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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1)" title="برد (شاعر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برد (شاعر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzh" title="Barzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Barzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barde_(sanger)" title="Barde (sanger) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barde (sanger)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barde" title="Barde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سخن‌سرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخن‌سرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barde_(druidisme)" title="Barde (druidisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barde (druidisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%80" title="음유시가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음유시가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93" title="משורר נודד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משורר נודד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბარდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardh" title="Bardh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bardh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardus" title="Bardus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bardus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rd_(k%C3%B6lt%C5%91)" title="Bárd (költő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bárd (költő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_(zanger)" title="Bard (zanger) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bard (zanger)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9F%E9%81%8A%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="吟遊詩人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吟遊詩人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barde" title="Barde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Barde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_(%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5)" title="Бард (Средневековье) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бард (Средневековье)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%99" title="سگھڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سگھڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi" title="Bardi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bardi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard" title="Bard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9F%E9%81%8A%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="吟遊詩人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吟遊詩人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9F%E6%B8%B8%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="吟游诗人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吟游诗人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bard (disambiguation)">Bard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Benjamin_West_-_The_Bard_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bard</i> (1778) by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celtic cultures</a>, a <b>bard</b> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_oral_repositories" title="List of oral repositories">oral repository</a> and professional <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">story teller</a>, verse-maker, music composer, <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogist</a>, employed by a patron (such as a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> or chieftain) to commemorate one or more of the patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own activities. </p><p>With the decline of a living bardic tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</a>, the term has loosened to mean a generic <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a> or author (especially a famous one). For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> are respectively known as "the Bard of Avon" (often simply "the Bard") and "the Bard of Bengal".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 16th-century Scotland, it turned into a derogatory term for an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/itinerant" class="extiw" title="wikt:itinerant">itinerant</a> musician; nonetheless it was later romanticised by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> (1771–1832).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, the title Gayen or Gain used as a surname by members of the Bengali Kayastha caste was given to bards in medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English term <i>bard</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>: <i>bardo-</i> ('bard, poet'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Irish language">Middle Irish</a>: <i lang="mga">bard</i> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">bàrd</i> ('bard, poet'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Welsh language">Middle Welsh</a>: <i lang="wlm">bardd</i> ('singer, poet'), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Breton">Middle Breton</a>: <i>barz</i> ('minstrel'), <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Old Cornish</a>: <span title="Old Welsh-language text"><i lang="owl">barth</i></span> ('jester').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Gaulish *<i>bardos</i> is attested as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bardus</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">sing.</a>) in Latin and as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bárdoi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plur.</a>) in Ancient Greek. It also appears as a <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Compound_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound words">compound words</a> <i>bardo-cucullus</i> ('bard's hood'), <i>bardo-magus</i> ('field of the bard'), <i>barditus</i> (a song to fire soldiers), and in <i>bardala</i> ('<a href="/wiki/Crested_lark" title="Crested lark">crested lark</a>', a singing bird).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these terms come from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> noun <i lang="cel-x-proto"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bardos#Proto-Celtic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bardos">*bardos</a></i> ('poet-singer, minstrel'), itself derived, with regular Celtic <a href="/wiki/Sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound shift">sound shift</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">gʷ</i></span> > <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">b</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷrH-dʰh₁-o-s</span></span></i>, which literally means 'praise-maker'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200727_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200727-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gṛṇā́ti</i></span> ('calls, praise'), <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">grātus</i> ('grateful, pleasant, delightful'), <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">gìrti</i> ('praise'), and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">kardam</i></span> ('raise voice').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Bard.jpg/220px-The_Bard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Bard.jpg/330px-The_Bard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Bard.jpg/440px-The_Bard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bard_(painting)" title="The Bard (painting)">The Bard</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1817</span>), by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the words of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the bards were an "ancient Celtic order of minstrel-poets, whose primary function appears to have been to compose and sing (usually to the harp) verses celebrating the achievements of chiefs and warriors, and who committed to verse historical and traditional facts, religious precepts, laws, genealogies, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> society, a <i>bard</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish</a> and Irish Gaelic) or <i>bardd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>) was a professional poet, employed to compose <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegies</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a>. If the employer failed to pay the proper amount, the bard would then compose a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> (c.f. <i><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">fili</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1ith" class="mw-redirect" title="Fáith">fáith</a></i>). In other Indo-European societies, the same function was fulfilled by <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhapsode" title="Rhapsode">rhapsodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scops</a></i>, among others. A hereditary caste of professional poets in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a> has been reconstructed by comparison of the position of poets in medieval Ireland and in ancient India in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200730_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200730-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bards (who are not the same as the Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">filidh</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fili</i></span>) were those who sang the songs recalling the tribal warriors' deeds of bravery as well as the genealogies and family histories of the ruling strata among <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> societies. The pre-Christian Celtic people recorded no written histories; however, Celtic peoples did maintain an intricate oral history committed to memory and transmitted by bards and filid. Bards facilitated the memorization of such materials by the use of <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyme#Function_of_rhyming_words" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> and other formulaic poetic devices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bardic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></div> <p>In medieval Ireland, bards were one of two distinct groups of poets, the other being the <i><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">fili</a></i>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a> text on status, <i><a href="/wiki/Uraicecht_Becc" title="Uraicecht Becc">Uraicecht Becc</a></i>, bards were a lesser class of poets, not eligible for higher poetic roles as described above. However, it has also been argued that the distinction between <i>filid</i> (pl. of <i>fili</i>) and bards was a creation of Christian Ireland, and that the <i>filid</i> were more associated with the church.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breatnach_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breatnach-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Early Modern Period, these names came to be used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish bards formed a professional hereditary <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> of highly trained, learned poets. The bards were steeped in the history and traditions of <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> and country, as well as in the technical requirements of a verse technique that was <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_verse" title="Syllabic verse">syllabic</a> and used <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Half rhyme">half rhyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, among other conventions. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles. They were <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chroniclers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirists</a> whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">glam dicenn</i></span>, could raise boils on the face of its target. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_Beardna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Beowulf_-_Beardna.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>'Beardna', a loanword of Celtic origin</figcaption></figure><p>The bardic system lasted until the mid-17th century in Ireland and the early 18th century in Scotland. In Ireland, their fortunes had always been linked to the Gaelic aristocracy, which declined along with them during the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor Reconquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early history of the bards can be known only indirectly through mythological stories. The first mention of the bardic profession in Ireland is found in the <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Book of Invasions</a>, in a story about the Irish colony of <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> (Tribe of Goddess Danu), also called Danonians. They became the <i><a href="/wiki/Aos_s%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Aos sí">aos sí</a></i> (folk of the mound), comparable to Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Alfr" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfr">alfr</a></i> and British <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>. During the tenth year of the reign of the last Belgic monarch, the people of the colony of Tuatha Dé Danann, as the Irish called it, invaded and settled in Ireland. They were divided into three tribes—the tribe of Tuatha who were the nobility, the tribe of De who were the priests (those devoted to serving God or De) and the tribe of Danann, who were the bards. This account of the Tuatha Dé Danann must be considered legendary; however the story was an integral part of the oral history of Irish bards themselves. One of the most notable bards in Irish mythology was <a href="/wiki/Amergin_Gl%C3%BAingel" title="Amergin Glúingel">Amergin Glúingel</a>, a bard, druid and judge for the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/MacMhuirich_bardic_family" title="MacMhuirich bardic family">MacMhuirich bardic family</a></div> <p>The best-known group of bards in Scotland were the members of the MacMhuirich family, who flourished from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The family was centred in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, and claimed descent from a 13th-century Irish bard who, according to legend, was exiled to Scotland. The family was at first chiefly employed by the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of the Isles">Lords of the Isles</a> as poets, lawyers, and physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy-453_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy-453-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of the Lordship of the Isles in the 15th century, the family was chiefly employed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">chiefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Clanranald" title="Clan Macdonald of Clanranald">MacDonalds of Clanranald</a>. Members of the family were also recorded as musicians in the early 16th century, and as clergymen possibly as early as the early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-61_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-61-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the family to practise classical Gaelic poetry was Domhnall MacMhuirich, who lived on <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy-453_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy-453-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="village_bard"></span>In <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gaelic-speaking areas</a>, a <b>village bard</b> or <b>village poet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">bàrd-baile</i>) is a local poet who composes works in a traditional style relating to that community. Notable village bards include <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Chor%C3%B9na" title="Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna">Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Ph%C3%A0islig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dòmhnall Ruadh Phàislig (page does not exist)">Dòmhnall Ruadh Phàislig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2mhnall_Ruadh_Ph%C3%A0islig" class="extiw" title="gd:Dòmhnall Ruadh Phàislig">gd</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval Welsh literature</a></div> <p>A number of bards in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a> have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">medieval Welsh literature</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Book_of_Rhydderch" title="White Book of Rhydderch">White Book of Rhydderch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin" title="Book of Aneirin">Book of Aneirin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a>. The bards <a href="/wiki/Aneirin" title="Aneirin">Aneirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a> may be legendary reflections of historical bards active in the 6th and 7th centuries. Very little historical information about <a href="/wiki/Dark_Age_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Age Wales">Dark Age Welsh</a> court tradition survives, but the Middle Welsh material came to be the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> as they developed from the 13th century. The (Welsh) Laws of Hywel Dda, originally compiled around 900, identify a bard as a member of a king's household. His duties, when the bodyguard were sharing out <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">booty</a>, included the singing of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of Britain—possibly why the genealogies of the British high kings survived into the written historical record. </p><p>A large number of Welsh bards were <a href="/wiki/Blind_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind people">blind people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal form of bardic tradition ceased in the 13th century, when the 1282 <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a> permanently ended the rule of the Welsh princes. The legendary suicide of <i>The Last Bard</i> (c. 1283), was commemorated in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bards_of_Wales" title="The Bards of Wales">The Bards of Wales</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Arany" title="János Arany">János Arany</a> in 1857, as a way of encoded resistance to the suppressive politics of his own time. However, the poetic and musical traditions were continued throughout the Middle Ages, e.g., by noted 14th-century poets <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gwilym" title="Dafydd ap Gwilym">Dafydd ap Gwilym</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iolo_Goch" title="Iolo Goch">Iolo Goch</a>. Also the tradition of regularly assembling bards at an <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a> never lapsed and was strengthened by formation of the <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a> by <a href="/wiki/Iolo_Morganwg" title="Iolo Morganwg">Iolo Morganwg</a> in 1792. </p><p>Wales in the twentieth century is a leading Celtic upholder of the bardic tradition. The annual <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru</i></span>) (which was first held in 1880) is held in which bards are chaired (see <a href="/wiki/Category:Chaired_bards" title="Category:Chaired bards">Category:Chaired bards</a>) and crowned (see <a href="/wiki/Category:Crowned_bards" title="Category:Crowned bards">Category:Crowned bards</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod" title="Urdd National Eisteddfod">Urdd National Eisteddfod</a> is also held annually. And many schools hold their own annual <i>eisteddfodau</i> which emulate bardic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several published research studies into the Welsh bardic tradition have been published. They include Williams (1850),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parry-Williams (1947),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jones (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doubtless research studies have also been published in the current century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aois-d%C3%A0na" title="Aois-dàna">Aois-dàna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience,_copy_Y,_1825,_object_54,_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/170px-Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/255px-Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/340px-Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_Y%2C_1825%2C_object_54%2C_The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>William Blake's hand painted engraving of his poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard" title="The Voice of the Ancient Bard">The Voice of the Ancient Bard</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience" title="Songs of Innocence and of Experience">Songs of Innocence and of Experience</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>From its frequent use in romanticism, 'The Bard' became attached as a title to various poets </p> <ul><li>'The Bard of Armagh' is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hearty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hearty (page does not exist)">Martin Hearty</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Avon,' 'The Immortal Bard' or (in England) simply 'The Bard' is <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Ayrshire' (or in Scotland, simply 'The Bard') is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Bengal' is <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Olney' is <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Rydal Mount' is <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Salford' is <a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke" title="John Cooper Clarke">John Cooper Clarke</a></li> <li>'The Bard of Twickenham' is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a></li> <li>Australian <a href="/wiki/Bush_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush poet">bush poets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a> are referred to as 'bush bards'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_MacCool" title="Jim MacCool">Jim MacCool</a> and the band <a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> have also been termed 'bards'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its Romanticist usage, the notion of the bard as a minstrel with qualities of a priest, magician or seer also entered the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre in the 1960s to 1980s, for example as the '<a href="/wiki/Bard_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Bard (Dungeons & Dragons)">Bard</a>' class in <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Roleplaying_Game" title="Pathfinder Roleplaying Game">Pathfinder</a>, <i>Bard</i> by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(author)" title="Keith Taylor (author)">Keith Taylor</a> (1981), <i><a href="/wiki/Bard:_The_Odyssey_of_the_Irish" title="Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish">Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Llywelyn" title="Morgan Llywelyn">Morgan Llywelyn</a> (1984), in video games in fantasy settings such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bard%27s_Tale_(1985_video_game)" title="The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)">The Bard's Tale</a></i> (1985), and in modern literature and TV like <a href="/wiki/The_Witcher_(TV_series)" title="The Witcher (TV series)">The Witcher</a> books by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Sapkowski" title="Andrzej Sapkowski">Andrzej Sapkowski</a> (1986–2013) show by <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Schmidt_Hissrich" title="Lauren Schmidt Hissrich">Lauren Schmidt Hissrich</a> (2019). </p><p>As of 2020, an online trend to cover modern songs using medieval style musical instruments and composition, including rewriting the lyrics in a medieval style, is known as <a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">bardcore</a>. </p><p>In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> released its <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> <a href="/wiki/Bard_(chatbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (chatbot)">Bard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Bard_(League_of_Legends)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (League of Legends)">Bard (League of Legends)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">Bard (Soviet Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81ts" title="Bhāts">Bhāts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacofonix" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacofonix">Cacofonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorseth_Kernow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorseth Kernow">Gorseth Kernow</a> (Cornwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">Gusans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_as_legislator" title="Poet as legislator">Poet as legislator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsodist">Rhapsodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bards_of_Wales" title="The Bards of Wales">The Bards of Wales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bard%27s_Tale_(1985_video_game)" title="The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)">The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bardic_music" title="Welsh bardic music">Welsh bardic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_(epic)" title="Duma (epic)">Duma (epic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirnyk" title="Lirnyk">Lirnyk</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford Dictionary of English</a>, s.v. <i>bard</i>, n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33543786">"Work of Rabindranath Tagore celebrated in London"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Work+of+Rabindranath+Tagore+celebrated+in+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-33543786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerjee1959" class="citation journal cs1">Mookerjee, S. (September 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/28560/1/ALIS%206(3)%2081-91.pdf">"Bengalee surnames"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of Library and Information Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Library+and+Information+Studies&rft.atitle=Bengalee+surnames&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1959-09&rft.aulast=Mookerjee&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F28560%2F1%2FALIS%25206%283%29%252081-91.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen_Gupta1965" class="citation book cs1">Sen Gupta, Shankar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmPhAAAAMAAJ&q=gayen+bards"><i>Folklorists of Bengal</i></a> (Volume 1 ed.). Calcutta, India: Indian Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklorists+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Indian+Publications&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sen+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmPhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgayen%2Bbards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200367_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200956_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatasović2009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200727-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200727_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200730-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200730_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/articles/onbards.html">"On Bards, And Bardic Circles"</a>. <i>pbm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbm.com&rft.atitle=On+Bards%2C+And+Bardic+Circles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbm.com%2F~lindahl%2Farticles%2Fonbards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breatnach-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breatnach_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breatnach, Liam. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uraicecht_na_R%C3%ADar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uraicecht na Ríar (page does not exist)">Uraicecht na Ríar</a></i>, ca. p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin" class="citation book cs1">Bergin, Osborn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/bardic.html"><i>Irish Bardic Poetry</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Bardic+Poetry&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Osborn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fbardic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishempire.org/news/travel-roots/druids-filid-bards-custodians-of-celtic-tradition/25">"Druids, Filid & Bards: Custodians of Celtic Tradition"</a>. <i>Irish Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Empire&rft.atitle=Druids%2C+Filid+%26+Bards%3A+Custodians+of+Celtic+Tradition&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishempire.org%2Fnews%2Ftravel-roots%2Fdruids-filid-bards-custodians-of-celtic-tradition%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/divided-gaels-gaelic-cultural-identities-in-scotland-and-ireland-c-1200-c-1650/">"Divided Gaels: Gaelic cultural identities in Scotland and Ireland c. 1200–c. 1650"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. 22 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Divided+Gaels%3A+Gaelic+cultural+identities+in+Scotland+and+Ireland+c.+1200%E2%80%93c.+1650&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fearly-modern-history-1500-1700%2Fdivided-gaels-gaelic-cultural-identities-in-scotland-and-ireland-c-1200-c-1650%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clancy-453-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clancy-453_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clancy-453_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Owen_Clancy" title="Thomas Owen Clancy">Clancy, Thomas Owen</a> (2006), "Clann MacMhuirich", in <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (ed.), <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, p. 453, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-445-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-445-8"><bdi>1-85109-445-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clann+MacMhuirich&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-445-8&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-61-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson-61_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Derick_S.1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Derick_Thomson" title="Derick Thomson">Thomson, Derick S.</a> (1968), "Gaelic Learned Orders and Literati in Medieval Scotland", <i>Scottish Studies</i>, <b>12</b> (1), The Journal of the School of Scottish Studies University of Edinburgh: 65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Studies&rft.atitle=Gaelic+Learned+Orders+and+Literati+in+Medieval+Scotland&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Derick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=bard-baile&pg=PA173"><i>Celtic Culture: A-Celti</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A-Celti&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Dbard-baile%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books" title="A History of Britain (TV series)"><i>A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?</i></a> (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2"><bdi>978-0-563-48714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain+1%3A+3000+BC-AD+1603+At+the+Edge+of+the+World%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=Paperback+2003&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-563-48714-2&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is the <i>eisteddfod</i> that was held at St Julian's School, Newport on 19 March 2013. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110001934/http://stjulians.realsmartcloud.com/our-eisteddfod/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstjulians.realsmartcloud.com%2Four-eisteddfod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. Accessed 20 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1850" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Williams, John (1850). "Druid stones". <i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i>. New Series 1 (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A6ologia+Cambrensis&rft.atitle=Druid+stones&rft.volume=New+Series+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry-Williams1947" class="citation journal cs1">Parry-Williams, T.H. (1947). "The Bardic Tradition". <i>The Welsh Review</i>. <b>iv</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Welsh+Review&rft.atitle=The+Bardic+Tradition&rft.volume=iv&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Parry-Williams&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1983" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Prys (1983). "From a death to a view::The hunt for the Welsh past in the Romantic period". In Hobsbawm, Eric; Ranger, Terence (eds.). <i>The invention of tradition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+a+death+to+a+view%3A%3AThe+hunt+for+the+Welsh+past+in+the+Romantic+period&rft.btitle=The+invention+of+tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Prys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1986" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Bedwyr L (1986). "The Welsh Bardic Tradition". In Evans, Ellis D.; Griffith, John G. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Celtic Studies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Welsh+Bardic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Congress+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bedwyr+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/anafaguy/2023/03/21/google-releases-bard-ai-chatbot-amid-competition-with-chatgpt/?sh=a95acc532b7b">"Google releases Bard AI chatbot amid competition with chatGPT"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Google+releases+Bard+AI+chatbot+amid+competition+with+chatGPT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fanafaguy%2F2023%2F03%2F21%2Fgoogle-releases-bard-ai-chatbot-amid-competition-with-chatgpt%2F%3Fsh%3Da95acc532b7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i>. Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723695" title="Special:BookSources/9782877723695"><bdi>9782877723695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9782877723695&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2009). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173361" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173361"><bdi>9789004173361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004173361&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (2007). <i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cooper_Walker" title="Joseph Cooper Walker">Walker, Joseph C.</a>, <i>Historical Memoirs of the Irish Bards</i>. New York: Garland, 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bard" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bard">bard</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/bardic.html">Irish Bardic Poetry</a> Corpus of Electronic Texts, University College Cork.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bard">"Bard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gauls76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallic_peoples" title="Template talk:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gauls76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> (ca. 387 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Transalpine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transalpine War">First Transalpine War</a> (125–121 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> (50 BC–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sequani gold coin"><img alt="Sequani gold coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/70px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/105px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/140px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambactus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambactus (page does not exist)">Ambactus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eubages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eubages (page does not exist)">Eubages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">Nemeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vātes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergobret" title="Vergobret">Vergobret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aresaces" title="Aresaces">Aresaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeracates" title="Caeracates">Caeracates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeroesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caeroesi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletes" title="Caletes">Caletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuslugi" title="Catuslugi">Catuslugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalauni" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meldi (page does not exist)">Meldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanectes" title="Silvanectes">Silvanectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadicassii" title="Vadicassii">Vadicassii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliocasses" title="Veliocasses">Veliocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrincatui" title="Abrincatui">Abrincatui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiliati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiliati (page does not exist)">Ambiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambarri" title="Ambarri">Ambarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andecavi" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arouii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arouii (page does not exist)">Arouii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulerci" title="Aulerci">Aulerci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brannovices" title="Brannovices">Brannovices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Cenomani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablintes" title="Diablintes">Diablintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiocasses" title="Bodiocasses">Bodiocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges Cubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Vivisci" title="Bituriges Vivisci">Bituriges Vivisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadurci" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnutes" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriosolites" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durocasses" title="Durocasses">Durocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabali" title="Gabali">Gabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobrigi" title="Latobrigi">Latobrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovices" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubii" title="Mandubii">Mandubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitiobroges" title="Nitiobroges">Nitiobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocorii" title="Petrocorii">Petrocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictones" title="Pictones">Pictones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauraci" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagii (page does not exist)">Sagii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoni_(tribe)" title="Santoni (tribe)">Santoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusiavi" title="Segusiavi">Segusiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigurini" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricasses" title="Tricasses">Tricasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoni" title="Turoni">Turoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellavii" title="Vellavii">Vellavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venelli" title="Venelli">Venelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viducasses" title="Viducasses">Viducasses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agesinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agesinates (page does not exist)">Agesinates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albici (page does not exist)">Albici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatilii" title="Anatilii">Anatilii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atacini (page does not exist)">Atacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatici" title="Avatici">Avatici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bormani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bormani (page does not exist)">Bormani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenicenses" title="Budenicenses">Budenicenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camactulici" title="Camactulici">Camactulici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavari" title="Cavari">Cavari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenomani_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cenomani (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comani_(tribe)" title="Comani (tribe)">Comani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexivates" title="Dexivates">Dexivates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvii" title="Helvii">Helvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libicii_(Narbonensis)" title="Libicii (Narbonensis)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligauni" title="Ligauni">Ligauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longostaletes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longostaletes (page does not exist)">Longostaletes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memini_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memini (tribe) (page does not exist)">Memini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchi" title="Nearchi">Nearchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybii" title="Oxybii">Oxybii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reii" title="Reii">Reii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyes" title="Salyes">Salyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segobrigii" title="Segobrigii">Segobrigii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovellauni" title="Segovellauni">Segovellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelteri" title="Suelteri">Suelteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolosates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolosates">Tolosates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricastini" title="Tricastini">Tricastini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricores" title="Tricores">Tricores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricorii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricorii (page does not exist)">Tricorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritolli" title="Tritolli">Tritolli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertamocorii_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertamocorii (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verucini" title="Verucini">Verucini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocontii" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecomici" title="Arecomici">Arecomici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgientes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulgientes (page does not exist)">Vulgientes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Alpina">Alpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acitavones" title="Acitavones">Acitavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanates" title="Adanates">Adanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunicates" title="Adunicates">Adunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauni" title="Alauni">Alauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidravi" title="Ambidravi">Ambidravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambilici" title="Ambilici">Ambilici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisontes" title="Ambisontes">Ambisontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuniates" title="Aneuniates">Aneuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausuciates" title="Ausuciates">Ausuciates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avantici" title="Avantici">Avantici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaci" title="Belaci">Belaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belouni" title="Belouni">Belouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benacenses" title="Benacenses">Benacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergalei" title="Bergalei">Bergalei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiontici" title="Bodiontici">Bodiontici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantii" title="Brigantii">Brigantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigianii" title="Brigianii">Brigianii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixentes" title="Brixentes">Brixentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calucones" title="Calucones">Calucones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenates" title="Catenates">Catenates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catubrini" title="Catubrini">Catubrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caturiges" title="Caturiges">Caturiges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosuanetes" title="Cosuanetes">Cosuanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdinii" title="Ecdinii">Ecdinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguiturii" title="Eguiturii">Eguiturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallitae" title="Gallitae">Gallitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genauni" title="Genauni">Genauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graioceli" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemerii" title="Iemerii">Iemerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licates" title="Licates">Licates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulli" title="Medulli">Medulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantuates" title="Nantuates">Nantuates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaloni" title="Nemaloni">Nemaloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeturii" title="Nemeturii">Nemeturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quariates" title="Quariates">Quariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucinates" title="Rucinates">Rucinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savincates" title="Savincates">Savincates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaginni" title="Sebaginni">Sebaginni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduni" title="Seduni">Seduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovii" title="Segovii">Segovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusini" title="Segusini">Segusini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentii" title="Sentii">Sentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogionti" title="Sogionti">Sogionti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suanetes" title="Suanetes">Suanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetrii" title="Suetrii">Suetrii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebavii" title="Tebavii">Tebavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triulatti" title="Triulatti">Triulatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucennii" title="Ucennii">Ucennii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vediantii" title="Vediantii">Vediantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velaunii" title="Velaunii">Velaunii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venisami" title="Venisami">Venisami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venostes" title="Venostes">Venostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennones" title="Vennones">Vennones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veragri" title="Veragri">Veragri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergunni" title="Vergunni">Vergunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesubiani" title="Vesubiani">Vesubiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Cisalpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamares (page does not exist)">Anamares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anauni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anauni (page does not exist)">Anauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anesiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anesiates (page does not exist)">Anesiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusnates" title="Arusnates">Arusnates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromanenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromanenses (page does not exist)">Bromanenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallianates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallianates (page does not exist)">Gallianates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennanates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennanates (page does not exist)">Gennanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libicii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libicii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(tribe)" title="Marici (tribe)">Marici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montunates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montunates (page does not exist)">Montunates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinates (page does not exist)">Subinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertamocorii" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Votodrones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Votodrones (page does not exist)">Votodrones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Aquitania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Aquitania) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocosates" title="Cocosates">Cocosates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactorates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactorates (page does not exist)">Lactorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiates" title="Sotiates">Sotiates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusates (page does not exist)">Tarusates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasates_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasates (tribe) (page does not exist)">Vasates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiates">Arabiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britolagai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britolagai (page does not exist)">Britolagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornacates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacates">Cornacates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotini">Gotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravisci" title="Eravisci">Eravisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercuniates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercuniates">Hercuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobici" title="Latobici">Latobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dindari" title="Dindari">Dindari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celegeri" title="Celegeri">Celegeri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varciani" title="Varciani">Varciani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigosages" title="Aigosages">Aigosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolistobogii" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmi" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Roman<br />settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentomagus" title="Argentomagus">Argentomagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-M%C3%BCnsterh%C3%BCgel" title="Basel-Münsterhügel">Basel-Münsterhügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrax" title="Bibrax">Bibrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenabum" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cularo" title="Cularo">Cularo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum_d%27Ens%C3%A9rune" title="Oppidum d'Ensérune">Ensérune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magetobria" title="Magetobria">Magetobria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia">Noreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylis" title="Tylis">Tylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertillum" title="Vertillum">Vertillum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Part of:</i> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215144#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/827496/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4327252-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011823">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977972b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977972b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283153705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bard&oldid=1274265873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bard&oldid=1274265873</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bards" title="Category:Bards">Bards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupations_in_music" title="Category:Occupations in music">Occupations in music</a></li><li><a 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