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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Gothic art</b> was a style of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a> that developed in Northern France out of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. It spread to all of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and much of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>. Primary media in the Gothic period included <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace. </p><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Gothic art</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/250px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/375px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/500px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2210"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/250px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/375px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/500px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonimo_inglese_o_francese,_dittico_wilton,_1395-99_ca._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg/250px-Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg/375px-Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg/500px-Anonimo_inglese_o_francese%2C_dittico_wilton%2C_1395-99_ca._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="2868"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: The Western (Royal) Portal of the <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<i>circa</i> 1145), these architectural statues being the earliest Gothic sculptures and a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors; Centre: The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> from Paris (1194-1248); Bottom: The <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Diptych" title="Wilton Diptych">Wilton Diptych</a> (1395–1459)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 12th century-16th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest Gothic art was <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typological</a> in nature (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_allegory" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval allegory">Medieval allegory</a>), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a> art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">foundation of universities</a>, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works, resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">secular vernacular literature</a> encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> were formed and artists were often required to be members of a <a href="/wiki/Painters%27_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Painters' guild">painters' guild</a>. As a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Painting"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Painting</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Frescos"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Frescos</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stained_glass"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Stained glass</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Manuscripts_and_printmaking"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Manuscripts and printmaking</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Altarpiece_and_panel_painting"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Altarpiece and panel painting</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sculpture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Monumental_sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Monumental sculpture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Portable_sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Portable sculpture</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/330px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/440px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>14th Century <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Toruń Cathedral">St. Johns' Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gothic art emerged in <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, France, in the early 12th century, at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey Church of St Denis">Abbey Church of St Denis</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_516_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_516-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental</a> and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_544_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_544-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monastic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic order">Monastic orders</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusians</a>, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture_of_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture of Western Europe">Regional variations</a> of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas. </p><p>Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today, as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents, a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious, whether commissioned by the church or by the laity. Gothic art was often <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typological</a> in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis" title="Speculum Humanae Salvationis">Speculum Humanae Salvationis</a></i>, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">Marian devotion</a>, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a>, to more human and intimate types, and cycles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></i> were very popular. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti" title="Pietro Lorenzetti">Pietro Lorenzetti</a> in Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a>, brought realism and more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists. </p><p>Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> gaining ground on the older <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Virgin" title="Death of the Virgin">Death of the Virgin</a>, and in devotional practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a>, which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pensive_Christ" title="Pensive Christ">Pensive Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a>, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. Even in <i>Last Judgements</i> Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion</a>. Saints were shown more frequently and <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a> showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> or enthroned <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin and Child">Virgin and Child</a>, or occupying the central space themselves (this usually for works designed for side-chapels). Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure, like the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art#Byzantine_image" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">midwives at the Nativity</a>, though others were too well-established, and considered harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_(La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne)_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/220px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6889" data-file-height="5562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/220px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/330px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg/440px-%28Toulouse%29_Mon_seul_d%C3%A9sir_%28La_Dame_%C3%A0_la_licorne%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny_Paris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lady and the Unicorn">The Lady and the Unicorn</a></i>, the title given to a series of six <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestries</a> woven in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, this one being called <i>À Mon Seul Désir</i>; late 15th century; wool and silk; 377 x 473 cm; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a> (Paris)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Goths" title="Name of the Goths">Name of the Goths</a></div> <p>The word "<a href="/wiki/Gothic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gothic (disambiguation)">Gothic</a>" for art was initially used as a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Barbaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaric">Barbaric</a>", and was therefore used pejoratively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of <a href="/wiki/Classical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical art">Classical art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> authors believed that the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic tribes</a> in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. In the 15th century, various Italian architects and writers complained that the new "barbarian" styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Gothic" qualifier for this art was first used in <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1518</span> and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together – a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement. "Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re" title="Jean de La Bruyère">La Bruyère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> would famously comment on Gothic: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The besotted taste of Gothic monuments,<br> These odious monsters of ignorant centuries,<br> Which the torrents of barbary spewed forth.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work" (<i>Opus Francigenum</i>), thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simone_Martini_072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Simone_Martini_072.jpg/220px-Simone_Martini_072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1966"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Simone_Martini_072.jpg/220px-Simone_Martini_072.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Simone_Martini_072.jpg/330px-Simone_Martini_072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Simone_Martini_072.jpg/440px-Simone_Martini_072.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simone_Martini" title="Simone Martini">Simone Martini</a> (1285–1344).</figcaption></figure> <p>Painting in the Gothic style did not exist until around 1200, over 50 years after the beginnings of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break, and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscript illumination">manuscript illumination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frescos">Frescos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frescos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Frescos continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. An accident of survival <a href="/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Denmark" title="Church frescos in Denmark">has given Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Church frescos in Sweden">Sweden</a> the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a> style, usually extending up to recently constructed <a href="/wiki/Cross_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross vault">cross vaults</a>. In both Denmark and Sweden, they were almost all covered with limewash after the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Denmark">Reformation</a> which has preserved them, but some have also remained untouched since their creation. Among the finest examples from Denmark are those of the <a href="/wiki/Elmelunde_Master" title="Elmelunde Master">Elmelunde Master</a> from the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8n" title="Møn">Møn</a> who decorated the churches of <a href="/wiki/Fanefjord_Church" title="Fanefjord Church">Fanefjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keldby_Church" title="Keldby Church">Keldby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elmelunde_Church" title="Elmelunde Church">Elmelunde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Pictor" title="Albertus Pictor">Albertus Pictor</a> is arguably the most well-known fresco artist from the period working in Sweden. Examples of Swedish churches with well-preserved frescos include <a href="/wiki/Tensta_Church" title="Tensta Church">Tensta</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6khem_Church" title="Gökhem Church">Gökhem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anga_Church,_Gotland" title="Anga Church, Gotland">Anga</a> churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stained glass" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/220px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/220px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/330px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/440px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Part of German <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> panel of 1444 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></i>; pot metal of various colours, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and the "olive-green" parts are enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. A restored panel with new lead cames.</figcaption></figure> <p>In northern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century, when it became supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a>. Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose windows</a>. In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used, but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver, painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of colour, centred on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece. By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted, with yellows as the dominant colours, and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_and_printmaking">Manuscripts and printmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and printmaking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_book_illustration" title="Gothic book illustration">Gothic book illustration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pucelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pucelle.jpg/220px-Pucelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pucelle.jpg/220px-Pucelle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pucelle.jpg/330px-Pucelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pucelle.jpg/440px-Pucelle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hours_of_Jeanne_d%27Evreux" title="Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux">Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pucelle" title="Jean Pucelle">Jean Pucelle</a>, Paris, 1320s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting, providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived. The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_540_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_540-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles, although <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalters</a> also included illustrations; the Parisian <a href="/wiki/Psalter_of_Saint_Louis" title="Psalter of Saint Louis">Psalter of Saint Louis</a>, dating from 1253 to 1270, features 78 full-page illuminations in <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> paint and gold leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_541-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 13th century, scribes began to create prayer books for the laity, often known as <a href="/wiki/Books_of_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of hours">books of hours</a> due to their use at prescribed times of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_541-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the earliest is an example by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Brailes" title="William de Brailes">William de Brailes</a> that seems to have been written for an unknown laywoman living in a <a href="/wiki/North_Hinksey" title="North Hinksey">small village</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in about 1240. Nobility frequently purchased such texts, paying handsomely for decorative illustrations; among the most well-known creators of these is <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pucelle" title="Jean Pucelle">Jean Pucelle</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_Jeanne_d%27Evreux" title="Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux">Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux</a> was commissioned by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a> as a gift for his queen, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27%C3%89vreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne d'Évreux">Jeanne d'Évreux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_542_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_542-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_541-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_541-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the middle of the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Blockbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbook">blockbooks</a> with both text and images cut as woodcut seem to have been affordable by <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">parish priests</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, where they were most popular. By the end of the century, printed books with illustrations, still mostly on religious subjects, were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class, as were <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> of fairly high quality by <a href="/wiki/Printmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Printmaker">printmakers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Israhel_van_Meckenem" title="Israhel van Meckenem">Israhel van Meckenem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_E._S." title="Master E. S.">Master E. S.</a> In the 15th century, the introduction of cheap <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a>, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home. These images, tiny at the bottom of the market, often crudely coloured, were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare, most having been pasted to walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altarpiece_and_panel_painting">Altarpiece and panel painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Altarpiece and panel painting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>. In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> is in an essentially Gothic style, but can also be regarded as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>, as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a> had a great impact in the north. Painters like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> made use of the technique of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> to create minutely detailed works, correct in perspective, where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include, even in small works. In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rode_Altarpiece" title="Mérode Altarpiece">Mérode Altarpiece</a> (1420s) of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(van_Eyck,_Washington)" title="Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)">Washington Van Eyck Annunciation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Chancellor_Rolin" title="Madonna of Chancellor Rolin">Madonna of Chancellor Rolin</a> (both 1430s, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>) are examples.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the wealthy, small <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Polyptych" title="Polyptych">polyptychs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> were becoming increasingly popular, often showing <a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">donor portraits</a> alongside, though often much smaller than the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculpture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_sculpture" title="Gothic sculpture">Gothic sculpture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monumental_sculpture">Monumental sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monumental sculpture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/220px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 421px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/220px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="421" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/330px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/440px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>French ivory Virgin and Child, end of the 13th century, 25 cm high, curving to fit the shape of the ivory tusk.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gothic period is essentially defined by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, and does not entirely fit with the development of style in sculpture in either its start or finish. The facades of large churches, especially around doors, continued to have large tympanums, but also rows of sculpted figures spreading around them. </p><p>The statues on the Western (Royal) Portal at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145</span>) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> portal, from 1215–20, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition. These trends were continued in the west portal at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> of a few years later, where the figures are almost in the round, as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Cathedral" title="Bamberg Cathedral">Bamberg Cathedral</a> has perhaps the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture, culminating in 1240 with the <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Rider" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamberg Rider">Bamberg Rider</a>, the first life-size <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> in Western art since the 6th century. </p><p><i>"In Italy the Gospel of Gothic was preached from pulpits not from tympana, and the unit of the sculptor's thinking was an autonomous, self-consistent work of art"</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_Pope-Hennessy" title="John Pope-Hennessy">John Pope-Hennessy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> (1258–78) and his son <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni</a> developed a style that is often called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a>, with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions, including a sympathetic handling of nudity, in relief panels on their <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral_Pulpit" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit">pulpit of Siena Cathedral (1265–68)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Maggiore" title="Fontana Maggiore">Fontana Maggiore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, and Giovanni's <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_by_Giovanni_Pisano_in_Sant%27Andrea,_Pistoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea, Pistoia">pulpit in Pistoia</a> of 1301.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another revival of classical style is seen in the <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Claus_Sluter" title="Claus Sluter">Claus Sluter</a> and his followers in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (historical region)">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> around 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North, with a fashion for very large, wooden, sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures; most surviving examples are in Germany, after much iconoclasm elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a> and others continued the style well into the 16th century, gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life-size tomb effigies in stone or <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> became popular for the wealthy, and grand multi-level tombs evolved, with the <a href="/wiki/Scaliger_Tombs" title="Scaliger Tombs">Scaliger Tombs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> so large they had to be moved outside the church. By the 15th century there was an industry exporting <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">Nottingham alabaster</a> altar reliefs in groups of panels over much of Europe for economical parishes who could not afford stone retables.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215–20)."><noscript><img alt="South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215–20)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/150px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/150px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" data-alt="South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215–20)." data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/225px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/300px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South portal of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span>–20).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portal at Reims Cathedral, Annunciation group."><noscript><img alt="West portal at Reims Cathedral, Annunciation group." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/200px-Reims6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/200px-Reims6.jpg" data-alt="West portal at Reims Cathedral, Annunciation group." data-width="200" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/300px-Reims6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/400px-Reims6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portal at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> group.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, 1260."><noscript><img alt="Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, 1260." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/200px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/200px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg" data-alt="Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery, 1260." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/300px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/400px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a>, <i>Nativity</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a>, 1260.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses."><noscript><img alt="Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/200px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/200px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg" data-alt="Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/300px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/400px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Sluter" title="Claus Sluter">Claus Sluter</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_(biblical_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="David (biblical king)">David</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Moses" title="Well of Moses">Well of Moses</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, French (Paris), 1390s, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems."><noscript><img alt="Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, French (Paris), 1390s, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/200px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/200px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg" data-alt="Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, French (Paris), 1390s, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/300px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/400px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Base of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a>, French (Paris), 1390s, a <i>Resurrection of the Dead</i> in gold, enamel and gems.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man of Sorrows on the main portal of Ulm Münster by Hans Multscher, 1429."><noscript><img alt="Man of Sorrows on the main portal of Ulm Münster by Hans Multscher, 1429." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg/133px-Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="909"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 133px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg/133px-Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg" data-alt="Man of Sorrows on the main portal of Ulm Münster by Hans Multscher, 1429." data-width="133" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg/200px-Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg/266px-Ulm-Muenster-SchmerzensMann-061104.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows" title="Man of Sorrows">Man of Sorrows</a> on the main portal of <a href="/wiki/Ulm_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulm Münster">Ulm Münster</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Multscher" title="Hans Multscher">Hans Multscher</a>, 1429.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panelled altarpiece section with Resurrection of Christ, English Nottingham alabaster, 1450–90, with remains of colour."><noscript><img alt="Panelled altarpiece section with Resurrection of Christ, English Nottingham alabaster, 1450–90, with remains of colour." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/110px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/110px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg" data-alt="Panelled altarpiece section with Resurrection of Christ, English Nottingham alabaster, 1450–90, with remains of colour." data-width="110" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/166px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/221px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panelled altarpiece section with <i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a></i>, English <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">Nottingham alabaster</a>, 1450–90, with remains of colour.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral."><noscript><img alt="Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg/167px-France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg/167px-France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg" data-alt="Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral." data-width="167" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg/251px-France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg/334px-France_Strasbourg_Magi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Later Gothic depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider's Altar of the Holy Blood, 1501–05, carved limewood, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria."><noscript><img alt="Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider's Altar of the Holy Blood, 1501–05, carved limewood, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/200px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/200px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG" data-alt="Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider's Altar of the Holy Blood, 1501–05, carved limewood, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria." data-width="200" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/300px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/400px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>'s <i>Altar of the Holy Blood</i>, 1501–05, carved <a href="/wiki/Limewood" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewood">limewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_sculpture">Portable sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portable sculpture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/350px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/350px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/525px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/700px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lid of the <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">Walters Casket</a>, with the <i>Siege of the Castle of Love</i> at left, and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>. Paris, 1330–1350.</figcaption></figure> <p>Small carvings, for a mainly lay and often female market, became a considerable industry in Paris and some other centres. Types of ivories included small, devotional <a href="/wiki/Polyptych" title="Polyptych">polyptychs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_from_the_Sainte-Chapelle" title="Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle">single figures, especially of the Virgin</a>, mirror-cases, combs, and <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">elaborate caskets with scenes from Romances</a>, used as engagement presents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very wealthy collected extravagantly elaborate, jewelled and enamelled metalwork, both secular and religious, like the <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Berry">Duc de Berry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a>, until they ran short of money, when they were melted down again for cash.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg/220px-Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg/220px-Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg/330px-Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg/440px-Ivory_adoration_crucifixion_MRR424.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ivory diptych, with some of the coloured paint remaining. <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> and <i>Crucifixion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> valley, France, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gothic sculptures independent of architectural ornament were primarily created as devotional objects for the home or intended as donations for local churches,<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_537_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_537-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although small <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, bone and wood cover both religious and secular subjects, and were for church and domestic use. These sculptures were created by urban artisans, and the most common theme for three-dimensional small statues is the Virgin Mary alone or with a child.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paris was the main centre of ivory workshops, and exported to most of northern Europe, though Italy also had a considerable production. An exemplar of these independent sculptures is among the collections of the Abbey Church of St Denis; the silver-gilt <i>Virgin and Child</i> dates to 1339 and features Mary enveloped in a flowing cloak holding an infantile Christ figure.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the simplicity of the cloak and the youth of the child presage other sculptures found in northern Europe dating to the 14th century and early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such sculpture shows an evolution from an earlier stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other French Gothic sculptural subjects included figures and scenes from popular literature of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imagery from the poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> was particularly popular among artisans of mirror-cases and small boxes presumably for use by women.<sup id="cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)</a> of 1330–50 is an unusually large example with space for a number of scenes from different literary sources. </p><p>Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines, such as clay or lead <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">badges</a>, medals and <a href="/wiki/Ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampullae">ampullae</a> stamped with images were also popular and cheap. Their secular equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Livery_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery badge">livery badge</a>, showed signs of feudal and political loyalty or alliance that came to be regarded as a social menace in England under <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudalism</a>. The cheaper forms were sometimes given away free, as with the 13,000 badges ordered in 1483 by King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">fustian</a> cloth with his emblem of a <a href="/wiki/White_boar" title="White boar">white boar</a> for the investiture of his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> as Prince of Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a huge number given the population at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel" title="Dunstable Swan Jewel">Dunstable Swan Jewel</a>, modelled fully in the round in enamelled gold, is a far more exclusive version, that would have been given to someone very close or important to the donor. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Gothic art"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gothic art</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gothic_painters" class="extiw" title="commons:Gothic painters"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gothic painters</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> (also known as <i>Gothic script</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Denmark" title="Church frescos in Denmark">Church frescos in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Church frescos in Sweden">Church frescos in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Danse Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_artists" title="List of Gothic artists">List of Gothic artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurants" title="Pleurants">Pleurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ten Virgins">The Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Italian_artists_to_1800" title="Template:Timeline of Italian artists to 1800">Timeline of Italian artists to 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_516-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_516_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_544-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_544_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_M%C3%A2le" title="Émile Mâle">Émile Mâle</a>, The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, pp. 165–8, English trans of 3rd edn, 1913, Collins, London (and many other editions) is a classic work on French Gothic church art</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-art">"Gothic art"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Gothic+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FGothic-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBIfYTsM3rAC&pg=PA275"><i>History of Architecture Super Review</i></a>. Research & Education Assoc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-6996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-6996-0"><bdi>978-0-7386-6996-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Architecture+Super+Review&rft.pub=Research+%26+Education+Assoc.&rft.isbn=978-0-7386-6996-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBIfYTsM3rAC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. S. de Beer, <i>Gothic: Origin and Diffusion of the Term; The Idea of Style in Architecture</i> in <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, Vol.11, 1948, pp. 143–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1960" class="citation book cs1">Vasari, Giorgio (1 January 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMoC-XOUWewC&pg=PA135"><i>Vasari on Technique. Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design, Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20717-9"><bdi>978-0-486-20717-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasari+on+Technique.+Being+the+Introduction+to+the+Three+Arts+of+Design%2C+Architecture%2C+Sculpture+and+Painting%2C+Prefixed+to+the+Lives+of+the+Most+Excellent+Painters%2C+Sculptors+and+Architects&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1960-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20717-9&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMoC-XOUWewC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The art of the sublime: principles of Christian art and architecture</i> by Roger Homan p. 70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-UZMVXHU_QC&pg=PA70">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natmus.dk/cons/walls/chrchpnt.htm">Kirsten Trampedach: Introduction to Danish Wall Paintings – Conservation Ethics and Methods of Treatment. National Museum of Denmark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124021603/http://www.natmus.dk/cons/walls/chrchpnt.htm">Archived</a> 24 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe, 8–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_540-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_540_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_541-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_541_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_542-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_542_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, Barbara G,<i>The Altar and the Altarpiece, Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting</i>, Harper & Row, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430133-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430133-8">0-06-430133-8</a> analyses all these works in detail. See also the references in the articles on the works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour and Fleming, 297–300; Henderson, 55, 82–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope-Hennessy, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 11–24; Honour and Fleming, 304; Henderson, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 65–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 305–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/bbchistory/object_text07.htm">[2]</a><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="V&A Museum">V&A Museum</a><span> feature on the Nottingham alabaster </span><i>Swansea Altarpiece</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, 193–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cherry, 25–48; Henderson, 134–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_537-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_537_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_539-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_539_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokstad (2005), 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cherry (2003), 204</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Calkins, Robert G.; <i>Monuments of Medieval Art</i>, Dutton, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525475613" title="Special:BookSources/0525475613">0525475613</a></li> <li>Cherry, John. <i>The Holy Thorn Reliquary</i>, 2010, British Museum Press (British Museum objects in focus), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2820-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2820-1">0-7141-2820-1</a></li> <li>Cherry, John, in Marks, Richard and Williamson, Paul, eds. <i>Gothic: Art for England 1400–1547</i>, 2003, V&A Publications, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85177-401-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85177-401-7">1-85177-401-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFocillon1980" class="citation book cs1">Focillon, Henri (1980). <i>The Art of the West in the Middle Ages: Vol. 2 - Gothic</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801491924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801491924"><bdi>978-0801491924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+West+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Vol.+2+-+Gothic&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0801491924&rft.aulast=Focillon&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Henderson, George. <i>Gothic</i>, 1967, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020806-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020806-2">0-14-020806-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> and John Fleming, <i>A World History of Art</i>, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333371852" title="Special:BookSources/0333371852">0333371852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Olson" title="Roberta Olson">Olson, Roberta J.M.</a>, <i>Italian Renaissance Sculpture</i>, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20253-1">978-0-500-20253-1</a></li> <li>Pope-Hennessy, John, <i>Introduction to Italian Sculpture, Volume 1, Italian Gothic Sculpture</i>, 1955, Fourth Edition 1996, Phaidon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3014-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3014-3">0-7148-3014-3</a></li> <li>Robinson, James, <i>Masterpieces of Medieval Art</i>, 2008, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2815-3">978-0-7141-2815-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Rudolph" title="Conrad Rudolph">Rudolph, Conrad</a>, ed., <i>A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe</i>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405198783" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405198783">978-1405198783</a></li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "Inventing the Gothic Portal: Suger, Hugh of Saint Victor, and the Construction of a New Public Art at Saint-Denis," <i>Art History</i> 33 (2010) 568–595</li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art," <i>Art Bulletin</i> 93 (2011) 399–422</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Snyder_(art_historian)" title="James Snyder (art historian)">Snyder, James</a>. <i>Northern Renaissance Art</i>, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136235964" title="Special:BookSources/0136235964">0136235964</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/gothic.html">Gothic art</a>, from ArtCyclopedia.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037489/Gothic-art">Gothic art</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562615/Gothic_Art_and_Architecture.html">Gothic art</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030085311/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562615/Gothic_Art_and_Architecture.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31), from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Encarta">Microsoft Encarta</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/go/Gothicar.html">Gothic art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305061449/http://www.bartleby.com/65/go/Gothicar.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, Sixth Edition. 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318112241/http://www.museen-sh.de/ml/digicult.php?digiID=601.46&s=2">Gothic art</a>, Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-art.org/history194_gothic_contents.html">Gothic art</a>, from "A World History of Art" and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.all-art.org/gothic_era/01.html">[3]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1220_gothic/">"Gothic: Art for England 1400–1547"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gothic%3A+Art+for+England+1400%E2%80%931547&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fvastatic%2Fmicrosites%2F1220_gothic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/109356"><i>The Pietà in French late Gothic sculpture: regional variations</i></a>, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Gothic art</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiese_kuns" title="Gotiese kuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gotiese kuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="فن قوطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن قوطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_gotico" title="Arte gotico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arte gotico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3ticu" title="Arte góticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte góticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qotik" title="Qotik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qotik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="গথিক শিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গথিক শিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Готыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Готыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गोथिक कला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गोथिक कला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_g%C3%B2tic" title="Art gòtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art gòtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celf_Gothig" title="Celf Gothig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Celf Gothig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooti_kunst" title="Gooti kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gooti kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Γοτθική τέχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοτθική τέχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3tico" title="Arte gótico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte gótico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_arto" title="Gotika arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gotika arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_gotikoa" title="Arte gotikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arte gotikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هنر گوتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر گوتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gothique" title="Art gothique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art gothique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eala%C3%ADn_Ghotach" title="Ealaín Ghotach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ealaín Ghotach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arte gótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte gótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="哥特式 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哥特式" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%94%95_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="고딕 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고딕 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գոթիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոթիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गोथिक कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोथिक कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_Gotik" title="Seni Gotik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni Gotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotico" title="Gotico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gotico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמנות גותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות גותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გოტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_gotik" title="Lar gotik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lar gotik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Gothica" title="Ars Gothica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars Gothica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C3%ADk%C3%AD" title="Gotíkí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gotíkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3tika" title="Gótika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gótika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Готска уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Готска уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiku" title="Gotiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gotiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%89" title="فن قوطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فن قوطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotische_kunst" title="Gotische kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gotische kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek" title="Gotiek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gotiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ゴシック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴシック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootik" title="Gootik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gootik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_kunst" title="Gotisk kunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gotisk kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_kunst" title="Gotisk kunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gotisk kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੋਥਿਕ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੋਥਿਕ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="گوتھک آرٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوتھک آرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ګوتيک هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګوتيک هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatik_aat" title="Gatik aat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gatik aat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gotike" title="Art gotike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Art gotike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_g%C3%B2tica" title="Art gòtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Art gòtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotyk" title="Gotyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gotyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arte gótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte gótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotik" title="Jotik – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jotik" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_gotic%C4%83" title="Arta gotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arta gotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_gotik" title="Arti gotik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arti gotik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotska_umetnost" title="Gotska umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gotska umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ھونەری گۆتیکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھونەری گۆتیکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika" title="Gotika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gotika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiikan_taide" title="Gotiikan taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gotiikan taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கோதிக் கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோதிக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ศิลปะกอทิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะกอทิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Готика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Готика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik_sanat" title="Gotik sanat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotik sanat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Готичне мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Готичне мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_Gothic" title="Nghệ thuật Gothic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật Gothic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="哥特式艺术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥特式艺术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F" title="哥德式 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥德式" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="哥德式藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥德式藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 22:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> 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