CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Guadalajara - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f592b0d1-2e6d-46ea-9827-38bd9f481428","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Guadalajara","wgTitle":"Guadalajara","wgCurRevisionId":1252488507,"wgRevisionId":1252488507,"wgArticleId":73209,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with dead external links from January 2024","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with dead external links from May 2022", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2023","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map","Pages with Spanish IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles with text in Nahuatl languages","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","Guadalajara, Jalisco","Guadalajara metropolitan area","Cities in Mexico","Capitals of states of Mexico","Populated places in Jalisco","Populated places established in 1542", "1542 establishments in New Spain","1540s establishments in Mexico"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Guadalajara","wgRelevantArticleId":73209,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":20.67666666666667,"lon":-103.3475},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9022","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="625"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="417"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="333"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Guadalajara - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Guadalajara rootpage-Guadalajara skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Guadalajara" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Guadalajara" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Guadalajara" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Guadalajara" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Hispanic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Hispanic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Hispanic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Hispanic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 International events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_hubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_hubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Commercial hubs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_hubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_municipality_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_municipality_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expansion and municipality merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_municipality_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Urbanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Guadalajara Metropolitan Area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Foreign trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tapatío" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapatío"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Tapatío </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapatío-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_presidents_of_Guadalajara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_presidents_of_Guadalajara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Municipal presidents of Guadalajara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_presidents_of_Guadalajara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Diplomatic missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Domestic cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreements_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreements_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Agreements cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreements_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Guadalajara</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" > 164 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гуадалахара – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гуадалахара" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%93%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%88%93%E1%88%AB" title="ጓዳላሓራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጓዳላሓራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="غوادالاخارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوادالاخارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Գվադալախարա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գվադալախարա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Meksiko)" title="Guadalajara (Meksiko) – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Guadalajara (Meksiko)" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A9xico)" title="Guadalajara (México) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Guadalajara (México)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A9xicu)" title="Guadalajara (Méxicu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guadalajara (Méxicu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadalaxara" title="Quadalaxara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quadalaxara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83)" title="غوادالاخارا (المكسيك) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غوادالاخارا (المكسيك)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="গুয়াদালাহারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুয়াদালাহারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексіка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексіка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадаляхара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гвадаляхара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гуадалахара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуадалахара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mec%27hiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mec'hiko) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Guadalajara (Mec'hiko)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A8xic)" title="Guadalajara (Mèxic) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guadalajara (Mèxic)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Guadalajara (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Guadalajara (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1_(%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C)" title="Γουαδαλαχάρα (Μεξικό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουαδαλαχάρα (Μεξικό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A8sic)" title="Guadalajara (Mèsic) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Guadalajara (Mèsic)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A9xico)" title="Guadalajara (México) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guadalajara (México)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvadalaharo" title="Gvadalaharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gvadalaharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A9jicu)" title="Guadalajara (Méjicu) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Guadalajara (Méjicu)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexico)" title="Guadalajara (Mexico) – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="گوادالاخارا، خالیسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوادالاخارا، خالیسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexique)" title="Guadalajara (Mexique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Meicsiceo)" title="Guadalajara (Meicsiceo) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guadalajara (Meicsiceo)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexico)" title="Guadalajara (Mexico) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalaxara,_M%C3%A9xico" title="Guadalaxara, México – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guadalaxara, México" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89_(%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5)" title="瓜达拉哈拉 (墨西哥) – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="瓜达拉哈拉 (墨西哥)" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گۊادالاخارا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گۊادالاخارا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC_(%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94)" title="과달라하라 (멕시코) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과달라하라 (멕시코)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalalajara" title="Guadalalajara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Guadalalajara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Գվադալախարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գվադալախարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वादालाहारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्वादालाहारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Meksiko" title="Guadalajara, Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guadalajara, Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexico)" title="Guadalajara (Mexico) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Гвадалахарæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гвадалахарæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3)" title="Guadalajara (Mexíkó) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexíkó)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Messico)" title="Guadalajara (Messico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guadalajara (Messico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95)" title="גוודלחרה (מקסיקו) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוודלחרה (מקסיקו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="გვადალახარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვადალახარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Meksiko)" title="Guadalajara (Meksiko) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Guadalajara (Meksiko)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexico)" title="Guadalajara (Mexico) – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexico)" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A9xico)" title="Guadalajara (México) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Guadalajara (México)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalaxara_(Mexicum)" title="Guadalaxara (Mexicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guadalaxara (Mexicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvadalahara_(Meksika)" title="Gvadalahara (Meksika) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gvadalahara (Meksika)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvadalachara_(Meksika)" title="Gvadalachara (Meksika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gvadalachara (Meksika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexik%C3%B3)" title="Guadalajara (Mexikó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexikó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="ഗ്വാഡലഹാര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്വാഡലഹാര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वादालाहारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्वादालाहारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="გვადალახარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გვადალახარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جوادالاخارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوادالاخارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဂွါဒါလာယာရာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂွါဒါလာယာရာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексико) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексико)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဂွါဒါလာယာရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂွါဒါလာယာရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9_(%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3)" title="グアダラハラ (メキシコ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グアダラハラ (メキシコ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Meksiko)" title="Guadalajara (Meksiko) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Guadalajara (Meksiko)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_i_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara i Jalisco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guadalajara i Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexic)" title="Guadalajara (Mexic) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexic)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvadalahara" title="Gvadalahara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gvadalahara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੁਆਦਾਲਾਹਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਆਦਾਲਾਹਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گواڈلہارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گواڈلہارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88)" title="ګوادالجارا مکسیکو) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګوادالجارا مکسیکو)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(sit%C3%A0)" title="Guadalajara (sità) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guadalajara (sità)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalahara" title="Guadalahara – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Guadalahara" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexic)" title="Guadalajara (Mexic) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexic)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексико) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексико)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалахара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гвадалахара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A8ssicu)" title="Guadalajara (Mèssicu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guadalajara (Mèssicu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گواڊلهارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گواڊلهارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Mexiko)" title="Guadalajara (Mexiko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Guadalajara (Mexiko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="گوادالاخارە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوادالاخارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Гвадалахара (Халиско) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвадалахара (Халиско)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Jalisco)" title="Guadalajara (Jalisco) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Guadalajara (Jalisco)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Meksiko)" title="Guadalajara (Meksiko) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guadalajara (Meksiko)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Mexiko" title="Guadalajara, Mexiko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guadalajara, Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="குவாதலஹாரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாதலஹாரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="กัวดาลาฮารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กัวดาลาฮารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гвадалаҳара – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гвадалаҳара" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексико) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексико)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Гвадалахара (Мексика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гвадалахара (Мексика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%90%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="وادی الحِجارہ، میکسیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وادی الحِجارہ، میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A8sego)" title="Guadalajara (Mèsego) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guadalajara (Mèsego)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvadalahar" title="Gvadalahar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gvadalahar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guadalajara, Jalisco" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(M%C3%A4xik%C3%A4n)" title="Guadalajara (Mäxikän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Guadalajara (Mäxikän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%EF%BC%89" title="瓜达拉哈拉（墨西哥） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓜达拉哈拉（墨西哥）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="גוואדאלאכארע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גוואדאלאכארע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E9%81%94%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="瓜達拉哈拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瓜達拉哈拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89_(%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5)" title="瓜达拉哈拉 (墨西哥) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓜达拉哈拉 (墨西哥)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Guadalajara" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Guadalajara" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Guadalajara" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Guadalajara" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&oldid=1252488507" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Guadalajara&id=1252488507&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGuadalajara">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGuadalajara">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Guadalajara&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guadalajara" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9022" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_40_36_N_103_20_51_W_region:MX_type:city">20°40′36″N 103°20′51″W / 20.67667°N 103.34750°W / 20.67667; -103.34750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Jalisco, Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Mexico. For the city in Spain, see <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara, Spain</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guadalajara (disambiguation)">Guadalajara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Jalisco, Mexico</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Guadalajara</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3195" data-file-height="1664" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Guadalajara skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:79px;max-width:79px"><div style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg/77px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg/116px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg/154px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_2.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="4993" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Templo_Expiatorio_del_Sant%C3%ADsimo_Sacramento" title="Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento">Expiatorio Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcos_Guadalajara_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/189px-Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-Arcos_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2608" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arcos_de_Guadalajara" title="Arcos de Guadalajara">Arcos de Guadalajara</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:79px;max-width:79px"><div style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MinervaGDL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MinervaGDL.jpg/77px-MinervaGDL.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MinervaGDL.jpg/116px-MinervaGDL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MinervaGDL.jpg/154px-MinervaGDL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Minerva,_Guadalajara" title="Statue of Minerva, Guadalajara">Statue of Minerva</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/150px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/225px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/300px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg/134px-Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg/201px-Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg/268px-Catedral_de_Guadalajara_en_la_noche_08-09-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="2256" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cathedral" title="Guadalajara Cathedral">Guadalajara Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg/154px-TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg/231px-TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg/308px-TEATRO_DEGOLLADO_-_Aurora_Uribe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4999" data-file-height="3145" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Degollado" title="Teatro Degollado">Degollado Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg/130px-Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg/195px-Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg/260px-Guadalajara_M%C3%A9xico_Rotonda_Hombres_Jalicienses_Ilustres_noche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rotonda_de_los_Jaliscienses_Ilustres" title="Rotonda de los Jaliscienses Ilustres">Rotonda de los Jaliscienses Ilustres</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guadalajara,_MX.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Guadalajara"><img alt="Flag of Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg/100px-Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg/150px-Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg/200px-Flag_of_Guadalajara%2C_MX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="429" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Guadalajara">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guadalajara"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg/82px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg/124px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Guadalajara_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1217" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Guadalajara">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pearl of the West The City of Roses Tapatian pearl</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_(municipio_de_Jalisco).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png/250px-Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png/375px-Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png/500px-Guadalajara_%28municipio_de_Jalisco%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="4133" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara is located in Jalisco"><img alt="Guadalajara is located in Jalisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg/250px-Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg/375px-Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg/500px-Mexico_Jalisco_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="2461" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.803%;left:55.26%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Guadalajara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Guadalajara within Jalisco</div>Show map of Jalisco</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara is located in Mexico"><img alt="Guadalajara is located in Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/250px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/375px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/500px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1326" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.091%;left:47.057%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Guadalajara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Guadalajara (Mexico)</div>Show map of Mexico</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara is located in North America"><img alt="Guadalajara is located in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/250px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/375px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/500px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="514" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.924%;left:46.101%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Guadalajara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Guadalajara (North America)</div>Show map of North America</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_40_36_N_103_20_51_W_region:MX_type:city">20°40′36″N 103°20′51″W / 20.67667°N 103.34750°W / 20.67667; -103.34750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Centro</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data">Guadalajara</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">February 14, 1542</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara, Spain</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Verónica Delgadillo García (<a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_(Mexico)" title="Citizens' Movement (Mexico)">MC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">151 km2 (58 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,734 km2 (1,056 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,566 m (5,138 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,385,629 <a href="#cite_note-cuentame.inegi.org.mx-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">13th</a> in North America <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">7th</a> in Mexico</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,176.35099/km2 (23,766.6400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,721,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-cuentame.inegi.org.mx-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,499,678 (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,897/km2 (4,910/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tapat%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapatío">Tapatío</a> Guadalajarense (archaic)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Metro area <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$123.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$22,800</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/">www.guadalajara.gob.mx</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Guadalajara (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GWAH-də-lə-HAR-ə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg\/GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg/GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg" title="File:GuadalajaraPronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a city in western <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 8th most populous city in Mexico, while the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_metropolitan_area" title="Guadalajara metropolitan area">Guadalajara metropolitan area</a> has a population of 5,268,642 people,<a href="#cite_note-jalisco-gob-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-census2020-scitel-7">[7]</a> making it the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico#List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Mexico_by_population" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">third-largest metropolitan area</a> in the country and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">twenty-second largest metropolitan area in the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conapo.gob.mx-8">[8]</a> Guadalajara has the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometer.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Within Mexico, Guadalajara is a center of business, arts and culture, technology and tourism; as well as the economic center of the <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-CityMajorStatics-12">[12]</a> It usually ranks among the 100 most productive and globally competitive cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is home to numerous landmarks, including <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cathedral" title="Guadalajara Cathedral">Guadalajara Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Degollado" title="Teatro Degollado">Teatro Degollado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Templo_Expiatorio_del_Sant%C3%ADsimo_Sacramento" title="Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento">Templo Expiatorio</a>, the UNESCO World Heritage site <a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Dios_Market" title="San Juan de Dios Market">San Juan de Dios Market</a>—the largest <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">indoor market</a> in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-TRA-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A settlement was established in the region of Guadalajara in early 1532 by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a>, a Basque <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> in the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Beltr%C3%A1n_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán">Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán</a>. The settlement was renamed<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and moved several times before assuming the name Guadalajara after the birthplace of Guzmán and ending up at its current location in the Atemajac Valley in 1542. On November 8, 1539, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> had granted a coat of arms and the title of city to the new town and established it as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Kingdom of Nueva Galicia</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>. After 1572, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara</a>, previously subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, became the only authority in New Spain with autonomy over Nueva Galicia, owing to rapidly growing wealth in the kingdom following the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. By the 18th century, Guadalajara had taken its place as Mexico's second largest city, following mass colonial migrations in the 1720s and 1760s. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, independence leader <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> established Mexico's first revolutionary government in Guadalajara in 1810. The city flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a> (1876–1911), with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>, but its growth was hampered significantly during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920). In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a> ended within the confines of the city, when President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> proclaimed the Grito de Guadalajara. The city saw continuous growth throughout the rest of the 20th century, attaining a metro population of 1 million in the 1960s and surpassing 3 million in the 1990s. Guadalajara is a Gamma+ <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and one of Mexico's most important cultural centers. It is home to numerous mainstays of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Mexican culture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birria" title="Birria">Birria</a> and hosts numerous notable events, including the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festival" title="Guadalajara International Film Festival">Guadalajara International Film Festival</a>, one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festival</a> in Latin America, and the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Book_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Book fair">book fair</a> in the Americas. The city was the <a href="/wiki/American_Capital_of_Culture" title="American Capital of Culture">American Capital of Culture</a> in 2005 and has hosted numerous global events, including the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">1970 FIFA World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a>, the 1st <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_Summit" title="Ibero-American Summit">Ibero-American Summit</a> in 1991, and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a>. The city is home to numerous universities and research institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Guadalajara" title="Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara">Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara</a>, two of the highest-ranked universities in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The conquistador <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a> named the city in honor of the conqueror of western Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Moorish Arabic</a> وادي الحجارة (wādī al-ḥajārah), which means 'Valley of the Stones', or 'Fortress Valley'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guadalajara" title="Timeline of Guadalajara">Timeline of Guadalajara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Hispanic_era">Pre-Hispanic era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Hispanic era">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the surrounding areas, the central Atemajac Valley (where Guadalajara is located) contained no human settlements.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To the east of the Atemajac Valley were the Tonallan and Tetlán peoples. At the extremes were the Zapopan, Atemajac, Zoquipan, Tesistan, Coyula, and Huentitán. The historic city center encompasses what was once four population centers, as the villages of the Mezquitán, Analco, and Mexicaltzingo were annexed to the Atemajac site in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-La_amazona_del_Teatro_Degollado_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Beatriz Hernández, one of the founders of Guadalajara</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara was originally founded at three other sites before moving to its current location. The first colonial settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as <a href="/wiki/Nochistl%C3%A1n" title="Nochistlán">Nochistlán</a>, Zacatecas. This site was colonized by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a> as commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a>, with the purpose of securing recent conquests and "defending" them from the "still-hostile natives". This colonized settlement did not last long due to its lack of usable water sources. In 1533 it was moved to a site near <a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a>. Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán. During this time, the Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> granted the city the coat of arms which it retains to this day.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> (1540–1542), the <a href="/wiki/Caxcan" title="Caxcan">Caxcan</a>, Portecuex, and <a href="/wiki/Zacateco" title="Zacateco">Zacateco</a> peoples, fought back against colonizers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Tenamaxtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenamaxtli">Tenamaxtli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> The war was initiated in response to the heinous treatment of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> by Nuño de Guzmán, in particular the enslavement of captured natives. After multiple defeats, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a> took control of the Spanish campaign to suppress the revolt. The conflict ended after Mendoza made concessions such as freeing enslaved indigenous peoples and granting amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-kirkwood62-21">[21]</a> The village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and the villagers attributed their survival to the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a>, who remains the patron of the city to this day. After the war, the city was moved once again—this time to a more defensible location. This final relocation would prove permanent. In 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara. That same year, it was granted cityhood by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14, 1542, in the Atemajac Valley. The colonized settlement was named for Nuño de Guzmán's <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha">Spanish hometown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> In 1559, royal and <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishopric</a> offices for the province of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a> were moved from <a href="/wiki/Compostela,_Nayarit" title="Compostela, Nayarit">Compostela</a> to Guadalajara and, in 1560, Guadalajara became the province's new capital. Construction of the cathedral began in 1563. In 1575, religious orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> arrived, eventually making the city a center for evangelization efforts.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> While capital of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia, the city's inhabitants achieved a high standard of living, due to flourishing industry, agriculture, commerce, mining, and trade. The Guadalajara of the 16th century was a rather small and often overlooked community. It was mainly frequented by traveling merchants. Several epidemics drastically reduced the city's indigenous population, leading to the construction of its first hospital in 1557.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Guadalajara's economy during the 18th century was based on agriculture and the production of non-durable goods such as textiles, shoes and food products.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano21-23">[23]</a> Despite epidemics, plagues, and earthquakes, Guadalajara would become one of the most important population centers in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. The city's heyday attracted numerous architects, philosophers, lawyers, scientists, poets, writers, and speakers; <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mat%C3%ADas_%C3%81ngel_de_la_Mota_Padilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matías Ángel de la Mota Padilla (page does not exist)">Matías Ángel de la Mota Padilla</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_%C3%81ngel_de_la_Mota_Padilla" class="extiw" title="es:Matías Ángel de la Mota Padilla">es</a>] were among the most prominent. In 1771, Bishop Fray Antonio Alcalde arrived in the city and founded the Civil Hospital and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a>. In 1791, the University of Guadalajara was established. The dedication was held in 1792 at the site of the old Santo Tomas College. While the institution was founded during the 18th century, it would not be fully developed until the 20th century, starting in 1925. In 1794, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Real_de_San_Miguel_de_Bel%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospital Real de San Miguel de Belén (page does not exist)">Hospital Real de San Miguel de Belén</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Civil_de_Guadalajara" class="extiw" title="es:Hospital Civil de Guadalajara">es</a>], or simply the Hospital de Belén, was opened.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> In 1793, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Vald%C3%A9s_T%C3%A9llez_Giron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariano Valdés Téllez Giron (page does not exist)">Mariano Valdés Téllez Giron</a> ran the city's first printing press, whose first publication was a funeral eulogy for Fray Antonio Alcalde. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg/220px-Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg/330px-Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg/440px-Nebel_Voyage_42_Guadalajara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption>Guadalajara, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1836</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara remained the capital of Nueva Galicia with some modifications until the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo</a> entered San Pedro (now <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a>) on November 25, 1810, and the next day he was greeted effusively in Guadalajara. The city's workers had experienced poor living conditions and were swayed by promises of lower taxes and the abolition of slavery. Despite a soured welcome, due to the rebel army's violence toward city residents, especially royalists, Hidalgo kept his promise and, on December 6, 1810, slavery was abolished in Guadalajara, a proclamation which has been honored since the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-kirkwood82-24">[24]</a> During this time, he founded the newspaper El Despertador Americano, dedicated to the insurgent cause.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-kirkwood83-25">[25]</a> Insurgents <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Allende" title="Ignacio Allende">Ignacio Allende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Abasolo" title="Mariano Abasolo">Mariano Abasolo</a> wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this idea. Their second choice was to make a stand at the Puente de Calderon just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better-trained royalists won, decimating the insurgent army and forcing Hidalgo to flee toward <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>. Guadalajara remained in royalist hands until near the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-kirkwood83-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sosa-26">[26]</a>' <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg/170px-Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg/255px-Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg/340px-Spomenik_u_Guadalajari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Centennial Monument to <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Independence">Mexican Independence</a></figcaption></figure> On January 17, 1817, the insurgent army was again defeated on the outskirts of Guadalajara in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calder%C3%B3n_Bridge" title="Battle of Calderón Bridge">Battle of Calderón Bridge</a>. New Galicia, now Jalisco, adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Iguala" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Iguala">Plan de Iguala</a> on June 13, 1821. In 1823, Guadalajara became the capital of the newly founded state of Jalisco.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> In 1844, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga</a> initiated a revolt against the government of President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>. Santa Anna personally ensured that the revolt was quelled. However, while Santa Anna was in Guadalajara, a revolt called the Three Hour Revolution brought <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Herrera" class="mw-redirect" title="José Joaquín Herrera">José Joaquín Herrera</a> to the presidency and put Santa Anna into exile.<a href="#cite_note-fowler-27">[27]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> made Guadalajara the seat of his government in 1856, during the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>. French troops entered the city during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French Intervention</a> in 1864, and it was retaken by Mexican troops in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> Despite the violence, the 19th century was a period of economic, technological and social growth for the city.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano18-28">[28]</a> After Independence, small-scale industries developed, many of which were owned by European immigrants. Rail lines connecting the city to the Pacific coast and north to the United States intensified trade and allowed the shipment of products from rural areas of Jalisco. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranch_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranch Culture (page does not exist)">Ranch Culture</a> became a very important aspect of Jalisco and Guadalajara's identities during this time.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano21-23">[23]</a> From 1884 to 1890, electrical and railroad services, as well as the Guadalajara Observatory were established.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_Mexico_(2021)_-_206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg/250px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg/375px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg/500px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Guadalajara Regional <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a> (Museo Regional de Guadalajara) Inauguration November 1, 1918</figcaption></figure> Throughout the twentieth century, seeing growth in its industrial, tourist, and service industries, Guadalajara began a period of rapid transformation into the metropolis it is today. The city would gain the second largest economy in Mexico, following only by <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of 1910, Guadalajara became the second most populous city in the country. However, the decades that followed brought a number of regional wars in the states of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>. The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Great Depression</a> took a further toll on the city. Fortunately, by the 1940s the city would experience industrial, demographic, and trade growth. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a>. With conflict concentrated in the capital, Guadalajara experienced relative calm. After the Cristero Conflict, peace returned to Guadalajara and the city flourished, outgrowing its colonial roots. This period saw the birth of new schools of architecture that would decorate the city from the 1920s to the 1980s. Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-brittanica-29">[29]</a> and the first industrial park was established in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> Its population surpassed one million in 1964,<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> and by the 1970s it was Mexico's second-largest city<a href="#cite_note-brittanica-29">[29]</a> and the largest in western Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano21-23">[23]</a> Most of the modern city's urbanization took place between the 1940s and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano2021-30">[30]</a> The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined, slowly but steadily, since the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-CONAPOzm2005-31">[31]</a> The increase in population brought with it an increase in the size of what is now called Greater Guadalajara, rather than an increase in the population density of the city. Migrants coming into Guadalajara from the 1940s to the 1980s were mostly from rural areas and lived in the city center until they had enough money to buy property. This property was generally bought in the edges of the city, which were urbanizing into fraccionamientos, or residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano2324-32">[32]</a> In the 1980s, it was described as a "divided city" east to west based on socioeconomic class. Since then, the city has evolved into four sectors, which are still more or less class-centered. The upper classes tend to live in Hidalgo and Juárez in the northwest and southwest, while the lower classes tend to live in the city center, Libertad in the northeast, and southeast in Reforma. However, lower class development has expanded on the city's periphery and upper and middle classes are migrating toward Zapopan, making the situation less neatly divided.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano2122-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_c._1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg/220px-Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg/330px-Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg/440px-Guadalajara%2C_c._1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Central Guadalajara, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905</figcaption></figure> Since 1996, the activity of multinational corporations has had a significant effect on the economic and social development of the city. The presence of companies such as <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> has been based on production facilities built outside the city proper, bringing in foreign labor and capital. This was made possible in the 1980s by surplus labor, infrastructure improvements, and government incentives. These companies focus on electrical and electronic items, which is now one of Guadalajara's two main products (the other being beer). This has internationalized the economy, steering it away from manufacturing and toward services, dependent on technology and foreign investment. This has not been favorable for the unskilled working class and traditional labor sectors.<a href="#cite_note-napolitano2022-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1992_Guadalajara_explosions" title="1992 Guadalajara explosions">1992 Guadalajara explosions</a> occurred on April 22, 1992, when gasoline explosions in the <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer</a> system over four hours destroyed 8 km (5 mi) of streets in the downtown district of Analco.<a href="#cite_note-dugal-35">[35]</a> Gante Street was the most damaged. Officially, 206 people were killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $300 million and $1 billion. The affected areas can be recognized by their more modern architecture.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Three days before the explosion, residents started complaining of a strong <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>-like smell coming from the sewers. City workers were dispatched to check the sewers and found dangerously high levels of gasoline fumes. However, no evacuations were ordered. An investigation into the disaster found that there were two precipitating causes. The first was new water pipes that were built too close to an existing gasoline pipeline. Chemical reactions between the pipes caused erosion. The second was a flaw in the sewer design that did not allow accumulated gases to escape.<a href="#cite_note-semp-37">[37]</a> Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the blasts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Four officials of <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> (the state oil company) were indicted and charged on the basis of negligence. Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all charges.<a href="#cite_note-indictment-39">[39]</a> Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were made but they were successfully resisted.<a href="#cite_note-kirkwood206-40">[40]</a> The 1990s were marked by events such as the <a href="/wiki/1992_Guadalajara_explosions" title="1992 Guadalajara explosions">explosions of April 22, 1992</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> of 1994, and the murder of the Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jes%C3%BAs_Posadas_Ocampo" title="Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo">Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez_Gómez_1-41">[41]</a> The 1992 explosions caused massive infrastructure damage to hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, and businesses in the Analco neighborhood (barrio), "without a clear delineator of information and responsibilities to date",<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> in one of the most tragic events in the history of Guadalajara. The investigation of the facts lasted more than 11 years in which insufficient evidence was found to appoint a manager,<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> investigations are now closed attributing the events to an accident.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> This event, in addition to Mexico's 1994 economic crisis, resulted in the loss of Guadalajara's industrial power.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg/260px-Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg/390px-Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg/520px-Pano_Guadalajara_IMG_20210910_182700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Guadalajara and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_metropolitan_area" title="Guadalajara metropolitan area">its metropolitan area</a> have grown significantly in the 21st century, surpassing 5 million people in 2018.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Avenue America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg/260px-Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg/390px-Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg/520px-Guadalajara_Av._Las_Am%C3%A9ricas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Americas Avenue</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_events">International events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International events">edit</a>]</div> The city has hosted numerous important international events, such as the first Cumbre Iberoamericana in 1991. The Third Summit of Heads of State and Governments of Latin America, the Caribbean, and the European Union was hosted in 2004. Guadalajara was also the venue to the Encuentro Internacional de Promotores y Gestores Culturales in 2005. The <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a> were staged and Guadalajara was named the <a href="/wiki/American_Capital_of_Culture" title="American Capital of Culture">American Capital of Culture</a> in 2005 as well as the Ciudad Educadora in 2006. Guadalajara has been recognized as Mexico's first <a href="/wiki/Smart_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart City">Smart City</a> due to its use of developing technology.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_hubs">Commercial hubs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commercial hubs">edit</a>]</div> During each government period, the city went through structural plans with which new areas and commercial hubs were born and with which transnational corporations and international industries arrived in the city. The city housed the first shopping malls in Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_and_municipality_merger">Expansion and municipality merger</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expansion and municipality merger">edit</a>]</div> The city expanded rapidly before merging with the Zapopan municipality. Among the developments created during this period were the Guadalajara Expo, the light rail, shopping centers, the expansion of streets and avenues, and the birth and development of road infrastructure, services, tourism, industrial, etc. The first shopping center in Latin America emerged in the city,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> the first urban electric-train system in Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and the first private university in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In a 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", <a href="/wiki/FDi_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="FDi magazine">FDi magazine</a> ranked Guadalajara first among major Mexican cities and second among major North American cities in terms of economic potential, behind <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. The magazine also rated it as the most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg/220px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg/330px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg/440px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_19.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5062" data-file-height="3359" /></a><figcaption>Parque de los Jalicienses Ilustres</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Guadalajara has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cwa), a temperate climate that is quite close to a tropical climate, featuring dry warm winters and wet, mildly hot summers. Guadalajara's climate is influenced by its high altitude and the general seasonality of precipitation patterns in western North America. Although the temperature is warm year-round, Guadalajara has strong seasonal variation in precipitation. The northward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Tropical_Convergence_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone">Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone</a> brings a great deal of rain in the summer months, whereas, for the rest of the year, the climate is rather dry, although daily rainfall records in each dry season month range from 36 millimeters (1.4 in) to 75 millimeters (3.0 in).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The extra moisture during the wet months moderates the temperatures, resulting in cooler days and nights during this period. The highest temperatures are usually reached in May averaging 33 °C (91 °F), but can reach up to 37 °C (99 °F) just before the onset of monsoon season. March tends to be the driest month and July the wettest, with an average of 273 millimeters (10.7 in) of rain, over a quarter of the annual average of about 1,002 millimeters (39.4 in). During the summer, afternoon storms are very common and can sometimes bring <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> flurries to the city, especially toward late August or September. Winters are relatively warm despite the city's altitude, with January daytime temperatures reaching about 25 °C (77 °F) and nighttime temperatures about 10 °C (50 °F). However, the outskirts of the city (generally those close to the Primavera Forest) experience on average cooler temperatures than the city itself. There, temperatures around 0 °C (32 °F) can be recorded during the coldest nights. Frost may also occur during the coldest nights, but temperatures rarely fall below 0 °C (32 °F) in the city, making it an uncommon phenomenon. Cold fronts in winter can sometimes bring light rain to the city for several days in a row. Snowfall is extraordinarily rare, with the last recorded one occurring in December 1997, which was the first time in 116 years, as it had previously last fallen in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-EC-50">[50]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Guadalajara, Mexico (1951–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.5 (29.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (0.61) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (0.26) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (0.24) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (0.98) </td> <td style="background: #00D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.2 (7.53) </td> <td style="background: #006700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">272.5 (10.73) </td> <td style="background: #00AD00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">226.1 (8.90) </td> <td style="background: #00F900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.5 (6.67) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4 (2.42) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (0.54) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,002.4 (39.46) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.6 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.0 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">90.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,673.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (humidity, 1981–2000)<a href="#cite_note-SMN-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-extremas-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-obs-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun, 1941–1990)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-54">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascada,_Barranca_de_Huentitlan,_Jalisco_-_panoramio_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/220px-Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/330px-Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg/440px-Cascada%2C_Barranca_de_Huentitlan%2C_Jalisco_-_panoramio_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barranca_de_Huentit%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranca de Huentitán">Barranca de Huentitán</a></figcaption></figure> Guadalajara's natural wealth is represented by the <a href="/wiki/La_Primavera_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="La Primavera Forest">La Primavera Forest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Colomos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Colomos (page does not exist)">Los Colomos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Barranca_de_Huentit%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranca de Huentitán">Barranca de Huentitán</a>. The flora in these areas includes michoacan pines, several species of oak, sweetgum, ash, willow, and introduced trees such as poincianas, jacarandas, and ficus. It also includes orchids, roses, and various species of fungi. The fauna includes typical urban fauna in addition to 106 species of mammals, 19 species of reptiles, and six species of fish.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] La <a href="/wiki/Barranca_de_Huentit%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranca de Huentitán">Barranca de Huentitán</a> (the Huentitán Forest) (also known as Barranca de Oblatos and Barranca de Oblatos-Huentitán) is a National Park located just north of the municipality of Guadalajara. The barranca (canyon) borders two colonias (neighborhoods) of the city, Oblatos and Huentitan. It covers approximately 1,136 hectares (2,810 acres), and varies 600 meters (2,000 ft) in altitude. The funicular railway in the park starts at 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea level and rises to 1,520 meters (4,990 ft) above sea level. In the 16th century, during the Spanish Conquest, the Huentitán area including the canyon was the site of battles between local Indian populations and the Spanish. Later, it was the site of battles between different factions during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero Rebellion">Cristero Rebellion</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg/220px-20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg/330px-20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg/440px-20_de_noviembre_de_zapopan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Parque 20 de Noviembre, <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a></figcaption></figure> The canyon is a biogeographic corridor that is home to four types of vegetation: deciduous tropical forest, gallery forest, heath vegetation, and secondary vegetation. In addition to introduced species, there are many native species of flora and fauna. The canyon is studied by national and international researchers as it contains great biological diversity due to its geographical location. On June 5, 1997, it was declared a Protected Natural Area, as an Area Subject to Ecological Conservation (Zona Sujeta a Conservación Ecológica). La Cascada Cola de Caballo (The Horse Tail Waterfall) is located on the Guadalajara to Zacatecas road (Highway 54, km 15) a few kilometers from the Northern Peripheral, just after passing the village of San Esteban. The waterfall is fed by a stream from the Atemajac Valley. It is close to Guadalajara and a town with very little development, and as a result of poor ecological practices, it is very polluted. El Bosque los Colomos, the Colomos Forest, is located in the northwestern part of Guadalajara along the Rio Atemajac. It is in a wealthy part of the metropolitan area, and has been developed for recreation rather than being preserved in its wild state. The river was once one of the main sources of water supply to the city, and today continues to provide water to some surrounding colonias (neighborhoods). Currently, this forest covers an area of 92 hectares (230 acres) in which pine trees, eucalyptus trees, and cedars predominate. The park has jogging tracks, gardens (including a Japanese garden), ponds, a bird lake, instructional areas for school field days, playgrounds, camping areas, and horses to ride. Other places of interest around Guadalajara include Camachos Aquatic Natural Park, a commercial water park, and Barranca Colimilla, a beautiful canyon with hiking trails near Tonala, east of Guadalajara. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanism">Urbanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urbanism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg/220px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg/330px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg/440px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Radial urban planning in central Guadalajara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg/220px-Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg/330px-Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg/440px-Zonas_de_Guadalajara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Map of the city's zones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg/220px-Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg/330px-Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg/440px-Plaza_de_armas_de_Guadalajara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Street in the historic center</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara's street plan has evolved over time into a <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">radial urban plan</a>, with five major routes into and out of the city. It is surrounded by ring roads. The original city of Guadalajara was planned on a grid, with north–south and east–west intersecting streets. Over time, villages surrounding Guadalajara were incorporated into the city - first Analco to the southeast, then Mexicaltzingo to the south, Mezquitan to the north, and San Juan de Dios to the east, all of which introduced more variety to the plan. As it grew towards the west, it kept the original north–south orientation. As it grew towards the east, this grid was tilted towards the south-east to match up with the grids of the former towns Analco and San Juan de Dios, across the river from central Guadalajara on the eastern side of Rio San Juan de Dios (Rio San Juan de Dios is now underground; it runs beneath Calzada Independencia). When the railway was introduced to Guadalajara in 1888, the southern part of the city began development, and its streets aligned with the grid to the east of the old Rio San Juan de Dios. Additional 20th-century expansion of the city introduced even more variety, as developers introduced different kinds of non-grid street plans in new areas. During the government of José de Jesús González Gallo, between 1947 and 1953, major public works changed the urban landscape of the historic center of the city. Major controversial projects included the widening of Avenida 16 de Septiembre and Avenida Juárez, which were no longer adequate to handle car traffic in the center of the city. In the process, many buildings of architectural and historical value were demolished. Historical buildings around Guadalajara Cathedral were also demolished to leave large open spaces on the four sides of the Cathedral in the form of a large Latin cross, in which the cathedral is now centered. There were other, somewhat less controversial, projects to improve the flow of traffic and increase commerce in other parts of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_Country_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Western Guadalajara <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">business district</a> skyline</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara is made up of more than 2,300 colonias (neighborhoods) in the Metropolitan Area. The oldest parts of the city include <a href="/wiki/Centro,_Guadalajara" title="Centro, Guadalajara">Centro</a> (the oldest in the city), Santuario, Mexicaltzingo, Mezquitan, Analco, and San Juan de Dios. Private houses in the oldest sector of the city are mostly made up of one- and two-level houses, with architectural styles ranging from simple colonial architecture to the Churrigueresco, Baroque, and early nineteenth century European styles. Just west of the oldest part of the city are upper-class colonias built in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, containing the neoclassical structures and houses of the Porfiriato. In the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s well-to-do Tapatios expanded into colonias Lafayette, Americana, Moderna, and Arcos Vallarta. New architectural trends of the 1960s and 1970s also left their mark in colonias such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_Americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonia Americana (page does not exist)">colonia Americana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallarta_Poniente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallarta Poniente (page does not exist)">Vallarta Poniente</a>, Moderna, Providencia, Vallarta San Jorge, Jardines del Bosque, and Chapalita. The Metropolitan Area has more wealthy neighborhoods than any other part of western Mexico. These colonias are located both inside and outside the municipality of Guadalajara, including some in its neighboring municipalities of Zapopan and Tlajomulco, in the west and south. Some of these colonias are: Colinas de San Javier, <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Hierro,_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerta de Hierro, Guadalajara">Puerta de Hierro</a>, Providencia, Chapalita, Country Club, Ciudad del Sol, Valle Real, Lomas del Valle, Santa Rita, Monraz, Santa Anita Golf Club, El Cielo, Santa Isabel, Virreyes, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bugambilias" title="Ciudad Bugambilias">Ciudad Bugambilias</a>, Las Cañadas, and Royal Country. In general, residents in the west of the city are the wealthiest, while residents in the east are the poorest. New development to accommodate the growing population is made up of a mix of middle-class colonias and housing complexes developed as part of government plans, and colonias developed less formally for working-class people. The Metropolitan Area extends to the west in colonias such as Pinar de la Calma, Las Fuentes, Paseos del Sol, El Colli Urbano, and La Estancia and extends to the east in colonias such as San Juan Bosco, San Andrés, Oblatos, Santa Cecilia, Insurgentes, Jardines de la Paz, and Tetlán. The expansion of the population creates a constant demand for more colonias and more government infrastructure services. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg/220px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg/330px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg/440px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_9.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="3395" /></a><figcaption>Parque de la Revolución</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg/220px-Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg/330px-Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg/440px-Parque_Rehilete_Alcalde_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Parque Rehilete Alcalde</figcaption></figure> Parks and forests are important in Guadalajara; while many of the oldest neighborhoods of the municipality of Guadalajara do not have sufficient green spaces, of the three most important metropolitan areas in Mexico, the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (ZMG) has the greenest areas and plants. The most important parks are: <dl><dt>Gardens (Jardínes)</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Jardín Dr. Atl</li> <li>Jardín Francisco Zarco</li> <li>El Jardín Botánico (Botanical Garden)</li> <li>Jardín del Santuario</li> <li>Glorieta Chapalita Zapopan</li> <li>Jardín de San Francisco de Asís</li> <li>Jardín de San Sebastián de Analco</li> <li>Jardín del Carmen</li> <li>Jardín del Museo Arqueológico (Garden of the Archaeological Museum)</li> <li>Jardín José Clemente Orozco</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Parks (Parques)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Parque Ávila Camacho</li> <li>Parque de la Revolución (Parque Rojo to locals)</li> <li>Parque Mirador Independencia o Barranca de Huentitán</li> <li>Parque Mirador Dr. Atl Zapopan</li> <li>Parque Oblatos</li> <li>Parque Amarillo (Colonia Jardines Alcalde)</li> <li>Parque Talpita</li> <li>Parque Tucson (Colonia Jardines Alcalde)</li> <li>Parque Los Colomos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Morelos" title="Parque Morelos">Parque Morelos</a></li> <li>Parque de la Jabonera</li> <li>Parque Metropolitano Zapopan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Alcalde" title="Parque Alcalde">Parque Alcalde</a></li> <li>Parque Agua Azul</li> <li>Parque González Gallo</li> <li>Parque de la Solidaridad Tonalá</li> <li>Parque de la Liberación</li> <li>Parque de la Expenal (Explanada 18 de Marz)</li> <li>Parque Roberto Montenegro El Salto</li> <li>Parque San Rafael</li> <li>Parque San Jacinto</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Forests (Bosques)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Bosque del Centinela – Zapopan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_de_la_Primavera" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosque de la Primavera">Bosque de la Primavera</a> – Zapopan, Tlajomulco y Tala</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Zoos (Zoológicos)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Zoológico Villa Fantasía Zapopan</li> <li>Zoológico Guadalajara</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coat of arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_(Jalisco).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg/180px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg/270px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg/360px-Escudo_de_Armas_de_Guadalajara_%28Jalisco%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Guadalajara.</figcaption></figure> The coat of arms or seal of Guadalajara consists of a blue field, a pine of sinople outlined, two lions rampantes of color, opposite to forehead and the legs on the trunk, embroidery is of gold, consists of seven arms of gules. For stamp, closed helmet and for cimera a flag of gules, loaded with a <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Jerusalem">cross of Jerusalem</a> to the one that uses as shaft a lance of the same color, the <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">lambrequins</a> are of gold and blue alternated. The blue field means loyalty and serenity, the pine of <a href="/wiki/Sinople_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinople (heraldry)">sinople</a> means noble thoughts, the lions sovereignty and warlike spirit, the arms mean protection, favor and purity of the feelings, honor to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baeza" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baeza">Battle of Baeza</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in 1227. The helmet represents a degree of nobility, victory in the combat, the cross of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> means that the conquerors were descendants of the gentlemen of the crusades, and the lance signifies strength that is tempered by prudence. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, granted the title of <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> to Guadalajara and granted the shield in 1539. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/220px--Catedral_gdl.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Catedral_gdl.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Catedral_gdl.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/Catedral_gdl.ogg/Catedral_gdl.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Facade of the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cathedral" title="Guadalajara Cathedral">Metropolitan Cathedral of Guadaljara</a></figcaption></figure> The most current figures by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography">National Institute of Statistics and Geography</a> (INEGI), confirmed in 2010, the municipality of Guadalajara has a population of approximately 1,495,189, with a population in the metropolitan area of 4,334,878, the most populous city in the state of Jalisco, the most conurbation-highest-population within the province of Jalisco of the Guadalajara metropolitan area, and the second-most populous city in Mexico; the first being <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> listed the world's 100 most populous urban agglomerations. Mexico excelled with three cities on the list: Mexico City, Guadalajara, and <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>. Guadalajara ranked 66th in these cities, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> On the Latin American list, Guadalajara ranked 10th. The municipality of Guadalajara is located in the center of the State, a little to the east, at coordinates 20-&36' 40" to 20- 45' 00" north latitude and 103- 16' 00" to 103- 24' 00" west-latitude and 103-&16' 00" to 103- 24' 00" west-west longitude, at a height of 1700 meters above sea level. The municipality of Guadalajara is bounded to the north by <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Ixtlahuacán del Río">Ixtlahuacán del Río</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapotlanejo" title="Zapotlanejo">Zapotlanejo</a>, to the south with <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a> and to the west with <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area">Guadalajara Metropolitan Area</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_metropolitan_area" title="Guadalajara metropolitan area">Guadalajara metropolitan area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_ZMG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_ZMG.svg/220px-Mapa_ZMG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_ZMG.svg/330px-Mapa_ZMG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mapa_ZMG.svg/440px-Mapa_ZMG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara Metropolitan Area</a> (AMG)</figcaption></figure> The Guadalajara metropolitan area is the second most populous metropolitan area in the country and the agglomeration has six central municipalities and three exterior municipalities. The central municipalities are Guadalajara, <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlajomulco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlajomulco">Tlajomulco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salto,_Jalisco" title="El Salto, Jalisco">El Salto, Jalisco</a>. The exterior municipalities are <a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_de_los_Membrillos" title="Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos">Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juanacatl%C3%A1n" title="Juanacatlán">Juanacatlán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zapotlanejo" title="Zapotlanejo">Zapotlanejo</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>1738 </th> <th>1865 </th> <th>1960 </th> <th>1970 </th> <th>1980 </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>1995 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total population </td> <td>24,560 </td> <td>69,670 </td> <td>740,394 </td> <td>1,199,391 </td> <td>1,626,152 </td> <td>1,650,205 </td> <td>2,633,216 </td> <td>3,646,319 </td> <td>4,374,370 </td> <td>4,654,134 </td> <td>5,002,466 </td></tr></tbody></table> The growth of the city is due to Guadalajara absorbing the closest communities. This was the case with the former communities Atemajac, Huentitán, Tetlán, Analco, Mexicaltzingo, Mezquitan, and San Andrés, among others. Some of the closest communities to Guadalajara: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Ixtlahuacán del Río">Ixtlahuacán del Río</a> (21.7 km from the municipal seat of Guadalajara,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_51_48.96_N_103_14_22.57_W_">20°51′48.96″N 103°14′22.57″W / 20.8636000°N 103.2396028°W / 20.8636000; -103.2396028</a>).</li> <li>Santa Anita (19.6 km from Guadalajara's municipal seat, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_32_59.09_N_103_26_29.50_W_">20°32′59.09″N 103°26′29.50″W / 20.5497472°N 103.4415278°W / 20.5497472; -103.4415278</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Cruz_de_las_Flores,_Tlajomulco,_Jalisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Cruz de las Flores, Tlajomulco, Jalisco (page does not exist)">Santa Cruz de las Flores</a> (27.9 km from the municipal seat of Guadalajara,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_28_49.33_N_103_30_29.09_W_">20°28′49.33″N 103°30′29.09″W / 20.4803694°N 103.5080806°W / 20.4803694; -103.5080806</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo México, Jalisco">Nuevo México</a> (14 km from municipal seat of Guadalajara, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_45_47.02_N_103_26_27.24_W_">20°45′47.02″N 103°26′27.24″W / 20.7630611°N 103.4409000°W / 20.7630611; -103.4409000</a>).</li> <li>Tesistán (20,8 km from the municipal seat of Guadalajara, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_47_54.91_N_103_28_39.85_W_">20°47′54.91″N 103°28′39.85″W / 20.7985861°N 103.4777361°W / 20.7985861; -103.4777361</a>).</li> <li>La Primavera (24.4 km from the municipal seat of Guadalajara,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalajara&params=20_37_59.25_N_103_33_35.37_W_">20°37′59.25″N 103°33′35.37″W / 20.6331250°N 103.5598250°W / 20.6331250; -103.5598250</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg/170px-Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg/255px-Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Glorieta_de_los_Caballos_y_Hotel_Riu_Plaza_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Riu Plaza Hotel, the tallest skyscraper in the city</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara has the third-largest economy and industrial infrastructure in Mexico<a href="#cite_note-atlanta-55">[55]</a> and contributes 37% of the state of Jalisco's total gross production. Its economic base is strong and well-diversified, mainly based on commerce and services, although the manufacturing sector plays a defining role.<a href="#cite_note-moodys-56">[56]</a> It is ranked in the top ten in Latin America in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and the third-highest ranking in Mexico. In its 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", <a href="/wiki/FDi_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="FDi magazine">FDi magazine</a> ranked Guadalajara highest among major Mexican cities and designated Guadalajara as having the second strongest economic potential of any major North American city behind <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. FDI ranked it as the most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FDI-57">[57]</a> The same research noted Guadalajara as a "city of the future" due to its youthful population, low unemployment and large number of recent foreign investment deals; it was found to be the third most business-friendly city in North America.<a href="#cite_note-FDI-57">[57]</a> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Service</a> assigned ratings of Ba1 (Global Scale, local currency) and A1.mx (Mexican national scale). During the prior five years, the municipality's financial performance had been mixed but had begun to stabilize in the latter two years. Guadalajara manages one of the largest budgets among Mexican municipalities and its revenue per capita indicator (Ps. $2,265) places it above the average for Moody's-rated municipalities in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-moodys-56">[56]</a> The city's economy has two main sectors. Commerce and tourism employ most: about 60% of the population. The other is industry, which has been the engine of economic growth and the basis of Guadalajara's economic importance nationally even though it employs only about a third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-moodys-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-econgob-58">[58]</a> Industries here produce products such as food and beverages, toys, textiles, auto parts, electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, footwear, furniture and steel products.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-econgob-58">[58]</a> Two of the major industries have been textiles and shoes, which are still dynamic and growing.<a href="#cite_note-bosque-59">[59]</a> Sixty percent of manufactured products are sold domestically, while forty percent are exported, mostly to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ijalti-60">[60]</a> This makes Guadalajara's economic fortunes dependent on those of the U.S., both as a source of investment and as a market for its goods.<a href="#cite_note-rnorvell-61">[61]</a> The city has to compete with China, especially for electronics industries which rely on high volume and low wages. This has caused it to move toward high-mix, mid-volume, and value-added services, such as automotive. However, its traditional advantage of proximity to the U.S. market is one reason Guadalajara stays competitive.<a href="#cite_note-rnorvell-61">[61]</a> Mexico ranked third in 2009 in Latin America for the export of information technology services, behind Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. This kind of service is mostly related to online and telephone technical support. The major challenge this sector has is the lack of university graduates who speak English.<a href="#cite_note-lchacon-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg/220px-Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg/330px-Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg/440px-Guadalajara-M%C3%A9xico-Andares-Puerta_de_Hierro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Hierro,_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerta de Hierro, Guadalajara">Puerta de Hierro</a>, financial and commercial centre</figcaption></figure> The electronics and information technology sectors that have nicknamed the city the "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> of Mexico."<a href="#cite_note-ijalti-60">[60]</a> Guadalajara is the main producer of software, electronic and digital components in Mexico. Telecom and computer equipment from Guadalajara accounts for about a quarter of Mexico's electronics exports.<a href="#cite_note-rnorvell-61">[61]</a> Companies such as <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanmina">Sanmina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCL_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Technologies">HCL Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Inc">HP Inc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flextronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Flextronics">Flextronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognizant_Technology_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognizant Technology Solutions">Cognizant Technology Solutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabil_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabil Circuit">Jabil Circuit</a> have facilities in the city or its suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-ijalti-60">[60]</a> This phenomenon began after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). International firms started building facilities in Mexico, especially Guadalajara, displacing Mexican firms, especially in information technology. One of the problems this has created is that when there are economic downturns, these international firms scale back.<a href="#cite_note-enclave-63">[63]</a> Guadalajara was selected as "Smart City" in 2013 by IEEE, the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology. Several cities invest in the areas of research to design pilot projects and as an example, in early March in 2013 was the first "Cluster Smart Cities" in the world, composed of Dublin, Ireland; San Jose, California; Cardiff, Wales, and Guadalajara, Jalisco, whose objective is the exchange of information and experiences that can be applied in principle to issues of <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> and health sciences. The Secretariat of Communications and Transportation also reported that Guadalajara, Jalisco was chosen as the official venue for the first "Digital Creative City of Mexico and Latin America", which will be the spearhead for Mexico to consolidate the potential in this area. The "Cluster Smart Cities" unprecedented in the world, will focus on what each of these cities is making in innovation and the creation of an alliance to attract technology. The Ministry of Innovation, Science, and Technology (SICyT ) of Jalisco, said the combination of talent development investments allows Jalisco to enter the "knowledge economy." From 25 to 28 October 2015, the city was the venue for the first conference of the Smart Cities Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-ciudadint-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-smartcity-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Industries">edit</a>]</div> Most of the economy revolves around commerce, employing 60% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> This activity has mainly focused on the purchase and sale of the following products: food and beverages, textiles, electronic appliances, tobacco, cosmetics, sports articles, construction materials, and others. Guadalajara's commercial activity is second only to Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-econgob-58">[58]</a> The city is the national leader in the development and investment of shopping malls. Many shopping centers have been built, such as Galeries Plaza, one of the largest shopping centers in Latin America, and <a href="/wiki/Andares" title="Andares">Andares</a>. Galerías Guadalajara covers 160,000 m2 (1,722,225.67 sq ft) and has 220 stores. It contains the two largest movie theaters in Latin America, both with <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> screens. It hosts art exhibits and fashion shows and has an area for cultural workshops. Anchor stores includes Liverpool and Sears and specialty stores such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss" title="Hugo Boss">Hugo Boss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Mara" title="Max Mara">Max Mara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacoste" title="Lacoste">Lacoste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nosotros-66">[66]</a> Best Buy opened its first Guadalajara store here. It has an additional private entrance on the top floor of the adjacent parking lot. Another Best Buy store was inaugurated in Ciudadela Lifestyle Center mall, which was the chain's third-largest in the world, according to the company. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapopan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zapopan.jpg/220px-Zapopan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zapopan.jpg/330px-Zapopan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zapopan.jpg/440px-Zapopan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Andares shopping mall in the <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Hierro,_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerta de Hierro, Guadalajara">Puerta de Hierro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>) district</figcaption></figure> Andares is another important commercial center in Zapopan. This $530 million mixed-use complex opened in 2008, designed by renowned Mexican Sordo Madaleno architecture firm features luxury residences and a high-level mall anchored by two large department stores, Liverpool and El Palacio de Hierro. The 133,000 m2 (1,400,000+ sq ft) mall offers hundreds of stores, a big food court located on the second floor, and several restaurants at the Paseo Andares. A large segment of the commercial sector caters to tourists and other visitors. Recreational tourism is mainly concentrated in the historic downtown.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> In addition to being a cultural and recreational attraction and thanks to its privileged geographical location, the city serves as an axis to nearby popular beach destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta" title="Puerto Vallarta">Puerto Vallarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima" title="Manzanillo, Colima">Manzanillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-econgob-58">[58]</a> Other types of visitors include those who travel to attend seminars, conventions and other events in fields such as academic, entertainment, sports, and business. The best-known venue for this purpose is the Expo Guadalajara, a large convention center surrounded by several hotels. It was built in 1987, and it is considered the most important convention center in Mexico.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign trade">edit</a>]</div> Most of Guadalajara's economic growth since 1990 has been tied with foreign investment. International firms have invested here to take advantage of the relatively cheap but educated and highly productive labor, establishing manufacturing plants that re-export their products to the United States, as well as provide goods for the domestic Mexican market.<a href="#cite_note-jeades-67">[67]</a> A media report in early October 2013 stated that five major Indian IT (information technology) companies have established offices in Guadalajara, while several other Indian IT companies continue to explore the option of expanding to Mexico. Due to the competitiveness in the Indian IT sector, companies are expanding internationally and Mexico offers an affordable opportunity for Indian companies to better position themselves to enter the United States market. The trend emerged after 2006 and the Mexican government offers incentives to foreign companies.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Exports from the city went from US$3.92 billion in 1995 to 14.3 billion in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-econgob-58">[58]</a> From 1990 to 2000, socio-economic indicators show that quality of life improved overall; however, there is still a large gap between the rich and the poor, and the rich have benefited from the globalization and privatization of the economy more than the poor.<a href="#cite_note-jharner-69">[69]</a> International investment has affected the labor market in the metro area and that of the rural towns and villages that surround it. Guadalajara is the distribution center for the region and its demands have led to a shifting of employment, from traditional agriculture and crafts to manufacturing and commerce in urban centers. This has led to mass migration from the rural areas to the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-jeades-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guadalajara" title="Culture of Guadalajara">Culture of Guadalajara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/220px--Teatro_degollado.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Teatro_degollado.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Teatro_degollado.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Teatro_degollado.ogg/Teatro_degollado.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Degollado" title="Teatro Degollado">Teatro Degollado</a>, named after its builder, <a href="/wiki/Santos_Degollado" title="Santos Degollado">Santos Degollado</a>, was built in 1855.</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara has a lively cultural life. The city exhibits works by international artists and is a must-see for international cultural events whose radius of influence reaches most of the countries of Latin America, including the southwestern United States. Its historic center houses colonial buildings of a religious and civil character, which stand out for their architectural and historical significance, and constitute a rich mixture of styles whose root is found in indigenous cultural contributions (mainly of incorporated into the Mozarabic and the castilian), and later in modern European influences (mainly French and Italian). The historic center also has museums, theaters, galleries, libraries, auditoriums, and concert halls. Some of these buildings date from the sixteenth and seventeenth century, such as the Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara, among others. The city has several radio stations focused on culture, one of them being Red Radio University of Guadalajara (XHUG-F), which is transmitted to the rest of the state and neighboring states and internationally through the Internet; it is also the first broadcaster via podcast in the country.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The city produces a fully cultural television channel, XHGJG-TV; Guadalajara is the only city to produce a cultural cutting channel in the country in addition to the Mexico, D.F.A. in Mexico City.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_(14984520441)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Guadalajara_%2814984520441%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>Street in the historic center</figcaption></figure> This city has been the cradle and dwelling of distinguished poets, writers, painters, actors, film directors and representatives of the arts, etc., such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Atl" title="Dr. Atl">Dr. Atl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Montenegro" title="Roberto Montenegro">Roberto Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Zohn" title="Alejandro Zohn">Alejandro Zohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Orozco_Romero" title="Carlos Orozco Romero">Carlos Orozco Romero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fabregat" title="Federico Fabregat">Federico Fabregat</a>, Raul Anguiano, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Soriano_(artist)" title="Juan Soriano (artist)">Juan Soriano</a>, Javier Campos Cabello, Martha Pacheco, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Colunga" title="Alejandro Colunga">Alejandro Colunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fors" title="José Fors">José Fors</a>, Juan Kraeppellin, Davis Birks, Carlos Vargas Pons, Jis, Trino, Erandini, Enrique Oroz, Rubén Méndez, <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Toussaint" title="Mauricio Toussaint">Mauricio Toussaint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Neri" title="Scott Neri">Scott Neri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Santiago" title="Paula Santiago">Paula Santiago</a>, Edgar Cobian, L. Felipe Manzano, and (the artist formerly known as Mevna); the freeplay guitarist and music composer for the movies El Mariachi and The Legend of Zorro, Paco Rentería; important exponents of literature such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a>, Francisco Rojas, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Agustín Yáñez">Agustín Yáñez</a>, Elías Nandino, <a href="/wiki/Idella_Purnell" title="Idella Purnell">Idella Purnell</a>, Jorge Souza, among others; classic repertoire composers such as Gonzalo Curiel, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pablo_Moncayo" title="José Pablo Moncayo">José Pablo Moncayo</a>, Antonio Navarro, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Zohn-Muldoon" title="Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon">Ricardo Zohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sanchez-Gutierrez" title="Carlos Sanchez-Gutierrez">Carlos Sánchez-Gutiérrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Pareyon" title="Gabriel Pareyon">Gabriel Pareyon</a>; film directors such as <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Cazals" title="Felipe Cazals">Felipe Cazals</a>, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Erik Stahl, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>; and actors such as <a href="/wiki/Katy_Jurado" title="Katy Jurado">Katy Jurado</a>, Enrique Alvarez Felix, and <a href="/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal" title="Gael García Bernal">Gael García Bernal</a>. Guadalajara was the first Mexican city to be accepted as a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_of_Educational_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association of Educational Cities (page does not exist)">International Association of Educational Cities</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> due to its strong character and identity, potential for economic development through culture. Guadalajara was designated as the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> for 2022 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Despite the Guadalajara area historically being an ethnically <a href="/wiki/Caxcan" title="Caxcan">Caxcan</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua peoples</a> form the majority of Guadalajara's indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-e-local.gob.mx-74">[74]</a> There are several thousand indigenous language speakers in Guadalajara although the majority of the indigenous population is integrated within the general population and can speak Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-e-local.gob.mx-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara,_Jal.,_M%C3%A9x._01_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Fachada_del_Museo_Regional_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jal.%2C_M%C3%A9x._01_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption>Guadalajara Regional Museum</figcaption></figure> The museums in Guadalajara are an extension of the cultural infrastructure of this city. Many of them stand out for their architectural and historical significance. There are more than 189 forums of art exhibition among cultural centers, museums, private galleries, and cultural spaces of the town hall, several of them with centuries of existence and some others in the process of being built. The museums in Guadalajara belong to the cultural framework of the city, among which are in all its genres exhibiting history, paleontology, archeology, ethnography, paintings, crafts, plastic, photography, sculpture, works of circuits international art, etc. Guadalajara has twenty two museums, which include the Regional Museum of Jalisco, the Wax Museum, the Trompo Mágico children's museum and the Museum of Anthropology.<a href="#cite_note-museos-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Hospice_Caba%C3%B1as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Former Hospice Cabañas (page does not exist)">Former Hospice Cabañas</a> in the historic center is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHS-76">[76]</a> For these attributes and others, the city was named an <a href="/wiki/American_Capital_of_Culture" title="American Capital of Culture">American Capital of Culture</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-capital-77">[77]</a> Guadalajara and the surrounding metropolitan area have numerous public, private, and digital libraries for the search and consultation of information. The promotion of culture and the enrichment of reading have made it easier for the citizen to require several facilities in the city. Some of the libraries also have a physical enclosure—among them the historic Octavio Paz Ibero-American Library of the University of Guadalajara and the Public Library of the State of Jalisco located in the adjoining city of <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>—with options for querying digital information over the Internet. The Jalisco Regional Museum (formerly the seminary of San José) was built at the beginning of the 18th century to be the Seminario Conciliar de San José. From 1861 to 1914, it housed a school called Liceo de Varones. In 1918, it became the Museum of Fine Arts. In 1976, it was completely remodeled for its present use. The museum displays its permanent collection in 16 halls, 15 of which are dedicated to Paleontology, Pre-History, and Archeology. One of the prized exhibits is a complete mammoth skeleton. The other two halls are dedicated to painting and history. The painting collection includes works by Juan Correa, Cristóbal de Villalpando and José de Ibarra.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> The style of architecture prevalent in Europe during the founding of Guadalajara is paralleled in the city's colonial buildings. The Metropolitan Cathedral and Teatro Degollado are the purest examples of neoclassical architecture. The historical center hosts religious and civil colonial buildings, which are noted for their architectural and historical significance and are a rich mix of styles that are rooted in indigenous cultural contributions (mainly from Ute origin), incorporated in the Mozarabic and castizo, and later in modern European influences (mainly French and Italian) and American (specifically, from the United States). <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1500px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Guadalajara_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Plaza de la Liberación in the historic center of Guadalajara [es]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/1492px-Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1492" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/2238px-Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/2984px-Centro_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6436" data-file-height="863" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Guadalajara_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Centro de Guadalajara (cropped).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Plaza de la Liberación">Plaza de la Liberación</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historic_center_of_Guadalajara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historic center of Guadalajara (page does not exist)">historic center of Guadalajara</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_hist%C3%B3rico_de_Guadalajara" class="extiw" title="es:Centro histórico de Guadalajara">es</a>]</div></div></div></div> Guadalajara's historical center has an assortment of museums, theaters, galleries, libraries, auditoriums and concert halls, particular mention may be made to Former Hospice Cabañas (which dates from the 18th century), the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Degollado" title="Teatro Degollado">Teatro Degollado</a> (considered the oldest opera house in Mexico), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_Galer%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro Galerías (page does not exist)">Teatro Galerías</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Diana" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Diana">Teatro Diana</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Hocpice_Caba%C3%B1as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Former Hocpice Cabañas (page does not exist)">Former Hocpice Cabañas</a>, which is home to some of the paintings (murals and easel) by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1997. Among the many structures of beauty is the International Headquarters Temple of La Luz del Mundo in Colonia Hermosa Provincia, which is the largest in Latin America. During the Porfiriato the French style invaded the city because of the passion of former president <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> in the trends of French style, also Italian architects were responsible for shaping the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> structures that were built in the city. The passage of time reflected different trends from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> to <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">churrigueresque</a>, Gothic and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> pure. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG/180px-Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG/270px-Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG/360px-Rising_to_the_blue_sky_III..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>San Felipe de Neri Church</figcaption></figure> The French-inspired "Lafayette" neighborhood has many fine examples of early 20th-century residences that were later converted into boutiques and restaurants. Even the architectural lines typical of the decades of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s the Art Deco and bold lines of postmodern architects of the time. Architectural styles found in the city include <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, Viceregal, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">Eclectic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a>. The modern architecture of Guadalajara has numerous figures of different architectural production from the neo-regionalism to the primitiveness of the 1960s, and the brutalism of the 1970s. Some of these architects are: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Urz%C3%BAa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Urzúa (page does not exist)">Rafael Urzúa</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Urz%C3%BAa" class="extiw" title="es:Rafael Urzúa">es</a>], <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_D%C3%ADaz_Morales" title="Ignacio Díaz Morales">Ignacio Díaz Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castellanos" title="Pedro Castellanos">Pedro Castellanos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Coufal_Kieswetter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Coufal Kieswetter (page does not exist)">Erich Coufal Kieswetter</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Coufal_Kieswetter" class="extiw" title="es:Erich Coufal Kieswetter">es</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio de la Peña (page does not exist)">Julio de la Peña</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Ibáñez Valencia (page does not exist)">Eduardo Ibáñez Valencia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Aceves_Ortega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Aceves Ortega (page does not exist)">Félix Aceves Ortega</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png/220px-Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png/330px-Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png/440px-Guadalajara_Filmfestival.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festival" title="Guadalajara International Film Festival">Guadalajara International Film Festival</a>, founded in 1986, is the most important film festival in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.</figcaption></figure> Guadalajara is also known for several large cultural festivals. The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festival" title="Guadalajara International Film Festival">International Film Festival of Guadalajara</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> is a yearly event which happens in March. It mostly focuses on Mexican and Latin American films; however, films from all over the world are shown. The event is sponsored by the Universidad de Guadalajara, <a href="/wiki/CONACULTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CONACULTA">CONACULTA</a>, the Instituto Mexicano de Cinematographía as well as the governments of the cities of Guadalajara and Zapopan. The 2009 festival had over 200 films shown in more than 16 theaters and open-air forums, such as the inflatable screens set up in places such as Chapultepec, La Rambla Cataluña, and La Minerva. In that year, the event gave out awards totaling US$500,000. The event attracts names such as Mexican director <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a>, Greek director <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Costa-Gavras" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Costa-Gavras">Constantin Costa-Gavras</a>, Spanish actor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a> and U.S. actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos" title="Edward James Olmos">Edward James Olmos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mgonzalez-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg/220px-Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg/330px-Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg/440px-Rio_2007_closing_ceremony_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>The handover presentation during the <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">2007 Pan American Games</a> closing ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a> in Guadalajara</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a> is the largest Spanish-language book fair in the world, held each year over nine days at the Expo Guadalajara.<a href="#cite_note-sicgob-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-iiiepe-82">[82]</a> Over 300 publishing firms from 35 countries regularly attend, demonstrating the most recent productions in books, videos and new communications technologies. The event awards prizes such as the Premio FIL for literature, the Premio de Literatura <a href="/wiki/Sor_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz</a>, also for literature, and the Reconocimento al Mérito Editorial for publishing houses. There is an extensive exposition of books and other materials in Spanish, Portuguese and English, covering academia, culture, the arts and more for sale. More than 350,000 people attend from Mexico and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-sicgob-81">[81]</a> In 2009, Nobel prize winner <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>, German children's author <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Funke" title="Cornelia Funke">Cornelia Funke</a> and Peruvian writer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> participated with about 500 other authors present.<a href="#cite_note-imergob-83">[83]</a> Activities include book presentations, academic talks, forums, and events for children.<a href="#cite_note-iiiepe-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stand_en_FIL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stand_en_FIL.jpg/220px-Stand_en_FIL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stand_en_FIL.jpg/330px-Stand_en_FIL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stand_en_FIL.jpg/440px-Stand_en_FIL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-language</a> fair in the world, as well as the largest book fair in the Americas.</figcaption></figure> The Danza de los Tastoanes is an event hosted annually on July 25 at the Municipal President's building, where the folklore dancers perform one of the oldest traditional dances and combat battle performance to honor the combats against the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The Festival Cultural de Mayo (May Cultural Festival) began in 1988. In 2009, the event celebrated the 400th anniversary of relations between Mexico and Japan, with many performances and exhibitions relation to Japanese culture. The 2009 festival featured 358 artists in 118 activities. Each year a different country is "invited." Past guests have been Germany (2008), Mexico (2007), Spain (2006) and Austria (2005). France is the 2013 guest.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-85">[85]</a> The Expo Ganadera is an event hosted annually in the month of October where people from all over the country attend to display the best examples of the breed and their quality that is produced in Jalisco. The event also works to promote technological advances in agriculture. The event also has separate sections for the authentic Mexican cuisine, exhibitions of livestock, charreria, and other competitions that display the Jalisco traditions.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> Notable festivals include: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JALISCO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JALISCO.jpg/220px-JALISCO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JALISCO.jpg/330px-JALISCO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JALISCO.jpg/440px-JALISCO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rbol_adentro" title="Árbol adentro">Árbol adentro</a> by José Fors</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Cultural_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May Cultural Festival (page does not exist)">May Cultural Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> this fair is held every year, thanks to the auspices of the University of Guadalajara, during the last week of November. It includes a large exhibition of consolidated, independent, university, national, international publishers; books and lectures are presented; it has a special area for children and young people; it is very significant for showing during the ten days of the fair to a guest country (or region, or community), to which a pavilion is dedicated to exposing the most representative of its culture. In the FIL, as it is popularly known, several awards are awarded, the most representative is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Rulfo_Award%27_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Literature_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Rulfo Award' Latin American and Caribbean Literature Award (page does not exist)">Juan Rulfo Award' Latin American and Caribbean Literature Award</a> (formerly known as "Juan Rulfo", in honor of this author jalisciense).</li> <li>The festivities of October: These are the traditional festivals of Guadalajara, have been held since 1965 being the first headquarters the Agua Azul Park and years later it would change headquarters to the Benito Juárez auditorium that is where this celebration is currently held. Its main attractions are the mechanical games, the palenque and the auditorium where various artists, especially Mexican music are performed every night during this celebration of the October festivities.</li> <li>The Feast of the Dolls (Guadalajara International Puppet Festival).</li> <li>The International Meeting of Mariachi and Charrería. As its name says, various mariachis from different parts of the world gather. As well as the charros that come from various parts to demonstrate the national sport of Mexico. It starts with a parade and over the days events are held in various scenarios throughout the city. It is held between the months of August and September.</li> <li>Expo Ganadera.Es the largest and most important of its kind in the country. It is usually performed during the month of October.</li> <li>The Guadalajara International Film Festival (known as Guadalajara Film Fest). With more than twenty years of experience, FICG is the most important event in Mexico in terms of film, which includes an exhibition of films, an encounter with filmmakers and actors (talent campus), and the contest of realizations that are awarded in several categories: Ibero-American and Mexican short film, Mexican and Latin American documentary, a fictional feature film, among which the "Mayahuel" in which a trajectory is awarded.</li> <li>The International Festival of Contemporary Dance "Onésimo González." It was organized since 1999 organized by the Ministry of Culture of the Government of the State of Jalisco and the National Dance Coordination of INBA. Having in this choreographic examples of the most outstanding dance groups of the state of Jalisco, with some guest, national and international companies; promoting cultural exchange within Guadalajara, while offering open master classes to the public to enrich the dance language in this state. Performing every October at the Art and Culture Forum of this city.</li> <li>Expo-International Friendship Fair. This city has been the cradle and shelter of distinguished [poet], writers, painters, actors, filmmakers and representatives of art internationally. One work that accounts for the richness of the poets of this city is the book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Major_Poetry_in_Guadalajara_(Poetic_Annotations_and_Criticisms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Major Poetry in Guadalajara (Poetic Annotations and Criticisms) (page does not exist)">Major Poetry in Guadalajara (Poetic Annotations and Criticisms)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> The historic downtown of Guadalajara is the oldest section of the city, where it was founded and where the oldest buildings are. It centers on Paseo Morelos/Paseo Hospicio from the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas_(Guadalajara)" title="Plaza de Armas (Guadalajara)">Plaza de Armas</a>, where the seats of ecclesiastical and secular power are, east toward the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_los_Mariachis" title="Plaza de los Mariachis">Plaza de los Mariachis</a> and the Former Hospice Cabañas. The Plaza de Armas is a rectangular plaza with gardens, ironwork benches and an ironwork <a href="/wiki/Kiosk" title="Kiosk">kiosk</a> which was made in Paris in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landmarks and monuments of Guadalajara</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospicio Cabañas, built in 1805-1845 by Manuel Tolsá, José Gutiérrez, Pedro José Ciprés.[88][89][90]"><img alt="Hospicio Cabañas, built in 1805-1845 by Manuel Tolsá, José Gutiérrez, Pedro José Ciprés.[88][89][90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/240px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/360px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg/480px-Instituto_Caba%C3%B1as_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a>, built in 1805-1845 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1" title="Manuel Tolsá">Manuel Tolsá</a>, José Gutiérrez, Pedro José Ciprés.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio del Gobierno"><img alt="Palacio del Gobierno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG/240px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG/360px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG/480px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_de_Jalisco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palacio del Gobierno</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara Cathedral, built between 1561-1618 (spires and dome were rebuilt between 1851-1854) by Martín Casillas, José Gutiérrez, Manuel Gómez Ibarra.[91][92]"><img alt="Guadalajara Cathedral, built between 1561-1618 (spires and dome were rebuilt between 1851-1854) by Martín Casillas, José Gutiérrez, Manuel Gómez Ibarra.[91][92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg/280px-Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg/420px-Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg/560px-Catedral_Guadalajra_IMG_20211017_194154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1785" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cathedral" title="Guadalajara Cathedral">Guadalajara Cathedral</a>, built between 1561-1618 (spires and dome were rebuilt between 1851-1854) by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Casillas" title="Martín Casillas">Martín Casillas</a>, José Gutiérrez, Manuel Gómez Ibarra.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara,_Jalisco_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio Legislativo"><img alt="Palacio Legislativo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG/240px-Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG/360px-Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG/480px-Una_de_las_entradas_del_Palacio_Legislativo_de_Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palacio Legislativo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara Monument"><img alt="Guadalajara Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg/240px-Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg/360px-Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg/480px-Escudo_de_Guadalajara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guadalajara Monument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Señora del Pilar Church"><img alt="Señora del Pilar Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg/270px-04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg/405px-04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg/540px-04990_templo_de_nuestra_se%C3%B1ora_del_pilar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Señora del Pilar Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Velasco_(Guadalajara,_M%C3%A9xico).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de Velasco [es]"><img alt="Palacio de Velasco [es]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg/243px-Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg/364px-Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg/486px-Palacio_de_Velasco_%28Guadalajara%2C_M%C3%A9xico%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="534" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palacio_de_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palacio de Velasco (page does not exist)">Palacio de Velasco</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Velasco_(Guadalajara)" class="extiw" title="es:Palacio de Velasco (Guadalajara)">es</a>]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres"><img alt="Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg/355px-Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg/532px-Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg/709px-Rotonda_de_los_Jalisciences_Ilustres_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="1254" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara City Hall"><img alt="Guadalajara City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/472px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_18.0_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4373" data-file-height="3333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guadalajara City Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Templo Expiatorio"><img alt="Templo Expiatorio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg/240px-Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg/360px-Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg/480px-Fachada_templo_expiatorio_GDL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Templo_Expiatorio_del_Sant%C3%ADsimo_Sacramento" title="Templo Expiatorio del Santísimo Sacramento">Templo Expiatorio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de Justicia"><img alt="Palacio de Justicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg/320px-Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg/480px-Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg/640px-Palacio_de_Justicia_-_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5841" data-file-height="3286" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palacio de Justicia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Guadalupe [es], built in 1777-1781 by Antonio Alcalde y Barriga.[93][94][95]"><img alt="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Guadalupe [es], built in 1777-1781 by Antonio Alcalde y Barriga.[93][94][95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg/240px-Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg/360px-Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg/480px-Santuario_de_Guadalupe_-_GDL_JAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Guadalupe (page does not exist)">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Guadalupe_(Guadalajara,_Jalisco)" class="extiw" title="es:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (Guadalajara, Jalisco)">es</a>], built in 1777-1781 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Alcalde_Barriga" title="Antonio Alcalde Barriga">Antonio Alcalde y Barriga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Agustín Convent Church built in 1620-1674 by Pedro del Toro for the Augustinians.[96][97]"><img alt="San Agustín Convent Church built in 1620-1674 by Pedro del Toro for the Augustinians.[96][97]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg/120px-00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg/180px-00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg/240px-00287_templo_de_san_agust%C3%ADn_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Templo_de_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Templo de San Agustín">San Agustín Convent Church</a> built in 1620-1674 by Pedro del Toro for the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Monastery of Santa María de Gracia built in 1661-1736 by the Dominican Order.[98][99][100]"><img alt="Church of Monastery of Santa María de Gracia built in 1661-1736 by the Dominican Order.[98][99][100]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg/270px-Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg/405px-Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg/540px-Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Templo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia" title="Templo de Santa María de Gracia">Church of Monastery of Santa María de Gracia</a> built in 1661-1736 by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, built in 1650-1721 by Francisco de Pineda for the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy.[101][102][103]"><img alt="Church of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, built in 1650-1721 by Francisco de Pineda for the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy.[101][102][103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg/270px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg/405px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg/540px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mercedes-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4858" data-file-height="3239" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Merced,_Guadalajara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Guadalajara (page does not exist)">Church of Nuestra Señora de la Merced</a>, built in 1650-1721 by Francisco de Pineda for the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></div> </li> </ul> Within Guadalajara's historic downtown, there are many squares and public parks: <a href="/wiki/Morelos_Park" title="Morelos Park">Morelos Park</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariachis_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariachis Square (page does not exist)">Mariachis Square</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Founders_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Founders Square (page does not exist)">Founders Square</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapat%C3%ADa_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapatía Square (page does not exist)">Tapatía Square</a>, Agave Square, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution Park (page does not exist)">Parque Revolucion</a>, Sanctuary Garden, Arms Square, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Plaza de la Liberación">Plaza de la Liberación</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalajara Square (page does not exist)">Guadalajara Square</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalisco_Famous_People_Roundabout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalisco Famous People Roundabout (page does not exist)">Jalisco Famous People Roundabout</a>, the last four of which surround the cathedral to form a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Cross">Latin Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cathedral" title="Guadalajara Cathedral">Metropolitan Cathedral</a> in 1558 and the church was consecrated in 1616. Its two towers were built in the 19th century after an earthquake destroyed the originals. They are considered one of the city's symbols. The architecture is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>. The interior has three naves and eleven side altars, covered by a roof supported by 30 Doric columns.<a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg/170px-Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg/255px-Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg/340px-Templo_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Gracia-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="5180" /></a><figcaption>San José de Gracia Church, built in 1899</figcaption></figure> The Jalisco Famous People Roundabout (Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres) is a monument made of quarried stone, built in 1952 to honor the memory of distinguished people from Jalisco. A circular structure of 17 columns surrounds 98 urns containing the remains of those honored. Across the street is the municipal palace which was built in 1952. It has four façades of quarried stone. It is mostly of Neoclassical design with elements such as courtyards, entrances, and columns that imitate the older structures of the city.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> The Palace of the State Government is in Churrigueresque and Neoclassical styles and was begun in the 17th century and finished in 1774. The interior was completely remodeled after an explosion in 1859. This building contains murals by José Clemente Orozco, a native of Jalisco, including "Lucha Social", "Circo Político", "Las Fuerzas Ocultas", and "Hidalgo", which depicts Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla with his arm raised above his head in anger at the government and the church.<a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> The cathedral is bordered to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Plaza de la Liberación">Plaza de la Liberación</a> (Freedom Square), nicknamed the Two Cups Square (Plaza de las Dos Copas), referring to the two fountains on the east and west sides. Facing this square is the <a href="/wiki/Degollado_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Degollado Theater">Degollado Theater</a> (Teatro Degollado). It was built in the mid-nineteenth century in Neoclassical design. The main portal has a <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> with a scene in relief called "Apollo and the Muses" sculpted in marble by Benito Castañeda. The interior vaulted ceiling is painted with a fresco by Jacobo Gálvez and Gerardo Suárez which depicts a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>. Behind the theater is another square with a fountain called the Founders Fountain (Fuente de los Fundadores). The square is in the exact spot where the city was founded and contains a sculpture depicting <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a> at the event.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> Between the Cathedral and the Hospice is the large <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Tapat%C3%ADa" title="Plaza Tapatía">Plaza Tapatía</a>, which covers 70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft). Its centerpiece is <a href="/wiki/Inmolaci%C3%B3n_de_Quetzalc%C3%B3atl" title="Inmolación de Quetzalcóatl">Inmolación de Quetzalcóatl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> Southeast of this square is the Mercado Libertad, also called the Mercado de San Juan de Dios, one of the largest traditional markets in Mexico. The Temple of San Juan de Dios, a Baroque church built in the 17th century, is next to the market.<a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="Equestrian statue of José María Morelos">Equestrian statue of José María Morelos</a></figcaption></figure> At the far east end is the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_los_Mariachis" title="Plaza de los Mariachis">Plaza de los Mariachis</a> and the Former Hospice Cabañas. The Plaza de los Mariachis is faced by restaurants where one can hear live mariachis play, especially at night. The Cabañs Former Hospice extends along the entire east side of the Plaza. This building was constructed by Manuel Tolsá beginning in 1805 under orders of Carlos III. It was inaugurated and began its function as an orphanage in 1810, in spite of the fact that it would not be finished until 1845. It was named after Bishop Ruiz de Cabañas y Crespo. The façade is Neoclassical and its main entrance is topped by a triangular pediment. Today, it is the home of the Instituto Cultural Cabañas (Cabañas Cultural Institute) and its main attraction is the murals by José Clemente Orozco, which cover the main entrance hall. Among these murals is "Hombre del Fuego" (Man of Fire), considered to be one of Orozco's finest works.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> Off this east–west axis are other significant constructions. The Legislative Place is Neoclassical and was originally built in the 18th century. It was reconstructed in 1982. The Palace of Justice was finished in 1897. The Old University Building was a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> college named Santo Tomás de Aquino. It was founded in 1591. It became the second Mexican University in 1792. Its main portal is of yellow stone. The Casa de los Perros (House of the Dogs) was constructed in 1896 in Neoclassical design.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a> On Avenida Juarez is the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora del Carmen which was founded between 1687 and 1690 and remodeled completely in 1830. It retains its original coat of arms of the Carmelite Order as well as sculptures of the prophets <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>. Adjoining it is what is left of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> monastery, which was one of the richest in New Spain.<a href="#cite_note-finsemana-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg/220px-Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg/330px-Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg/440px-Arena_Guadalajara_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Guadalajara Arena (Project)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a> music is strongly associated with Guadalajara both in Mexico and abroad even though the musical style originated in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Cocula,_Jalisco" title="Cocula, Jalisco">Cocula, Jalisco</a>. The connection between the city and mariachi began in 1907 when an eight-piece mariachi band and four dancers from the city performed on stage at the president's residence for both <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> and the Secretary of State of the United States. This made the music a symbol of west Mexico, and after the migration of many people from the Guadalajara area to Mexico City (mostly settling near Plaza Garibaldi), it then became a symbol of Mexican identity as well.<a href="#cite_note-tturino-105">[105]</a> Guadalajara hosts the Festival of Mariachi and <a href="/wiki/Charreada" class="mw-redirect" title="Charreada">Charreria</a>, which began in 1994. It attracts people in the fields of art, culture and politics from Mexico and abroad. Regularly the best mariachis in Mexico participate, such as <a href="/wiki/Mariachi_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariachi Vargas">Mariachi Vargas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariachi_de_Am%C3%A9rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariachi de América (page does not exist)">Mariachi de América</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariachi_los_Camperos_de_Nati_Cano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariachi los Camperos de Nati Cano">Mariachi los Camperos de Nati Cano</a>. Mariachi bands from all over the world participate, coming from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, France, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a>, Canada and the United States. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParianTlaque_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ParianTlaque_05.JPG/220px-ParianTlaque_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ParianTlaque_05.JPG/330px-ParianTlaque_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/ParianTlaque_05.JPG/440px-ParianTlaque_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Mariachi band in <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a>.</figcaption></figure> The events of this festival take place in venues all over the metropolitan area,<a href="#cite_note-marchar-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-vibrar-107">[107]</a> and include a parade with floats.<a href="#cite_note-vibrar-107">[107]</a> In August 2009, 542 mariachi musicians played together for a little over ten minutes to break the world record for largest mariachi group. The musicians played various songs ending with two classic Mexican songs "<a href="/wiki/Cielito_Lindo" title="Cielito Lindo">Cielito Lindo</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_(song)" title="Guadalajara (song)">Guadalajara</a>." The feat was performed during the XVI Encuentro Internacional del Mariachi y la Charreria. The prior record was 520 musicians in 2007 in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-records-108">[108]</a> In the historic center of the city is the Plaza de los Mariachis, named such as many groups play here. The plaza was renovated for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a> in anticipation of the crowds visiting. Over 750 mariachi musicians play traditional melodies on the plaza, and along with the restaurants and other businesses, the plaza supports more than 830 families.<a href="#cite_note-plazarehab-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg/220px-Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg/330px-Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg/440px-Orquesta_Filarmonica_de_Jalisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Jalisco" title="Orquesta Filarmónica de Jalisco">Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> A recent innovation has been the fusion of mariachi melodies and instruments with rock and roll performed by rock musicians in the Guadalajara area. An album collecting a number of these melodies was produced called "Mariachi Rock-O." There are plans to take these bands on tour in Mexico, the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-rocko-110">[110]</a> The city is also host to several dance and ballet companies such as the Chamber Ballet of Jalisco, the Folkloric Ballet of the University of Guadalajara, and the University of Guadalajara Contemporary Ballet. The city is home to a renowned symphony orchestra. The Orquesta Filarmónica de Jalisco (<a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Filarm%C3%B3nica_de_Jalisco" title="Orquesta Filarmónica de Jalisco">Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra</a>) was founded by José Rolón in 1915. It held concerts from that time until 1924, when state funding was lost. However, the musicians kept playing to keep the orchestra alive. This eventually caught the attention of authorities and funding was restated in 1939. Private funding started in the 1940s and in 1950, an organization called Conciertos Guadalajara A. C. was formed to continue fundraising for the orchestra. In 1971, the orchestra became affiliated with the Department of Fine Arts of the State of Jalisco. The current name was adopted in 1988/ International soloists such as Paul Badura-Skoda, Claudio Arrau, Jörg Demus, Henryck Szeryng, Nicanor Zabaleta, Plácido Domingo, Kurt Rydl and Alfred Brendel have performed with the organization. Today the orchestra is under the direction of Marco Parisotto.<a href="#cite_note-orchestra-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG/220px-Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG/330px-Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG/440px-Gdl_Cafe_Vallarta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Cafe on Avenida Vallarta</figcaption></figure> As in the rest of Mexico, food in Guadalajara is a mix of pre-Hispanic and Spanish influences. Typical Mexican dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">pozole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamal">tamales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sope_(food)" title="Sope (food)">sopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchilada" title="Enchilada">enchiladas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">tacos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">menudo (soup)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carne_en_su_jugo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carne en su jugo (page does not exist)">carne en su jugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frijoles_charros" title="Frijoles charros">frijoles charros</a> are popular. One dish specific to Guadalajara is the "<a href="/wiki/Torta_ahogada" title="Torta ahogada">torta ahogada</a>." It consists of a salted bun or roll (typically birote) smeared with refried beans, with fried pork cut into pieces — also known as "carnitas" — all in tomato sauce seasoned with spices. It is eaten with onions reduced in lemon and hot sauce. Accompanying drinks can include tejuino, which is made with a base of sourdough corn accompanied by lemon ice cream, or tepache, which is made from the bark of fermented pineapple. Another typical meal of Guadalajara and the entire state of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> is the "<a href="/wiki/Birria" title="Birria">birria</a>", which is usually made with either pork, beef, or goat. Handcrafted birria is made in a special oven, which can be underground and covered with maguey leaves; the meat can be mixed with a tomato broth and spices, or consumed separately.<a href="#cite_note-guadgas-112">[112]</a> The traditional way of preparing birria is to pit roast the meat and spices wrapped in maguey leaves.<a href="#cite_note-guadguad-113">[113]</a> It is served in bowls with minced onion, limes and tortillas. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco,_M%C3%A9xico_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Tequilas_hechos_en_Jalisco%2C_M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="3265" /></a><figcaption>Most <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a> is produced in <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> in the regions north of Guadalajara around <a href="/wiki/Tequila,_Jalisco" title="Tequila, Jalisco">Santiago de Tequila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_de_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Altos de Jalisco">Los Altos de Jalisco</a>.</figcaption></figure> Another typical dish of the tapatía kitchen is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carne_en_su_jugo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carne en su jugo (page does not exist)">carne en su jugo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/carne_en_su_jugo" class="extiw" title="es:carne en su jugo">es</a>] This dish consists of a beef broth with beans from the pot and is accompanied by bacon, coriander, onion, and radish (sliced or whole). The dessert that is considered as a typical tapatío is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jericalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jericalla (page does not exist)">jericalla</a>. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Aztec empire, a few religious ceremonies included eating <a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">pozole</a> made with hominy and human flesh. This was the first type of pozole mentioned in Spanish writing, as a ritual dish eaten only by select priests and noblemen. The meat from the thighs of slain enemy warriors was used. The Franciscan missionaries ended this custom when they banned Aztec religious ceremonies. The pozole in the local common cuisine was related to the ritual dish, but prepared with turkey meat, and later pork, not with human flesh.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapala133.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chapala133.JPG/220px-Chapala133.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chapala133.JPG/330px-Chapala133.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chapala133.JPG/440px-Chapala133.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torta_ahogada" title="Torta ahogada">Torta ahogada</a>, a typical dish.</figcaption></figure> Other dishes that are popular here include <a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">pozole</a>, a soup prepared with hominy, pork or chicken, topped with cabbage, radishes, minced onions, and other condiments; <a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">pipián</a>, which is a sauce prepared with peanuts, squash and sesame seed, and <a href="/wiki/Bionico" title="Bionico">biónico</a>, a popular local dessert. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jericalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jericalla (page does not exist)">Jericallas</a> are a typical Guadalajara dessert that is similar to flan, that was created to give children proper nutrients while being delicious. It is made with eggs, milk, sugar, vanilla, and cinnamon, and baked in the oven where it is broiled to the point that a burnt layer is produced. The burnt layer at the surface is what makes this dessert special and delicious.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> One of the drinks that is popular in Guadalajara is Tejuino, a refreshing drink that contains a corn fermented base with sugarcane, lime, salt and chili powder.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The city hosts the Feria Internacional Gastronomía (International Gastronomy Fair) each year in September showcasing Mexican and international cuisines. Many restaurants, bars, bakeries and cafés participate as well as producers of <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Mexico" title="Beer in Mexico">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guadgas-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg/220px-Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg/330px-Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg/440px-Estadio_Akron_02-07-2022_cabecera_sur_lado_derecho_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Akron" title="Estadio Akron">Estadio Akron</a>, House of Chivas football team, built for the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Copa_Libertadores" title="Copa Libertadores">Copa Libertadores</a></figcaption></figure> Guadalajara is home to four professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams; <a href="/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara" title="C.D. Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, also known as Chivas, <a href="/wiki/Club_Atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Atlas">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.D._Oro" title="C.D. Oro">C.D. Oro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Club_Universidad_de_Guadalajara" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Universidad de Guadalajara">Universidad de Guadalajara</a>. <a href="/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara" title="C.D. Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> is the most followed club in the country,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> They have won the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Primera División">Mexican Primera División</a> a total of 12 times, and have won the <a href="/wiki/Copa_MX" title="Copa MX">Copa MX</a> four times. In 2017 Chivas became the first team in Mexican football history to win a <a href="/wiki/Double_(association_football)" title="Double (association football)">Double</a> (a league and cup title) in a single season on two different occasions and their first since the <a href="/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season" title="1969–70 Mexican Primera División season">1969–70 season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Chivas went on to win the <a href="/wiki/2018_CONCACAF_Champions_League_Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals">2018 CONCACAF Champions League final</a> against <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> side <a href="/wiki/Toronto_FC" title="Toronto FC">Toronto FC</a>, the second time they have won the tournament. Chivas won the first ever <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League" class="mw-redirect" title="CONCACAF Champions League">CONCACAF Champions League</a> and are the only Guadalajara-based football team to win the tournament. <a href="/wiki/Club_Atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Atlas">Atlas</a> also plays in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Primera División">Mexican Primera División</a>. They are known in the country as 'The academy', hence they have provided Mexico's finest football players, among them: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Rafael Márquez">Rafael Márquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Oswaldo Sánchez">Oswaldo Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1vel_Pardo" title="Pável Pardo">Pável Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Guardado" title="Andrés Guardado">Andrés Guardado</a>, and the Mexican national team's former top scorer <a href="/wiki/Jared_Borgetti" title="Jared Borgetti">Jared Borgetti</a>. Atlas also won several championships in amateur tournaments, and the first championship for a Guadalajaran team in 1951. They won the first division championship again in 2021. <a href="/wiki/Estudiantes_Tecos" class="mw-redirect" title="Estudiantes Tecos">Estudiantes</a> was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Guadalajara" title="Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara">Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara A.C.</a> It played in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Primera División">Primera División</a>, with home games in the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_3_de_Marzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio 3 de Marzo">Estadio 3 de Marzo</a> (March 3 Stadium, for the university's 1935 date of founding). They've won also a single Championship back in 1994 as they defeated <a href="/wiki/Club_Santos_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Santos Laguna">Santos</a>. The team moved to <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas,_Zacatecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas, Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Mineros_de_Zacatecas" title="Mineros de Zacatecas">Mineros de Zacatecas</a> in May 2014. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG/220px-Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG/330px-Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG/440px-Estadio_Telmex_de_Atletismo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_de_B%C3%A9isbol_Charros_de_Jalisco_y_Atletismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio de Béisbol Charros de Jalisco y Atletismo">Estadio Charros</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a></figcaption></figure> Starting in October 2014, Guadalajara rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Mexicana_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Mexicana del Pacífico">Liga Mexicana del Pacífico</a> baseball tournament with the <a href="/wiki/Charros_de_Jalisco" title="Charros de Jalisco">Charros de Jalisco</a> franchise in play at the Athletic Stadium. <a href="/wiki/Charreada" class="mw-redirect" title="Charreada">Charreada</a>, the Mexican form of rodeo and closely tied to mariachi music, is popular here. The biggest place for Charreada competitions, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=VFG_Arena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VFG Arena (page does not exist)">VFG Arena</a>, is located near the Guadalajara Airport founded by singer <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Vicente Fernández">Vicente Fernández</a>. Every September 15, charros make a parade in the downtown streets to celebrate the Charro and Mariachi Day.<a href="#cite_note-marchar-106">[106]</a> Guadalajara hosted the <a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011 Pan American Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Since winning the bid to host the Games, the city had been undergoing extensive renovations. The games brought in more than 5,000 athletes from approximately 42 countries from the Americas and the Caribbean. Sports included aquatics, football, racquetball, and 27 more, with six others being considered. COPAG (the Organizing Committee for the Pan American Games Guadalajara 2011) had a total budget of US$250 million with the aim of updating the city's sports and general infrastructure. The center of the city was repaved and new hotels were constructed for the approximately 22,000 rooms that were needed in 2011. The new bus rapid transit (BRT) system, Macrobús, was launched in March and runs along Avenida Independencia. The Pan-American village was built around the Bajio Zone. After the Games, the buildings will be used for housing. There are already 13 existing venues in Guadalajara that the games will use, including the <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalisco Stadium">Jalisco Stadium</a>, UAG 3 de Marzo Stadium, and the UAG Gymnasium. Eleven new sporting facilities were created for the event. Other works included a second terminal in the airport, a highway to Puerto Vallarta and a bypass for the southern part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Ochoa" title="Lorena Ochoa">Lorena Ochoa</a>, a now-retired former #1 female golfer, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_P%C3%A9rez" title="Sergio Pérez">Sergio Pérez</a> who drives for <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing_F1_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Bull Racing F1 Team">Red Bull Racing F1 Team</a> in Formula One, and <a href="/wiki/Javier_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Javier Hernández">Javier "Chicharito" Hernández</a>, a forward who currently plays for <a href="/wiki/LA_Galaxy" title="LA Galaxy">LA Galaxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_national_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico national team">Mexico national team</a> were also born in the city. <a href="/wiki/Canelo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Canelo Álvarez">Saúl “Canelo” Álvarez</a>, a boxer was also born in the city. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/250px-Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/375px-Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/500px-Estadio_de_Tenis_y_Alberca_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panamerican_Tennis_Center" title="Panamerican Tennis Center">Panamerican Tennis Center</a></figcaption></figure> The city hosted the <a href="/wiki/2021_WTA_Finals" title="2021 WTA Finals">2021 WTA Finals</a>, the first time the tournament was played in Latin America. The city will be one of three cities in Mexico to host matches during the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>. <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tapatío">Tapatío</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tapatío">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the hot sauce, see <a href="/wiki/Tapat%C3%ADo_hot_sauce" title="Tapatío hot sauce">Tapatío hot sauce</a>.</div> Tapatío (used as in male gender) is a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a> colloquial term which refers to someone born in the state of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>. Tapatía is the female gender equivalent. Tapatío/Tapatía is also used as an adjective for anything associated with Guadalajara or anything of the state of Jalisco.<a href="#cite_note-Prieto-122">[122]</a> The word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word tlapatiyōtl, the name of a monetary unit in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> times which became most closely associated with the region which today is Guadalajara.<a href="#cite_note-Prieto-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palacio_Municipal_de_Guadalajara_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption>City Hall of Guadalajara</figcaption></figure> As the capital of the state, the city is the seat of the state's government. As a result, state politics have a heavy influence on local decision-making and vice versa. Historically, the mayorship of the city has been a common leaping platform for the state governorship. Additionally, because of the sheer size of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area vis-à-vis the rest of the state, the city's urban agglomeration—largely dominated and coordinated by the Guadalajara city council—captures 12 of the 20 seats in the state legislature allocated by the district. All three branches of the state government are concentrated around the historic city center, with the Palace of Government, the seat of the state executive, immediately southeast of the cathedral. North, across the Freedom Square (Plaza de la Liberación), is the State Legislature Building, and immediately east of the latter is the Supreme Tribunal of State Justice. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Justicia-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palacio_de_Justicia-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>Palace of Justice of Jalisco</figcaption></figure> Like other municipalities in Mexico, Guadalajara is governed by a municipal president, who exercises executive power for three consecutive years. This office is currently occupied by Enrique Alfaro (Movimiento Ciudadano). The legislature has the cabildo, formed by the form chosen by the candidate for mayor, made up of aldermen, who are not elected by the people by direct or indirect voting, but the return happens automatically if the mayor wins. The municipality is divided into five <a href="/wiki/Federal_Electoral_Districts_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Electoral Districts of Mexico">electoral districts</a> for the purpose of election of representatives of the city in the federal legislature. These districts are the VIII, IX, XI, XIII, and XIV of the state of Jalisco. The city and the municipality of Guadalajara are essentially co extensive with over 99% of the municipality living within the city limits and nearly all of the municipality urbanized.<a href="#cite_note-encmuc-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-INEGI-123">[123]</a> Urbanization centered on the city spreads out over seven other municipalities; of <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlajomulco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlajomulco">Tlajomulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salto,_Jalisco" title="El Salto, Jalisco">El Salto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_de_los_Membrillos" title="Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos">Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juanacatl%C3%A1n" title="Juanacatlán">Juanacatlán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CONAPOzm2005-31">[31]</a> These areas form the "<a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara Metropolitan Area</a>" (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara in Spanish), which is the most populous in the state of Jalisco and the third most populous in the country after the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City Metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CONAPOzm2005-31">[31]</a> This metropolitan area had a population of 4,298,715 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-CONAPOProy-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-CONAPOzm2005-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_presidents_of_Guadalajara">Municipal presidents of Guadalajara</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Municipal presidents of Guadalajara">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_presidents_of_Guadalajara" title="List of municipal presidents of Guadalajara">List of municipal presidents of Guadalajara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fachada_del_Museo_de_las_Artes_de_la_Universidad_de_Guadalajara_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a>, founded in 1791, is one of the highest ranking universities in Latin America.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_del_Estado_de_Jalisco_%22Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola%22_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>State Library of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></figcaption></figure> Guadalajara is an important hub for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in both Mexico and Latin America, as the home to numerous nationally and internationally ranked universities and research centers. The most important is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a>, which was established on October 12, 1791, by royal decree.<a href="#cite_note-realuni-125">[125]</a> The entity underwent a number of reorganizations since then, but the modern university as it exists today was established in 1925, when the governor of Jalisco convened professors, students and others to re-establish the university. These precepts were organized into a law called the Organic Law (Ley Orgánica) <a href="#cite_note-uniguad-126">[126]</a> It was ranked fifth among the best Mexican universities in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_(CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Patio_principal_del_Ex_Claustro_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Gracia_%28CUAAD_ARTES_PL%C3%81STICAS%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CUAAD" title="CUAAD">Guadalajara University Center of Art, Architecture and Design</a></figcaption></figure> Guadalajara is home to <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Guadalajara" title="Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara">Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara</a> (UAG), which was founded in 1935 and is the oldest private university in Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-test2-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Valle_de_Atemajac_(UNIVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA)">Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education</a>. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> The city hosts campuses of several private schools, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad La Salle">Universidad La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Panamericana" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Panamericana">Universidad Panamericana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_UNIVER" title="Universidad UNIVER">Universidad UNIVER</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ITESO">ITESO, Jesuit University of Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Technological_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Technological University (page does not exist)">Guadalajara Metropolitan Technological University</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Tecnol%C3%B3gica_de_la_Zona_Metropolitana_de_Guadalajara" class="extiw" title="es:Universidad Tecnológica de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Valle_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Universidad del Valle de México">Universidad del Valle de México</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_Marista_de_Guadalajara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidad Marista de Guadalajara (page does not exist)">Universidad Marista de Guadalajara</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Marista_de_Guadalajara" class="extiw" title="es:Universidad Marista de Guadalajara">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidad_Tecnol%C3%B3gica_de_Guadalajara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidad Tecnológica de Guadalajara (page does not exist)">Universidad Tecnológica de Guadalajara</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Tecnol%C3%B3gica_de_Guadalajara" class="extiw" title="es:Universidad Tecnológica de Guadalajara">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Valle_de_Atemajac" title="Universidad del Valle de Atemajac">Universidad del Valle de Atemajac</a></li></ul> In addition, the city hosts numerous <a href="/wiki/International_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="International schools">international schools</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_Foundation_of_Guadalajara" title="American School Foundation of Guadalajara">American School Foundation of Guadalajara</a> (ASFG)<a href="#cite_note-asfg-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Guadalajara" title="Lycée Français de Guadalajara">Lycée Français de Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Alem%C3%A1n_de_Guadalajara" title="Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara">Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> Guadalajara is well connected by a number of modern highways. These include Fed 15D, which connects the city northwestward to <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Tepic,_Nayarit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepic, Nayarit">Tepic, Nayarit</a> and eastwards to Mexico City via <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a>; Fed 80D which runs northeast toward <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes,_Aguascalientes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>; and Fed 54D which runs southward to the coast via <a href="/wiki/Colima,_Colima" class="mw-redirect" title="Colima, Colima">Colima</a>. The city's well-connected transportation infrastructure allows easy access to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, to the southeast, and to the major beach resorts of <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo,_Colima" title="Manzanillo, Colima">Manzanillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta" title="Puerto Vallarta">Puerto Vallarta</a> to the southwest, northwest, and west, respectively. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Terminal_1_Guadalajara_Intl_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Airport" title="Guadalajara International Airport">Guadalajara International Airport</a> is the 10th busiest airport in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and a hub for <a href="/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico" title="Aeroméxico">Aeroméxico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volaris" title="Volaris">Volaris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VivaAerobus" class="mw-redirect" title="VivaAerobus">VivaAerobus</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Airport" title="Guadalajara International Airport">Guadalajara International Airport</a>, also known as Guadalajara International Airport (ICAO code: MMGL) opened in 1966. It is located 16 km (10 mi) south of downtown Guadalajara, and it was built in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tlajomulco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlajomulco">Tlajomulco</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Chapala,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapala, Mexico">Chapala</a>. The airport is the third most active in the country (after Mexico City and <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>) with direct flights to many Mexican and American cities.<a href="#cite_note-pstats-131">[131]</a> Within the city itself, there are many forms of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_light_rail_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara light rail system">Guadalajara light rail system</a>, named SITEUR (Sistema de Tren Eléctrico Urbano), Spanish for Urban Electrical Train System, provides <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> service within Guadalajara and the neighboring municipalities of Zapopan and Tlaquepaque. It consists of 3 lines: line 1, running from north to south, with 19 stations, line 2, running from downtown to the east, with 10 stations and line 3. The trains are electric and have a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). The 48 <a href="/wiki/Articulated_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated tram">articulated</a> cars currently in service<a href="#cite_note-trenes-132">[132]</a> were built in Mexico by <a href="/wiki/Concarril" class="mw-redirect" title="Concarril">Concarril</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LRA-1994-133">[133]</a> Construction on a third line began in 2014 and concluded in 2020. Line 3 runs from <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>, in the northwest, to <a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a>, in the southeast, via the city center.<a href="#cite_note-Line_3_presentation-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/220px--Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaciòn_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_Línea_3_del_Tren_Eléctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv/Carro_Barcelona_Metro_9000_arrivando_a_la_estaci%C3%B2n_Guadalajara_Centro_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_3_del_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano_de_Guadalajara.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sistema_de_Tren_El%C3%A9ctrico_Urbano" title="Sistema de Tren Eléctrico Urbano">Guadalajara's light rail system</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Macrob%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Macrobús">Guadalajara Macrobús</a> (also known as Mi Macro) is a public transportation system based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a>, where each bus has a single route and boarding station. Phase I of the Macrobús project opened in 2009 with a 16-kilometer-long (9.9 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) corridor following Calzada Independencia and serving 27 stations.<a href="#cite_note-macrobus-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi_Macro_Perif%C3%A9rico" title="Mi Macro Periférico">Mi Macro Periférico</a> is the newest line of the Guadalajara Macrobús system, running 41.6 kilometers along the Anillo Periférico, connecting with most transportation systems in the city. A new line of Mi Macro is expected to run along Carretera a Chapala, connecting with the <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Airport">Guadalajara International Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Guadalajara" title="Trolleybuses in Guadalajara">Guadalajara trolleybus system</a> has been operating since the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-LRA-1994-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-sisteco-136">[136]</a> along with many city buses run by private companies and a bustling network of pedestrianized streets. Mi Bici Pública, <a href="/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions" title="PBSC Urban Solutions">PBSC Urban Solutions-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">public bike share system</a>, was launched in 2014. In 2016, the city implemented 242 docking stations and 2116 bikes.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> As of September 2018 Mi Bici has 19,664 annually subscribed users.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In Guadalajara, a person spends an average of 82 minutes per weekday commuting with public transportation. 23% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 15 min, while 22% of riders wait for an average of over 20 minutes each day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8 km, and 16% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions">edit</a>]</div> Guadalajara hosts the presence of numerous <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a>, as well as numerous <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)#Honorary_consul" title="Consul (representative)">honorary consulates</a>:<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <dl><dt>Consulates</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Consulate General of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate General of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Honorary missions</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> Honorary Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico">List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico</a></div> Guadalajara is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alajuela" title="Alajuela">Alajuela</a>, Costa Rica (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, United States (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, Philippines (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cigales" title="Cigales">Cigales</a>, Spain (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>, South Korea (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a>, South Korea (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California" title="Downey, California">Downey</a>, United States (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a>, Spain (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam"><img alt="Guam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, United States (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, United States (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, Jamaica (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a>, United States (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a>, United States (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, Equatorial Guinea (1976)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/O%C3%B1ati" title="Oñati">Oñati</a>, Spain (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, United States (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, United States (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, Costa Rica (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, United States (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, El Salvador (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, Dominican Republic (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, Honduras (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, China (2003)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_cooperation">Domestic cooperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Domestic cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocula,_Jalisco" title="Cocula, Jalisco">Cocula</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel" title="Cozumel">Cozumel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_de_Kino" title="Magdalena de Kino">Magdalena de Kino</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nochistl%C3%A1n" title="Nochistlán">Nochistlán</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca de Juárez</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Municipality" title="Quintana Roo Municipality">Quintana Roo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreements_cooperation">Agreements cooperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Agreements cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guadalajara.gob.mx-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guadalajara.gob.mx-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de México">Ciudad de México</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guadalajara.gob.mx-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Category:People from Guadalajara, Jalisco">List of people from Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Category:Companies based in Guadalajara, Jalisco">List of companies based in Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guadalajara" title="Culture of Guadalajara">Culture of Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Guadalajara" title="Symbols of Guadalajara">Symbols of Guadalajara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cuentame.inegi.org.mx-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cuentame.inegi.org.mx_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuentame.inegi.org.mx_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/territorio/div_municipal.aspx?tema=me&e=14">"División municipal. Jalisco"</a>. Cuentame.inegi.org.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309233911/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/territorio/div_municipal.aspx?tema=me&e=14">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cuentame.inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Divisi%C3%B3n+municipal.+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuentame.inegi.org.mx%2Fmonografias%2Finformacion%2Fjal%2Fterritorio%2Fdiv_municipal.aspx%3Ftema%3Dme%26e%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=guadalajarense">"Diccionario de la lengua española -Real Academia Española"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205621/http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=guadalajarense">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+-Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flema.rae.es%2Fdrae%2F%3Fval%3Dguadalajarense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/guadalajarense">"guadalajarense - Definición quequm la pelan"</a>. Word Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422080400/http://www.wordreference.com/definicion/guadalajarense">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=guadalajarense+-+Definici%C3%B3n+quequm+la+pelan&rft.pub=Word+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordreference.com%2Fdefinicion%2Fguadalajarense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelluBase-4"><a href="#cite_ref-TelluBase_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf">"TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"</a> (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TelluBase%E2%80%94Mexico+Fact+Sheet+%28Tellusant+Public+Service+Series%29&rft.pub=Tellusant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftellusant.com%2Frepo%2Ftb%2Ftellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/guadalajara">"Guadalajara or Guadalahara"</a>. Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408060753/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/guadalajara">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+or+Guadalahara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fguadalajara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jalisco-gob-6"><a href="#cite_ref-jalisco-gob_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/es/jalisco/guadalajara">"Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara"</a>. Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002317/https://www.jalisco.gob.mx/es/jalisco/guadalajara">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gobierno+del+Estado+de+Jalisco&rft.atitle=%C3%81rea+Metropolitana+de+Guadalajara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jalisco.gob.mx%2Fes%2Fjalisco%2Fguadalajara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2020-scitel-7"><a href="#cite_ref-census2020-scitel_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9">"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164521/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2020+-+SCITEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fapp%2Fscitel%2FDefault%3Fev%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conapo.gob.mx-8"><a href="#cite_ref-conapo.gob.mx_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm">"Conapo.gob.mx"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conapo.gob.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conapo.gob.mx%2Fpublicaciones%2Fdzm2005%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Carlos_Aceros_Gualdron" class="citation web cs1">Juan Carlos Aceros Gualdron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.es/geocrit/sn/sn-194-06.htm">"Scripta Nova"</a>. Ub.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706083350/http://www.ub.es/geocrit/sn/sn-194-06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ub.es&rft.atitle=Scripta+Nova&rft.au=Juan+Carlos+Aceros+Gualdron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.es%2Fgeocrit%2Fsn%2Fsn-194-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321162556/http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/aumenta-la-demanda-de-las-oficinas-suburbanas-en-bajio.html">"Aumenta la demanda de las oficinas suburbanas en Bajío"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Financiero" title="El Financiero">El Financiero</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/aumenta-la-demanda-de-las-oficinas-suburbanas-en-bajio.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Aumenta+la+demanda+de+las+oficinas+suburbanas+en+Baj%C3%ADo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Fempresas%2Faumenta-la-demanda-de-las-oficinas-suburbanas-en-bajio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informador.com.mx/economia/2015/583574/6/estados-del-bajio-crecen-a-ritmo-asiatico-banamex.htm">"Estados del Bajío crecen a ritmo asiático: Banamex"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Informador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informador (page does not exist)">Informador</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103657/http://www.informador.com.mx/economia/2015/583574/6/estados-del-bajio-crecen-a-ritmo-asiatico-banamex.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informador&rft.atitle=Estados+del+Baj%C3%ADo+crecen+a+ritmo+asi%C3%A1tico%3A+Banamex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.com.mx%2Feconomia%2F2015%2F583574%2F6%2Festados-del-bajio-crecen-a-ritmo-asiatico-banamex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityMajorStatics-12"><a href="#cite_ref-CityMajorStatics_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html">"City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005"</a>. Citymayors.com. 11 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918030640/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citymayors.com&rft.atitle=City+Mayors+reviews+the+richest+cities+in+the+world+in+2005&rft.date=2007-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymayors.com%2Fstatistics%2Frichest-cities-2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101082038/http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf">"Hot Spots: Benchmarking Global City Competitiveness"</a> (PDF). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Spots%3A+Benchmarking+Global+City+Competitiveness&rft.pub=The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.managementthinking.eiu.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2FHot%2520Spots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRA-14"><a href="#cite_ref-TRA_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101063750/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/2014/impreso/san-juan-de-dios-el-tepito-tapatio-94013.html">"San Juan de Dios, el Tepito tapatío"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)" title="El Universal (Mexico City)">El Universal</a>. March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/2014/impreso/san-juan-de-dios-el-tepito-tapatio-94013.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=San+Juan+de+Dios%2C+el+Tepito+tapat%C3%ADo&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Festados%2F2014%2Fimpreso%2Fsan-juan-de-dios-el-tepito-tapatio-94013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2023/6261769/guadalajara-mexico/">"Guadalajara, Mexico"</a>. 16 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318215107/https://time.com/collection/worlds-greatest-places-2023/6261769/guadalajara-mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fcollection%2Fworlds-greatest-places-2023%2F6261769%2Fguadalajara-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inguadalajara.com/history/">"History - in Guadalajara"</a>. 28 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315234705/https://inguadalajara.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+in+Guadalajara&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finguadalajara.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html">"GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010"</a>. www.lboro.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125203/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=GaWC+-+The+World+According+to+GaWC+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2010t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/latin-america">"US News & World Report - Best Global Universities in Latin America 2019"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091450/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/latin-america">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+News+%26+World+Report+-+Best+Global+Universities+in+Latin+America+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Flatin-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/latin-america-university-rankings">"Latin America Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. 5 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210045217/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/latin-america-university-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Latin+America+Rankings&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2019%2Flatin-america-university-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encmuc-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_20-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616184414/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/mpios/14039a.htm">"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Jalisco Guadalajara"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_para_el_Federalismo_y_el_Desarrollo_Municipal" title="Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal">Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/mpios/14039a.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+Municipios+de+M%C3%A9xico+Estado+de+Jalisco+Guadalajara&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+para+el+Federalismo+y+el+Desarrollo+Municipal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-local.gob.mx%2Fwork%2Ftemplates%2Fenciclo%2Fjalisco%2Fmpios%2F14039a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood62-21"><a href="#cite_ref-kirkwood62_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10017942&ppg=80">History of Mexico</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. p. 62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D3000600%26ppg%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10017942%26ppg%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Regino_Villalobos_Espinosa2022" class="citation journal cs1">Carlos Regino Villalobos Espinosa (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofpublicgovernance.cucea.udg.mx/index.php/jpgp/article/view/7688">"Moving forward: the democratization of social policy in Jalisco"</a>. Journal of Public Governance and Policy: Latin American Review. 1 (11): 4 – via Universidad de Guadalajara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Governance+and+Policy%3A+Latin+American+Review&rft.atitle=Moving+forward%3A+the+democratization+of+social+policy+in+Jalisco&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2022-12&rft.au=Carlos+Regino+Villalobos+Espinosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofpublicgovernance.cucea.udg.mx%2Findex.php%2Fjpgp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano21-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-napolitano21_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-napolitano21_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-napolitano21_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=37">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey: University of California Press. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D37">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood82-24"><a href="#cite_ref-kirkwood82_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10017942&ppg=80">History of Mexico</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D3000600%26ppg%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10017942%26ppg%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood83-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirkwood83_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirkwood83_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10017942&ppg=80">History of Mexico</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D3000600%26ppg%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10017942%26ppg%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sosa-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Sosa_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosa1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sosa, Francisco (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biografiasdemexi0000sosa_num472/page/288">Biografías de Mexicanos Distinguidos: Miguel Hidalgo</a> (in Spanish). Vol. 472. Mexico City: Editorial Porrua. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biografiasdemexi0000sosa_num472/page/288">288–292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-452-050-6" title="Special:BookSources/968-452-050-6"><bdi>968-452-050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biograf%C3%ADas+de+Mexicanos+Distinguidos%3A+Miguel+Hidalgo&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pages=288-292&rft.pub=Editorial+Porrua&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=968-452-050-6&rft.aulast=Sosa&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiografiasdemexi0000sosa_num472%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler-27"><a href="#cite_ref-fowler_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1998" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Will (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10017946&ppg=41">Mexico in the Age of Proposals 1821–1853</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D3000603%26ppg%3D41">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+in+the+Age+of+Proposals+1821%E2%80%931853&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10017946%26ppg%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano18-28"><a href="#cite_ref-napolitano18_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=37">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey, USA: University of California Press. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D37">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-search.eb.com.millenium.itesm.mx/eb/article-256635">"Guadalajara"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-search.eb.com.millenium.itesm.mx%2Feb%2Farticle-256635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano2021-30"><a href="#cite_ref-napolitano2021_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=37">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey: University of California Press. pp. 20–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D37">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CONAPOzm2005-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CONAPOzm2005_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CONAPOzm2005_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CONAPOzm2005_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CONAPOzm2005_31-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm">Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013007/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/index.htm">Archived</a> May 6, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-10-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano2324-32"><a href="#cite_ref-napolitano2324_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=3">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey: University of California Press. pp. 23–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164927/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D3">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano2122-33"><a href="#cite_ref-napolitano2122_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=37">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey: University of California Press. pp. 21–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D37">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-napolitano2022-34"><a href="#cite_ref-napolitano2022_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano2002" class="citation book cs1">Napolitano, Valentina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10050807&ppg=37">Migration, Mujercitas, and Medicine Men : Living in Urban Mexico</a>. Ewing, New Jersey: University of California Press. pp. 20, 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D224152%26ppg%3D37">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Mujercitas%2C+and+Medicine+Men%26thinsp%3B%3A+Living+in+Urban+Mexico&rft.place=Ewing%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=20%2C+22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10050807%26ppg%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dugal-35"><a href="#cite_ref-dugal_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugal1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dugal, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102120323/http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w2_028.htm">"Guadalajara Gas Explosion Disaster"</a>. In Disaster Recovery Journal. 5 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drj.com/drworld/content/w2_028.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Disaster+Recovery+Journal&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+Gas+Explosion+Disaster&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dugal&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drj.com%2Fdrworld%2Fcontent%2Fw2_028.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Eisner, Peter (28 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N22/mexico.22w.html">"Nine officials charged in sewer-line explosions case"</a>. The Tech. 112 (22). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005045048/http://tech.mit.edu/V112/N22/mexico.22w.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Nine+officials+charged+in+sewer-line+explosions+case&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1992-04-28&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV112%2FN22%2Fmexico.22w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-semp-37"><a href="#cite_ref-semp_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210235229/http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=356">"The Guadalajara 1992 Sewer Gas Explosion Disaster"</a>. Massachusetts: SEMP. 3 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=356">the original</a> on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guadalajara+1992+Sewer+Gas+Explosion+Disaster&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=SEMP&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semp.us%2Fpublications%2Fbiot_reader.php%3FBiotID%3D356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/17-03.html">"Legal documents pertaining to this case"</a>. umn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902023425/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/17-03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umn.edu&rft.atitle=Legal+documents+pertaining+to+this+case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.umn.edu%2Fhumanrts%2Fcases%2F17-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indictment-39"><a href="#cite_ref-indictment_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902010140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975488,00.html">"News on Pemex indictment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 11 May 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975488,00.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=News+on+Pemex+indictment&rft.date=1992-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C975488%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirkwood206-40"><a href="#cite_ref-kirkwood206_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/itesm/Doc?id=10017942&ppg=80">History of Mexico</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164300/https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/auth/lib/itesm-ebooks/login.action?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Febookcentral.proquest.com%2Flib%2Fitesm-ebooks%2Fdetail.action%3FdocID%3D3000600%26ppg%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fitesm%2FDoc%3Fid%3D10017942%26ppg%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodríguez_Gómez_1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodríguez_Gómez_1_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez'sRodelo2012" class="citation book cs1">Gómez's, Gabriela & Rodelo, Frida V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21325174">"El protagonismo de la violencia en los medios de comunicación (The prominence of violence in the media)"</a>. In Rodríguez Gómez, Guadalupe (ed.). Social reality and violence. Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. social incide/Institute of Technology and Higher Studies of the West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-8044-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-8044-09-2"><bdi>978-607-8044-09-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100540/https://www.academia.edu/21325174">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+protagonismo+de+la+violencia+en+los+medios+de+comunicaci%C3%B3n+%28The+prominence+of+violence+in+the+media%29&rft.btitle=Social+reality+and+violence.+Guadalajara+Metropolitan+Area&rft.pub=social+incide%2FInstitute+of+Technology+and+Higher+Studies+of+the+West&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-607-8044-09-2&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez%27s&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft.au=Rodelo%2C+Frida+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21325174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyqueiros2012" class="citation book cs1">Syqueiros, Luis Felipe (2012). "The territory, the environment and the urban conditions". In Rodríguez Gómez, Guadalupe (ed.). the social reality and the Violence. Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara. Social Incide / Institute of Technology and Higher Studies of the West.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+territory%2C+the+environment+and+the+urban+conditions&rft.btitle=the+social+reality+and+the+Violence.+Metropolitan+Area+of+Guadalajara&rft.pub=Social+Incide+%2F+Institute+of+Technology+and+Higher+Studies+of+the+West&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Syqueiros&rft.aufirst=Luis+Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megaconstrucciones.net/en.php">"Megaconstrucciones"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121222501/https://megaconstrucciones.net/en.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megaconstrucciones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmegaconstrucciones.net%2Fen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017151207/http://enlinea.guadalajara.gob.mx/comsoc/AdmComSoc.dll/Reporte?Opcion=Boletin&int_Consecutivo=3311">"Boletín Informativo – Portal Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlinea.guadalajara.gob.mx/comsoc/AdmComSoc.dll/Reporte?Opcion=Boletin&int_Consecutivo=3311">the original</a> on 17 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Informativo+%E2%80%93+Portal+Ayuntamiento+de+Guadalajara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlinea.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Fcomsoc%2FAdmComSoc.dll%2FReporte%3FOpcion%3DBoletin%26int_Consecutivo%3D3311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plazadelsol.com/home.html/title-Plaza">https://plazadelsol.com/home.html/title-Plaza</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://siteur.jalisco.gob.mx/org.htm-título-Siteur">https://siteur.jalisco.gob.mx/org.htm-título-Siteur</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uag.mx/">"Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara | UAG"</a>. www.uag.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121222455/https://www.uag.mx/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uag.mx&rft.atitle=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Guadalajara+%26%23124%3B+UAG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uag.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916182420/http://www.fdimagazine.com/cp/13/Cities%20of%20the%20Future%20%20April%2023rd%20press%20release.doc">"FDi Magazine – Cities of the Future"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdimagazine.com/cp/13/Cities%20of%20the%20Future%20%20April%2023rd%20press%20release.doc">the original</a> on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDi+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Cities+of+the+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdimagazine.com%2Fcp%2F13%2FCities%2520of%2520the%2520Future%2520%2520April%252023rd%2520press%2520release.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00014/00014066.TXT">"smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00014/00014066.TXT"</a>. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617114529/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00014/00014066.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Servicio+Meteorol%C3%B3gico+Nacional&rft.atitle=smn.conagua.gob.mx%2Ftools%2FRESOURCES%2FMax-Extr%2F00014%2F00014066.TXT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmn.conagua.gob.mx%2Ftools%2FRESOURCES%2FMax-Extr%2F00014%2F00014066.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC-50"><a href="#cite_ref-EC_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=3AA35C31-1#t1">"El Niño Arrives on Schedule"</a>. Environment Canada. 23 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114070550/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=3AA35C31-1#t1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o+Arrives+on+Schedule&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec.gc.ca%2Fmeteo-weather%2Fdefault.asp%3Flang%3DEn%26n%3D3AA35C31-1%23t1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMN-51"><a href="#cite_ref-SMN_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL14066.TXT">"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010"</a> (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042218/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Normales5110/NORMAL14066.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORMALES+CLIMATOL%C3%93GICAS+1951%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Servicio+Meteorol%C3%B3gico+Nacional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmn.cna.gob.mx%2Ftools%2FRESOURCES%2FNormales5110%2FNORMAL14066.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremas-52"><a href="#cite_ref-extremas_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00014/00014066.TXT">"Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Guadalajara 1931–2010"</a> (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232045/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00014/00014066.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+Temperatures+and+Precipitation+for+Guadalajara+1931%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Servicio+Meteorol%C3%B3gico+Nacional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmn.cna.gob.mx%2Ftools%2FRESOURCES%2FMax-Extr%2F00014%2F00014066.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs-53"><a href="#cite_ref-obs_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130063131/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/guadalajara.pdf">"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/guadalajara.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORMALES+CLIMATOL%C3%93GICAS+1981%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Servicio+Meteorol%C3%B3gico+Nacional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmn.cna.gob.mx%2Fobservatorios%2Fhistorica%2Fguadalajara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-54"><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_766120_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Guadalajara, Jalisco / Mexiko"</a> (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803071328/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_766120_kt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Guadalajara%2C+Jalisco+%2F+Mexiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_766120_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlanta-55"><a href="#cite_ref-atlanta_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalisco_Ministry_of_Tourism2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jalisco Ministry of Tourism (29 August 2009). "Jalisco Leads in Mexico's Tourism Recovery and Hosts the 2009 North American Leaders' Summit". Leisure & Travel Week. Atlanta, Georgia: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leisure+%26+Travel+Week&rft.atitle=Jalisco+Leads+in+Mexico%27s+Tourism+Recovery+and+Hosts+the+2009+North+American+Leaders%27+Summit&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2009-08-29&rft.au=Jalisco+Ministry+of+Tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moodys-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moodys_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moodys_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moodys_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody's2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moody's (16 April 2008). "Moody's Assigns Issuer Rating Of A1.MX To The Municipality of Guadalajara, Jalisco". Info – Prod Research (Middle East). Ramat-Gan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Info+%E2%80%93+Prod+Research+%28Middle+East%29&rft.atitle=Moody%27s+Assigns+Issuer+Rating+Of+A1.MX+To+The+Municipality+of+Guadalajara%2C+Jalisco&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.au=Moody%27s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDI-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDI_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDI_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916182420/http://www.fdimagazine.com/cp/13/Cities%20of%20the%20Future%20%20April%2023rd%20press%20release.doc">"Cities of the Future"</a>. FDi Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdimagazine.com/cp/13/Cities%20of%20the%20Future%20%20April%2023rd%20press%20release.doc">the original</a> on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDi+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cities+of+the+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdimagazine.com%2Fcp%2F13%2FCities%2520of%2520the%2520Future%2520%2520April%252023rd%2520press%2520release.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econgob-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econgob_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econgob_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econgob_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econgob_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econgob_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060312172852/http://business.guadalajara.gob.mx/infraestructura/economy.html">"Economy"</a>. Guadalajara, Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.guadalajara.gob.mx/infraestructura/economy.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economy&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Finfraestructura%2Feconomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosque-59"><a href="#cite_ref-bosque_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923184321/http://www.elbosqueindustrialpark.com/guadalajara-industry-economy.shtml">"El Bosque Industrial Park"</a> (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: El Bosque Industrial Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elbosqueindustrialpark.com/guadalajara-industry-economy.shtml">the original</a> on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Bosque+Industrial+Park&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=El+Bosque+Industrial+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elbosqueindustrialpark.com%2Fguadalajara-industry-economy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijalti-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ijalti_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ijalti_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ijalti_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914101021/http://www.ijalti.org.mx/video/video.html">"Jalisco IT"</a>. Guadalajara, Mexico: IJALTI Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijalti.org.mx/video/video.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jalisco+IT&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=IJALTI+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijalti.org.mx%2Fvideo%2Fvideo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnorvell-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rnorvell_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnorvell_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rnorvell_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorvell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Norvell, Robin (December 2005). "Guadalajara Winning Back Business from Asia". Circuits Assembly. 16 (12). San Francisco, California: 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circuits+Assembly&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+Winning+Back+Business+from+Asia&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Norvell&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lchacon-62"><a href="#cite_ref-lchacon_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacón2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chacón, Lilia (15 December 2009). "Ocupa México tercer lugar en TI regional" [Mexico occupies third place in regional IT]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reforma&rft.atitle=Ocupa+M%C3%A9xico+tercer+lugar+en+TI+regional&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.aulast=Chac%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Lilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enclave-63"><a href="#cite_ref-enclave_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The enclave economy: foreign investment and sustainable development in mexico's silicon valley". NACLA Report on the Americas. 41 (2). New York: 46. March–April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NACLA+Report+on+the+Americas&rft.atitle=The+enclave+economy%3A+foreign+investment+and+sustainable+development+in+mexico%27s+silicon+valley&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2008-03%2F2008-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciudadint-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ciudadint_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026104311/http://www.informador.com.mx/economia/2015/622072/6/guadalajara-la-primera-ciudad-inteligente.htm">"Guadalajara, la primera Ciudad Inteligente"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Informador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informador.com.mx/economia/2015/622072/6/guadalajara-la-primera-ciudad-inteligente.htm">the original</a> on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara%2C+la+primera+Ciudad+Inteligente&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=El+Informador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.com.mx%2Feconomia%2F2015%2F622072%2F6%2Fguadalajara-la-primera-ciudad-inteligente.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smartcity-65"><a href="#cite_ref-smartcity_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mundocontact.com/guadalajara-primera-ciudad-inteligente-en-america-latina/">"Guadalajara, primera 'Ciudad Inteligente' en América Latina"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mundo Contact. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324191913/http://mundocontact.com/guadalajara-primera-ciudad-inteligente-en-america-latina/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara%2C+primera+%27Ciudad+Inteligente%27+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Mundo+Contact&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmundocontact.com%2Fguadalajara-primera-ciudad-inteligente-en-america-latina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nosotros-66"><a href="#cite_ref-nosotros_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124104856/http://www.galeriasguadalajara.com/01/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=51">"Nosotros"</a> [Us] (in Spanish). Guadalajara Mexico: Galerias Guadalajara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galeriasguadalajara.com/01/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=51">the original</a> on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nosotros&rft.place=Guadalajara+Mexico&rft.pub=Galerias+Guadalajara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaleriasguadalajara.com%2F01%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D48%26Itemid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeades-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeades_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeades_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEades1987" class="citation book cs1">Eades, J (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2o9AAAAIAAJ&q=Guadalajara+economy&pg=PA42">Migrants Workers and the Social Order</a>. New York: Tavistock Publications. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-422-61680-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-422-61680-X"><bdi>0-422-61680-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925164926/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2o9AAAAIAAJ&q=Guadalajara+economy&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+Workers+and+the+Social+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-422-61680-X&rft.aulast=Eades&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2o9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGuadalajara%2Beconomy%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Quinn2013" class="citation news cs1">Dale Quinn (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/129867/guadalajara-is-now-an-outpost-for-indian-it-firms/">"Guadalajara is now an outpost for Indian IT firms"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002204048/http://qz.com/129867/guadalajara-is-now-an-outpost-for-indian-it-firms/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+is+now+an+outpost+for+Indian+IT+firms&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.au=Dale+Quinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F129867%2Fguadalajara-is-now-an-outpost-for-indian-it-firms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jharner-69"><a href="#cite_ref-jharner_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarner" class="citation web cs1">Harner, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/26998979/Globalization-of-Food-Retailing-in-Guadalajara-Mexico-Changes-in-Access-Equity-and-Social-Engagement">"Globalization of Food Retailing in Guadalajara, Mexico: Changes in Access Equity and Social Engagement"</a>. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globalization+of+Food+Retailing+in+Guadalajara%2C+Mexico%3A+Changes+in+Access+Equity+and+Social+Engagement&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Department+of+Geography+and+Environmental+Studies+University+of+Colorado+at+Colorado+Springs&rft.aulast=Harner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbps%2Fadditionalcontent%2F18%2F26998979%2FGlobalization-of-Food-Retailing-in-Guadalajara-Mexico-Changes-in-Access-Equity-and-Social-Engagement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.radio.udg.mx/start.htm.title-Radio">http://www.radio.udg.mx/start.htm.title-Radio</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114041609/http://www.radio.udg.mx/start.htm-date-file-14">https://web.archive.org/web/20070114041609/http://www.radio.udg.mx/start.htm-date-file-14</a> January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026050623/http://www.bcn.cat/edcities/aice/estatiques/espanyol/sec_educating.html">"Educating Cities"</a>. www.bcn.cat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cat/edcities/aice/estatiques/espanyol/sec_educating.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bcn.cat&rft.atitle=Educating+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcn.cat%2Fedcities%2Faice%2Festatiques%2Fespanyol%2Fsec_educating.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103110338/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/cdeducadora/">"International Association of Educational Cities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/cdeducadora/">the original</a> on 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Association+of+Educational+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Fcdeducadora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/news/guadalajara-named-world-book-capital-2022">"Guadalajara named World Book Capital 2022"</a>. UNESCO. 4 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429094211/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guadalajara-named-world-book-capital-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+named+World+Book+Capital+2022&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fnews%2Fguadalajara-named-world-book-capital-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-local.gob.mx-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e-local.gob.mx_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-local.gob.mx_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205022538/http://e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/">"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México"</a>. E-local.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/">the original</a> on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-local.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+Municipios+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-local.gob.mx%2Fwork%2Ftemplates%2Fenciclo%2Fjalisco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-museos-75"><a href="#cite_ref-museos_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429203418/http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/espanol/productos-turisticos/museos-galerias.html">"Museos"</a> [Museums] (in Spanish). Jalisco, Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/espanol/productos-turisticos/museos-galerias.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museos&rft.place=Jalisco%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisita.jalisco.gob.mx%2Fespanol%2Fproductos-turisticos%2Fmuseos-galerias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHS-76"><a href="#cite_ref-WHS_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/815">"Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405042519/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/815">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospicio+Caba%C3%B1as%2C+Guadalajara&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-capital-77"><a href="#cite_ref-capital_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cac-acc.org/capitales.php?pageNum_rs_capital=2&totalRows_rs_capital=10">"Las Capitales Americanas de la Cultura"</a> [The American Capitals of Culture] (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140327/http://www.cac-acc.org/capitales.php?pageNum_rs_capital=2&totalRows_rs_capital=10">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Capitales+Americanas+de+la+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cac-acc.org%2Fcapitales.php%3FpageNum_rs_capital%3D2%26totalRows_rs_capital%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-finsemana-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finsemana_78-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130219040352/http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=2418">"Fin de semana en Guadalajara (Jalisco)"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/interior/index.php?p=nota&idNota=2418">the original</a> on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fin+de+semana+en+Guadalajara+%28Jalisco%29&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Mexico+Desconocido+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicodesconocido.com.mx%2Finterior%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dnota%26idNota%3D2418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921234632/http://www.guadalajaracinemafest.com/english/index.php">"22nd Guadalajara International Film Festival"</a>. Guadalajaracinemafest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajaracinemafest.com/english/index.php">the original</a> on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guadalajaracinemafest.com&rft.atitle=22nd+Guadalajara+International+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalajaracinemafest.com%2Fenglish%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgonzalez-80"><a href="#cite_ref-mgonzalez_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González, Mariño (16 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724145754/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/7034649">"Exhibirán 220 películas en 9 días; 12 mexicanas"</a> [Will exhibit 220 films in 9 days; 12 Mexican]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impreso.milenio.com/node/7034649">the original</a> on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milenio&rft.atitle=Exhibir%C3%A1n+220+pel%C3%ADculas+en+9+d%C3%ADas%3B+12+mexicanas&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Mari%C3%B1o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpreso.milenio.com%2Fnode%2F7034649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sicgob-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sicgob_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sicgob_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=feria_libro&table_id=15">"Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara (FIL)"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201035755/http://sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=feria_libro&table_id=15">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feria+Internacional+del+Libro+de+Guadalajara+%28FIL%29&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=CONACULTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sic.gob.mx%2Fficha.php%3Ftable%3Dferia_libro%26table_id%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiiepe-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iiiepe_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiiepe_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monitor.iiiepe.edu.mx/node/844">"Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara 2009"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: Monitor Educativo Instituto de Investigación Innovación y Estudios de Posgrado para la Educación. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224624/http://monitor.iiiepe.edu.mx/node/844">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feria+Internacional+del+Libro+de+Guadalajara+2009&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Monitor+Educativo+Instituto+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n+Innovaci%C3%B3n+y+Estudios+de+Posgrado+para+la+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.iiiepe.edu.mx%2Fnode%2F844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imergob-83"><a href="#cite_ref-imergob_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imer.gob.mx/programas/laferia/2009/10/27/feria-internacional-del-libro-de-guadalajara/">"Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Mexicano de la Radio. 27 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227062222/http://imer.gob.mx/programas/laferia/2009/10/27/feria-internacional-del-libro-de-guadalajara/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feria+Internacional+del+Libro+de+Guadalajara&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Instituto+Mexicano+de+la+Radio&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimer.gob.mx%2Fprogramas%2Flaferia%2F2009%2F10%2F27%2Fferia-internacional-del-libro-de-guadalajara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114173249/http://vive.guadalajara.gob.mx/es/historia-y-tradiciones/fiestas-y-tradiciones?p=659">"Fiestas y Tradiciones"</a>. vive.guadalajara.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vive.guadalajara.gob.mx/es/historia-y-tradiciones/fiestas-y-tradiciones?p=659">the original</a> on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vive.guadalajara.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Fiestas+y+Tradiciones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvive.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Fes%2Fhistoria-y-tradiciones%2Ffiestas-y-tradiciones%3Fp%3D659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayo-85"><a href="#cite_ref-mayo_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivaldemayo.org/fcmj2009/bienvenida.htm">"Festival Cultural de Mayo"</a> (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Municipality of Guadalajara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322232759/http://www.festivaldemayo.org/fcmj2009/bienvenida.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+Cultural+de+Mayo&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Guadalajara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivaldemayo.org%2Ffcmj2009%2Fbienvenida.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugrj.org.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=144&Itemid=238">"Unión Ganadera Regional de Jalisco – Expo Ganadera – Quienes somos"</a>. Ugrj.org.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913004126/http://www.ugrj.org.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=144&Itemid=238">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ugrj.org.mx&rft.atitle=Uni%C3%B3n+Ganadera+Regional+de+Jalisco+%E2%80%93+Expo+Ganadera+%E2%80%93+Quienes+somos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugrj.org.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D144%26Itemid%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-dec-07-la-et-guadalajara7-2009dec07-story.html">"L.A. shines at Mexican book fair"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 7 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121222454/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-dec-07-la-et-guadalajara7-2009dec07-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=L.A.+shines+at+Mexican+book+fair&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-dec-07-la-et-guadalajara7-2009dec07-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/815/">"Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Site website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403023109/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/815/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site+website&rft.atitle=Hospicio+Caba%C3%B1as%2C+Guadalajara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVíctor_Manuel_Jiménez_González2014" class="citation book cs1">Víctor Manuel Jiménez González (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kk4ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=hospicio+caba%C3%B1as&pg=PA56">Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta y Jalisco (México). Guía de Viaje del Estado de Jalisco</a>. Solaris. p. 56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140741/https://books.google.com/books?id=kk4ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=hospicio+caba%C3%B1as&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalajara%2C+Puerto+Vallarta+y+Jalisco+%28M%C3%A9xico%29.+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Viaje+del+Estado+de+Jalisco&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Solaris&rft.date=2014&rft.au=V%C3%ADctor+Manuel+Jim%C3%A9nez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkk4ZBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhospicio%2Bcaba%25C3%25B1as%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museocabanas.jalisco.gob.mx/es/historia/">"Historia"</a>. Hospicio Cabañas official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403023114/https://museocabanas.jalisco.gob.mx/es/historia/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hospicio+Caba%C3%B1as+official+website&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseocabanas.jalisco.gob.mx%2Fes%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/catedral-de-guadalajara-jalisco.html">"Catedral de Guadalajara, Jalisco"</a>. mexicodesconocido.com.mx. 4 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403023118/https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/catedral-de-guadalajara-jalisco.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mexicodesconocido.com.mx&rft.atitle=Catedral+de+Guadalajara%2C+Jalisco&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicodesconocido.com.mx%2Fcatedral-de-guadalajara-jalisco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVíctor_Manuel_Basauri_Ramírez2015" class="citation book cs1">Víctor Manuel Basauri Ramírez (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SafrCQAAQBAJ&dq=catedral+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PT92">Una Buena Visión De Nueva España</a>. Palibrio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463399689" title="Special:BookSources/9781463399689"><bdi>9781463399689</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140740/https://books.google.com/books?id=SafrCQAAQBAJ&dq=catedral+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PT92">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+Buena+Visi%C3%B3n+De+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Palibrio&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781463399689&rft.au=V%C3%ADctor+Manuel+Basauri+Ram%C3%ADrez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSafrCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcatedral%2Bguadalajara%2Bmexico%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zonaguadalajara.com/parroquia-del-santuario-de-nuestra-senora-de-guadalupe/">"Parroquia del Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe"</a>. zonaguadalajara.com. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403182103/https://zonaguadalajara.com/parroquia-del-santuario-de-nuestra-senora-de-guadalupe/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zonaguadalajara.com&rft.atitle=Parroquia+del+Santuario+de+Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+Guadalupe&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzonaguadalajara.com%2Fparroquia-del-santuario-de-nuestra-senora-de-guadalupe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHector_Martínez_Ruiz2015" class="citation book cs1">Hector Martínez Ruiz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZotEAAAQBAJ&dq=santuario+de+guadalupe+guadalajara&pg=PA70">Raíces Culturales</a>. Grupo Editorial Patria. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786075506760" title="Special:BookSources/9786075506760"><bdi>9786075506760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140742/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZotEAAAQBAJ&dq=santuario+de+guadalupe+guadalajara&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ra%C3%ADces+Culturales&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Grupo+Editorial+Patria&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786075506760&rft.au=Hector+Mart%C3%ADnez+Ruiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZotEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsantuario%2Bde%2Bguadalupe%2Bguadalajara%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_José_Doñán2017" class="citation book cs1">Juan José Doñán (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwunDwAAQBAJ&dq=santuario+de+guadalupe+guadalajara&pg=PT33">Oblatos-Colonias. Andanzas tapatías</a>. Arlequín. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786078338023" title="Special:BookSources/9786078338023"><bdi>9786078338023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140744/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwunDwAAQBAJ&dq=santuario+de+guadalupe+guadalajara&pg=PT33">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oblatos-Colonias.+Andanzas+tapat%C3%ADas&rft.pub=Arlequ%C3%ADn&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9786078338023&rft.au=Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Do%C3%B1%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwunDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsantuario%2Bde%2Bguadalupe%2Bguadalajara%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arquidiocesisgdl.org/arte_sacro.php?id=23">"San Agustín (4)"</a>. Archdiocese of Guadalajara website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403025214/https://arquidiocesisgdl.org/arte_sacro.php?id=23">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archdiocese+of+Guadalajara+website&rft.atitle=San+Agust%C3%ADn+%284%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farquidiocesisgdl.org%2Farte_sacro.php%3Fid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduardo_López_Moreno_R.2001" class="citation book cs1">Eduardo López Moreno R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITUHhcYBkKUC&dq=san+agustin+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PA25">La cuadrícula en el desarrollo de la ciudad hispanoamericana, Guadalajara, México</a>. Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789702701040" title="Special:BookSources/9789702701040"><bdi>9789702701040</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925165243/https://books.google.com/books?id=ITUHhcYBkKUC&dq=san+agustin+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cuadr%C3%ADcula+en+el+desarrollo+de+la+ciudad+hispanoamericana%2C+Guadalajara%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Guadalajara%2C+Instituto+Tecnol%C3%B3gico+y+de+Estudios+Superiores+de+Occidente&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789702701040&rft.au=Eduardo+L%C3%B3pez+Moreno+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITUHhcYBkKUC%26dq%3Dsan%2Bagustin%2Bguadalajara%2Bmexico%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programadestinosmexico.com/que-ver/arquitectura-colonial/templo-de-santa-maria-de-gracia-guadalajara.html">"Templo de Santa María de Gracia"</a>. programadestinosmexico.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174120/https://programadestinosmexico.com/que-ver/arquitectura-colonial/templo-de-santa-maria-de-gracia-guadalajara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programadestinosmexico.com&rft.atitle=Templo+de+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+de+Gracia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogramadestinosmexico.com%2Fque-ver%2Farquitectura-colonial%2Ftemplo-de-santa-maria-de-gracia-guadalajara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Barrado_Barquilla1997" class="citation book cs1">José Barrado Barquilla (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qW_XOPh6HcAC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA393">Los Dominicos y el Nuevo Mundo, siglos XIX-XX - actas del Vo Congreso Internacional, Querétaro, Qro., México, 4-8 septiembre 1995</a>. Editorial San Esteban. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788482600260" title="Special:BookSources/9788482600260"><bdi>9788482600260</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140740/https://books.google.com/books?id=qW_XOPh6HcAC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA393">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Dominicos+y+el+Nuevo+Mundo%2C+siglos+XIX-XX+-+actas+del+Vo+Congreso+Internacional%2C+Quer%C3%A9taro%2C+Qro.%2C+M%C3%A9xico%2C+4-8+septiembre+1995&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Editorial+San+Esteban&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788482600260&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Barrado+Barquilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqW_XOPh6HcAC%26dq%3Dsanta%2Bmar%25C3%25ADa%2Bde%2Bgracia%2Bguadalajara%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Cornejo_Franco1993" class="citation book cs1">José Cornejo Franco (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkWPvT97HIgC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA154">Testimonios de Guadalajara</a>. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789683626714" title="Special:BookSources/9789683626714"><bdi>9789683626714</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140741/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkWPvT97HIgC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonios+de+Guadalajara&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789683626714&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Cornejo+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkWPvT97HIgC%26dq%3Dsanta%2Bmar%25C3%25ADa%2Bde%2Bgracia%2Bguadalajara%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programadestinosmexico.com/que-ver/arquitectura-colonial/templo-de-la-merced-nuestra-senora-de-las-mercedes-guadalajara.html">"Templo de Nuestra Señora de la Merced"</a>. programadestinosmexico.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403183645/https://programadestinosmexico.com/que-ver/arquitectura-colonial/templo-de-la-merced-nuestra-senora-de-las-mercedes-guadalajara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programadestinosmexico.com&rft.atitle=Templo+de+Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+la+Merced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogramadestinosmexico.com%2Fque-ver%2Farquitectura-colonial%2Ftemplo-de-la-merced-nuestra-senora-de-las-mercedes-guadalajara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Manuel_Jiménez_González2014" class="citation book cs1">Victor Manuel Jiménez González (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kk4ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=nuestra+merced+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PA57">Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta y Jalisco (México). Guía de Viaje del Estado de Jalisco</a>. Solaris Comunicación. p. 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140740/https://books.google.com/books?id=kk4ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=nuestra+merced+guadalajara+mexico&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalajara%2C+Puerto+Vallarta+y+Jalisco+%28M%C3%A9xico%29.+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Viaje+del+Estado+de+Jalisco&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Solaris+Comunicaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Victor+Manuel+Jim%C3%A9nez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkk4ZBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnuestra%2Bmerced%2Bguadalajara%2Bmexico%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Cornejo_Franco1993" class="citation book cs1">José Cornejo Franco (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkWPvT97HIgC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA154">Testimonios de Guadalajara</a>. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789683626714" title="Special:BookSources/9789683626714"><bdi>9789683626714</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140741/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkWPvT97HIgC&dq=santa+mar%C3%ADa+de+gracia+guadalajara&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonios+de+Guadalajara&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789683626714&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Cornejo+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkWPvT97HIgC%26dq%3Dsanta%2Bmar%25C3%25ADa%2Bde%2Bgracia%2Bguadalajara%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043308/http://www.tequilachef.com/">"Photo Gallery"</a>. Tequilachef.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tequilachef.com">the original</a> on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tequilachef.com&rft.atitle=Photo+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tequilachef.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tturino-105"><a href="#cite_ref-tturino_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurino2003" class="citation journal cs1">Turino, Thomas (Fall 2003). "Nationalism and Latin American music: Selected case studies and theoretical considerations". Revista de Música Latinoamericana. 24 (2). Austin, Texas: 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+M%C3%BAsica+Latinoamericana&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Latin+American+music%3A+Selected+case+studies+and+theoretical+considerations&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turino&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marchar-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marchar_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marchar_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711152846/http://www.mariachi-jalisco.com.mx/nosotros">"16th Encuentro Nacional del Mariachi y la Charrería Historia"</a> [16th National Encounter of Mariachi and Charreada – History] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariachi-jalisco.com.mx/nosotros">the original</a> on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16th+Encuentro+Nacional+del+Mariachi+y+la+Charrer%C3%ADa+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariachi-jalisco.com.mx%2Fnosotros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vibrar-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vibrar_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vibrar_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121180447/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=728493">"Mariachi hace vibrar a Guadalajara"</a> [Marachi makes Guadalajara vibrate] (in Spanish). 2 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=728493">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mariachi+hace+vibrar+a+Guadalajara&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terra.com.mx%2Farticulo.aspx%3FarticuloId%3D728493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-records-108"><a href="#cite_ref-records_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnexpansion.com/estilo/2009/08/31/mexico-anade-el-record-del-mega-mariachi">"México suma a récords otro por mariachis"</a> [Mexico adds another record for mariachis]. CNN Expansion (in Spanish). 31 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903124528/http://www.cnnexpansion.com/estilo/2009/08/31/mexico-anade-el-record-del-mega-mariachi">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Expansion&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9xico+suma+a+r%C3%A9cords+otro+por+mariachis&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnexpansion.com%2Festilo%2F2009%2F08%2F31%2Fmexico-anade-el-record-del-mega-mariachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plazarehab-109"><a href="#cite_ref-plazarehab_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformador_Redacción2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Informador Redacción (28 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2009/82537/6/rehabilitacion-de-plaza-de-los-mariachis-a-cargo-de-particular.htm">"Rehabilitación de Plaza de los Mariachis, a cargo de particular"</a> [Rehabilitation of the Plaza de los Mariachis in private hands]. El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027045634/http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2009/82537/6/rehabilitacion-de-plaza-de-los-mariachis-a-cargo-de-particular.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Informador&rft.atitle=Rehabilitaci%C3%B3n+de+Plaza+de+los+Mariachis%2C+a+cargo+de+particular&rft.date=2009-02-28&rft.au=Informador+Redacci%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.com.mx%2Fjalisco%2F2009%2F82537%2F6%2Frehabilitacion-de-plaza-de-los-mariachis-a-cargo-de-particular.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocko-110"><a href="#cite_ref-rocko_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090830172843/http://www.milenio.com/node/273673">""Mariachi Rock-O", un nuevo sonido de Jalisco"</a> [Mariachi Rock-O, a new sound from Jalisco]. El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. 25 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milenio.com/node/273673">the original</a> on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Informador&rft.atitle=%22Mariachi+Rock-O%22%2C+un+nuevo+sonido+de+Jalisco&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milenio.com%2Fnode%2F273673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orchestra-111"><a href="#cite_ref-orchestra_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106035704/http://www.ofj.com.mx/orquesta.htm">"Orquesta Filarmónica de Jalisco"</a> [Philharmonic Orchestra de Jalisco] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Orquesta Filarmónica de Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofj.com.mx/orquesta.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orquesta+Filarm%C3%B3nica+de+Jalisco&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Orquesta+Filarm%C3%B3nica+de+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofj.com.mx%2Forquesta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guadgas-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guadgas_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guadgas_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211011647/http://www.visitingmexico.com.mx/jalisco/destino_jalisco_guadalajara_gastronomia.php">"Guadalajara Gastronomía"</a> [Guadalajara Gastronomy] (in Spanish). Mexico: Visiting Mexico (SECTUR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitingmexico.com.mx/jalisco/destino_jalisco_guadalajara_gastronomia.php">the original</a> on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara+Gastronom%C3%ADa&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Visiting+Mexico+%28SECTUR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitingmexico.com.mx%2Fjalisco%2Fdestino_jalisco_guadalajara_gastronomia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guadguad-113"><a href="#cite_ref-guadguad_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726232240/http://www.guadalajaraguadalajara.com/paginas.php?id=176">"La Birria"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajaraguadalajara.com/paginas.php?id=176">the original</a> on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Birria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalajaraguadalajara.com%2Fpaginas.php%3Fid%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmanana.com/pozoleerapreparadoconcarnehumanaenepocaprehispanica-4060229.html">"Pozole era preparado con carne humana en época prehispánica"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122417/https://www.elmanana.com/pozoleerapreparadoconcarnehumanaenepocaprehispanica-4060229.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pozole+era+preparado+con+carne+humana+en+%C3%A9poca+prehisp%C3%A1nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmanana.com%2Fpozoleerapreparadoconcarnehumanaenepocaprehispanica-4060229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zonaguadalajara.com/el-origen-de-la-jericalla/">"El origen de la Jericalla – Zona Guadalajara"</a>. zonaguadalajara.com. 19 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113151907/http://zonaguadalajara.com/el-origen-de-la-jericalla/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zonaguadalajara.com&rft.atitle=El+origen+de+la+Jericalla+%E2%80%93+Zona+Guadalajara&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzonaguadalajara.com%2Fel-origen-de-la-jericalla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172956/http://vive.guadalajara.gob.mx/es/qu%C3%A9-comer?p=706">"Qué Comer?"</a>. vive.guadalajara.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vive.guadalajara.gob.mx/es/qu%C3%A9-comer?p=706">the original</a> on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vive.guadalajara.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9+Comer%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvive.guadalajara.gob.mx%2Fes%2Fqu%25C3%25A9-comer%3Fp%3D706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informador.com.mx/deportes/2011/271245/6/chivas-el-preferido-de-mexico.htm">"Chivas, el preferido de México"</a>. Infomador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523232055/http://www.informador.com.mx/deportes/2011/271245/6/chivas-el-preferido-de-mexico.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chivas%2C+el+preferido+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Infomador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.com.mx%2Fdeportes%2F2011%2F271245%2F6%2Fchivas-el-preferido-de-mexico.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/liga-mx/doblete-sagrado-chivas-conquista-copa-liga-37-anos">"¡Doblete Sagrado! Chivas conquista Copa y Liga después de 37 años"</a>. MedioTiempo.com (in Spanish). 29 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218231252/https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/liga-mx/doblete-sagrado-chivas-conquista-copa-liga-37-anos">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedioTiempo.com&rft.atitle=%C2%A1Doblete+Sagrado%21+Chivas+conquista+Copa+y+Liga+despu%C3%A9s+de+37+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediotiempo.com%2Ffutbol%2Fliga-mx%2Fdoblete-sagrado-chivas-conquista-copa-liga-37-anos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220110622/http://www.guadalajara2011.org.mx/eng/index.asp">"The official Web site of XVI Pan American Games"</a>. Guadalajara2011.org.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalajara2011.org.mx/eng/index.asp">the original</a> on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guadalajara2011.org.mx&rft.atitle=The+official+Web+site+of+XVI+Pan+American+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalajara2011.org.mx%2Feng%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2009" class="citation news cs1">Glover, Michael (13 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banderasnews.com/0906/to-panam2011.htm">"Guadalajara Prepares for 2011 PanAmerican Games"</a>. Banderas News. Puerto Vallarta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128040917/http://www.banderasnews.com/0906/to-panam2011.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Banderas+News&rft.atitle=Guadalajara+Prepares+for+2011+PanAmerican+Games&rft.date=2009-06-13&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banderasnews.com%2F0906%2Fto-panam2011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026">"FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+announces+hosts+cities+for+FIFA+World+Cup+2026%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifaplus%2Fen%2Farticles%2Ffifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prieto-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prieto_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prieto_122-1">b</a> Prieto, Jorge Mejía (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrD7X-KZBCcC&q=Tapatio">Asi Habla El Mexicano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903205640/https://books.google.com/books?id=yrD7X-KZBCcC&q=Tapatio">Archived</a> 3 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> México, D.F. : Panorama. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789683801227" title="Special:BookSources/9789683801227">9789683801227</a>. p.131 </li> <li id="cite_note-INEGI-123"><a href="#cite_ref-INEGI_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328224939/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/">"INEGI Census 2005"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/">the original</a> on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INEGI+Census+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Fsistemas%2Fconteo2005%2Flocalidad%2Fiter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CONAPOProy-124"><a href="#cite_ref-CONAPOProy_124-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm">Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-10-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-realuni-125"><a href="#cite_ref-realuni_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028165045/http://www.udg.mx/content.php?id_categoria=116&page=2#periodosHistoricos01">"Real Universidad de Guadalajara"</a> [Royal University of Guadalajara] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Universidad de Guadalajara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udg.mx/content.php?id_categoria=116&page=2#periodosHistoricos01">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Universidad+de+Guadalajara&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Guadalajara.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udg.mx%2Fcontent.php%3Fid_categoria%3D116%26page%3D2%23periodosHistoricos01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniguad-126"><a href="#cite_ref-uniguad_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082959/http://www.udg.mx/content.php?id_categoria=116&page=7#periodosHistoricos06">"Real Universidad de Guadalajara"</a> [University of Guadalajara] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Universidad de Guadalajara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udg.mx/content.php?id_categoria=116&page=7#periodosHistoricos06">the original</a> on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Universidad+de+Guadalajara&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Guadalajara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udg.mx%2Fcontent.php%3Fid_categoria%3D116%26page%3D7%23periodosHistoricos06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Ranking Iberoamericano "SIR 2012" </li> <li id="cite_note-test2-128"><a href="#cite_ref-test2_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909170708/http://websolutions.clt.cwu.edu/studyabroad/ProgramPages/Mexico/uagsumprg.php">"Central Washington University – Study Abroad & Exchange Programs"</a>. Central Washington University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websolutions.clt.cwu.edu/studyabroad/ProgramPages/Mexico/uagsumprg.php">the original</a> on 9 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Washington+University+%E2%80%93+Study+Abroad+%26+Exchange+Programs&rft.pub=Central+Washington+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsolutions.clt.cwu.edu%2Fstudyabroad%2FProgramPages%2FMexico%2Fuagsumprg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/en/profile/institution/universidad-univer">"Universidad Univer: Student status, enrollment and graduation"</a>. Data México. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Universidad+Univer%3A+Student+status%2C+enrollment+and+graduation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economia.gob.mx%2Fdatamexico%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Finstitution%2Funiversidad-univer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asfg-130"><a href="#cite_ref-asfg_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127140908/http://www.asfg.mx/about/index.php">"The ASFG"</a>. Guadalajara, Mexico: ASFG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asfg.mx/about/index.php">the original</a> on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ASFG&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=ASFG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asfg.mx%2Fabout%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pstats-131"><a href="#cite_ref-pstats_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeropuertosgap.com.mx/index.php?tpl=doc&noticiaid=1148&noticiafecha=2008-01-11&srctpl=&section=ESTADISTICAS&menu=ESTADISTICAS">"Passenger Statistics for 2007"</a>. Mexico: Grupo Aeropuerto del Pacifico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722223210/http://www.aeropuertosgap.com.mx/index.php?tpl=doc&noticiaid=1148&noticiafecha=2008-01-11&srctpl=&section=ESTADISTICAS&menu=ESTADISTICAS">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passenger+Statistics+for+2007&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Grupo+Aeropuerto+del+Pacifico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeropuertosgap.com.mx%2Findex.php%3Ftpl%3Ddoc%26noticiaid%3D1148%26noticiafecha%3D2008-01-11%26srctpl%3D%26section%3DESTADISTICAS%26menu%3DESTADISTICAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trenes-132"><a href="#cite_ref-trenes_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215044510/http://www.siteur.gob.mx/Pagina%20Web2/dat2.htm">"Trenes"</a> [Trains] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siteur.gob.mx/Pagina%20Web2/dat2.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trenes&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siteur.gob.mx%2FPagina%2520Web2%2Fdat2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRA-1994-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRA-1994_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRA-1994_133-1">b</a> May, Jack. "Mexico Says Sí to LRT: Light Rail South of the Border". 1994 Light Rail Annual & User's Guide, pp. 5–7. Pasadena, California (US): <a href="/wiki/Pentrex" title="Pentrex">Pentrex</a>. ISSN 0160-6913. </li> <li id="cite_note-Line_3_presentation-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Line_3_presentation_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080956/http://www.l3gdl.com/phocadownload/Presentacion/Presentacion_FINAL.pdf">"Línea 3 del Tren Eléctrico de Guadalajara"</a> (PDF). Línea 3 project website. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Jalisco. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.l3gdl.com/phocadownload/Presentacion/Presentacion_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%C3%ADnea+3+project+website&rft.atitle=L%C3%ADnea+3+del+Tren+El%C3%A9ctrico+de+Guadalajara&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.l3gdl.com%2Fphocadownload%2FPresentacion%2FPresentacion_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macrobus-135"><a href="#cite_ref-macrobus_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516141240/http://www.macrobus.gob.mx/">"Macrobús Tu Ciudad se Mueve en Grande"</a> [Macrobus Your City Moves Big Time] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macrobus.gob.mx/">the original</a> on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macrob%C3%BAs+Tu+Ciudad+se+Mueve+en+Grande&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrobus.gob.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sisteco-136"><a href="#cite_ref-sisteco_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123122407/http://sistecozome.jalisco.gob.mx/servicios.html">"Sistecozome"</a> (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sistecozome.jalisco.gob.mx/servicios.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sistecozome&rft.place=Guadalajara%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Jalisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsistecozome.jalisco.gob.mx%2Fservicios.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bixi-bike-sharing-cities-1.3539443">"Once bankrupt, Montreal's Bixi can't keep up with global demand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160906084747/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bixi-bike-sharing-cities-1.3539443">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Once+bankrupt%2C+Montreal%27s+Bixi+can%27t+keep+up+with+global+demand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fbixi-bike-sharing-cities-1.3539443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mibici.net/es/datos-abiertos/">"MIBICI | Datos abiertos"</a>. www.mibici.net (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904120929/https://www.mibici.net/es/datos-abiertos/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mibici.net&rft.atitle=MIBICI+%7C+Datos+abiertos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mibici.net%2Fes%2Fdatos-abiertos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_M%C3%A9xico_Guadalajara-2900">"Guadalajara Public Transportation Statistics"</a>. Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060516/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_M%C3%A9xico_Guadalajara-2900">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guadalajara+Public+Transportation+Statistics&rft.pub=Global+Public+Transit+Index+by+Moovit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoovitapp.com%2Finsights%2Fen%2FMoovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_M%25C3%25A9xico_Guadalajara-2900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sre.gob.mx/index.php/representations/missions-foreign-accredited-en-mexico-title-http://www.sre.gob.mx/index.php/representations/missions">"Secretariat of Foreign Affairs - Foreign Missions Accredited in Guadalajara"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925165249/https://www.gob.mx/sre">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretariat+of+Foreign+Affairs+-+Foreign+Missions+Accredited+in+Guadalajara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sre.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Frepresentations%2Fmissions-foreign-accredited-en-mexico-title-http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sre.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Frepresentations%2Fmissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arquimediosgdl.org.mx/noticias/ciudades-hermanas-un-sueno-malgastado/">"Ciudades Hermanas, un sueño malgastado"</a>. arquimediosgdl.org.mx (in Spanish). Arqui Medios. 12 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217221250/https://www.arquimediosgdl.org.mx/noticias/ciudades-hermanas-un-sueno-malgastado/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arquimediosgdl.org.mx&rft.atitle=Ciudades+Hermanas%2C+un+sue%C3%B1o+malgastado&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arquimediosgdl.org.mx%2Fnoticias%2Fciudades-hermanas-un-sueno-malgastado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/Silicon-Alleys-San-Jose-Okayama-Japan-International-Sister-Cities.html">"Silicon Alleys: San Jose, Okayama Celebrate Six Decades as Sister Cities"</a>. metroactive.com. Metro Active. 12 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603123411/https://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/Silicon-Alleys-San-Jose-Okayama-Japan-International-Sister-Cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metroactive.com&rft.atitle=Silicon+Alleys%3A+San+Jose%2C+Okayama+Celebrate+Six+Decades+as+Sister+Cities&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcolumns%2FSilicon-Alleys-San-Jose-Okayama-Japan-International-Sister-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/news/news/guadalajara/42096-city-inks-agreement-with-changwon">"City inks agreement with Changwon"</a>. theguadalajarareporter.net. The Guadalajara Reporter. 17 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603125342/http://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/news/news/guadalajara/42096-city-inks-agreement-with-changwon">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguadalajarareporter.net&rft.atitle=City+inks+agreement+with+Changwon&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheguadalajarareporter.net%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fguadalajara%2F42096-city-inks-agreement-with-changwon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guadalajara.gob.mx-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guadalajara.gob.mx_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guadalajara.gob.mx_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guadalajara.gob.mx_144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125052413/https://guadalajara.gob.mx/comunicados/firma-gdl-convenio-seis-ciudades-mexicanas-compartir-experiencias-buen-gobierno">"Firma GDL convenio con seis ciudades mexicanas para compartir experiencias de buen gobierno y conformar un nuevo pacto social"</a>. Página Oficial del Gobierno de Guadalajara. 13 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guadalajara.gob.mx/comunicados/firma-gdl-convenio-seis-ciudades-mexicanas-compartir-experiencias-buen-gobierno">the original</a> on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%A1gina+Oficial+del+Gobierno+de+Guadalajara&rft.atitle=Firma+GDL+convenio+con+seis+ciudades+mexicanas+para+compartir+experiencias+de+buen+gobierno+y+conformar+un+nuevo+pacto+social&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguadalajara.gob.mx%2Fcomunicados%2Ffirma-gdl-convenio-seis-ciudades-mexicanas-compartir-experiencias-buen-gobierno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107213345/http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit">"International Relations | Dublin City Council"</a>. 7 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-recreation-culture/international-relations-unit">the original</a> on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Relations+%7C+Dublin+City+Council&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Fmain-menu-services-recreation-culture%2Finternational-relations-unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalajara" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guadalajara#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Guadalajara">Bibliography of the history of Guadalajara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guadalajara,_Mexico" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Guadalajara, Mexico">Guadalajara, Mexico</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guadalajara#Q9022" class="extiw" title="voy:Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002105956/http://guadalajara.gob.mx/">H. City Council of Guadalajara</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitguadalajara.com">Official Travel Resource</a> for English Speakers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9022#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9022#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9022#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000094659703">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237191244">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206482/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYqtRqP9H93vJ89pjBfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4233633-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79112329">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011862n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011862n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0038524&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4308202">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000049179">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2004014968">Korea</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/42999">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552616805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524466606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/78e83393-dc28-445a-a7b1-007d51f3c362">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028242521">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045225">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rn78ks">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Jalisco&#124;link=Jalisco_State_of_Jalisco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jalisco" title="Template:Jalisco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jalisco" title="Template talk:Jalisco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jalisco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jalisco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Jalisco&#124;link=Jalisco_State_of_Jalisco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco"><img alt="Jalisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a> State of <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalajara</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrafts_and_folk_art_in_Jalisco" title="Handcrafts and folk art in Jalisco">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Jalisco" title="Ceramics of Jalisco">Ceramics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Jalisco_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest Jalisco cities by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jalisco" title="Economy of Jalisco">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jalisco" title="Flag of Jalisco">Flag</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Jalisco" title="Congress of Jalisco">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jalisco" title="Governor of Jalisco">Governors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/100px-Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/150px-Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/200px-Jalisco_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="653" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_metropolitan_area" title="Guadalajara metropolitan area">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocotl%C3%A1n_metropolitan_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocotlán metropolitan area (page does not exist)">Ocotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Vallarta_metropolitan_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area (page does not exist)">Puerto Vallarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Jalisco" title="Municipalities of Jalisco">Municipalities and (municipal seats)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acatic" title="Acatic">Acatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acatl%C3%A1n_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Acatlán de Juárez">Acatlán de Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahualulco_de_Mercado" title="Ahualulco de Mercado">Ahualulco de Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amacueca" title="Amacueca">Amacueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatit%C3%A1n" title="Amatitán">Amatitán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameca,_Jalisco" title="Ameca, Jalisco">Ameca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arandas,_Jalisco" title="Arandas, Jalisco">Arandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atemajac_de_Brizuela" title="Atemajac de Brizuela">Atemajac de Brizuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atengo" title="Atengo">Atengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenguillo" title="Atenguillo">Atenguillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atotonilco_El_Alto" title="Atotonilco El Alto">Atotonilco El Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoyac,_Jalisco" title="Atoyac, Jalisco">Atoyac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autl%C3%A1n" title="Autlán">Autlán de Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayotl%C3%A1n" title="Ayotlán">Ayotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutla,_Jalisco" title="Ayutla, Jalisco">Ayutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola%C3%B1os_Municipality" title="Bolaños Municipality">Bolaños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Corrientes_Municipality" title="Cabo Corrientes Municipality">Cabo Corrientes</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Tuito" title="El Tuito">El Tuito</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1adas_de_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Cañadas de Obregón">Cañadas de Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Castillo" title="Casimiro Castillo">Casimiro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapala,_Jalisco" title="Chapala, Jalisco">Chapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimaltit%C3%A1n" title="Chimaltitán">Chimaltitán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquilistl%C3%A1n" title="Chiquilistlán">Chiquilistlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuatl%C3%A1n" title="Cihuatlán">Cihuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocula,_Jalisco" title="Cocula, Jalisco">Cocula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colotl%C3%A1n" title="Colotlán">Colotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Buenos_Aires" title="Concepción de Buenos Aires">Concepción de Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuautitl%C3%A1n_de_Garc%C3%ADa_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Cuautitlán de García Barragán">Cuautitlán de García Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuautla,_Jalisco" title="Cuautla, Jalisco">Cuautla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuqu%C3%ADo" title="Cuquío">Cuquío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degollado" title="Degollado">Degollado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejutla,_Jalisco" title="Ejutla, Jalisco">Ejutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Arenal,_Jalisco" title="El Arenal, Jalisco">El Arenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Grullo" title="El Grullo">El Grullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Lim%C3%B3n,_Jalisco" title="El Limón, Jalisco">El Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salto,_Jalisco" title="El Salto, Jalisco">El Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n_de_D%C3%ADaz" title="Encarnación de Díaz">Encarnación de Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etzatl%C3%A1n" title="Etzatlán">Etzatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas_Municipality,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Gómez Farías Municipality, Jalisco">Gómez Farías</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_del_Sur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Sebastián del Sur (page does not exist)">San Sebastián del Sur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guachinango,_Jalisco" title="Guachinango, Jalisco">Guachinango</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostotipaquillo" title="Hostotipaquillo">Hostotipaquillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huej%C3%BAcar" title="Huejúcar">Huejúcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huejuquilla_El_Alto" title="Huejuquilla El Alto">Huejuquilla El Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_de_los_Membrillos" title="Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos">Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlahuac%C3%A1n_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Ixtlahuacán del Río">Ixtlahuacán del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalostotitl%C3%A1n" title="Jalostotitlán">Jalostotitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamay" title="Jamay">Jamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa,_Jalisco" title="Jesús María, Jalisco">Jesús María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilotl%C3%A1n_de_los_Dolores" title="Jilotlán de los Dolores">Jilotlán de los Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocotepec" title="Jocotepec">Jocotepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanacatl%C3%A1n" title="Juanacatlán">Juanacatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juchitl%C3%A1n" title="Juchitlán">Juchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Barca_Municipality" title="La Barca Municipality">La Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Huerta,_Jalisco" title="La Huerta, Jalisco">La Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Manzanilla_de_La_Paz" title="La Manzanilla de La Paz">La Manzanilla de La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_de_Moreno" title="Lagos de Moreno">Lagos de Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Municipality,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco">Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascota" title="Mascota">Mascota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazamitla" title="Mazamitla">Mazamitla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexticacan" title="Mexticacan">Mexticacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezquitic" title="Mezquitic">Mezquitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtl%C3%A1n" title="Mixtlán">Mixtlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n,_Jalisco" title="Ocotlán, Jalisco">Ocotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojuelos_de_Jalisco" title="Ojuelos de Jalisco">Ojuelos de Jalisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihuamo" title="Pihuamo">Pihuamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncitl%C3%A1n" title="Poncitlán">Poncitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta" title="Puerto Vallarta">Puerto Vallarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitupan" title="Quitupan">Quitupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_la_Barranca" title="San Cristóbal de la Barranca">San Cristóbal de la Barranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_de_Alejandr%C3%ADa" title="San Diego de Alejandría">San Diego de Alejandría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel,_Jalisco" title="San Gabriel, Jalisco">San Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_Cerro_Gordo" title="San Ignacio Cerro Gordo">San Ignacio Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_los_Lagos" title="San Juan de los Lagos">San Juan de los Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juanito_de_Escobedo" title="San Juanito de Escobedo">San Juanito de Escobedo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Escobedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Escobedo (page does not exist)">Antonio Escobedo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juli%C3%A1n,_Jalisco" title="San Julián, Jalisco">San Julián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos,_Jalisco" title="San Marcos, Jalisco">San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Bola%C3%B1os" title="San Martín de Bolaños">San Martín de Bolaños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Hidalgo" title="San Martín de Hidalgo">San Martín de Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_el_Alto" title="San Miguel el Alto">San Miguel el Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_del_Oeste" title="San Sebastián del Oeste">San Sebastián del Oeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Oro,_Jalisco" title="Santa María del Oro, Jalisco">Santa María del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Santa María de los Ángeles">Santa María de los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayula,_Jalisco" title="Sayula, Jalisco">Sayula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala,_Jalisco" title="Tala, Jalisco">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpa_de_Allende" title="Talpa de Allende">Talpa de Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamazula_de_Gordiano" title="Tamazula de Gordiano">Tamazula de Gordiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapalpa" title="Tapalpa">Tapalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecalitl%C3%A1n" title="Tecalitlán">Tecalitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techaluta_de_Montenegro" title="Techaluta de Montenegro">Techaluta de Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecolotl%C3%A1n" title="Tecolotlán">Tecolotlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenamaxtl%C3%A1n" title="Tenamaxtlán">Tenamaxtlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teocaltiche" title="Teocaltiche">Teocaltiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teocuitatl%C3%A1n_de_Corona" title="Teocuitatlán de Corona">Teocuitatlán de Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepatitl%C3%A1n" title="Tepatitlán">Tepatitlán de Morelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila,_Jalisco" title="Tequila, Jalisco">Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n" title="Teuchitlán">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizapan_El_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tizapan El Alto">Tizapan El Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlajomulco_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Tlajomulco de Zúñiga">Tlajomulco de Zúñiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaquepaque" title="Tlaquepaque">Tlaquepaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolim%C3%A1n,_Jalisco" title="Tolimán, Jalisco">Tolimán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomatl%C3%A1n" title="Tomatlán">Tomatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal%C3%A1,_Jalisco" title="Tonalá, Jalisco">Tonalá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonaya" title="Tonaya">Tonaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonila" title="Tonila">Tonila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totatiche" title="Totatiche">Totatiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tototl%C3%A1n" title="Tototlán">Tototlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxcacuesco" title="Tuxcacuesco">Tuxcacuesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxcueca" title="Tuxcueca">Tuxcueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxpan,_Jalisco" title="Tuxpan, Jalisco">Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_San_Antonio" title="Unión de San Antonio">Unión de San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Tula" title="Unión de Tula">Unión de Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_de_Guadalupe,_Jalisco" title="Valle de Guadalupe, Jalisco">Valle de Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Valle de Juárez">Valle de Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Corona" title="Villa Corona">Villa Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Guerrero,_Jalisco" title="Villa Guerrero, Jalisco">Villa Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Hidalgo,_Jalisco" title="Villa Hidalgo, Jalisco">Villa Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Purificaci%C3%B3n" title="Villa Purificación">Villa Purificación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahualica_de_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Gallo" title="Yahualica de González Gallo">Yahualica de González Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacoalco_de_Torres" title="Zacoalco de Torres">Zacoalco de Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotiltic" title="Zapotiltic">Zapotiltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotitl%C3%A1n_de_Vadillo" title="Zapotitlán de Vadillo">Zapotitlán de Vadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotl%C3%A1n_del_Rey" title="Zapotlán del Rey">Zapotlán del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotl%C3%A1n_el_Grande" title="Zapotlán el Grande">Zapotlán el Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotlanejo" title="Zapotlanejo">Zapotlanejo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_Landscape_and_Ancient_Industrial_Facilities_of_Tequila" title="Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila">Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barranca_de_Oblatos" title="Barranca de Oblatos">Barranca de Oblatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_Mes%C3%B3filo_Nevado_de_Colima_State_Park" title="Bosque Mesófilo Nevado de Colima State Park">Bosque Mesófilo Nevado de Colima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamela-Cuixmala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve">Chamela-Cuixmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuenca_Alimentadora_del_Distrito_Nacional_de_Riego_043_Estado_de_Nayarit" title="Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit">Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Primavera_Biosphere_Reserve" title="La Primavera Biosphere Reserve">La Primavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Sayula" title="Laguna de Sayula">Laguna de Sayula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Manantl%C3%A1n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve">Sierra de Manantlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Quila" title="Sierra de Quila">Sierra de Quila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallarta_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallarta Botanical Gardens">Vallarta Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Nevado_de_Colima_National_Park" title="Volcán Nevado de Colima National Park">Volcán Nevado de Colima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan_American_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan_American_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pan_American_Games" title="1951 Pan American Games">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Pan_American_Games" title="1955 Pan American Games">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Pan_American_Games" title="1959 Pan American Games">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games" title="1963 Pan American Games">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Pan_American_Games" title="1967 Pan American Games">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Pan_American_Games" title="1971 Pan American Games">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Pan_American_Games" title="1975 Pan American Games">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Pan_American_Games" title="1979 Pan American Games">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Pan_American_Games" title="1983 Pan American Games">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Pan_American_Games" title="1987 Pan American Games">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Pan_American_Games" title="1991 Pan American Games">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pan_American_Games" title="1995 Pan American Games">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pan_American_Games" title="1999 Pan American Games">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games" title="2003 Pan American Games">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pan_American_Games" title="2023 Pan American Games">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_Pan_American_Games" title="2027 Pan American Games">2027</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Winter_Pan_American_Games" title="1990 Winter Pan American Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Las_Le%C3%B1as" title="Las Leñas">Las Leñas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Mexican_state_capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: ;#f0f0f0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MexicoStateCapitals" title="Template:MexicoStateCapitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MexicoStateCapitals" title="Template talk:MexicoStateCapitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MexicoStateCapitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MexicoStateCapitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Mexican_state_capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">Mexican state</a> capitals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_(city)" title="Aguascalientes (city)">Aguascalientes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur" title="La Paz, Baja California Sur">La Paz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxtla_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tuxtla Gutiérrez">Tuxtla Gutiérrez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colima_(city)" title="Colima (city)">Colima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilpancingo" title="Chilpancingo">Chilpancingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalajara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepic" title="Tepic">Tepic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetumal" title="Chetumal">Chetumal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Culiacán">Culiacán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">Villahermosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Victoria" title="Ciudad Victoria">Ciudad Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(city)" title="Tlaxcala (city)">Tlaxcala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:American Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:American Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Capital_of_Culture" title="American Capital of Culture">American Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalajara</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> (state)</dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a></dd> <dt>2016</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></dd> <dt>2018</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a> (state)</dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a></dd> <dt>2020</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a></dd> <dt>2021</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> (state)</dd> <dt>2022</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9" title="Ibagué">Ibagué</a></dd> <dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> (state)</dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a> (state)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&oldid=1252488507">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&oldid=1252488507</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guadalajara,_Jalisco" title="Category:Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara, Jalisco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guadalajara_metropolitan_area" title="Category:Guadalajara metropolitan area">Guadalajara metropolitan area</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Mexico" title="Category:Cities in Mexico">Cities in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_of_states_of_Mexico" title="Category:Capitals of states of Mexico">Capitals of states of Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Jalisco" title="Category:Populated places in Jalisco">Populated places in Jalisco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1542" title="Category:Populated places established in 1542">Populated places established in 1542</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1542_establishments_in_New_Spain" title="Category:1542 establishments in New Spain">1542 establishments in New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1540s_establishments_in_Mexico" title="Category:1540s establishments in Mexico">1540s establishments in Mexico</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2022">Articles with dead external links from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2024">Articles with dead external links from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2022">Articles with dead external links from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2023">Use dmy dates from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_image_map1_but_not_image_map" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map">Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Nahuatl_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Nahuatl languages">Articles with text in Nahuatl languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 15:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guadalajara&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2dn4","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.063","walltime":"3.675","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33172,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":546048,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47790,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":602622,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2988.509 1 -total"," 30.65% 915.909 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.66% 497.971 95 Template:Cite_web"," 15.26% 456.191 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 15.21% 454.523 82 Template:Flagicon"," 11.41% 341.027 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.52% 164.976 1 Template:IPA"," 4.86% 145.236 24 Template:Cite_book"," 4.73% 141.216 154 Template:Main_other"," 3.80% 113.493 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.516","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24033649,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","20.9"],["?","340","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.7"],["(for generator)","60","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.3"],["\u003CModule:Check_for_unknown_parameters:40\u003E","40","2.3"],["[others]","300","17.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-sqr64","timestamp":"20241122140437","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Guadalajara","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guadalajara","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9022","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9022","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-19T03:14:56Z","dateModified":"2024-10-21T15:48:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"capital and largest city of Mexican state Jalisco"}</script> </body> </html>