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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Nicolas Chamfort</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Sébastien-Roch Nicolas</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Nicolas Chamfort.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg" width="220" height="288" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Nicolas_Chamfort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="524"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1741-04-06</span>)</span>6 April 1741<br/> <span class="birthplace"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, France</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Died</th> <td>13 April 1794<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1794-04-13</span>)</span> (aged 53)<br/> <span class="deathplace">Paris, France</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Cause of death</div> </th> <td>Wounds suffered during a suicide attempt</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Nationality</th> <td class="category">French</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.6em;">Occupation</th> <td class="role">Playwright, writer</td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_literature" title="Category:French literature">by category</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;">French literary history</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th-century_French_literature" title="17th-century French literature">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_French_literature" title="18th-century French literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_French_literature" title="19th-century French literature">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_French_literature" title="20th-century French literature">20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_French_literature" title="Contemporary French literature">Contemporary</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;">French writers</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French-language_authors" title="List of French-language authors">Chronological list</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_writers" title="Category:French writers">Writers by category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_essayists" title="Category:French essayists">Essayists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_novelists" title="Category:French novelists">Novelists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:French dramatists and playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_poets" title="Category:French poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French_short_story_writers" title="Category:French short story writers">Short story writers</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#ddd;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:110%;">Portals</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.7em;font-size:100%;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:French_language_and_French-speaking_world" title="Portal:French language and French-speaking world">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:French_and_Francophone_literature" title="Portal:French and Francophone literature">French/Francophone literature</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:French_literature_sidebar" title="Template:French literature sidebar"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:French_literature_sidebar" title="Template talk:French literature sidebar"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:French_literature_sidebar&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Sébastien-Roch Nicolas</b>, also known as <b>Chamfort</b> (<small>French: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" title="Help:IPA for French">[ʃɑ̃fɔʁ]</a></span>; 6 April 1741 – 13 April 1794), was a French writer, best known for his witty <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> and <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>. He was secretary to <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>'s sister, and of the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_club" title="Jacobin club" class="mw-redirect">Jacobin club</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Suicide"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Suicide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Writings"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Writings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Collected_works"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Collected works</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><a href="#Biography" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Chamfort was born <b>Sébastien-Roch Nicolas</b>, <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, Puy-de-Dôme on 6 April 1741, according to a baptismal certificate from Saint-Genès parish in <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, to a grocer named Nicolas. On 22 June, a second birth certificate gives him the name « Sébastien Roch » from «unknown parents ». A journey to Paris resulted in the boy obtaining a bursary at the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Grassins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège des Grassins (page does not exist)">Collège des Grassins</a>. He worked hard, although one of his most contemptuous <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> reads: <i>Ce que j'ai appris je ne le sais plus; le peu que je sais encore, je l'ai deviné</i> (<i>"What I learned I no longer know; the little I still know, I guessed"</i>). When the principal of the College promised Chamfort a benefice, he replied that he could not accept because he preferred honour to honours, <i>j'aime l'honneur et non les honneurs</i>. About this time he assumed the name of Chamfort.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamfort.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chamfort.jpg/220px-Chamfort.jpg" width="220" height="221" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chamfort.jpg/330px-Chamfort.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Chamfort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="415"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamfort.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A younger Nicolas Chamfort</div> </div> </div> <p>For some time he subsisted by teaching and <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">hack writing</a>. His good looks and ready wit brought him attention; but, though endowed with immense physical strength—Madame de Craon called him "<a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercule</a> sous la figure d'<a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>" — he lived so hard that he was glad to have the opportunity to do a cure at <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> when the Belgian minister in Paris, M. van Eyck, invited Chamfort to accompany him to Germany in 1761. On his return to Paris, Chamfort produced a successful comedy, <i>La Jeune Indienne</i> (1764), following it with a series of epistles in verse, essays and odes. However, his literary reputation was not established until 1769, when the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> awarded him a prize for his <i>Eloge</i> on <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>.</p> <p>Until then, he lived from hand to mouth, mainly on the hospitality of people who gave him board and lodging in exchange for the pleasure of the conversation for which he was famous. <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Catherine_de_Ligneville_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Anne-Catherine de Ligneville Helvétius" class="mw-redirect">Madame Helvétius</a> entertained him at Sèvres for some years. In 1770, another comedy, <i>Le Marchand de Smyrne</i>, brought him further notice, and he seemed on the road to fame and fortune, when illness struck. A generous friend gave him a pension of 1200 livres, charged on the <i>Mercure de France</i>. Thus assisted, he was able to go to the baths of Contrexéville and to spend some time in the country, where he wrote an <i>Eloge</i> on <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fontaine" title="La Fontaine" class="mw-redirect">La Fontaine</a> which won the prize of the Academy of Marseilles in 1774.</p> <p>In 1775, while taking the waters at Barges, he met the duchesse de Grammont, sister of <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Choiseul</a>, through whose influence he was introduced at court. In 1776, his tragedy, <i>Mustapha et Zeangir</i>, was played at <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> before <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. Subsequently, the king gave him a further pension of 1200 livres and his cousin, the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Prince de Condé</a>, made him his secretary. Disliking the constraints of court life, he became increasingly discontented, and after a year he resigned his post in the prince's household and retired to <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteuil-Neuilly-Passy" title="Auteuil-Neuilly-Passy">Auteuil</a>. There, comparing the authors of old with his contemporaries, he uttered the famous <i>mot</i> that proclaims the superiority of the dead over the living as companions; and there too he fell in love. The lady, attached to the household of the duchesse du Maine, was 48 years old, but also clever, amusing, and a woman of the world. Chamfort married her. They soon moved to Vaucouleurs, where she died within six months. Chamfort lived in Holland for a time with M. de Narbonne, then returned to Paris where he was elected in 1781 to the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>.</p> <p>He was a member of the Masonic lodge <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Les Neuf Sœurs</a>.</p> <p>In 1784, through the influence of <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Calonne</a>, he became secretary to the king's sister, <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Philippine_Marie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_of_France" title="Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène of France" class="mw-redirect">Madame Élisabeth</a>, and in 1786 he received a pension of 2000 livres from the royal treasury. He was thus once more attached to the court, and made himself friends despite his unalterable irony. He quit the court for good after an unfortunate and mysterious love affair, and was taken into the house of M. de Vaudreuil. Here, in 1783, he met <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Mirabeau" class="mw-redirect">Honoré Mirabeau</a>, with whom he remained steadfast friends, whom he assisted with money and influence, and at least one of whose speeches he wrote.</p> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> profoundly changed Chamfort's life. Theoretically a <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>, he threw himself into the new movement with almost fanatical ardour, forgetting his old friends at court and devoting his entire small fortune to revolutionary propaganda. He became a street orator and was among the first to enter the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> when it was stormed. Until 3 August 1791 he was secretary of the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_club" title="Jacobin club" class="mw-redirect">Jacobin club</a>. He worked for the <i><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i>, collaborated with <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Ginguen%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Louis Ginguené">Pierre-Louis Ginguené</a> in the <i>Feuille villageoise</i>, and drew up for <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleyrand" title="Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect">Talleyrand</a> his <i>Addresse au peuple français</i>.</p> <p>With the reign of <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Marat</a> and <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a>, however, he became critical of uncompromising <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobinism" title="Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect">Jacobinism</a>, and with the fall of the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins" class="mw-redirect">Girondins</a> his political life came to an end. But he could not restrain the tongue that had made him famous; he no more spared the Convention than he had spared the court. His notorious republicanism failed to excuse the sarcasms he lavished on the new order of things. Fingered by an assistant in the Bibliothèque Nationale, to a share in the direction of which he had been appointed by <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marie_Roland" title="Jean Marie Roland" class="mw-redirect">Jean Marie Roland</a>, he was taken to the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_des_Madelonnettes" title="Prison des Madelonnettes" class="mw-redirect">prison des Madelonnettes</a>. Soon after his release, he was threatened again with arrest, but he decided that death was preferable to a repetition of the moral and physical restraint to which he had been subjected.</p> <h2><a href="#Suicide" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Suicide">Suicide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Suicide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_Chamfort,_10_rue_Chabanais,_Paris_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg/220px-Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg/330px-Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg/440px-Plaque_Chamfort%2C_10_rue_Chabanais%2C_Paris_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="870"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_Chamfort,_10_rue_Chabanais,_Paris_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Memorial plaque at 10, <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rue_Chabanais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue Chabanais (page does not exist)">rue Chabanais</a> (<a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/rue_Chabanais" class="extiw" title="fr:rue Chabanais"><span title=""rue Chabanais" on the French Wikipedia">fr</span></a>), <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="2nd arrondissement of Paris">Paris 2ième</a></div> </div> </div> <p>Unable to tolerate the prospect of being imprisoned once more, in September 1793 he locked himself into his office and shot himself in the face. The pistol malfunctioned and he did not die even though he shot off his nose and part of his jaw. He then repeatedly stabbed his neck with a paper cutter, but failed to cut an artery. He finally used the paper cutter to stab himself in the chest. He dictated to those who came to arrest him the well-known declaration <i>Moi, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort, déclare avoir voulu mourir en homme libre plutôt que d'être reconduit en esclave dans une maison d'arrêt</i> (<i>"I, Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort, hereby declare my wish to die a free man rather than to continue to live as a slave in a prison"</i>) which he signed in a firm hand and in his own blood. His butler found him unconscious in a pool of blood. From then until his death at Paris the following year, he suffered intensely and was attended to by a <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarme</a>, whom he paid a crown a day.</p> <p>To the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a> Chamfort had given fortune in the title of a pamphlet (<i>Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État ? Tout. Qu'a-t-il ? Rien</i>), and Sieyès was likewise the person to whom he told his famous sarcastic <i>bon mot</i> <i>Ah ! mon ami, je m'en vais enfin de ce monde, où il faut que le cœur se brise ou se bronze</i>. Thus the maker of constitutions followed the dead wit to the grave.</p> <h2><a href="#Writings" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings">Writings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The writings of Chamfort include comedies, political articles, literary criticisms, portraits, letters, and verses. His <i>Maximes et Pensées</i>, highly praised by <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, are, after those of <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)">La Rochefoucauld</a>, among the most brilliant and suggestive sayings of the modern era. His aphorisms, less systematic and psychologically less important than those of La Rochefoucauld, are as significant in their violence and iconoclastic spirit of the period of storm and preparation that gave them birth as the <i>Réflexions</i> in their exquisite restraint and elaborate subtlety are characteristic of the tranquil elegance of their epoch. Moreover, they have the advantage of richness of colour, picturesqueness of phrase, passion, and audacity. <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a> compares them to well-minted coins that retain their value, and to keen arrows that <i>arrivent brusquement et sifflent encore</i>. Although situated at the exact opposite of the political spectrum (see <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>) the maxims of <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Antoine de Rivarol</a> are among those that easily compare in acidity and brilliance.</p> <h2><a href="#Works" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Praise of Molière, crowned (1769);</li> <li>The Fountain of Praise (1774);</li> <li>The young Indian (1764); <span class="citation book"><i>La Jeune Indienne: Comédie en Un Acte Et en Vers</i>. Princeton University Press. 1945.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=La+Jeune+Indienne%3A+Com%C3%A9die+en+Un+Acte+Et+en+Vers&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>The Merchant of Smythe, comedy;</li> <li>Mustapha and Zéangir, tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><a href="#Collected_works" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Collected_works">Collected works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collected works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>By Pierre Louis GINGUENE, 1795, 4 vols.</li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1968). P R Auguis, ed. <i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort</i>. Slatkine.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Slatkine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (original edition Mr. Auguis, 1824, 5 vol.)</li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1969). <i>Products of the perfected civilization: selected writings of Chamfort</i>. Translator <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Merwin" title="William Stanley Merwin" class="mw-redirect">William Stanley Merwin</a>. Macmillan.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Products+of+the+perfected+civilization%3A+selected+writings+of+Chamfort&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=t8cFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=chamfort&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française</i></a> <b>1</b> (3 ed.). Maradan.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort%2C+de+l%27acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1812&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8cFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA89%26dq%3Dchamfort%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D1&rft.pub=Maradan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=XosNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=chamfort&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française</i></a> <b>2</b> (3 ed.). Maradan.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort%2C+de+l%27acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1812&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXosNAAAAIAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dchamfort%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D1&rft.pub=Maradan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1824). Pierre-René Auguis, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=MlgaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=chamfort&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort: recueillies et publiées avec une notice historique sur la vie et les écrits de l'auteur</i></a> <b>1</b>. Chaumerot Jeune.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort%3A+recueillies+et+publi%C3%A9es+avec+une+notice+historique+sur+la+vie+et+les+%C3%A9crits+de+l%27auteur&rft.date=1824&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlgaAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dchamfort%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D1&rft.pub=Chaumerot+Jeune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Pierre-René Auguis, ed. (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=opAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA412&dq=chamfort&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort</i></a> <b>4</b>. Chaumerot Jeune.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort&rft.date=1824&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopAOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA412%26dq%3Dchamfort%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D1&rft.pub=Chaumerot+Jeune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort (1824). Pierre-René Auguis, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=zpAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA130&dq=chamfort&lr=&as_brr=1"><i>Oeuvres complètes de Chamfort, de l'académie française</i></a> <b>5</b>. Maradan.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=S%C3%A9bastien-Roch-Nicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Oeuvres+compl%C3%A8tes+de+Chamfort%2C+de+l%27acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1824&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpAOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA130%26dq%3Dchamfort%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D1&rft.pub=Maradan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><a href="#References" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_Bouillet" title="Dictionnaire Bouillet">Dictionnaire Bouillet</a></i></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><a href="#Sources" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></a> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <span id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <i><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <dl> <dd><i>This article incorporates information from <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien-Roch_Nicolas_de_Chamfort" class="extiw" title="fr:Sébastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort">the equivalent article</a> on the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="fr:Main Page"><i>French Wikipedia</i></a>.</i></dd> </dl> <h2><a href="#Further_reading" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Chamfort&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Renato Fondi (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.it/books/about/Chamfort.html?id=A6ZyMwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Chamfort</i></a>. Casa Editrice Rinascimento.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.aulast=Renato+Fondi&rft.au=Renato+Fondi&rft.btitle=Chamfort&rft.date=1916&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FChamfort.html%3Fid%3DA6ZyMwEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Rinascimento&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Claude Arnaud (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204731/http://books.google.com/books?id=THhMhCF1RqYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=chamfort"><i>Chamfort, a biography</i></a>. Translator: Deke Dusinberre. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02697-8">978-0-226-02697-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicolas+Chamfort&rft.au=Claude+Arnaud&rft.aulast=Claude+Arnaud&rft.btitle=Chamfort%2C+a+biography&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHhMhCF1RqYC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dchamfort&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02697-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><a href="#External_links" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External 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class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>6 April 1741</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150319204731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>13 April 1794</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Paris, France</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319204731im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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