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id="toc-Public_road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Public road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escooters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escooters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Escooters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escooters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Car ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Air transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Water transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ports and harbours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="النقل في تركيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النقل في تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспорт в Турция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Транспорт в Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transports_en_Turquie" title="Transports en Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transports en Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5" title="튀르키예의 교통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 교통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A8_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տրանսպորտը Թուրքիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսպորտը Թուրքիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporti_in_Turchia" title="Trasporti in Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporti in Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkijos_transportas" title="Turkijos transportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkijos transportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9se" title="Törökország közlekedése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország közlekedése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_w_Turcji" title="Transport w Turcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport w Turcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportes_na_Turquia" title="Transportes na Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transportes na Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Транспорт в Турции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспорт в Турции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98_%D1%83_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Саобраћај у Турској – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саобраћај у Турској" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_ula%C5%9F%C4%B1m" title="Türkiye'de ulaşım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye'de ulaşım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Транспорт Туреччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспорт Туреччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q765503#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_Havaliman%C4%B1_Airport_2019_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="3205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a> is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></b> is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020135_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transport consumes a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">energy in Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020102_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">air pollution in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has called for more <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Turkey" title="Cycling in Turkey">cycling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023 <a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">health impact assessment</a> is not done in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_network">Rail network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rail network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Rail transport in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="History of rail transport in Turkey">History of rail transport in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">High-speed rail in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg/250px-TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg/375px-TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg/500px-TCDD_Network_Map_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Rail transport map of Turkey along with urban rail networks indication</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasimpa%C5%9Fa,_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi,_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1,_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul,_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Rasimpa%C5%9Fa%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_%C4%B0skelesi%2C_Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_Gar_Binas%C4%B1_Yan%C4%B1%2C_34716_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y-%C4%B0stanbul%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haydarpa%C5%9Fa_railway_station" title="Haydarpaşa railway station">Haydarpaşa railway station</a> built in 1909 by the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) as the western terminus of the Baghdad and Hedjaz railways, has become a symbol of Istanbul and Turkey and is famous throughout the Middle East.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HT80101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/250px-HT80101.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/375px-HT80101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HT80101.jpg/500px-HT80101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro#Velaro_TR_(TCDD_HT80000)" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro TR</a>) has a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (186 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-SiemensPDF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiemensPDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiemensVelaroTR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiemensVelaroTR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways)</a> possess 10,984 km of <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) gauge, of which 2,336 km are electrified (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. Multiple high speed train routes are running, including: <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Konya high-speed railway">Ankara-Konya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Sivas_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway">Ankara-Sivas</a> lines. </p><p>The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_rail">Urban rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urban rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayseray.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kayseray.JPG/220px-Kayseray.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kayseray.JPG/330px-Kayseray.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kayseray.JPG/440px-Kayseray.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Trams in <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After almost 30 years without any trams, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> (<a href="/wiki/EsTram" title="EsTram">EsTram</a>) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams. </p><p>By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation. </p> <ul><li>Cities with <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> systems: <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></li> <li>Cities with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> systems: <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li> <li>Cities with <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail transit</a> systems: <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_links_with_adjacent_countries">Railway links with adjacent countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Railway links with adjacent countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> – under construction</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Armenia">Armenia</a> – closed (see <a href="/wiki/Kars_Gyumri_Akhalkalaki_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line">Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> – open – <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> – under reconstruction – <a href="/wiki/Break-of-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-of-gauge">break-of-gauge</a> <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>)/<span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>).</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Greece">Greece</a> – open – <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Iran">Iran</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferry</a> – same gauge</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Iraq">Iraq</a> – No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Syria">Syria</a> – closed (plans to reopen it is on the agenda<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)– <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) (Note: It was suspended after breakout of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in 29 August 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/O-3.jpg/220px-O-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/O-3.jpg/330px-O-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/O-3.jpg/440px-O-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC,_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg/250px-Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg/375px-Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg/500px-Osman_Gazi_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC%2C_Alt%C4%B1nova_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1ndan_k%C3%B6pr%C3%BCye_giri%C5%9F_istikameti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Otoyol 5 near Altınova exit</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive industry in Turkey</a></div> <p>Road transport is responsible for much <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">air pollution in Turkey</a> and almost a fifth of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions</a>, mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020102_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020154_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDifiglioGürayMerdan2020154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the country has a roadway network of 65,623 kilometres (40,776 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total length of the rail network was 10,991 kilometres (6,829 miles) in 2008, including 2,133 kilometres (1,325 miles) of electrified and 457 kilometres (284 miles) of high-speed track.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFactbookTurkey_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbookTurkey-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a> started building <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">high-speed rail</a> lines in 2003. The <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Konya high-speed railway">Ankara-Konya line</a> became operational in 2011, while the <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara-Istanbul line</a> entered service in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray tunnel</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> connects the railway and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">metro</a> lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel">Eurasia Tunnel</a> (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">Bosphorus Bridge</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a> (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The <a href="/wiki/Osman_Gazi_Bridge" title="Osman Gazi Bridge">Osman Gazi Bridge</a> (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmit" title="Gulf of İzmit">Gulf of İzmit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_1915_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Çanakkale 1915 Bridge">1915 Çanakkale Bridge</a> (2022) , connects the European and Asian shores of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> strait. </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_network">Road network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Road network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Turkey" title="List of highways in Turkey">List of highways in Turkey</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_(revised).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png/500px-Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png/750px-Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png/1000px-Motorway_Map_of_Turkey_%28revised%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Turkish <i>Otoyol</i> network map</figcaption></figure> <p><b>There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:</b> </p><p>– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (<i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Highway_System" title="Turkish State Highway System">Devlet Yolları</a></i>) that are completely under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Highways_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)">General Directorate of Highways</a> except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_20" title="Otoyol 20">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_1" title="Otoyol 1">Istanbul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_30" title="Otoyol 30">İzmir</a>. Even if they mostly possess <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchanges</a>, they also have some <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersections</a>. </p><p>– The second type of roads are <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a> that are officially named <i><a href="/wiki/Otoyol" title="Otoyol">Otoyol</a></i>. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them <i>Otoban</i> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks in Germany</a>. They also depend on the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Highways_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)">General Directorate of Highways</a> except those that are financed with a <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">BOT</a> model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>– The third type of roads are provincial roads (<i>Il Yolları)</i> are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Motorways</a>: Motorway 3.633 km (January 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-kgm1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgm1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageways</a>: 28.986 km (January 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-kgm1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgm1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>State Highways 30.954 km (January 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-kgm1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgm1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provincial Roads 34.113 km (January 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-kgm1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kgm1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2023, there are 471 <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> (total length 665 km)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 9.660 <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a> (total length 739 km)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_road_transport">Public road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG/220px-Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG/330px-Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG/440px-Ayd%C4%B1nBusTerminus_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3590" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Intercity bus station in Aydın</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous private <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are <a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">dolmuşes</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a> that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2024, number of road vehicles is around 31 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> 16,232,458</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a> 522,608</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> 213,416</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">Small truck</a> 4,703,287</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">Truck</a> 1,000,326</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">Motorcycle</a> 6,261,927</li> <li>Special Purpose vehicle 102,100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">Tractor</a> 2,265,267</li> <li>Total: 31,301,389</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Turkey" title="Cycling in Turkey">Cycling in Turkey</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cycling_in_Turkey&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png/220px-S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png/330px-S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png/440px-S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Kad%C4%B1nlar_Bisiklet_Turu-Urla.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Women_Bike_Ride" title="Fancy Women Bike Ride">Fancy Women Bike Ride</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urla,_%C4%B0zmir" title="Urla, İzmir">Urla, İzmir</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-16860_K%C4%B1r%C4%B1nt%C4%B1-%C4%B0znik-Bursa%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rural west Turkey</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Turkey" title="Cycling in Turkey">Cycling in Turkey</a> is held back by poor infrastructure. It is sometimes done for <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkey" title="Health in Turkey">health</a> reasons, and infrastructure is being improved.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has called for transport in Turkey to include more <a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">active transport</a> such as cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escooters">Escooters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Escooters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Escooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Escooter">Escooter</a> rental is available in some cities,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_ownership">Car ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Car ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> over half the registered motor vehicles are cars - about 16.2 million - of which 5.5 million are diesel fueled, 5.2 million LPG, 4,9 million gasoline, 0.4 million Hybrid, and 0.2 million electric.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Airport,_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_(P1090186).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg/250px-Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg/375px-Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg/500px-Istanbul_Airport%2C_Arnavutk%C3%B6y_%28P1090186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a> is the largest airport in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation in Turkey</a></div> <p>In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 there were 98 <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Turkey" title="List of airports in Turkey">airports in Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 22 <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Atatürk Airport">Istanbul Atatürk Airport</a> is the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by passenger traffic">11th busiest airport in the world</a>, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">new (third) international airport of Istanbul</a> is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-dhmi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhmi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of Turkey since 1933, was selected by <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a> as <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-TurkishAirlinesSkytrax_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurkishAirlinesSkytrax-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-five_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_destinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Airlines destinations">435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries</a> worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_airlines#By_number_of_countries_served" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest airlines">largest carrier in the world by number of countries served</a> as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkish_Airlines_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Airlines-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airlines">Airlines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Turkey" title="List of airlines of Turkey">List of airlines of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Turkey" title="List of defunct airlines of Turkey">List of defunct airlines of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg/220px-Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg/330px-Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg/440px-Turkish_Airlines_Boeing_787-9_Dreamliner_TC-LLC_approaching_JFK_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, the flag carrier of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Turkey" title="List of airports in Turkey">List of airports in Turkey</a></div> <p>Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007) </p><p><b>Airports – with paved runways</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 88 <br /><i>over 3,047 m:</i> 16 <br /><i>2,438 to 3,047 m:</i> </p><p><br /><i>1,524 to 2,437 m:</i> 19 <br /><i>914 to 1,523 m:</i> 16 <br /><i>under 914 m:</i> 4 (2010) (Link:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><b>Airports – with unpaved runways</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 11 <br /><i>1,524 to 2,437 m:</i> 1 <br /><i>914 to 1,523 m:</i> 6 <br /><i>under 914 m:</i> 4 (2010) (Link:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><b>Heliports</b> 20 (2010) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Water transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 1,200 km </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_and_harbours">Ports and harbours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ports and harbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inebolu" class="mw-redirect" title="Inebolu">Inebolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemlik" title="Gemlik">Gemlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma" title="Bandırma">Bandırma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derince" title="Derince">Derince</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Road traffic is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">air pollution in Turkey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a <a href="/wiki/Low-emission_zone" title="Low-emission zone">low emission zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Turkey" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey">Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions</a>. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/32px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/48px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg/64px-Locomotive_J_1211_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Railways">Railways portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Clean_Air_Platform_Turkey" title="Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey">Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul" title="Public transport in Istanbul">Public transport in Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Turkey" title="List of highways in Turkey">List of highways in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Highway_System" title="Turkish State Highway System">Turkish State Highway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_otoyol_routes_in_Turkey" title="List of otoyol routes in Turkey">List of otoyol routes in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoyol" title="Otoyol">Otoyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">List of countries by vehicles per capita</a> Turkey "total number of vehicles" 16th, Turkey "vehicles per capita" 66th</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDifiglioGürayMerdan2020" class="citation report cs1">Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iicec.sabanciuniv.edu/teo">Turkey Energy Outlook</a>. <i>iicec.sabanciuniv.edu</i> (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-70031-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-70031-9-5"><bdi>978-605-70031-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkey+Energy+Outlook&rft.pub=Sabanci+University+Istanbul+International+Center+for+Energy+and+Climate+%28IICEC%29&rft.date=2020-11&rft.isbn=978-605-70031-9-5&rft.aulast=Difiglio&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Carmine&rft.au=G%C3%BCray%2C+Bora+%C5%9Eekip&rft.au=Merdan%2C+Ersin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiicec.sabanciuniv.edu%2Fteo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/haberler/b-s-klet-yollari-kilavuzu-23.12.2019-20191223102511.pdf">Bisiklet Yolları Klavuzu</a> [Bicycle Path Guidelines] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Urban_Planning_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)">Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)</a>. 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_public_transport_in_Turkey" title="Template:Urban public transport in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_public_transport_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Urban public transport in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_public_transport_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban public transport in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Urban_public_transport_networks_and_systems_in_Turkey272" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Urban <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> networks and systems in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Suburban rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkentray" title="Başkentray">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziray" title="Gaziray">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ZBAN" title="İZBAN">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaray" title="Adaray">Adapazarı</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFRAY" title="AFRAY">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayseri_Suburban_Rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayseri Suburban Rail (page does not exist)">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KonyaRay" title="KonyaRay">Konya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Bombardier Flexity Swift, Istanbul."><img alt="A Bombardier Flexity Swift, Istanbul." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/150px-Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/225px-Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg/300px-Istanbul-0663_-_Flickr_-_Ragnhild_%26_Neil_Crawford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_in_Turkey" title="Rapid transit in Turkey">Rapid transit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Metro" title="Adana Metro">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Metro" title="Ankara Metro">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursaray" title="Bursaray">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metro" title="Istanbul Metro">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Metro" title="İzmir Metro">İzmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaziantep_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaziantep Metro (page does not exist)">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebze_Metro" title="Gebze Metro">Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0zmit_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İzmit Metro (page does not exist)">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Metro" title="Konya Metro">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Metro" title="Mersin Metro">Mersin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">BRT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(Istanbul)" title="Metrobus (Istanbul)">Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Antalya" title="Trams in Antalya">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bursa" title="Trams in Bursa">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EsTram" title="EsTram">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Tram" title="Gaziantep Tram">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Tram" title="Istanbul Tram">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aray" title="Akçaray">İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_%C4%B0zmir" title="Tram İzmir">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseray" title="Kayseray">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Tram" title="Konya Tram">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Tram" title="Samsun Tram">Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana_Tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana Tram (page does not exist)">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adapazar%C4%B1_Tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adapazarı Tram (page does not exist)">Adapazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diyarbakır Tram (page does not exist)">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzurum_Tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzurum Tram (page does not exist)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mersin_Tram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mersin Tram (page does not exist)">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Tram" title="Trabzon Tram">Trabzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul#Ferryboats" title="Public transport in Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir#Urban_ferries" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Asia408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Asia408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transport in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain" title="Transport in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brunei" title="Transport in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Transport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Maldives" title="Transport in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oman" title="Transport in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Transport in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Timor-Leste" title="Transport in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkmenistan" title="Transport in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Transport in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau" title="Transport in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Europe124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_Europe" title="Template:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Albania" title="Transport in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andorra" title="Transport in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Croatia" title="Transport in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Denmark" title="Transport in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania" title="Transport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malta" title="Transport in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Moldova" title="Transport in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Monaco" title="Transport in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Montenegro" title="Transport in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_San_Marino" title="Transport in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Serbia" title="Transport in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovakia" title="Transport in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovenia" title="Transport in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_%C3%85land" title="Transport in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Transport in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Transport in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Svalbard" title="Transport in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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