defense</a>. </p><p>Section 98 states that the Government shall be composed of the President (referred to in English as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a>), the Vice Presidents if any (referred to in English as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Deputy Prime Ministers</a>), and any other members listed in statute. The Prime Minister runs the Government's policy and coordinates the faculties of the others members of the Government. </p><p>Section 99 describes the procedure of appointment of the Prime Minister. After an election, or any other event that triggers an appointment, the King shall meet with all the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political groups</a> in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span>, then choose one of them to face an investiture vote. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">President of the Congress of Deputies</a> holds <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power over the King's choice. The investiture vote is successful, and the nominee becomes Prime Minister, if he gets the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> vote of the Congress of Deputies in the first <a href="/wiki/Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies#Recorded_vote" title="Voting methods in deliberative assemblies">roll call</a>, or a simple majority (more yeas than noes) in a second roll call that takes place two days after the first. The process can be repeated with the same or other political leader chosen by the King within two months after the first roll call; after that time, a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain#General_elections" title="Elections in Spain">general election</a> to both chambers is automatically called. </p><p>Section 100 states that the <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> are appointed and dismissed by the King by the Prime Minister's proposal. </p><p>Section 101 states that the Government is dismissed after a general election, the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">loss of supply</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence</a> of the Congress of Deputies, or the resignation or death of the Prime Minister. The dismissed Government holds <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker</a> powers until a new Government is inaugurated. </p><p>Section 102 stablishes the conditions for prosecution of criminal accountability for the Prime Minister or any other member of the Government, explicitly stating they cannot <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> themselves. </p><p>Sections 103 to 107 stablish the role of the <a href="/wiki/General_State_Administration" title="General State Administration">General State Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain" title="Law enforcement in Spain">law enforcement</a> organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a>, and the obligation of the Government to grant <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>, to abide by <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> decisions and to fulfill any <a href="/wiki/Public_liability" title="Public liability">public liability</a> to the individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_V:_relations_between_the_Cortes_Generales_and_the_government">Part V: relations between the Cortes Generales and the government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Part V: relations between the Cortes Generales and the government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 115 deals with the mechanisms of how and when Congress, the Senate, or the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">Cortes Generales</span></span> can be dissolved. This measure requires approval from the King of Spain, who must establish a date for the elections. The proposal for dissolution cannot be submitted during a censure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_116">Article 116</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Article 116"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Section 1. A <a href="/wiki/State_of_alarm_(Spain)" title="State of alarm (Spain)">state of alarm</a> shall be declared by the Government, by means of a decree decided upon by the Council of Ministers, for a maximum period of fifteen days. The Congress of Deputies shall be informed and must meet immediately for this purpose. Without their authorisation, the said period may not be extended. The decree shall specify the territorial area to which the effects of the proclamation shall apply.</i></dd> <dd><i>Section 2. A state of emergency shall be declared by the Government by means of a decree decided upon by the Council of Ministers, after prior authorisation by the Congress of Deputies. The authorisation for and declaration of a state of emergency must specifically state the effects thereof, the territorial area to which it is to apply and its duration, which may not exceed thirty days, subject to extension for a further thirty-day period, with the same requirements.</i></dd> <dd><i>Section 3. A state of siege (martial law) shall be declared by absolute majority of the Congress of Deputies, exclusively at the proposal of the Government. Congress shall determine its territorial extension, duration and terms.</i></dd></dl> <p>For the duration where any of those acts of Article 116 are declared, Congress cannot be dissolved. In the event that Congress had been dissolved or its term expires, the powers of Congress are assumed by the Standing Committee. Since the constitution of Spain was adopted, the state of alarm was only declared twice: once in 2010 for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_air_traffic_controllers_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish air traffic controllers strike">Spanish air traffic controllers strike</a>, and in March 2020 for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The first state of emergency was declared in October 2020 as a result of continued difficulties for the COVID-19 pandemic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_VI:_judiciary">Part VI: judiciary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Part VI: judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Article 117 establishes the independence of the judiciary and the law. In cases of martial law, military activity is limited by the Constitution. Articles 119 to 120 establish the right to a public, fair trial, with the right to an attorney for indigent defendants. Article 121 mandates compensation in case of damages caused by legal irregularities. Article 127 forbids serving magistrates and prosecutors from political party membership or public office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_VII:_economy_and_taxation">Part VII: economy and taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Part VII: economy and taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Article 128 allows the State to intervene in corporate affairs to restrict monopolies or serve the public interest. </p><p>Deficits and debt shall not exceed standards set by the European Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_VIII:_territorial_model">Part VIII: territorial model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Part VIII: territorial model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_143">Article 143</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Article 143"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Section 1. In the exercise of the right to self-government recognized in Article 2 of the Constitution, bordering provinces with common historic, cultural and economic characteristics, island territories and provinces with historic regional status may accede to self-government and form Autonomous Communities in conformity with the provisions contained in this Title and in the respective Statutes.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_(Madrid)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1978_%28Madrid%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Constitution of 1978 in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish Constitution is one of the few Bill of Rights that has legal provisions for <a href="/wiki/Social_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rights">social rights</a>, including the definition of Spain itself as a "Social and Democratic State, subject to the rule of law" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Estado social y democrático de derecho</i>) in its preliminary title. However, those rights are not at the same level of protection as the individual rights contained in articles 14 to 28, since those social rights are considered in fact principles and directives of economic policy, but never full rights of the citizens to be claimed before a court or tribunal. </p><p>Other constitutional provisions recognize the right to adequate housing,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">social welfare provision</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">health protection</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensions">pensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the political influence of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Carrillo" title="Santiago Carrillo">Santiago Carrillo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Communist Party of Spain</a>, and with the consensus of the other "fathers of the constitution", the right to State intervention in private companies in the public interest and the facilitation of access by workers to ownership of the means of production were also enshrined in the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_155">Article 155</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Article 155"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Spanish_constitutional_crisis" title="2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis">2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_execution" title="Federal execution">federal execution</a></div> <dl><dd><i>Section 1. If a self-governing community does not fulfil the obligations imposed upon it by the constitution or other laws, or acts in a way that is seriously prejudicial to the general interest of Spain, the government may take all measures necessary to compel the community to meet said obligations, or to protect the above-mentioned general interest.</i></dd> <dd><i>Section 2. With a view to implementing the measures provided for in the foregoing paragraph, the Government may issue instructions to all the authorities of the Self-governing Communities.</i></dd></dl> <p>This wording is almost identical to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0184">Article 37</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="German Basic Law">German Basic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 27, 2017, the Senate of Spain (Senado) voted 214 to 47 to invoke Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution over Catalonia after the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Parliament">Catalan Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">unilaterally declared independence</a>. Article 155 gave Spanish Prime Minister Rajoy the power to remove secessionist politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Carles_Puigdemont" title="Carles Puigdemont">Carles Puigdemont</a>, the Catalan leader, and directly rule from Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_IX:_Constitutional_Court">Part IX: Constitutional Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Part IX: Constitutional Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The King appoints all twelve members of the Constitutional Court. Four are nominated by a 3/5 majority in Congress; four are nominated by a 3/5 majority in the Senate. Two are nominated by the government, and the last two by the General Council of the Judiciary. They can serve a maximum of 9 years divided into three 3-year renewable terms. Serving magistrates and prosecutors, politicians, political party members, or active businessmen can not serve on the Constitutional Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_X:_constitutional_amendment">Part X: constitutional amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Part X: constitutional amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two methods of amending the Spanish Constitution, detailed below. The Government, the Congress of Deputies or the Senate can propose constitutional amendments. The Parliaments of the Autonomous Communities can also propose a constitutional amendment to the Congress or the Government, but cannot propose an amendment directly. </p><p>There have been 2 amendments to the Spanish constitution, one in 1992 and one in 2011, both were passed with the necessary majority and without a referendum being requested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinary_provisions">Ordinary provisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ordinary provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A constitutional amendment must be approved by a three-fifths majority by both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. If there is disagreement between the Chambers, a mixed committee will present an agreed text to both chambers for a vote. Even if this procedure fails, and as long as the amendment passed with a simple majority in the Senate, Congress may pass the amendment with two-thirds majority. One-tenth of either deputies or senators may also request, with a 15-day deadline since passage, that the amendment be put to a referendum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entrenched_provisions">Entrenched provisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Entrenched provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three parts of the Constitution are <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched</a>: the Preliminary Title, Section I of Chapter II of Title I (on Fundamental Rights and Public Liberties), and Title II (on the Crown). Under Title X, these cannot be altered except by the same process that would be required for adoption of a new constitution: </p> <ul><li>two-thirds of each House approve the amendment,</li> <li>elections are called immediately thereafter,</li> <li>two-thirds of each new House approves the amendment, and</li> <li>the amendment is approved by the people in a referendum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution has been amended three times. The first time, Article 13.2, Title I was altered to extend to citizens of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> the right to active and passive suffrage (both voting rights and eligibility as candidates) in local elections under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. The second time, in August/September 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">balanced budget amendment</a> and debt brake was added to Article 135.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third amendment, passed in January 2024, amends the language of Article 49 to read "persons with disabilities", rather than those who are "handicapped".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the current version of the Constitution restricts the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> to military courts during wartime, the death penalty has since been removed from the Code of Military Justice and thus lost all relevance. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has still requested an amendment to be made to the Constitution to abolish it firmly and explicitly in all cases. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesty International Spain">Amnesty International Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam_Interm%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam Intermón">Oxfam Intermón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> launched a campaign in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Blinda_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blinda-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to amend the article 53 so that it extends the same protection to <a href="/wiki/Economic_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic right">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Social right">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">cultural rights</a> as to other rights like <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Right_to_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to freedom">freedom</a>. After that, the campaign seeks another 24 amendments protecting <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_of_the_autonomy_statutes">Reform of the autonomy statutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Reform of the autonomy statutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomy_statutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of autonomy statutes">List of autonomy statutes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Constitution of Spain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22">"Constitution of Spain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitution+of+Spain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statutes of Autonomy</a>" of the different regions are the second most important Spanish legal normatives when it comes to the political structure of the country. Because of that, the reform attempts of some of them have been either rejected or produced considerable controversy. </p><p>The plan conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Basque_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque president">Basque president</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ibarretxe" title="Juan José Ibarretxe">Juan José Ibarretxe</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Ibarretxe_Plan" title="Ibarretxe Plan">Ibarretxe Plan</a>) to reform the status of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in the Spanish state was rejected by the Spanish Cortes, on the grounds (among others) that it amounted to an implicit reform of the Constitution. </p><p>The People's Party attempted to reject the admission into the Cortes of the 2005 reform of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Autonomy Statute of Catalonia</a> on the grounds that it should be dealt with as a constitutional reform rather than a mere statute reform because it allegedly contradicts the spirit of the Constitution in many points, especially the Statute's alleged breaches of the "solidarity between regions" principle enshrined by the Constitution. After failing to assemble the required majority to dismiss the text, the People's Party filed a claim of unconstitutionality against several dozen articles of the text before the Spanish Constitutional Court for them to be struck down. </p><p>The amended Autonomy Statute of Catalonia has also been legally contested by the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Communities">Autonomous Communities</a> of Aragon, Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on similar grounds as those of the PP, and others such as disputed <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. As of January 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court of Spain</a> has those alleged breaches and its actual compliance with the Constitution under <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>. </p><p>Prominent Spanish politicians, mostly from the People's Party but also from the Socialist Party (PSOE) and other non-nationalist parties<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, have advocated for the statutory reform process to be more closely compliant with the Constitution, on the grounds that the current wave of reforms threatens the functional destruction of the constitutional system itself. The most cited arguments are the self-appointed unprecedented expansions of the powers of autonomous communities present in recently reformed statutes: </p> <ul><li>The amended version of the Catalan Statute prompts the State to allot investments in Catalonia according to Catalonia's own percentage contribution to the total Spanish <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a>. The Autonomy Statute of Andalusia, a region that contributes less to Spain's GDP than the region of Catalonia contributes, requires it in turn to allocate state investments in proportion to its population (it is the largest Spanish Autonomous Community in terms of population). These requirements are legally binding, as they are enacted as part of Autonomy Statutes, which rank only below the Constitution itself. It is self-evident that, should all autonomous communities be allowed to establish their particular financing models upon the State, the total may add up to more than 100% and that would be unviable.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these changes having been proposed and approved by fellow members of the PSOE, former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Economy and Finance (Spain)">Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Solbes" title="Pedro Solbes">Pedro Solbes</a> disagreed with this new trend of assigning state investment quotas to territories based on any given autonomous community custom requirement<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has subsequently compared the task of planning the Spanish national budget to a <a href="/wiki/Sudoku" title="Sudoku">sudoku</a>.</li> <li>The Valencian statute, whose reform was one of the first to be enacted, includes the so-called Camps clause (named after the Valencian President <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Camps" title="Francisco Camps">Francisco Camps</a>), which makes any powers assumed by other communities in its statutes automatically available to the Valencian Community.</li> <li>Autonomous communities such as Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia or Extremadura, have included statutory clauses claiming exclusive powers over any river flowing through their territories. Nearby communities have filed complaints before the Spanish Constitutional Court on the grounds that no Community can exercise exclusive power over rivers that cross more than one Community, not even over the part flowing through its territory because its decisions affect other Communities, both downstream or upstream.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_amendments">Proposed amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Proposed amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_of_the_Senate">Reform of the Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reform of the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late 1990s, the Catalonian nationalist party, <a href="/wiki/Convergence_and_Union" title="Convergence and Union">Convergence and Union</a>, attempted to reform the Senate based on three tiers of autonomous communities. However, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> government suspended these attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">List of constitutions of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-es_lang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-es_lang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: <i lang="gl">Constitución Española</i>; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Espainiako Konstituzioa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Constitució Espanyola</i>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">Constitucion espanhòla</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 47 of the Spanish Constitution states: "All Spaniards have the right to enjoy decent and adequate housing. The public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions and establish appropriate standards in order to make this right effective, regulating land use in accordance with the general interest in order to prevent speculation. The community shall have a share in the benefits accruing from the town-planning policies of public bodies".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 40 states: "The public authorities shall promote favourable conditions for social and economic progress and for a more equitable distribution of regional and personal income within the framework of a policy of economic stability. They shall in particular carry out a policy aimed at full employment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 41 states: "The public authorities shall maintain a public Social Security system for all citizens guaranteeing adequate social assistance and benefits in situations of hardship, especially in case of unemployment. Supplementary assistance and benefits shall be optional."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 43 states: "The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a> protection is recognized. It is incumbent upon the public authorities to organize and watch over public health by means of preventive measures and the necessary benefits and services. The law shall establish the rights and duties of all in this respect."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 50 states: "The public authorities shall guarantee, through adequate and periodically updated pensions, a sufficient income for citizens in old age. Likewise, and without prejudice to the obligations of the families, they shall promote their welfare through a <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security in Spain">system of social services</a> that provides for their specific problems of health, housing, culture and leisure."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carr1980-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr1980_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarr1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr, Raymond</a> (1980). <i>Modern Spain, 1875–1980</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192158284" title="Special:BookSources/9780192158284"><bdi>9780192158284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6555498">6555498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Spain%2C+1875%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6555498&rft.isbn=9780192158284&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 10 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 25/1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 218/1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 139/1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 53/1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 88/1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STC 137/1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 53.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 53.3 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 82.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 17.4 CE,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 24.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 24.2 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_duplicada_22-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref_duplicada_22_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 161.1.a CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref_duplicada_25-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref_duplicada_25_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 162.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/06/21/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-6525.pdf">"Real Decreto 527/2014, de 20 de junio, por el que se crea el Guión y el Estandarte de Su Majestad el Rey Felipe VI y se modifica el Reglamento de Banderas y Estandartes, Guiones, Insignias y Distintivos, aprobado por Real Decreto 1511/1977, de 21 de enero"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). 21 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+527%2F2014%2C+de+20+de+junio%2C+por+el+que+se+crea+el+Gui%C3%B3n+y+el+Estandarte+de+Su+Majestad+el+Rey+Felipe+VI+y+se+modifica+el+Reglamento+de+Banderas+y+Estandartes%2C+Guiones%2C+Insignias+y+Distintivos%2C+aprobado+por+Real+Decreto+1511%2F1977%2C+de+21+de+enero&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F2014%2F06%2F21%2Fpdfs%2FBOE-A-2014-6525.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2012/10/121026_rey_juan_carlos_paternidad_espana_jmp">"¿Cuán inmune es el Rey de España ante la justicia?"</a> (in Spanish). 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%BFCu%C3%A1n+inmune+es+el+Rey+de+Espa%C3%B1a+ante+la+justicia%3F&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias%2F2012%2F10%2F121026_rey_juan_carlos_paternidad_espana_jmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 66.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 72.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art._72.2_CE-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art._72.2_CE_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art._72.2_CE_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 72.2 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 75 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art_2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art_2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art_2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 68.1 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art_3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Art_3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 68.2 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 68.3 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuentayrazon.org/revista/pdf/041/Num041_007.pdf">"La elaboración de la Constitución"</a>, Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/streit-mit-katalonien-artikel-155-spaniens-nukleare-option-1.3725724">"Katalonien-Konflikt: Spaniens "nukleare Option"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katalonien-Konflikt%3A+Spaniens+%22nukleare+Option%22&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fstreit-mit-katalonien-artikel-155-spaniens-nukleare-option-1.3725724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/katalonien-und-der-streit-mit-madrid-was-artikel-155-bedeutet-a-1173701.html">"Katalonien und der Streit mit Madrid: Was Artikel 155 bedeutet"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Katalonien+und+der+Streit+mit+Madrid%3A+Was+Artikel+155+bedeutet&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fkatalonien-und-der-streit-mit-madrid-was-artikel-155-bedeutet-a-1173701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41871476">"Catalonia's longest week"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Catalonia%27s+longest+week&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-41871476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/elpais/2011/08/26/inenglish/1314336041_850210.html">"Spain's main parties agree constitutional amendment capping public deficit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+main+parties+agree+constitutional+amendment+capping+public+deficit&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2011%2F08%2F26%2Finenglish%2F1314336041_850210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/spain-disabled-constitution-c0d4d2420118232eb04996b106f01289">"Spain amends its constitution to replace term 'handicapped' with 'persons with a disability'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a></i>. 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Spain+amends+its+constitution+to+replace+term+%27handicapped%27+with+%27persons+with+a+disability%27&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fspain-disabled-constitution-c0d4d2420118232eb04996b106f01289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blinda-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blinda_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blindatusderechos.org/">Blinda tus derechos</a></i></span>. Official campaign site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoy.es/prensa/20061115/nacional/admitidos-recursos-aragon-valencia_20061115.html">"Admitidos los recursos de Aragón, Valencia y Baleares contra el Estatuto catalán"</a>. <i>Hoy</i>. November 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoy&rft.atitle=Admitidos+los+recursos+de+Arag%C3%B3n%2C+Valencia+y+Baleares+contra+el+Estatuto+catal%C3%A1n&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoy.es%2Fprensa%2F20061115%2Fnacional%2Fadmitidos-recursos-aragon-valencia_20061115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérezArco2007" class="citation news cs1">Pérez, Claudi; Arco, Serafi del (September 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/2007/09/23/espana/1190498401_850215.html">"Solbes cuadra un sudoku de 23.000 millones"</a>. <i>El País</i> – via elpais.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Solbes+cuadra+un+sudoku+de+23.000+millones&rft.date=2007-09-22&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Claudi&rft.au=Arco%2C+Serafi+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fespana%2F1190498401_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2007" class="citation news cs1">Pérez, Claudi (December 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/2007/12/03/economia/1196636402_850215.html">"Solbes rechaza vincular la nueva financiación a las balanzas fiscales"</a>. <i>El País</i> – via elpais.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Solbes+rechaza+vincular+la+nueva+financiaci%C3%B3n+a+las+balanzas+fiscales&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Claudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F12%2F03%2Feconomia%2F1196636402_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809022702id_/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan044547.pdf">Reforming the Spanish Senate: Mission Impossible?</a> Elisa Roller. University of Manchester. West European Politics Volume 25. 2002</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Spain&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_(annotated)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Spanish Constitution of 1978 (annotated)">Spanish Constitution of 1978 (annotated)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/espana/leyfundamental/Paginas/index.aspx">Government of Spain website: The Spanish Constitution</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/showEmbeddedCode.shtml?contentID=1491066">RTVE video of the event of Juan Carlos I's sanction of the constitution in the presence of parliamentarians, 27 December 1978.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf">The constitution on the Boletin Oficial del Estado's website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Spain" title="Template:Constitutions of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">Constitutions of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonne_Statute" title="Bayonne Statute">Bayonne Statute of 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Statute_of_1834" title="Spanish Royal Statute of 1834">Royal Statute of 1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1837" title="Spanish Constitution of 1837">Constitution of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1845" title="Spanish Constitution of 1845">Constitution of 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1869" title="Spanish Constitution of 1869">Constitution of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1876" title="Spanish Constitution of 1876">Constitution of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Constitution of 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm" title="Fundamental Laws of the Realm">Fundamental Laws of the Realm (1938–1977)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of 1978</a></li></ul> <p><b>Unadopted draft constitutions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Draft_Constitution_of_1856" title="Spanish Draft Constitution of 1856">Draft Constitution of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Draft_Constitution_of_1873" title="Spanish Draft Constitution of 1873">Draft Constitution of 1873</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco" title="Constitution of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria" title="Constitution of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_%C3%85land" title="Constitution of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guernsey" title="Constitution of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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