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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pumping_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumping_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pumping volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumping_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Volumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pressures</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventricle (heart)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8)" title="بطين (قلب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطين (قلب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99cik_(%C3%BCr%C9%99k)" title="Mədəcik (ürək) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəcik (ürək)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="معده‌جیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معده‌جیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="নিলয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিলয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Жалудачак сэрца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалудачак сэрца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%8Dana_komora" title="Srčana komora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srčana komora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_card%C3%ADac" title="Ventricle cardíac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ventricle cardíac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikel_(hjertet)" title="Ventrikel (hjertet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ventrikel (hjertet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzkammer" title="Herzkammer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzkammer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdamevatsake" title="Südamevatsake – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Südamevatsake" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaintr%C3%ACcol_dal_c%C5%8Dr" title="Vaintrìcol dal cōr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vaintrìcol dal cōr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventr%C3%ADculo" title="Ventrículo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ventrículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriklo_(koro)" title="Ventriklo (koro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ventriklo (koro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentrikulu" title="Bentrikulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bentrikulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%86_(%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8)" title="بطن (قلب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بطن (قلب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricule_cardiaque" title="Ventricule cardiaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ventricule cardiaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9adail%C3%ADn_(cro%C3%AD)" title="Méadailín (croí) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Méadailín (croí)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventr%C3%ADculo_(card%C3%ADaco)" title="Ventrículo (cardíaco) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ventrículo (cardíaco)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EC%8B%A4" title="심실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84_(%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF)" title="Փորոք (սիրտ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փորոք (սիրտ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilik_jantung" title="Bilik jantung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bilik jantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricolo_cardiaco" title="Ventricolo cardiaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ventricolo cardiaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Қарынша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарынша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikali" title="Ventrikali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ventrikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriculi_cordis" title="Ventriculi cordis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ventriculi cordis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="വെൻട്രിക്കിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെൻട്രിക്കിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikel_(hart)" title="Ventrikel (hart) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ventrikel (hart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartekammer" title="Hjartekammer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjartekammer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurak_qorinchasi" title="Yurak qorinchasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yurak qorinchasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventr%C3%ADculo" title="Ventrículo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ventrículo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Желудочек сердца – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Желудочек сердца" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ventricle (heart)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%8Dni_prekat" title="Srčni prekat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srčni prekat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95" title="سکۆڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سکۆڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Срчана комора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Срчана комора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k" title="Karıncık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karıncık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шлуночок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шлуночок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tâm thất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm thất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%A4" title="心室 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心室" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%A4" title="心室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2002035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Ventricle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CG_Heart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/250px-CG_Heart.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/375px-CG_Heart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/500px-CG_Heart.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Computer generated animation of cut section of the human <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> showing both ventricles.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>ventriculus cordis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006352">D006352</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.1.00.012%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.1.00.012</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7100">7100</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035" class="extiw" title="d:Q2002035">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>ventricle</b> is one of two large chambers located toward the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> that collect and expel <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The blood <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumped</a> by a ventricle is supplied by an <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a>, an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the <a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a>), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an <a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_block" title="Intraventricular block">intraventricular block</a>). </p><p>In a four-chambered heart, such as that in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, there are two ventricles that operate in a <a href="/wiki/Double_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double circulatory system">double circulatory system</a>: the right ventricle pumps blood into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png/260px-Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png/390px-Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Gray_internal_structure_of_heart.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Heart section showing ventricles and ventricular septum</figcaption></figure> <p>Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressures</a>. The physiological load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. Further, the <b>left ventricle</b> has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the inner walls of the ventricles are irregular muscular columns called <a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a> which cover all of the inner ventricular surfaces except that of the <a href="/wiki/Conus_arteriosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conus arteriosus">conus arteriosus</a>, in the right ventricle. There are three types of these muscles. The third type, the <a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscles</a>, give origin at their apices to the <a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordae tendinae">chordae tendinae</a> which attach to the cusps of the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a>. </p><p>The mass of the left ventricle, as estimated by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87–224 g.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>right ventricle</b> is equal in size to the left ventricle<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and contains roughly 85 millilitres (3 imp fl oz; 3 US fl oz) in the adult. Its upper front surface is circled and convex, and forms much of the <a href="/wiki/Sternocostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocostal">sternocostal</a> surface of the heart. Its under surface is flattened, forming part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart that rests upon the diaphragm. </p><p>Its posterior wall is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular septum">ventricular septum</a>, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. Its upper and left angle forms a conical pouch, the <a href="/wiki/Conus_arteriosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conus arteriosus">conus arteriosus</a>, from which the pulmonary artery arises. A tendinous band, called the tendon of the conus arteriosus, extends upward from the right atrioventricular fibrous ring and connects the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus to the aorta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The left ventricle is longer and more conical in shape than the right, and on transverse section its concavity presents an oval or nearly circular outline. It forms a small part of the sternocostal surface and a considerable part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart; it also forms the apex of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure. </p><p>The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the <a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex of the heart</a>. Its wall is thickest at the apex and thins towards its base at the atrium. When viewed via cross section however, the right ventricle seems to be crescent shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right ventricle is made of two components: the sinus and the conus. The Sinus is the inflow which flows away from the tricuspid valve. <sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three bands made from muscle, separate the right ventricle: the parietal, the septal, and the moderator band. <sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moderator band connects from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the ventricular septum.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By young adulthood, the walls of the left ventricle have thickened from three to six times greater than that of the right ventricle. This reflects the typical five times greater pressure workload this chamber performs while accepting blood returning from the pulmonary veins at ~80mmHg pressure (equivalent to around 11 kPa) and pushing it forward to the typical ~120mmHg pressure (around 16.3 kPa) in the aorta during each heartbeat. (The pressures stated are resting values and stated as relative to surrounding atmospheric which is the typical "0" reference pressure used in medicine.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">systole</a>, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastole</a>, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again. </p><p>The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> and pumps it through the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a>, into the systemic circulation. The left ventricular muscle must relax and contract quickly and be able to increase or lower its pumping capacity under the control of the nervous system. In the diastolic phase, it has to relax very quickly after each contraction so as to quickly fill with the oxygenated blood flowing from the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>. Likewise in the systolic phase, the left ventricle must contract rapidly and forcibly to pump this blood into the aorta, overcoming the much higher aortic pressure. The extra pressure exerted is also needed to stretch the aorta and other arteries to accommodate the increase in blood volume. </p><p>The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a>, into the pulmonary circulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumping_volume">Pumping volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pumping volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical healthy adult heart pumping volume is ~5 liters/min, resting. Maximum capacity pumping volume extends from ~25 liters/min for non-athletes to as high as ~45 liters/min for Olympic level athletes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumes">Volumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a>, the performance of the ventricles are measured with several volumetric parameters, including <a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_volume" title="End-diastolic volume">end-diastolic volume</a> (EDV), <a href="/wiki/End-systolic_volume" title="End-systolic volume">end-systolic volume</a> (ESV), <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> (SV) and <a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">ejection fraction</a> (E<sub>f</sub>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiggers_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wiggers_Diagram.svg/350px-Wiggers_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wiggers_Diagram.svg/525px-Wiggers_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wiggers_Diagram.svg/700px-Wiggers_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a> of various events of a <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">cardiac cycle</a>, showing left ventricular volume as a red trace.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px; background: #ffdead;">Ventricular volumes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_worksheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cardiovascular worksheet"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiovascular_worksheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Cardiovascular worksheet"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular_worksheet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular worksheet"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Measure </th> <th>Right ventricle </th> <th>Left ventricle </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_volume" title="End-diastolic volume">End-diastolic volume</a> </td> <td>144 mL (± 23 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>142 mL (± 21 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>End-diastolic volume / body surface area (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>78 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 11 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>78 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 8.8 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_volume" title="End-systolic volume">End-systolic volume</a> </td> <td>50 mL (± 14 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>47 mL (± 10 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>End-systolic volume / body surface area (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>27 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 5.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a> </td> <td>94 mL (± 15 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>95 mL (± 14 mL)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stroke volume / body surface area (mL/m<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td>51 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 7 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>52 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (± 6.2 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">Ejection fraction</a> </td> <td>66% (± 6%)<sup id="cite_ref-RV_Volumes_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RV_Volumes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>67% (± 4.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-LV_Volumes_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LV_Volumes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a> </td> <td>60–100 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">bpm</a><sup id="cite_ref-bpm_note_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpm_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>60–100 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">bpm</a><sup id="cite_ref-bpm_note_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpm_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a> </td> <td>4.0–8.0 <a href="/wiki/Litre_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Litre per minute">L/minute</a><sup id="cite_ref-edwards_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.0–8.0 <a href="/wiki/Litre_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Litre per minute">L/minute</a><sup id="cite_ref-edwards_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressures">Pressures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pressures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiggers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wiggers.png/250px-Wiggers.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wiggers.png/375px-Wiggers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Wiggers.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Partial <a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a>.<br /><br />Red = aortic pressure<br />Blue = left ventricular pressure<br />Yellow = left atrial pressure.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Site</th> <th>Normal <br />pressure range <br /> (in <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter of mercury">mmHg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonSurgery2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous pressure</a></td> <td>3–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular pressure">Right ventricular pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>15–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>3–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>15–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>4–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pulmonary vein/ <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</a> </p> </td> <td>2–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular pressure">Left ventricular pressure</a></td> <td>systolic</td> <td>100–140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>diastolic</td> <td>3–12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ventricular pressure</b> is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> within the ventricles of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left">Left</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During most of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">cardiac cycle</a>, ventricular pressure is less than the pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, but during <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">systole</a>, the ventricular pressure rapidly increases, and the two pressures become equal to each other (represented by the junction of the blue and red lines on the diagram on this page), the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> opens, and blood is pumped to the body. </p><p>Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has been described as a risk factor in cardiac surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16835254_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16835254-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noninvasive approximations have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7426202_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7426202-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An elevated pressure difference between the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">aortic pressure</a> and the left ventricular pressure may be indicative of <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">aortic stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlAortic_Stenosis:_Overview_-_eMedicine_Emergency_Medicine_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAortic_Stenosis:_Overview_-_eMedicine_Emergency_Medicine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right">Right</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Right ventricular pressure demonstrates a different pressure-volume loop than left ventricular pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3342146_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3342146-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heart and its performance are also commonly measured in terms of <i>dimensions</i>, which in this case means <a href="/wiki/One-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional">one-dimensional</a> distances, usually measured in millimeters. This is not as informative as volumes but may be much easier to estimate with (e.g., <a href="/wiki/M-Mode_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="M-Mode echocardiography">M-Mode echocardiography</a><sup id="cite_ref-vanDam_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDam-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with <a href="/wiki/Sonomicrometry" title="Sonomicrometry">sonomicrometry</a>, which is mostly used for animal model research). Optimally, it is specified with which plane the distance is measured in, e.g. the dimension of the <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal plane">longitudinal plane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dimension</th> <th>Abbreviation</th> <th>Definition</th> <th style="width: 120px;">Normally </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>End-diastolic dimension</b></td> <td>EDD</td> <td>The diameter across a ventricle at the end of <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastole</a>, if not else specified then usually referring to the transverse<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (left-to-right) internal (<a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">luminal</a>) distance, excluding thickness of walls, although it can also be measured as the external distance.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><b>Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension</b></dd></dl> </td> <td>LVEDD or sometimes LVDD</td> <td>The end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle.</td> <td>48 mm,<sup id="cite_ref-Basavarajaiah_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basavarajaiah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Range 36 – 56 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><b>Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension</b></dd></dl> </td> <td>RVEDD or sometimes RVDD</td> <td>The end-diastolic dimension of the right ventricle.</td> <td>Range 10 – 26 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>End-systolic dimension</b></td> <td>ESD</td> <td>ESD is similar to the end-diastolic dimension, but is measured at the end of <a href="/wiki/Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">systole</a> (after the ventricles have pumped out blood) rather than at the end of <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastole</a>.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><b>Left ventricular end-systolic dimension</b></dd></dl> </td> <td>LVESD or sometimes LVSD</td> <td>The end-systolic dimension of the left ventricle.</td> <td>Range 20 – 40 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><b>Right ventricular end-systolic dimension</b></dd></dl> </td> <td>RVESD or sometimes RVSD</td> <td>The end-systolic dimension of the right ventricle.</td> <td>Range 10 – 26 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Interventricular septal end diastolic dimension</b></td> <td>IVSd</td> <td>The thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a>.</td> <td>8.3 mm,<sup id="cite_ref-Basavarajaiah_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basavarajaiah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Range 7 – 11 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension</b></td> <td>LVPWd</td> <td>The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall.</td> <td>8.3 mm,<sup id="cite_ref-Basavarajaiah_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basavarajaiah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Range 7 – 11 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mean <b>left ventricular myocardial thickness</b></td> <td>Mean LVMT</td> <td>Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% <a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">prediction interval</a> for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level<sup id="cite_ref-KawelTurkbey2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KawelTurkbey2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Women: 4 - 8 mm<sup id="cite_ref-KawelTurkbey2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KawelTurkbey2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Men: 5 - 9 mm<sup id="cite_ref-KawelTurkbey2012_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KawelTurkbey2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mean <b>right ventricular myocardial thickness</b></td> <td>Mean RVMT</td> <td>Average thickness of the right ventricle, with numbers given as 95% <a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">prediction interval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KarnaRohit2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarnaRohit2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4 - 7 mm<sup id="cite_ref-KarnaRohit2015_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarnaRohit2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Left ventricular end systolic dimension</b></td> <td></td> <td>As above but measured during systole. This measurement is not commonly used clinically.</td> <td>16  mm<sup id="cite_ref-Lang1985_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang1985-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Left atrial dimension</b></td> <td>LA</td> <td></td> <td>Range 24 – 40 mm<sup id="cite_ref-OConnor2009_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnor2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fractional shortening</b> (<b>FS</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathematics)">fraction</a> of any diastolic dimension that is lost in systole. When referring to endocardial <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">luminal</a> distances, it is EDD minus ESD divided by EDD (times 100 when measured in percentage).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal values may differ somewhat dependent on which <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">anatomical plane</a> is used to measure the distances. Normal range is 25–45%, Mild is 20–25%, Moderate is 15–20%, and Severe is <15%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiology Diagnostic Tests Midwall fractional shortening may also be used to measure diastolic/systolic changes for inter-ventricular septal dimensions<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posterior wall dimensions. However, both endocardial and midwall fractional shortening are dependent on myocardial wall thickness, and thereby dependent on long-axis function.<sup id="cite_ref-doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, a measure of short-axis function termed epicardial volume change (EVC) is independent of myocardial wall thickness and represents isolated short-axis function.<sup id="cite_ref-doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Irregular_heartbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular heartbeat">irregular heartbeat</a> that can occur in the ventricles or atria. Normally the heartbeat is initiated in the <a href="/wiki/SA_node" class="mw-redirect" title="SA node">SA node</a> of the atrium but initiation can also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibres" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje fibres">Purkinje fibres</a> of the ventricles, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Premature_ventricular_contractions" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature ventricular contractions">premature ventricular contractions</a>, also called ventricular extra beats. When these beats become grouped the condition is known as <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another form of arrhythmia is that of the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_escape_beat" title="Ventricular escape beat">ventricular escape beat</a>. This can happen as a compensatory mechanism when there is a problem in the conduction system from the SA node.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most severe form of arrhythmia is <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a> which is the most common cause of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden death</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">Ventricular septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">Atrioventricular septal defect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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"Normalized Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function by Steady State Free Precession Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance". <i>Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</i>. <b>8</b>: 417–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10976640600572889">10.1080/10976640600572889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cardiovascular+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.atitle=Normalized+Left+Ventricular+Systolic+and+Diastolic+Function+by+Steady+State+Free+Precession+Cardiovascular+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=417-426&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10976640600572889&rft.aulast=Maceira&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricle+%28heart%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpm_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bpm_note_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bpm_note_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>. See the <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a> articles for more detailed limits.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwards.com/SiteCollectionImages/edwards/products/presep/ar04313hemodynpocketcard.pdf">"Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Ventricular+pressure">Ventricular+pressure</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16835254-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16835254_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalemDenaultCoutureBélisle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Salem R, Denault AY, Couture P, Bélisle S, Fortier A, Guertin MC, Carrier M, Martineau R (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2Fael140">"Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is a predictor of mortality in cardiac surgery independently of left ventricular ejection fraction"</a>. <i>British Journal of Anaesthesia</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 292–7. <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Heart+and+Circulatory+Physiology&rft.atitle=Short-axis+epicardial+volume+change+is+a+measure+of+cardiac+left+ventricular+short-axis+function%2C+which+is+independent+of+myocardial+wall+thickness&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=H530-5&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpheart.00153.2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19933422&rft.aulast=Ugander&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Carlsson%2C+M&rft.au=Arheden%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricle+%28heart%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricle_(heart)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517220222/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_%26_Physiology/A%26P203/Circulatory_System/Human_Heart/heart_L_flash_P4043323lbd.JPG">Photo of dissection at uc.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=left%20ventricle&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1">Left Ventricle – Cell Centered Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l20/050102.htm">Anatomy photo:20:05-0102</a> at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_anatomy" title="Template talk:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the heart">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">sulci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_sulcus" title="Interatrial sulcus">interatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li>borders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_border_of_heart" title="Right border of heart">right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_margin_of_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left margin of heart">left</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_septum" title="Interatrial septum">interatrial septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_sulcus_(heart)" title="Terminal sulcus (heart)">terminal sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ventricles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusps of heart valves">cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervenous_tubercle" title="Intervenous tubercle">intervenous tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chambers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">Right heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbus of fossa ovalis">limbus of fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_terminalis" title="Crista terminalis">crista terminalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_coronary_sinus" title="Valve of coronary sinus">valve of coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band_(heart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator band (heart)">moderator band/septomarginal trabecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_supraventricularis" title="Crista supraventricularis">crista supraventricularis</a>), → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a> → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">Left heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>) → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">SA node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachmann%27s_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">AV node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardial cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">pericardial sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternopericardial_ligaments" title="Sternopericardial ligaments">sternopericardial ligaments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous pericardium">serous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium/visceral layer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_of_left_vena_cava" title="Fold of left vena cava">fold of left vena cava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template talk:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Physiology of the cardiovascular system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">Cardiac cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_volume" title="End-diastolic volume">End-diastolic volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_volume" title="End-systolic volume">End-systolic volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterload" title="Afterload">Afterload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law" title="Frank–Starling law">Frank–Starling law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_function_curve" title="Cardiac function curve">Cardiac function curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_return_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous return curve">Venous return curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure volume diagram">Pressure volume diagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dimensions">Fractional shortening</a> = (<a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-diastolic dimension">End-diastolic dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-systolic dimension">End-systolic dimension</a>) / End-diastolic dimension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_area_calculation" title="Aortic valve area calculation">Aortic valve area calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">Ejection fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">Cardiac index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_volume" title="Left atrial volume">Left atrial volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (Contractility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathmotropic" title="Bathmotropic">Bathmotropic</a> (Excitability)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology" title="Cardiac electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></li> <li>Action potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_action_potential" title="Atrial action potential">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_action_potential" title="Ventricular action potential">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_refractory_period" title="Effective refractory period">Effective refractory period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_potential" title="Pacemaker potential">Pacemaker potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PR_interval" title="PR interval">PR interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_wave" title="U wave">U wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">Hexaxial reference system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous</a></li> <li>Right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure" title="Right atrial pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">Aortic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Vascular system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">hemodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Blood flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">Pulse pressure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">Systolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_pressure" title="Portal venous pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_closing_pressure" title="Critical closing pressure">Critical closing pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Regulation of BP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinin%E2%80%93kallikrein_system" title="Kinin–kallikrein system">Kinin–kallikrein system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">Vasoconstrictors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">Autoregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism" title="Myogenic mechanism">Myogenic mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_autoregulation" title="Cerebral autoregulation">Cerebral autoregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraganglion" title="Paraganglion">Paraganglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">Aortic body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">Carotid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomus_cell" title="Glomus cell">Glomus cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heart--Ventricles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85059731">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ventricules du coeur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964859x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ventricules du coeur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964859x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="srdeční komory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph912530&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553145105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A12.1.00.012">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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