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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_projections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_projections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Future projections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_projections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_overpopulation_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_overpopulation_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History of overpopulation hypotheses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_overpopulation_hypotheses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of overpopulation hypotheses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_overpopulation_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Historical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Contemporary use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Key arguments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Key arguments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Key_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overconsumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overconsumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Overconsumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overconsumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carrying_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrying_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Carrying capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrying_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Proposed impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poverty_and_infant_and_child_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_and_infant_and_child_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Poverty and infant and child mortality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_and_infant_and_child_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Resource depletion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_systems_and_social_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_systems_and_social_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Political systems and social conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_systems_and_social_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemics_and_pandemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemics_and_pandemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Epidemics and pandemics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemics_and_pandemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_solutions_and_mitigation_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_solutions_and_mitigation_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Proposed solutions and mitigation measures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_solutions_and_mitigation_measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed solutions and mitigation measures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_solutions_and_mitigation_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Population planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Family planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Extraterrestrial settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coercive_population_control_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coercive_population_control_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Coercive population control policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coercive_population_control_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Advocacy organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Documentary and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Human overpopulation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="انفجار سكاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انفجار سكاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpoblaci%C3%B3n" title="Superpoblación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Superpoblación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="অতিরিক্ত জনসংখ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিরিক্ত জনসংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пренаселеност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пренаселеност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpoblaci%C3%B3_humana" title="Superpoblació humana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Superpoblació humana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99elidn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Přelidnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přelidnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbefolkning" title="Overbefolkning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Overbefolkning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberbev%C3%B6lkerung" title="Überbevölkerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überbevölkerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clerahvastus" title="Ülerahvastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülerahvastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υπερπληθυσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερπληθυσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpoblaci%C3%B3n_humana" title="Superpoblación humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Superpoblación humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolo%C4%9Di%C4%9Do" title="Troloĝiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Troloĝiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainpopulazio" title="Gainpopulazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gainpopulazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ازدیاد جمعیت انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازدیاد جمعیت انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surpopulation" title="Surpopulation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surpopulation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3dhaonra" title="Ródhaonra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ródhaonra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpoboaci%C3%B3n" title="Superpoboación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Superpoboación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%9E%89" title="인구 과잉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구 과잉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मानव जनाधिक्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव जनाधिक्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovrappopolazione" title="Sovrappopolazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovrappopolazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superincolatio" title="Superincolatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Superincolatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rapdz%C4%ABvot%C4%ABba" title="Pārapdzīvotība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārapdzīvotība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyventoj%C5%B3_perteklius" title="Gyventojų perteklius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyventojų perteklius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAln%C3%A9pesed%C3%A9s" title="Túlnépesedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Túlnépesedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbevolking" title="Overbevolking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overbevolking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%81%8E%E5%A4%9A" title="人口過多 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人口過多" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbefolkning" title="Overbefolkning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overbefolkning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeludnienie" title="Przeludnienie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przeludnienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpopula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Superpopulação humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Superpopulação humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Перенаселение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перенаселение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbipopullimi_njer%C3%ABzor" title="Mbipopullimi njerëzor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbipopullimi njerëzor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human overpopulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C4%BEudnenie" title="Preľudnenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Preľudnenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenaseljenost" title="Prenaseljenost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prenaseljenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenaseljenost" title="Prenaseljenost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prenaseljenost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenaseljenost" title="Prenaseljenost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prenaseljenost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikakansoitus" title="Liikakansoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liikakansoitus" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Proposed condition wherein human numbers exceed the carrying capacity of the environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a>.</div> Human overpopulation (or human <a href="/wiki/Population_overshoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Population overshoot">population overshoot</a>) is the idea that human <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> may become too large to be <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustained</a> by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities. Since 1804, the global living human population has <a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">increased from 1 billion to 8 billion</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Modern_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern medicine">medical advancements</a> and improved <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968 and has since dropped to 1.1%.<a href="#cite_note-OWOD2019-1">[1]</a> According to the most recent <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">United Nations' projections</a>, the global human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and would peak at around 10.4 billion people in the 2080s, before decreasing, noting that <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rates">fertility rates</a> are falling worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Projections-2022-2">[2]</a>: 14–30  Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100.<a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vollset-2020-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science-5">[5]</a> Conversely, other researchers have found that <a href="/wiki/Civil_registration" title="Civil registration">national birth registries</a> data from 2022 and 2023 that cover half the world's population indicate that the 2022 UN projections overestimated fertility rates by 10 to 20% and are already outdated, that the global fertility rate has possibly already fallen below the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> level for the first time in human history, and that the global population will peak at approximately 9.5 billion by 2061.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The 2024 UN projections report estimated that world population would peak at 10.29 billion in 2084 and decline to 10.18 billion by 2100, which was 6% lower than the UN had estimated in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Early discussions of <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> in English were spurred by the work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>. Discussions of <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> follow a similar line of inquiry as <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism and its Malthusian catastrophe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_American-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1080/01436597.2014.926110-11">[11]</a> a hypothetical event where population exceeds agricultural capacity, causing <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> over resources, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and depopulation. More recent discussion of overpopulation was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> in his 1968 book <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a> and subsequent writings.<a href="#cite_note-Ceballos2017-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Ehrlich described overpopulation as a function of <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> arguing that overpopulation should be defined by a population being unable to sustain itself without depleting <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich-1990-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The belief that global population levels will become too large to sustain is a point of contentious debate. Those who believe global human overpopulation to be a valid concern, argue that increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource consumption</a> and pollution exceed the environment's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>, leading to population <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">overshoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-18">[18]</a> The population overshoot hypothesis is often discussed in relation to other population concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">population momentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger and malnutrition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>, and the overall <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta2019-21">[21]</a> Critics of the belief note that human population growth is decreasing and the population will likely peak, and possibly even begin to decrease, before the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Projections-2022-2">[2]</a>: 27  They argue the concerns surrounding population growth are overstated, noting that quickly declining birth rates and technological innovation make it possible to sustain projected population sizes. Other critics claim that overpopulation concerns ignore more pressing issues, like poverty or <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a>, are motivated by racism, or place an undue burden on the <a href="/wiki/Global_south" class="mw-redirect" title="Global south">global south</a> where most population growth happens.<a href="#cite_note-Rao-1994-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monbiot-2021-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Modern proponents of the concept have suggested that overpopulation, population growth and overconsumption are interdependent<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and collectively are the primary drivers of human-caused environmental problems such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cafaro2022-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Many scientists have expressed concern about population growth, and argue that creating sustainable societies will require decreasing the current global population.<a href="#cite_note-Ripple2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2019-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Advocates have suggested implementation of <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population planning strategies</a> to reach a proposed <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">sustainable population</a>. Overpopulation hypotheses are controversial, with many <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographers</a> and environmentalists disputing the core premise that the world cannot sustain the current trajectory of human population.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics-Environmentalists-38">[38]</a> Additionally, many <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economists</a> and historians have noted that sustained <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> have historically been caused by war, <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, political instability, and repressive political regimes (often employing <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>) rather than overpopulation,<a href="#cite_note-Economists–Historians1-49">[49]</a> and that population growth <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">historically</a> has led to greater <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological development</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">advancement of scientific knowledge</a> that has enabled the <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute goods</a> and technology that better conserves and more efficiently uses natural resources, produces greater agricultural output with less land and less water, and addresses human impacts on the environment due to there being greater numbers of scientists, engineers, and <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventors</a> and subsequent generations of scientists <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">overturning scientific paradigms</a> maintained by <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_principle" title="Planck's principle">previous generations of scientists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economists–Historians2-60">[60]</a> Instead, <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Cultures" title="The Two Cultures">social scientists argue that disputes between themselves and biologists</a> about human overpopulation are over the <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">appropriateness of definitions being used</a> (and often devolve into social scientists and biologists simply <a href="/wiki/Talking_past_each_other" title="Talking past each other">talking past each other</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Economists–Historians3-62">[62]</a> Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968, has since dropped to 1.1%, and could drop even further to 0.1% by 2100.<a href="#cite_note-OWOD2019-1">[1]</a> Based on this, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> projects the world population, which is 7.8 billion as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit">[update]</a>, to level out around 2100 at 10.9 billion<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8b-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-65">[65]</a> with other models proposing similar stabilization before or after 2100.<a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vollset-2020-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science-5">[5]</a> Some experts believe that a combination of factors (including technological and social change) would allow global resources to meet this increased demand, avoiding global overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-67">[67]</a> Additionally, some critics dismiss the idea of human overpopulation as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_myth" title="Scientific myth">science myth</a> connected to attempts to blame environmental issues on overpopulation, oversimplify complex social or economic systems, or place blame on developing countries and poor populations—<a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">reinscribing colonial</a> or racist assumptions and leading to discriminatory policy.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1080/01436597.2014.926110-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piper-2019-35">[35]</a> These critics often suggest <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a> should be treated as an issue separate from <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaneda-2014-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2010-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_world_population">History of world population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of world population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png/220px-UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png/330px-UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png/440px-UN_population_estimates_and_projection_1950-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>UN population estimates and projection 1950–2100</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/220px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/330px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/440px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries and territories by <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">List of countries and territories by fertility rate</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg/220px-Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg/330px-Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg/440px-Population_growth_rate_world_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Human population growth rate in percent, with the variables of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration – 2018</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a> has been rising continuously since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, around the year 1350.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The fastest doubling of the world population happened between 1950 and 1986: a doubling from 2.5 to 5 billion people in 37 years,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> mainly due to <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#Modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">medical advancements</a> and increases in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Due to its impact on the human ability to grow food, the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> enabled the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2018 and, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, eight billion as of November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Smil_1999-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Some researchers have analyzed this growth in population like other animal populations, human populations predictably grow and shrink according to their available food supply as per the <a href="/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Lotka–Volterra equations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a> and insect ecologist <a href="/wiki/David_Pimentel_(scientist)" title="David Pimentel (scientist)">David Pimentel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hopfenberg_and_Pimentel-77">[77]</a> behavioral scientist Russell Hopfenberg,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>World population history<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>1806</th> <th>1850</th> <th>1900</th> <th>1940</th> <th>1950</th> <th>1960</th> <th>1970</th> <th>1980</th> <th>1990</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Billions </th> <td>1.01</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>1.65</td> <td>2.33</td> <td>2.53</td> <td>3.03</td> <td>3.68</td> <td>4.43</td> <td>5.28</td> <td>6.11</td> <td>6.92</td> <td>7.76 </td></tr></tbody></table> World population has gone through a number of periods of growth since the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> period, around 10,000 BCE. The beginning of civilization roughly coincides with the receding of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial ice">glacial ice</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Farming allowed for the growth of populations in many parts of the world, including Europe, the Americas and China through the 1600s, occasionally disrupted by plagues or other crises.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> For example, the Black Death is thought to have reduced the world's population, then at an estimated 450 million in 1350, to between 350 and 375 million by 1400.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, during the 18th century, the rate of population growth began to increase. By the end of the century, the world's population was estimated at just under 1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-censushistorical-88">[88]</a> At the turn of the 20th century, the world's population was roughly 1.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-censushistorical-88">[88]</a> By 1940, this figure had increased to 2.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Even more dramatic growth beginning in 1950 (above 1.8% per year) coincided with greatly increased food production as a result of the industrialization of agriculture brought about by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_limits_of_a_Green_Revolution-90">[90]</a> The rate of human population growth peaked in 1964, at about 2.1% per year.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Recent additions of a billion humans happened very quickly: 33 years to reach three billion in 1960, 14 years for four billion in 1974, 13 years for five billion in 1987, 12 years for six billion in 1999, 11 years for seven billion in 2010, and 12 years for 8 billion toward the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_2017_test.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Population_2017_test.png/440px-Population_2017_test.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Population_2017_test.png/660px-Population_2017_test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Population_2017_test.png/880px-Population_2017_test.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Map of population density by country, per square kilometer (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">List of countries by population density</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_projections">Future projections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Future projections">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent</th> <th>Projected 2050 population by UN in 2017<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africa</a></td> <td>2.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asia" title="Demographics of Asia">Asia</a></td> <td>5.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Europe</a></td> <td>716 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_America" title="Demographics of South America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td> <td>780 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_north_america" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of north america">North America</a></td> <td>435 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></div> Population projections are attempts to show how the <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a> might change in the future.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> These projections help to <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">forecast</a> the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Models of population growth take trends in <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a>, and apply projections into the future<a href="#cite_note-:311-97">[97]</a> to understand how they will affect <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, and thus <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:311-97">[97]</a> The most recent report from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Population Division</a> issued in 2022 (see chart) projects that global population will peak around the year 2086 at about 10.4 billion, and then start a slow decline (the median line on the chart).  As with earlier projections, this version assumes that the global average <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> will continue to fall, but even further from 2.5 births per woman during the 2015–2020 period to 1.8 by the year 2100.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division-2022-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Population_Prospects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/World_Population_Prospects.svg/220px-World_Population_Prospects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/World_Population_Prospects.svg/330px-World_Population_Prospects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/World_Population_Prospects.svg/440px-World_Population_Prospects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>World population prospects (2022). Note that half a child more or less per woman would cause a difference of about 8 billion people by the end of the century (blue dotted lines).</figcaption></figure> However, other estimates predict additional downward pressure on fertility (such as more education and family planning) which could result in peak population during the 2060–2070 period rather than later.<a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vollset-2020-4">[4]</a> According to the UN, of the predicted growth in world population between 2020 and 2050, all of that change will come from <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">less developed countries</a>, and more than half will come from just 8 African countries.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division-2022-98">[98]</a> It is predicted that the population of sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Pew Research Center predicts that 50% of births in the year 2100 will be in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As an example of uneven prospects, the UN projects that <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> will gain about 340 million people, about the present population of the US, to become the 3rd most populous country, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> will lose almost half of its population.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division-2022-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_overpopulation_hypotheses">History of overpopulation hypotheses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of overpopulation hypotheses">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></div> Concerns about population size or density have a long history: <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, a resident of the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in the second century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, criticized population at the time: "Our numbers are burdensome to the world, which can hardly support us... In very deed, pestilence, and famine, and wars, and earthquakes have to be regarded as a remedy for nations, as the means of pruning the luxuriance of the human race."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Despite those concerns, scholars have not found historic <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societies that have collapsed</a> because of overpopulation or overconsumption.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg/220px-Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg/330px-Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg/440px-Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Table of population growth in England 1780–1810 in <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a> (1826) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, which would go on to be an influential text on <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></figcaption></figure> By the early 19th century, intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> predicted that humankind would outgrow its available resources because a finite amount of land would be incapable of supporting a population with limitless potential for increase.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> During the 19th century, Malthus' work, particularly <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a>, was often interpreted in a way that blamed the poor alone for their condition and helping them was said to worsen conditions in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-Claeys-104">[104]</a> This resulted, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/English_poor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="English poor laws">English poor laws</a> of 1834<a href="#cite_note-Claeys-104">[104]</a> and a hesitating response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Great Famine</a> of 1845–52.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a> was held in 1927 in Geneva, organized by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary use">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a> became a bestseller upon its release in 1968 and created renewed interest in overpopulation. The book predicted population growth would lead to <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>, and other social, environmental and economic strife in the coming decades, and advocated for policies to curb it.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich-1990-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piper-2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a> published the influential report <a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a> in 1972, which used computer modeling to similarly argue that continued population growth trends would lead to global system collapse.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-110">[110]</a> The idea of overpopulation was also a topic of some works of English-language <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dystopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian fiction">dystopian fiction</a> during the latter part of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> held the first of three <a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="World Population Conferences">World Population Conferences</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> policies were adopted by some nations in the late 20th century in an effort to curb population growth, including in <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policies_of_China" title="Family planning policies of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">Albert Allen Bartlett</a> gave more than 1,742 lectures on the threat of exponential population growth starting in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg/220px-Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg/330px-Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg/440px-Paul_Ehrlich_USD_Alcal%C3%A1_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>American biologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> generated renewed interest in the topic of overpopulation with <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a> (1968).</figcaption></figure> However, many predictions of overpopulation during the 20th century did not materialize.<a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piper-2019-35">[35]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a>, Ehrlich stated, "In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now,"<a href="#cite_note-leaders-112">[112]</a> with later editions changing to "in the 1980s".<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_American-10">[10]</a> Despite admitting some of his earlier predictions did not come to pass, Ehrlich continues to advocate that overpopulation is a major issue.<a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">profile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> facing humanity increased during the end of the 20th and the early 21st centuries, some have looked to population growth as a root cause. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> and Ron Nielsen discussed overpopulation as a threat to the quality of human life.<a href="#cite_note-wilson-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-114">[114]</a>: 37–39 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a> argued that human overpopulation represents a threat to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] A 2015 survey from <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> reports that 82% of scientists associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> were concerned about population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2015-116">[116]</a> In 2017, more than one-third of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">50 Nobel prize-winning scientists</a> surveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a> said that human overpopulation and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> are the two greatest threats facing mankind.<a href="#cite_note-Moody2017-117">[117]</a> In November that same year, the <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice</a>, signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, indicated that rapid human population growth is "a primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."<a href="#cite_note-Ripple2017-32">[32]</a> Ehlrich and other scientists at a conference in the Vatican on <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">contemporary species extinction</a> linked the issue to population growth in 2017, and advocated for <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">human population control</a>, which attracted controversy from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2019, a warning on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and "the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity" to reduce the impact of "population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss."<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2019-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2020, a quote from <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> about how humans have "overrun the planet" was shared widely online and became his most popular comment on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-www.newstatesman.com-2020-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_arguments">Key arguments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key arguments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overconsumption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> (WWF) and <a href="/wiki/Global_Footprint_Network" title="Global Footprint Network">Global Footprint Network</a> have argued that the annual <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> of Earth has exceeded, as measured using the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>. In 2006, WWF's <a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Report" title="Living Planet Report">Living Planet Report</a> stated that in order for all humans to live with the current consumption patterns of Europeans, we would be spending three times more than what the planet can renew.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to these calculations, humanity as a whole was using by 2006 40% more than what Earth can regenerate.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Another study by the WWF in 2014 found that it would take the equivalent of 1.5 Earths of bio-capacity to meet humanity's current levels of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_(diplomat)" title="Roger Martin (diplomat)">Roger Martin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a> states the view: "the poor want to get rich, and I want them to get rich," with a later addition, "of course we have to change consumption habits,... but we've also got to stabilize our numbers".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Critics have questioned the simplifications and statistical methods used in calculating ecological footprints. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Global_Footprint_Network" title="Global Footprint Network">Global Footprint Network</a> and its partner organizations have engaged with national governments and international agencies to test the results—reviews have been produced by France, Germany, the European Commission, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Japan and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some point out that a more refined method of assessing Ecological Footprint is to designate <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable versus non-sustainable</a> categories of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carrying_capacity">Carrying capacity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carrying capacity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></div> Attempts have been made to estimate the world's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> for humans; the maximum population the world can host.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A 2004 meta-analysis of 69 such studies from 1694 until 2001 found the average predicted maximum number of people the Earth would ever have was 7.7 billion people, with lower and upper meta-bounds at 0.65 and 98 billion people, respectively. They conclude: "recent predictions of stabilized world population levels for 2050 exceed several of our meta-estimates of a world population limit".<a href="#cite_note-Van_Den_BerghRietveld2004-131">[131]</a> A 2012 United Nations report summarized 65 different estimated maximum <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">sustainable population</a> sizes and the most common estimate was 8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Advocates of reduced population often put forward much lower numbers. <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> stated in 2018 that the optimum population is between 1.5 and 2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2022 Ehrlich and other contributors to the "Scientists' warning on population", including Eileen Crist, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">William J. Ripple</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_E._Rees" title="William E. Rees">William E. Rees</a> and Christopher Wolf, stated that environmental analysts put the sustainable level of human population at between 2 and 4 billion people.<a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-18">[18]</a> Geographer Chris Tucker estimates that 3 billion is a sustainable number.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_impacts">Proposed impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proposed impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_and_infant_and_child_mortality">Poverty and infant and child mortality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poverty and infant and child mortality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_and_fertility" title="Income and fertility">Income and fertility</a></div> Although proponents of human overpopulation have expressed concern that growing population will lead to an increase in global <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, both indicators have declined over the last 200 years of population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a></div> A number of scientists have argued that <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts on the environment</a> and accompanying increase in <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource consumption</a> threatens the world's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and the survival of human civilization.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2021-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/InterAcademy_Panel_Statement_on_Population_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth">InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth</a>, which was ratified by 58 member <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academies</a> in 1994, states that "unprecedented" population growth aggravates many environmental problems, including rising levels of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric carbon dioxide">atmospheric carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Indeed, some analysts claim that overpopulation's most serious impact is its effect on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Timeenvir-141">[141]</a> Some scientists suggest that the overall <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Acceleration" title="Great Acceleration">Great Acceleration</a>, particularly due to human population size and growth, <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, overconsumption, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and proliferation of technology, has pushed the planet into a new geological <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> on Earth<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wild animals</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> Some studies and commentary link population growth with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Critics have stated that population growth alone may have less influence on climate change than other factors, such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">greenhouse gas emissions per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone-2017-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webb-110">[110]</a> The global consumption of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population increases, with this projected to have further <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">environmental impacts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Best2014-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A July 2017 study published in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Letters" title="Environmental Research Letters">Environmental Research Letters</a> argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> is to have fewer children, followed by living without a vehicle, forgoing air travel, and adopting a <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> However, even in countries that have both large population growth and major ecological problems, it is not necessarily true that curbing the population growth will make a major contribution towards resolving all environmental problems that can be solved simply with an <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a> policy approach.<a href="#cite_note-UN_World_Population_Report_2001-157">[157]</a> Continued <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and overconsumption, particularly by the wealthy, have been posited as key drivers of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">contemporary species extinction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2021-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta-25">[25]</a> with some researchers and environmentalists specifically suggesting this indicates a human overpopulation scenario.<a href="#cite_note-Ceballos2017-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-978-0820343853_p83-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cafaro2022-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>, released by <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> in 2019, states that human population growth is a factor in biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad2019-162">[162]</a> IGI Global has uncovered the growth of the human population caused encroachment in wild habitats which have led to their destruction, "posing a potential threat to biodiversity components".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Some scientists and environmentalists, including <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberro-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> contend that population growth is devastating to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Wilson for example, has expressed concern when <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> reached a population of six billion their <a href="/wiki/Zoomass" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomass">biomass exceeded that of any other large land dwelling animal species</a> that had ever existed by over 100 times.<a href="#cite_note-978-0820343853_p83-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inger_Andersen_(environmentalist)" title="Inger Andersen (environmentalist)">Inger Andersen</a>, the executive director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>, stated in December 2022 as the human population reached a milestone of 8 billion and as delegates were meeting for the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Biodiversity_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference">2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</a>, that "we need to understand that the more people there are, the more we put the Earth under heavy pressure. As far as biodiversity is concerned, we are at war with [the rest of] nature."<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Human overpopulation and continued population growth are also considered by some, including animal rights attorney Doris Lin and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a>, to be an <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> issue, as more human activity means the destruction of animal habitats and more direct killing of animals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best2014-153">[153]</a>: 146  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_depletion">Resource depletion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Resource depletion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a></div> Some commentary has attributed <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">depletion of non-renewable resources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water</a>, to overpopulation<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and suggested it could lead to a diminished quality of human life.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-114">[114]</a> Ecologist <a href="/wiki/David_Pimentel_(scientist)" title="David Pimentel (scientist)">David Pimentel</a> was one such proponent, saying "with the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_production_per_capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/220px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/330px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/440px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Growth in food production has been greater than population growth.</figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food shortages</a> have been warned as a consequence of overpopulation, according to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, global food production exceeds increasing demand from global population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature-2010-172">[172]</a> Food insecurity in some regions is attributable to the globally unequal distribution of food supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a> The notion that space is limited has been decried by skeptics,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> who point out that the Earth's population of roughly 6.8 billion people could comfortably be housed an area comparable in size to the state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in the United States (about 269,000 square miles or 696,706.80 square kilometres).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Critics and agricultural experts suggest changes to policies relating to <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> to make them more efficient would be more likely to resolve land issues and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">pressures on the environment</a> than focusing on reducing population alone.<a href="#cite_note-Stone-2017-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature-2010-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a>, which threatens agricultural productivity, represents a global issue that some have linked to population growth.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Colin Butler wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> in 1994 that overpopulation also has economic consequences for certain countries due to resource use.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_systems_and_social_conflict">Political systems and social conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political systems and social conflict">edit</a>]</div> It was speculated by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> in 1958 that <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> is threatened by overpopulation, and could give rise to <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> style governments.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Physics professor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">Albert Allen Bartlett</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a> warned in 2000 that overpopulation and the development of technology are the two major causes of the diminution of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> However, over the last 200 years of population growth, the actual level of personal freedom has increased rather than declined.<a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Harte_(scientist)" title="John Harte (scientist)">John Harte</a> has argued population growth is a factor in numerous social issues, including <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">overcrowding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad governance">bad governance</a> and decaying infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2021-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and others suggested in a 2017 paper that since the Second World War, countries with higher population growth rates experienced the most social conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2021-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Some advocates[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have suggested societal problems such as hunger and mass unemployment are linked to overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-Moody2017-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2019-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw2021-139">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] According to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a>, the global <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> system creates pressures for <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>: "more people means more labour, cheaper labour, and more consumers."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> He and his colleagues have also demonstrated that capitalist elites throughout recent history have "used <a href="/wiki/Pro-natalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-natalist">pro-natalist</a> state policies to prevent women from practicing family planning" in order to grow the size of their workforce.<a href="#cite_note-WorldDevelopment-184">[184]</a> Hickel has however argued that the cause of negative environmental impacts is resource extraction by wealthy countries.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] He concludes that "we should not ignore the relationship between population growth and ecology, but we must not treat these as operating in a social and political vacuum."<a href="#cite_note-WorldDevelopment-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemics_and_pandemics">Epidemics and pandemics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epidemics and pandemics">edit</a>]</div> A 2021 article in Ethics, Medicine and Public Health argued in light of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> that <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> were made more likely by overpopulation, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, urbanization and encroachment into natural habitats.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> They both play a significant role impacting human populations, including widespread <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_disruption" title="Social disruption">social disruption</a>. While they can leave a temporary loss of population, it is followed by significant loss and suffering. These events are not the sole reason for overpopulation, but lack of access to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and reproductive contraptions, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_solutions_and_mitigation_measures">Proposed solutions and mitigation measures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed solutions and mitigation measures">edit</a>]</div> Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate overpopulation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_planning">Population planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a></div>Several scientists (including <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Daily" title="Gretchen Daily">Gretchen Daily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a><a href="#cite_note-Agencies-2006-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a>) proposed that humanity should work at stabilizing its absolute numbers, as a starting point towards beginning the process of reducing the total numbers. They suggested several possible approaches, including:<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <ul><li>Improved access to <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Improving the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of women">status of women</a> in order to facilitate a departure from traditional sexual division of labour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryerson_2010-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Creating small family "role models"<a href="#cite_note-Ryerson_2010-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Secular cultures and societies.<a href="#cite_note-Schnabel_2021-195">[195]</a></li></ul> There is good evidence from many parts of the world that when women and couples have the freedom to choose how many children to have, they tend to have smaller families.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crist-2019-198">[198]</a>   Some scientists, such as Corey Bradshaw and Barry Brook, suggest that, given the "inexorable demographic momentum of the global human population," <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> can be achieved more rapidly with a short term focus on technological and social innovations, along with reducing consumption rates, while treating population planning as a long-term goal.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> However, most scientists believe that achieving genuine sustainability is a long-term project, and that addressing population and consumption levels are both essential to achieving it. In 1992, more than 1700 scientists from around the world signed onto a "<a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a>," including a majority of the living Nobel prize-winners in the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-www.ucsusa.org-201">[201]</a> "The earth is finite," they wrote. "Its ability to absorb wastes and destructive effluent is finite. Its ability to provide food and energy is finite. Its ability to provide for growing numbers of people is finite. And we are fast approaching many of the earth's limits."<a href="#cite_note-www.ucsusa.org-201">[201]</a> The warning noted:<blockquote>Pressures resulting from unrestrained population growth put demands on the natural world that can overwhelm any efforts to achieve a sustainable future. If we are to halt the destruction of our environment, we must accept limits to that growth.<a href="#cite_note-www.ucsusa.org-201">[201]</a> </blockquote>Two of the five areas where the signatories requested immediate action were "stabilize population" and "ensure sexual equality, and guarantee women control over their own reproductive decisions."<a href="#cite_note-www.ucsusa.org-201">[201]</a> In a follow-up message 25 years later, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">William Ripple</a> and colleagues issued the "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> This time more than 15,000 scientists from around the world signed on.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> "We are jeopardizing our future by not reining in our intense but geographically and demographically uneven material consumption and by not perceiving continued rapid population growth as a primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats," they wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-204">[204]</a> "By failing to adequately limit population growth, reassess the role of an economy rooted in growth, reduce greenhouse gases, incentivize renewable energy, protect habitat, restore ecosystems, curb pollution, halt defaunation, and constrain invasive alien species, humanity is not taking the urgent steps needed to safeguard our imperilled biosphere."<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-204">[204]</a> This second scientists’ warning urged attention to both excessive consumption and continued population growth. Like its predecessor, it did not specify a definite global human carrying capacity. But its call to action included "estimating a scientifically defensible, sustainable human population size for the long term while rallying nations and leaders to support that vital goal."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a>   Subsequent scientists' calls to action have also included calls for population planning. The 2020 "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency" stated: "Economic and population growth are among the most important drivers of increases in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> emissions from fossil fuel combustion." "Therefore," the study noted: "we need bold and drastic transformations regarding economic and population policies."<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> "The world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced,"<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> it concluded, implying that humanity is overpopulated given current and expected levels of resource use and waste generation. A follow-up scientists’ warning on climate change in 2021 reiterated the need to plan and limit human numbers to achieve sustainability, proposing as a goal "stabilizing and gradually reducing the [global] population by providing voluntary family planning and supporting education and rights for all girls and young women, which has been proven to lower fertility rates."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_planning">Family planning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_(bad_effects).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/220px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/330px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/440px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> placard in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. It depicts negative effects of having more children than people can care for.</figcaption></figure> Education and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">empowerment of women</a> and giving access to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and contraception have a demonstrated impact on reducing birthrates.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2019-209">[209]</a> Many studies conclude that <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">educating girls</a> reduces the number of children they have.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2019-209">[209]</a> One option according to some activists is to focus on education about <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> methods, and to make birth-control devices like <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">contraceptive pills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a> easily available. Worldwide, nearly 40% of <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">pregnancies are unintended</a> (some 80 million unintended pregnancies each year).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> An estimated 350 million women in the poorest countries of the world either did not want their last child, do not want another child or want to space their pregnancies, but they lack access to information, affordable means and services to determine the size and spacing of their families[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]. In the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, some 514,000 women die annually of complications from pregnancy and abortion,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> with 86% of these deaths occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> region and South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Additionally, 8 million infants die, many because of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> or preventable diseases, especially from lack of access to clean drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> in particular are issues regarded to have vital importance in the debate.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-110">[110]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> asserts that a nation's population growth rapidly declines - even within a single generation - when policies relating to women's health and reproductive rights, children's health (to ensure parents they will survive to adulthood), and expanding education and economic opportunities for girls and women are implemented.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> A 2020 paper by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">William J. Ripple</a> and other scientists argued in favor of population policies that could advance <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> (such as by abolishing <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, expanding family planning services and reforms that improve education for women and girls) and at the same time mitigate the impact of population growth on climate change and biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-WolfRipple2021-149">[149]</a> In a 2022 warning on population published by <a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a>, Ripple, Ehrlich and other scientists appealed to families around the world to have no more than one child and also urged policy-makers to improve education for young females and provide high-quality family-planning services.<a href="#cite_note-Crist2022-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_settlement">Extraterrestrial settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial settlement">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization#Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand" title="Space colonization">Space colonization § Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit#Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> An argument for space colonization is to mitigate proposed impacts of overpopulation of Earth, such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> If the resources of space were opened to use and viable life-supporting habitats were built, Earth would no longer define the limitations of growth. Although many of Earth's resources are non-renewable, off-planet colonies could satisfy the majority of the planet's resource requirements. With the availability of extraterrestrial resources, demand on terrestrial ones would decline.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Proponents of this idea include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Space_colonization_:1-218">[218]</a> Others including cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and science fiction writers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Space_colonization_clarkebipeds-219">[219]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> have argued that shipping any excess population into space is not a viable solution to human overpopulation. According to Clarke, "the population battle must be fought or won here on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-Space_colonization_clarkebipeds-219">[219]</a> The problem for these authors is not the lack of resources in space (as shown in books such as Mining the Sky<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a>), but the physical impracticality of shipping vast numbers of people into space to "solve" overpopulation on Earth.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Urbanization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></div> Despite the increase in population density within cities (and the emergence of megacities), <a href="/wiki/UN_Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Habitat">UN Habitat</a> Data Corp. states in its reports that urbanization may be the best compromise in the face of global population growth.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Cities concentrate human activity within limited areas, limiting the breadth of environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> UN Habitat says this is only possible if <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> is significantly improved.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> proposed in <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a> that rhetoric supporting the increase of city density is a means of avoiding dealing with what he views as the root problem of overpopulation and has been promoted by what he views as the same interests that have allegedly profited from population increase (such as property developers, the banking system which invests in property development, industry, and municipal councils).<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Subsequent authors point to <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth economics</a> as driving governments seek city growth and expansion at any cost, disregarding the impact it might have on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_consequences_of_population_decline" title="Economic consequences of population decline">Economic consequences of population decline</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/220px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/330px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/440px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Global fertility rates as of 2020. About half of the world population lives in nations with <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></figcaption></figure> The concept of human overpopulation, and its attribution as a cause of environmental issues, are controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piper-2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyett-2019-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaneda-2014-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.newstatesman.com-2020-120">[120]</a> Some critics, including <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Nicholas Eberstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Pearce" title="Fred Pearce">Fred Pearce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lawson" title="Dominic Lawson">Dominic Lawson</a> and Betsy Hartmann, refer to overpopulation as a myth.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2010-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-2011-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rao-1994-22">[22]</a> Predicted exponential population growth or any "population explosion" did not materialise; instead, population growth slowed.<a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-36">[36]</a> Critics suggest that enough resources are available to support projected population growth, and that <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts on the environment</a> are not attributable to overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-Alberro-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.newstatesman.com-2020-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-2011-230">[230]</a> According to libertarian think tank the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a>, both the idea of overpopulation and the alleged depletion of resources are myths; most resources are now more abundant than a few decades ago, thanks to technological progress.<a href="#cite_note-fraserinstitute.org-231">[231]</a> The institute also questions the sincerity of advocates of population control in poor countries.<a href="#cite_note-fraserinstitute.org-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Nicholas Eberstadt, a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a>, has criticised the idea of overpopulation, saying that "overpopulation is not really overpopulation. It is a question of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12-1-2015-61">[61]</a> A 2020 study in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> concluded that "continued trends in female educational attainment and access to contraception will hasten declines in fertility and slow population growth", with projections suggesting world population would peak at 9.73 billion in 2064 and fall by 2100.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet-233">[233]</a> Media commentary interpreted this as suggesting <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> represents a greater environmental threat as an overpopulation scenario may never occur.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">human population planning</a> strategies advocated by proponents of overpopulation are controversial for ethical reasons. Those concerned with overpopulation, including Paul Ehrlich, have been accused of influencing human rights abuses including <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilisation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilisation in India">forced sterilisation policies in India</a> and under <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">China's one-child policy</a>, as well as mandatory or <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive</a> birth control measures taken in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></div> Influential advocates such as Betsy Hartmann consider the "myth of overpopulation" to be destructive as it "prevents constructive thinking and action on <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>," which acutely affects women and communities of <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">women in poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hartmann-229">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">1994 International Conference on Population and Development</a> (ICPD) defines reproductive rights as "the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children and to have the information to do so."<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> This oversimplification of human overpopulation leads individuals to believe there are simple solutions and the creation of population policies that limit reproductive rights. In response, philosopher Tim Meijers asks the question: "To what extent is it fair to require people to refrain from procreating as part of a strategy to make the world more sustainable?"<a href="#cite_note-Meijers-2016-238">[238]</a> Meijers rejects the idea that the right to reproduce can be unlimited, since this would not be universalizable: "in a world in which everybody had many children, extreme scarcity would arise and stable institutions could prove unsustainable. This would lead to violation of (rather uncontroversial) rights such as the right to life and to health and subsistence."<a href="#cite_note-Meijers-2016-238">[238]</a> In the actual world today, excessive procreation could also undermine our descendants' right to have children, since people are likely to refrain (and perhaps should refrain) from bringing children into an insecure and dangerous world. Meijers, Sarah Conly, Diana Coole, and other ethicists conclude that people have a right to found a family, but not to unlimited numbers of children.<a href="#cite_note-Meijers-2016-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coole-2018-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coercive_population_control_policies">Coercive population control policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coercive population control policies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></div> Ehrlich advocated in The Population Bomb that "various forms of coercion", such as removing tax benefits for having additional children, be used in cases when voluntary population planning policies fail.<a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-2-109">[109]</a> Some nations, like <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, have used strict or <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercive</a> measures such as the <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> to reduce birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory</a> or semi-compulsory sterilization, such as for token material compensation or easing of penalties,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> has also been implemented in many countries as a form of population control.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roser-2013-3">[3]</a> Another choice-based approach is financial compensation or other benefits by the state offered to people who voluntarily undergo <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a>. Such policies have been introduced by the government of India.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.is-2020-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-36">[36]</a> The Indian government of <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">population policies</a> in 2019, including offering incentives for <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> by citing the risks of a "population explosion" although demographers have criticized that basis, with India thought to be undergoing <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">fertility rate falling</a>. The policies have also received criticism from human and women's rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Racism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></div> The concept of human overpopulation has been criticized by some scholars and environmentalists as being <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and having roots in <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, since control and reduction of human population is often focused on the <a href="/wiki/Global_south" class="mw-redirect" title="Global south">global south</a>, instead of on <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Global north">global north</a>, where it occurs.<a href="#cite_note-Dyett-2019-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2021-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaneda-2014-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberro-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>'s Population Bomb begins with him describing first knowing the "feel of overpopulation" from a visit to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, which some critics have accused of having racial undertones.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> has said "when affluent white people wrongly transfer the blame for their environmental impacts on to the birthrate of much poorer brown and black people, their finger-pointing reinforces [<a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">white genocide conspiracy</a>] narratives. It is inherently racist."<a href="#cite_note-Monbiot-2021-23">[23]</a> Overpopulation is a common component of <a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">ecofascist</a> ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2021-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.newstatesman.com-2020-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Scholar Heather Alberro rejects the overpopulation argument, stating that the human population growth is rapidly slowing down, the underlying problem is not the number of people, but how resources are distributed and that the idea of overpopulation could fuel a racist backlash against the population of poor countries.<a href="#cite_note-Alberro-165">[165]</a> In response, population activists argue that overpopulation is a problem in both rich and poor countries, and arguably a worse problem in rich countries, where residents’ higher per capita consumption ratchets up the impacts of their excessive numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Crist-2019-198">[198]</a> Feminist scholar Donna Haraway notes that a commitment to enlarging the moral community to include nonhuman beings logically entails people’s willingness to limit their numbers and make room for them.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Ecological economists like Herman Daly and Joshua Farley believe that reducing populations will make it easier to achieve steady-state economies that decrease total consumption and pollution to manageable levels.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Finally, as Karin Kuhlemann observes, "that a population's size is stable in no way entails sustainability. It may be sustainable, or it may be far too large."<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> According to the writer and journalist Krithika Varagur, myths and misinformation about overpopulation of <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> is thought to have driven their <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">genocide</a> in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy_organizations">Advocacy organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Advocacy organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">List of population concern organizations</a></div> The following organizations advocate for a limit to human population growth, although their focus may be on related issues such as environmental protection: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Footprint_Network" title="Global Footprint Network">Global Footprint Network</a>, a coalition of <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> that calculates the annual <a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Balance" title="Population Balance">Population Balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Alliance_for_Humanity_and_the_Biosphere" title="Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere">Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere</a> (MAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Media_Center" title="Population Media Center">Population Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li></ul> Organization advocate against limits to human population growth.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_Research_Institute_(organization)" title="Population Research Institute (organization)">Population Research Institute (organization)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_trap" title="Demographic trap">Demographic trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_in_domestic_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation in domestic pets">Overpopulation in domestic pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_and_art">Documentary and art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Documentary and art">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Misconception" title="Fatal Misconception">Fatal Misconception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Panic_%E2%80%94_The_Truth_about_Population" title="Don't Panic — The Truth about Population">Don't Panic — The Truth about Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire" title="What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire">What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Humans" title="Planet of the Humans">Planet of the Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Billion">Ten Billion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_overpopulation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Science. 344 (6187). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1246752">10.1126/science.1246752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876501">24876501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206552746">206552746</a>. <q>The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+biodiversity+of+species+and+their+rates+of+extinction%2C+distribution%2C+and+protection&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=6187&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206552746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24876501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1246752&rft.aulast=Pimm&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+C.+N.&rft.au=Abell%2C+R.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Joppa%2C+L.+N.&rft.au=Raven%2C+P.+H.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Sexton%2C+J.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1246752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+overpopulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_David_Barnosky" title="Anthony David Barnosky">Barnosky, Anthony D.</a>; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. 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Retrieved 11 August 2020. <q>Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Landmark+analysis+documents+the+alarming+global+decline+of+nature&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Flandmark-analysis-documents-alarming-global-decline-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+overpopulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniyalPaliwalKaphaliyaR.K.2017" class="citation book cs1">Uniyal, Shivani; Paliwal, Rashmi; Kaphaliya, Bhumija; R.K., Sharma (2017). 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Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+are+at+war+with+nature%27%3A+UN+environment+chief+warns+of+biodiversity+apocalypse&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fdec%2F06%2Fcop-15-un-chief-biodiversity-apocalypse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+overpopulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2019" class="citation web cs1">Lin, Doris (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/effects-of-human-overpopulation-127867">"Human Overpopulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ThoughtCo" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtCo">ThoughtCo</a>. 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Brown, Gary Gardner, Brian Halweil (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP143.pdf">Worldwatch Paper #143: Beyond Malthus: Sixteen Dimensions of the Population Problem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181402/http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EWP143.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878071-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-878071-45-9">1-878071-45-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-2010-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature-2010_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature-2010_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F466546a">"Food: The growing problem"</a>. 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The Lancet. 343 (8897): 582–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2894%2991526-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91526-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7906334">7906334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30246584">30246584</a>. 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Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. Windmill Books. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786091215" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786091215"><bdi>978-1786091215</bdi></a>. <q>And of course capitalism itself creates pressures for population growth: more people means more labour, cheaper labour, and more consumers. 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Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6224-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6224-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-6224-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027121011">1027121011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staying+with+the+trouble+%3A+making+kin+in+the+Chthulucene&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027121011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-6224-1&rft.aulast=Haraway&rft.aufirst=Donna+Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1027121011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+overpopulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyFarley2011" class="citation book cs1">Daly, H. 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Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Overpopulation+Myth+That+Just+Won%27t+Die&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.aulast=Varagur&rft.aufirst=Krithika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F11%2Fmuslim-overpopulation-myth%2F545318%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+overpopulation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overshootday.org/mathis-wackernagel-population/">"Mathis Wackernagel Population Voice"</a>. Earth Overshoot Day. 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free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation" class="extiw" title="q:Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Connelly" title="Matthew Connelly">Matthew Connelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Misconception" title="Fatal Misconception">Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population</a>. Harvard University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034600" title="Special:BookSources/9780674034600">9780674034600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Foreman" title="David Foreman">David Foreman</a>, Man Swarm: How Overpopulation is Killing the Wild World. Livetrue Books, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0986383205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0986383205">978-0986383205</a></li> <li>Karen Shragg, Move Upstream: A Call to Solve Overpopulation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0988493834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0988493834">978-0988493834</a> (published November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xW9zVMuXQpc">Discussion of the book</a> by the author, March 2017 (video, 91 minutes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Weisman" title="Alan Weisman">Alan Weisman</a>. Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth? <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>, (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316097756" title="Special:BookSources/0316097756">0316097756</a></li> <li>Thomas Robertson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8V-YzywyaIC">The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism</a> (2012), Rutgers University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R._McNeill" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. McNeill">J.R. McNeill</a>, Peter Engelke, The Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene since 1945 (2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">population statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Current population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">Continents/subregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_population" title="List of North American countries by population">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab countries by population">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_by_population" title="List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurasian_countries_by_population" title="List of Eurasian countries by population">Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="List of European Union member states by population">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Middle East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities/urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">National capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_future_population" title="List of countries by past and projected future population">Past and future population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">World population estimates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_population_in_1_CE" title="List of states by population in 1 CE">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1000" title="List of countries by population in 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1500" title="List of countries by population in 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1600" title="List of countries by population in 1600">1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1700" title="List of countries by population in 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1900" title="List of countries by population in 1900">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1939" title="List of countries by population in 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1989" title="List of countries by population in 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2000" title="List of countries by population in 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2010" title="List of countries by population in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2015" title="List of countries by population in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_milestones_by_country" title="List of population milestones by country">Population milestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_and_future_population_density_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Past and future population density by country">Past and future population density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_arable_land_density" title="List of countries by arable land density">Person-to-arable land ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of countries by population growth rate">Population growth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">Natural increase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_reproduction_rate" title="List of countries by net reproduction rate">Net reproduction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_births" title="List of countries by number of births">Number of births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_deaths" title="List of countries by number of deaths">Number of deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_birth_rate" title="List of countries by birth rate">Birth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mortality_rate" title="List of countries by mortality rate">Mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">Fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_fertility_rate" title="List of countries by past fertility rate">Past fertility rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">world regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by past life expectancy">past life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mean_age_at_childbearing" title="List of countries by mean age at childbearing">Age at childbearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_at_first_marriage" title="List of countries by age at first marriage">Age at first marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_structure" title="List of countries by age structure">Age structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_dependency_ratio" title="List of countries by dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">Ethnic and cultural diversity level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Ethnic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">Immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity_index" title="Linguistic diversity index">Linguistic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">Median age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_households" title="List of countries by number of households">Number of households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Religion</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_urban_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by urban population">Urban population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">Urbanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_antidepressant_consumption" title="List of countries by antidepressant consumption">Antidepressant consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockpiling_antiviral_medications_for_pandemic_influenza" title="Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza">Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">Infant and under-five mortality rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_ratio" title="List of countries by maternal mortality ratio">Maternal mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_obesity_rate" title="List of countries by obesity rate">Obesity rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment">Percentage suffering from undernourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_OECD_health_expenditure_by_country_by_type_of_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of OECD health expenditure by country by type of financing">Health expenditure by country by type of financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total health expenditure per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_spending_by_country_as_a_percent_of_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare spending by country as a percent of gross domestic product">Total healthcare spending as % of GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by body mass index">Body mass index</a> (BMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and innovation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a> (PIRLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> (TIMSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">Tertiary education attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_population_with_access_to_financial_services" title="List of countries by share of population with access to financial services">Access to financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_sovereign_state_donors" title="List of development aid sovereign state donors">Development aid donors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_Official_Development_Assistance_received" title="List of sovereign states by Official Development Assistance received">Official Development Assistance received</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employment rate">Employment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">Income equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">Labour force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_income_of_the_richest_one_percent" title="List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent">Share of income of top 1%</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires" title="List of countries by number of millionaires">Number of millionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">Number of billionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector_size" title="List of countries by public sector size">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by wealth inequality">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics / sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a 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