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title="Eye of Kuruman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eye of Kuruman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92il_de_Kuruman" title="Œil de Kuruman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œil de Kuruman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بحيره اى اوف كورومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيره اى اوف كورومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eye_of_Kuruman&params=27_27_48.6_S_23_26_10.68_E_region:ZA-NC_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°27′48.6″S</span> <span class="longitude">23°26′10.68″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.463500°S 23.4363000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-27.463500; 23.4363000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spring in the Northern Cape, South Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Eye of Kuruman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg/264px-South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg/396px-South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg/528px-South-Africa_-_Kuruman_-_Eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Eye of Kuruman</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye of Kuruman is located in South Africa"><img alt="Eye of Kuruman is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/256px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/384px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg/512px-South_Africa_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.265%;left:43.234%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eye of Kuruman"><img alt="Eye of Kuruman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Eye of Kuruman</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Kuruman" title="Kuruman">Kuruman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eye_of_Kuruman&params=27_27_48.6_S_23_26_10.68_E_region:ZA-NC_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°27′48.6″S</span> <span class="longitude">23°26′10.68″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.463500°S 23.4363000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-27.463500; 23.4363000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural spring</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_b20ed6c29b95aff66203e7c5bb0e2ee251491309"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Eye_of_Kuruman&revid=1256279136&groups=_b20ed6c29b95aff66203e7c5bb0e2ee251491309" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Eye_of_Kuruman&revid=1256279136&groups=_b20ed6c29b95aff66203e7c5bb0e2ee251491309 2x" alt="Map" /></a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eye of Kuruman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Die Oog</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">spring</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Kuruman" title="Kuruman">Kuruman</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ga-Segonyana_Local_Municipality" title="Ga-Segonyana Local Municipality">Ga-Segonyana Local Municipality</a>) in the province of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Currently, it is known as the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural spring">natural spring</a> in the Southern Hemisphere;<sup id="cite_ref-OlivierOlivier2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlivierOlivier2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Te_Waikoropup%C5%AB_Springs" title="Te Waikoropupū Springs">Te Waikoropupū Springs</a> in Golden Bay, New Zealand has been reliably measured at an average flow some 60 times greater (14 m<sup>3</sup>/s (220,000 US gal/min)).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spring forms a small lake in the middle of the town, directly on the <a href="/wiki/N14_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N14 road (South Africa)">N14 road</a> and is located in a fenced park. It has a daily flow of about 20,000 cubic metres (710,000 cu ft) of crystal-clear, <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a>. Water from the spring supplies the town of <a href="/wiki/Kuruman" title="Kuruman">Kuruman</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Kuruman" title="Kuruman">Kuruman</a> is located on the border of South Africa’s <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a> provinces. The year 1895 was the only time in recorded history where the stream was constant throughout and moved from The Eye, down the stream Kuruman river, <a href="/wiki/Molopo_River" title="Molopo River">Molopo River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> and finally into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Originally, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> herders used the large spring as a water hole. The Tswana name for The Eye is <b>Segonyana</b> which means <i>"small <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, the British classified the area as part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Bechuanaland" title="British Bechuanaland">British Bechuanaland</a>. This classification of land prohibited the Tswana people from using the stream for any purpose. The upper Kuruman valley became a crown reserve and The Eye of Kuruman became the town site. Access to the valley became segregated by race in the twentieth century under the Union government. A modern irrigation project was operated by the municipality of Kuruman after 1918 and, in 1919 black cultivators were evicted from using water from The Eye. However, black people continued to use the stream and moved 5 miles down the stream to Seodin. The water at the Seodin area had a much weaker stream making irrigation difficult for the Tswana people. The government's Department of Native Affairs drilled bore holes to assist the black farmers in 1940 however, this was still insufficient to sustain cultivation. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> legislation led to the forced removal of black people from Seodin. The 'whites-only' irrigation project never commercialised despite state aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, The Eye was declared a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_heritage_site_(South_Africa)" title="Provincial heritage site (South Africa)">Provincial Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cave">Cave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eye of Kuruman cave forms part of the eight caves on the dolomitic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghaap_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghaap Plateau (page does not exist)">Ghaap Plateau</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>. The Eye of Kuruman cave from which the springs emerge has been documented form as early as the nineteenth century. The first sketch of the cave was made in 1907 measuring a total of 138 meters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_Cave">Description of Cave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description of Cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dolomite cave has a series of cracks where streams of water flow. The streams of water travel through various passages and emerge together at the base of a cliff described as <i>Die Oog</i> in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> which translates as 'The Eye'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg/220px-Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg/330px-Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg/440px-Eye_of_Kuruman_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Both the air and water temperature of the cave is about 21 °C (70 °F) with a relative <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> of about 99% The <a href="/wiki/Common_bent-wing_bat" title="Common bent-wing bat">common bent-wing bat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miniopterus" title="Miniopterus">Miniopterus</a> schreibersii) and Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat (<a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_clivosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus clivosus">Rhinolophus clivosus</a>) were recorded in the Eye of Kuruman cave in 1985. Due to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> as well as consistent human disturbance, very few bats are now found in the cave. </p><p>Aquatic animals that are found in the cave include: </p> <ul><li>the air-breathing catfish <i><a href="/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus" title="Clarias gariepinus">Clarias gariepinus</a></i></li> <li>southern mouth-brooder (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocrenilabrus_philander" title="Pseudocrenilabrus philander">Pseudocrenilabrus philander</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagovelia" title="Rhagovelia">Rhagovelia</a>, a water skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivores">Detritivores</a> include: <ul><li>unidentified <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplopoda">Diplopoda</a> of the Polydesmida,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psocoptera" title="Psocoptera">Psocoptera</a> (psocidae) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectobiidae" title="Ectobiidae">Ectobiidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiders">spiders</a> of the families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaurobiidae" title="Amaurobiidae">Amaurobiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholcidae" title="Pholcidae">Pholcidae</a> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicariidae" title="Sicariidae">Sicariidae</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cixiidae" title="Cixiidae">Cixiidae</a> survive by sucking the sap of plant roots that penetrate into the cave. There are also unidentified small flies (Diptera) in the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-IrishMarais2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishMarais2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonderwerk_Cave" title="Wonderwerk Cave">Wonderwerk Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelbeen_Cave" title="Kogelbeen Cave">Kogelbeen Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_caves_of_the_Basotho" title="Sacred caves of the Basotho">Sacred caves of the Basotho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Kuruman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OlivierOlivier2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OlivierOlivier2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlivierOlivier2001" class="citation book cs1">Olivier, Willie; Olivier, Sandra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCYxAQAAIAAJ"><i>Touring in South Africa</i></a>. Struik. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781868723881" title="Special:BookSources/9781868723881"><bdi>9781868723881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touring+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781868723881&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Willie&rft.au=Olivier%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCYxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Kuruman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niwa.co.nz/lakes/freshwater-update/freshwater-update-77-june-2018/clearer-look-te-waikoropupu-springs">"A clearer look at Te Waikoropupū Springs | NIWA"</a>. <i>niwa.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Flowing Eye: Water Management in the Upper Kuruman Valley, South Africa, c. 1800–1962". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 237–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700035210">10.1017/S0021853700035210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162353701">162353701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Flowing+Eye%3A+Water+Management+in+the+Upper+Kuruman+Valley%2C+South+Africa%2C+c.+1800%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-260&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162353701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700035210&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Kuruman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/920550004">"9/2/055/0004 | SAHRA"</a>. <i>sahris.sahra.org.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sahris.sahra.org.za&rft.atitle=9%2F2%2F055%2F0004+%7C+SAHRA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahris.sahra.org.za%2Fsites%2F920550004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Kuruman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrishMarais2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IrishMarais2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrishMarais2012" class="citation journal cs1">Irish, E.; Marais, J. (February 2012). "Caves of the Northern Cape, South Africa: a baseline study". <i>Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum: Researches of the National Museum</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 15–29. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FAJA00679208_1439">10520/AJA00679208_1439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Navorsinge+van+die+Nasionale+Museum%3A+Researches+of+the+National+Museum&rft.atitle=Caves+of+the+Northern+Cape%2C+South+Africa%3A+a+baseline+study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FAJA00679208_1439&rft.aulast=Irish&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Marais%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+of+Kuruman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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