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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_illusion_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Statistical illusion hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_illusion_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scientific impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_explanations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_explanations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible explanations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_explanations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible explanations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_explanations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanations_based_on_the_high_per_capita_consumption_of_red_wine_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanations_based_on_the_high_per_capita_consumption_of_red_wine_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Explanations based on the high per capita consumption of red wine in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanations_based_on_the_high_per_capita_consumption_of_red_wine_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanations_based_on_multiple_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanations_based_on_multiple_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Explanations based on multiple factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanations_based_on_multiple_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Early life nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مفارقة فرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفارقة فرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paradoxa_Francesa" title="La Paradoxa Francesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La Paradoxa Francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%BD_paradox" title="Francouzský paradox – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzský paradox" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sisches_Paradox" title="Französisches Paradox – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französisches Paradox" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoja_francesa" title="Paradoja francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paradoja francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziar_paradoxa" title="Frantziar paradoxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziar paradoxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B6_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="تناقض فرانسوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تناقض فرانسوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Paradoxe français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paradoxe français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ֆրանսիական պարադոքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիական պարադոքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradosso_francese" title="Paradosso francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paradosso francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99" title="הפרדוקס הצרפתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרדוקס הצרפתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Du_paradokss" title="Franču paradokss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Franču paradokss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_paradoxon" title="Francia paradoxon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia paradoxon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_paradox" title="Franse paradox – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franse paradox" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="フレンチパラドックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレンチパラドックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxe_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Paradoxe français – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Paradoxe français" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxo_franc%C3%AAs" title="Paradoxo francês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paradoxo francês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Французский парадокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французский парадокс" 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mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brie_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brie_01.jpg/220px-Brie_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brie_01.jpg/330px-Brie_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brie_01.jpg/440px-Brie_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Cheese, like this <a href="/wiki/Brie_de_Meaux" title="Brie de Meaux">Brie de Meaux</a>, is high in saturated fats, and is a popular food in <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>French paradox</b> is an apparently paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Epidemiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological">epidemiological</a> observation that <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> have a relatively low <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ferrieres_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrieres-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in apparent contradiction to the <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD</a>. The paradox is that if the thesis linking saturated fats to CHD is valid, the French ought to have a higher rate of CHD than comparable countries where the per capita consumption of such fats is lower. </p><p>It has also been suggested that the French paradox is an illusion, created in part by differences in the way that French authorities collect health statistics, as compared to other countries, and in part by the long-term effects, in the coronary health of French citizens, of changes in dietary patterns that were adopted years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_&_Wald_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_&_Wald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying_and_quantifying_the_French_paradox">Identifying and quantifying the French paradox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identifying and quantifying the French paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Serge Renaud, a scientist from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux University">Bordeaux University</a>, France—considered today the father of the phrase—presented the results of his scientific study into the term and actual scientific data behind the perception of the phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-LancetSimini_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LancetSimini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a public documentary broadcast on the American <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> television channel, <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>. </p><p>In 1991, Renaud extended his studies in partnership with then junior researchers, <a href="/wiki/Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">cardiologist</a> Michel de Lorgeril and <a href="/wiki/Dietician" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietician">dietician</a> Patricia Salen. The three enhanced Renaud's study, with their paper concluding that: a diet based on southwestern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a> (which is high in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> oils, antioxidants and includes "moderate consumption" of <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>) created lower cases of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>; partly through increasing HDL cholesterol whilst reducing LDL cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-LancetSimini_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LancetSimini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistical_illusion_hypothesis">Statistical illusion hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistical illusion hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Malcolm Law and Nicholas Wald published a study in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Law_&_Wald_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_&_Wald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using data from a 1994 study of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and diet to explain how the French paradox might actually be an illusion, caused by two statistical distortions. </p><p>First, Law and Wald attributed about 20% of the difference in the observed rates of CHD between France and the United Kingdom to the <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death#Accuracy_concerns" title="Cause of death">under-certification</a> of CHD in France, relative to the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_&_Wald_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_&_Wald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, Law and Wald presented a time-lag hypothesis: if there were a delay in serum cholesterol concentrations increasing and a subsequent increase in <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a> mortality, then the current rate of mortality from CHD is more likely to be linked to past levels of serum cholesterol and fat consumption than to current serum cholesterol levels and patterns of fat consumption. They wrote,<sup id="cite_ref-Law_&_Wald_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_&_Wald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>We propose that the difference is due to the time lag between increases in consumption of animal fat and serum cholesterol concentrations and the resulting increase in mortality from heart disease—similar to the recognised time lag between smoking and lung cancer. Consumption of animal fat and serum cholesterol concentrations increased only recently in France but did so decades ago in Britain. </p><p>Evidence supports this explanation: mortality from heart disease across countries, including France, correlates strongly with levels of animal fat consumption and serum cholesterol in the past (30 years ago) but only weakly to recent levels. Based on past levels, mortality data for France are not discrepant </p> </blockquote> <p>In addition, the French population has become increasingly overweight. A study published by the <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_of_Health_and_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="French Institute of Health and Medical Research">French Institute of Health and Medical Research</a> (INSERM) revealed an increase in obesity from 8.5% in 1997 to 14.5% in 2009, with women showing a greater tendency toward obesity than men.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall impact of the popular perception, in the English-speaking world, that the French paradox is a real phenomenon, has been to give added credibility to health claims associated with specific French dietary practices. </p><p>This was seen most dramatically when, in 1991, an early account of the then-novel concept of the French paradox was aired in the United States on <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>.</i> The broadcast left the impression that France's high levels of red wine consumption accounted for much of the country's lower incidence of cardiac disease. Within a year, the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a> in the United States had increased by 40%<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some wine sellers began promoting their products as "<a href="/wiki/Health_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Health food">health food</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultural impact of the French paradox can be seen in the large number of book titles in the diet-and-health field that purport to give the reader access to the secrets behind the paradox: </p> <ul><li><i>The Fat Fallacy: The French Diet Secrets to Permanent Weight Loss</i> (William Clower, 2003);</li> <li><i>The French Don't Diet Plan: 10 Simple Steps to Stay Thin for Life</i> (William Clower, 2006)</li> <li><i>French Women Don't Get Fat</i> (Mireille Guiliano, 2004, which became a #1 best-seller in 2006)</li> <li><i>Cholesterol and The French Paradox</i> (Frank Cooper, 2009);</li> <li><i>The French Women Don't Get Fat Cookbook</i> (Mireille Guiliano, 2010).</li></ul> <p>Other books sought to boost their credibility by reference to the French paradox. The American edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Dukan_Diet" title="Dukan Diet">The Dukan Diet</a></i>, written by Pierre Dukan, a Paris-based doctor, is marketed with the subtitle, "The real reason the French stay thin". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_impact">Scientific impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of the French paradox has caused some researchers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to speculate that the link between dietary consumption of saturated fats and coronary heart disease might not be as strong as had previously been thought. This has resulted in a review of the earlier studies that suggested this link. </p><p>Some researchers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have thrown into question the entire claimed connection between natural saturated fat consumption and cardiovascular disease. In 2006, this view received some indirect support from the results of the <a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a>. After accumulating approximately 8 years of data on the diet and health of 49,000 post-menopausal American women, the researchers found that the balance of saturated versus unsaturated fats did not appear to affect heart disease risk, whereas the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">trans fat</a> was associated with significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the authors of a 2009 review of dietary studies concluded that there was insufficient evidence to establish a causal link between consumption of saturated fats and coronary heart disease risk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_explanations">Possible explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Possible explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanations_based_on_the_high_per_capita_consumption_of_red_wine_in_France">Explanations based on the high per capita consumption of red wine in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Explanations based on the high per capita consumption of red wine in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that France's high <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a> consumption is a primary factor in the trend. This hypothesis was expounded in a <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> broadcast in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program catalysed a large increase in North American demand for red wines from around the world. It is believed that one of the components of red wine potentially related to this effect is <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the authors of a 2003 study concluded that the amount of resveratrol absorbed by drinkers of red wine is small enough that it is unlikely to explain the paradox.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/150px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/225px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/300px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a> was considered a possible explanation, but proved unlikely to explain the paradox.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanations_based_on_multiple_factors">Explanations based on multiple factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Explanations based on multiple factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In "Lifestyle in France and the United States" (2010), one study reviewed identifies three major factors likely to be involved in the paradox: </p> <ul><li>Walking (On average, French people walk briskly much more often than Americans.)</li> <li>Water (On average, French people drink more water and fewer sweetened drinks than Americans.)</li> <li>Fruit and vegetables (On average, French people consume more fresh fruits and vegetables than Americans do.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_(17303095818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg/150px-Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg/225px-Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg/300px-Extra_virgin_olive_oil_and_bread_baguette_%2817303095818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Extra_virgin_olive_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra virgin olive oil">Extra virgin olive oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baguette" title="Baguette">baguette</a>, often considered a symbol of French culture</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 2003 book, <i>The Fat Fallacy: The French Diet Secrets to Permanent Weight Loss</i>, Will Clower suggests the French paradox may be narrowed down to a few key factors, namely: </p> <ul><li>Good fats versus bad fats – French people get up to 80% of their fat intake from dairy and vegetable sources, including <a href="/wiki/Whole_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole milk">whole milk</a>, cheeses, and whole milk <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>.</li> <li>Higher quantities of fish (at least three times a week).</li> <li>Smaller portions, eaten more slowly and divided among courses that let the body begin to digest food already consumed before more food is added.</li> <li>Lower sugar intake – American low-fat and no-fat foods often contain high concentrations of sugar. French diets avoid these products preferring full-fat versions without <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added sugar</a>.</li> <li>Low incidence of snacks between meals.</li> <li>Avoidance of common American food items, such as soda, deep-fried foods, snack foods, and especially prepared foods that can typically make up a large percentage of the foods found in American grocery stores.</li></ul> <p>Clower tends to downplay the common beliefs that wine consumption and smoking are greatly responsible for the French paradox. While a higher percentage of French people smoke, this is not greatly higher than the U.S. (35% in France vs. 25% in U.S.) and is unlikely to account for the weight difference between countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_life_nutrition">Early life nutrition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early life nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One proposed explanation of the French paradox regards possible effects (<a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> or otherwise) of dietary improvements in the first months and years of life, exerted across multiple generations. Following defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> in 1871, the French government introduced an aggressive nutritional program<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> providing high quality foods<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> to pregnant women and young children with the aim of fortifying future generations of soldiers (the program was implemented about three decades prior to an analogous initiative in England in response to the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>). It has been suggested that the particular timing of this historical intervention might help explain the relatively low rates of obesity and heart disease found in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Newnham2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newnham2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> – Culinary tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_paradox" title="Israeli paradox">Israeli paradox</a> – Paradox of high CHD incidence among Israeli Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paradoxes" title="List of paradoxes">List of paradoxes</a> – List of statements that appear to contradict themselves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> – Diet inspired by the Mediterranean region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_paradox" title="Mexican paradox">Mexican paradox</a> – Paradox regarding low birth weight among Mexicans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease</a> – Fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_Belt" title="Stroke Belt">Stroke Belt</a> – Region in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> – Potential health effects resulting from drinking wine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ferrieres-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferrieres_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerrières2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrières, J (January 2004). <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Otto" title="Catherine Otto">Otto, C</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/90/1/107.full.pdf">"The French paradox: lessons for other countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_(journal)" title="Heart (journal)">Heart</a></i>. <b>90</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/BMJ_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ Group">BMJ Group</a>: 107–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fheart.90.1.107">10.1136/heart.90.1.107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-201X">1468-201X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1768013">1768013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14676260">14676260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6738125">6738125</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810011209/https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/90/1/107.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2F36.3.185">"Moderate alcohol consumption as a cardiovascular risk factor: the role of homocycteine and the need to re-explain the 'French Paradox'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Alcohol and Alcoholism</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 185–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2F36.3.185">10.1093/alcalc/36.3.185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11373252">11373252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Alcoholism&rft.atitle=Moderate+alcohol+consumption+as+a+cardiovascular+risk+factor%3A+the+role+of+homocycteine+and+the+need+to+re-explain+the+%27French+Paradox%27&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-188&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2F36.3.185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11373252&rft.au=Abdulla%2C+A.&rft.au=Badaway%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Falcalc%252F36.3.185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Perdue, W. Lewis, <i>et al.</i> <i>the French Paradox and Beyond</i>. Sonoma, CA: Renaissance, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozin,_P.Kabnick,_K.Pete,_E.Fischler,_C.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rozin, P.; Kabnick, K.; Pete, E.; Fischler, C. & Shields, C. (2003). "The ecology of eating: Part of the French paradox results from lower food intake in French than Americans, because of smaller portion sizes". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 450–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9280.02452">10.1111/1467-9280.02452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12930475">12930475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4982763">4982763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=The+ecology+of+eating%3A+Part+of+the+French+paradox+results+from+lower+food+intake+in+French+than+Americans%2C+because+of+smaller+portion+sizes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=450-454&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4982763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12930475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9280.02452&rft.au=Rozin%2C+P.&rft.au=Kabnick%2C+K.&rft.au=Pete%2C+E.&rft.au=Fischler%2C+C.&rft.au=Shields%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_de_LorgerilPatricia_Salen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Michel de Lorgeril; Patricia Salen (2011). Thierry Souccar (ed.). "Prévenir l'infarctus (Preventing heart attack)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9venir+l%27infarctus+%28Preventing+heart+attack%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Michel+de+Lorgeril&rft.au=Patricia+Salen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_de_Lorgeril2008" class="citation book cs1">Michel de Lorgeril (2008). Thierry Souccar (ed.). <i>Cholestérol, mensonges et propagande (Cholestérol, lies and propaganda)</i>. T. Souccar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782365490481" title="Special:BookSources/9782365490481"><bdi>9782365490481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholest%C3%A9rol%2C+mensonges+et+propagande+%28Cholest%C3%A9rol%2C+lies+and+propaganda%29&rft.pub=T.+Souccar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782365490481&rft.au=Michel+de+Lorgeril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_de_Lorgeril2007" class="citation journal cs1">Michel de Lorgeril (2007). Thierry Souccar (ed.). "Dites à votre médecin que le cholestérol est innocent (Tell your doctor that cholesterol is innocent)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dites+%C3%A0+votre+m%C3%A9decin+que+le+cholest%C3%A9rol+est+innocent+%28Tell+your+doctor+that+cholesterol+is+innocent%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Michel+de+Lorgeril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge_Renaud2004" class="citation journal cs1">Serge Renaud (2004). Odile Jacob (ed.). "Le régime crétois (The Mediterranean Regime)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%A9gime+cr%C3%A9tois+%28The+Mediterranean+Regime%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Serge+Renaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge_Renaud1998" class="citation journal cs1">Serge Renaud (1998). Odile Jacob (ed.). "Le régime santé (The Health Plan)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%A9gime+sant%C3%A9+%28The+Health+Plan%29&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Serge+Renaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Riley_Kernodle1989" class="citation book cs1">George Riley Kernodle (1 December 1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theatreinhistory0000kern"><i>Theatre in History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557280121" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557280121"><bdi>978-1557280121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+in+History&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1989-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1557280121&rft.au=George+Riley+Kernodle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheatreinhistory0000kern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+paradox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_paradox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10423439">How To Live Forever</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> 3 January 2008</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane"><i>Beer Street</i> and <i>Gin Lane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" 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