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width="1.25rem" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="6 9 6 2 18 2 18 9"></polyline><path d="M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2"></path><rect x="6" y="14" width="12" height="8"></rect></svg></a></button></div></div><div><div class="flex flex-wrap"><p class=" text-primary font-semibold">Publication</p><div class="h-[16px] border-l-2 border-gray-400 mt-1 mx-1"></div><p class=" text-primary font-semibold">Article</p><div class="h-[16px] border-l-2 border-gray-400 mt-1 mx-1 "></div><time class="text-gray-500 " dateTime="2019-06-28T18:40:00.000">June 28, 2019</time></div><div class="flex items-center"><p class="text-gray-500 mt-[1px]">Supplements and Featured Publications</p></div><div class="flex flex-wrap max-h-[24px] text-gray-500 mb-2"><span class="text-gray-500">Examining the Application of Immunoglobulin in Multiple Disease States: A Review of Evidence<div class="inline-block h-[16px] border-l-2 border-gray-400 mt-1 mx-1 relative top-[3px]"></div>Volume<span class="font-bold ">25</span> <div class="inline-block h-[16px] border-l-2 border-gray-400 mt-1 mx-1 relative top-[2px]"></div>Issue <span class="font-bold">6</span></span></div><h1 class="text-[26px] font-medium leading-8">Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options</h1><div class="py-3 text-gray-600 md:flex flex-col md:justify-between"><div class="flex flex-col xs:flex-row"><p class="mr-1 self-start">Author(s):</p><div class="flex flex-col xs:flex-row mb-3 md:mb-0"><div class="flex flex-wrap"><span class="text-md mr-2"><a class="text-author text-gray-500 hover:text-primary underline hover:no-underline decoration-gray-400" href="/authors/stacy-ness-pharm-d-rph-csp-mscs-aahivp">Stacy Ness, Pharm D, RPh, CSP, MSCS, AAHIVP</a></span></div></div></div><div class="max-w-full"><div class="flex flex-wrap sm:flex-nowrap items-center w-fit "></div><div class="w-full flex flex-col sm:flex-row justify-between mt-2"><div class="block md:hidden "><div 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7.09375 7.09375 " fill="#000000"></path></defs><g><path d="M 187.46875 7.09375 C 87.851562 7.09375 7.09375 87.851562 7.09375 187.46875 C 7.09375 287.085938 87.851562 367.84375 187.46875 367.84375 C 287.085938 367.84375 367.84375 287.085938 367.84375 187.46875 C 367.84375 87.851562 287.085938 7.09375 187.46875 7.09375 " fill-opacity="1" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="#000000"></path></g><g transform="translate(85, 75)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" height="215" width="215"><path d="M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z" fill="#ffffff"></path></svg> </g></svg></button><button aria-label="linkedin" class="react-share__ShareButton" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="32" height="32"><circle cx="32" cy="32" r="31" fill="#007fb1"></circle><path d="M20.4,44h5.4V26.6h-5.4V44z M23.1,18c-1.7,0-3.1,1.4-3.1,3.1c0,1.7,1.4,3.1,3.1,3.1 c1.7,0,3.1-1.4,3.1-3.1C26.2,19.4,24.8,18,23.1,18z M39.5,26.2c-2.6,0-4.4,1.4-5.1,2.8h-0.1v-2.4h-5.2V44h5.4v-8.6 c0-2.3,0.4-4.5,3.2-4.5c2.8,0,2.8,2.6,2.8,4.6V44H46v-9.5C46,29.8,45,26.2,39.5,26.2z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button title="Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options" aria-label="pinterest" class="react-share__ShareButton" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="32" height="32"><circle cx="32" cy="32" r="31" fill="#cb2128"></circle><path d="M32,16c-8.8,0-16,7.2-16,16c0,6.6,3.9,12.2,9.6,14.7c0-1.1,0-2.5,0.3-3.7 c0.3-1.3,2.1-8.7,2.1-8.7s-0.5-1-0.5-2.5c0-2.4,1.4-4.1,3.1-4.1c1.5,0,2.2,1.1,2.2,2.4c0,1.5-0.9,3.7-1.4,5.7 c-0.4,1.7,0.9,3.1,2.5,3.1c3,0,5.1-3.9,5.1-8.5c0-3.5-2.4-6.1-6.7-6.1c-4.9,0-7.9,3.6-7.9,7.7c0,1.4,0.4,2.4,1.1,3.1 c0.3,0.3,0.3,0.5,0.2,0.9c-0.1,0.3-0.3,1-0.3,1.3c-0.1,0.4-0.4,0.6-0.8,0.4c-2.2-0.9-3.3-3.4-3.3-6.1c0-4.5,3.8-10,11.4-10 c6.1,0,10.1,4.4,10.1,9.2c0,6.3-3.5,11-8.6,11c-1.7,0-3.4-0.9-3.9-2c0,0-0.9,3.7-1.1,4.4c-0.3,1.2-1,2.5-1.6,3.4 c1.4,0.4,3,0.7,4.5,0.7c8.8,0,16-7.2,16-16C48,23.2,40.8,16,32,16z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><button aria-label="email" class="react-share__ShareButton" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 64 64" width="32" height="32"><circle cx="32" cy="32" r="31" fill="#7f7f7f"></circle><path d="M17,22v20h30V22H17z M41.1,25L32,32.1L22.9,25H41.1z M20,39V26.6l12,9.3l12-9.3V39H20z" fill="white"></path></svg></button><a class="print-wrap flex justify-center items-center cursor-pointer"><svg id="print" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" class="print bi bi-printer" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M2.5 8a.5.5 0 1 0 0-1 .5.5 0 0 0 0 1z"></path> <path d="M5 1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v3a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h1v1a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h6a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-1h1a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V7a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H5zM4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2H4V3zm1 5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h12a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H5zm7 2v3a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1z"></path></svg></a></div><style> .print-wrap { width: 32px; height: 32px; background: #7F7F7F; border-radius: 100%; } .print { background: #7F7F7F; color: white; padding: 2px; border-radius: 100%; } </style></div></div></div></div><div class=" lg:w-full flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-end"></div><p class="py-2 mb-2 text-sm italic text-gray-600"></p><div class="py-2"><div class="blockText_blockContent__TbCXh"><p class="pb-2">Clinicians have a range of options for treating patients with disease states that require the use of immunoglobulin (Ig). Traditionally, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration has provided effective therapy for a variety of disease states. More recently, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) administration has become available for patients with primary immunodeficiencies and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Ig is used as replacement therapy in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies and has been shown to reduce morbidity due to bacterial infections associated with antibody deficiency. The mechanism of action for use of Ig in the treatment of autoimmune disorders is complex and partially understood, but immunomodulatory effects have been suggested in CIDP and multifocal motor neuropathy. The available IVIG and SCIG products differ in their pharmaceutical properties (eg, pH, osmolality, IgA content, sodium content, and stabilizer), which can affect safety and tolerability in some patients. The pharmacokinetics of Ig also differ based on the route of administration. With IVIG administration every 3 or 4 weeks, peak concentrations are greater and trough concentrations are lower, which can increase the propensity of systemic adverse effects (AEs) and impact tolerability of therapy. SCIG infusions are typically administered more frequently (ie, biweekly, weekly, and even daily based on patient need), resulting in steady state concentrations with fewer fluctuations in Ig plasma levels. The route of administration plays a major role in the types of AEs seen in patients receiving Ig therapy, with systemic AEs associated with IV administration and local reactions more commonly seen with SC administration. By understanding the differences in IVIG and SCIG products, which are not interchangeable, and the patient characteristics that guide product selection, clinicians and managed care providers can better serve patients with immunodeficiency disorders and other disease states.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options</strong></p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Am J Manag Care</em>. 2019;25:-S0</strong></p><p class="pb-2">Immunoglobulin (Ig) has provided lifesaving therapy for a range of primary immunodeficiency diseases. With the introduction of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) products, treatment options have expanded for patients with several conditions, such as primary immunodeficiency diseases or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), that require Ig therapy. In addition, recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated SCIG (fSCIG) is an option with primary immunodeficiency diseases, which allows for easier entry of large volumes of fluid through the extracellular matrix.<sup class="text-inherit">1</sup> <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg"><strong>Table 1</strong></a><sup class="text-inherit">2-9</sup> lists the currently available intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and SCIG products. IVIG and SCIG products are manufactured from the plasma of healthy donors. Plasma pools are derived from a minimum of 1000 donors as mandated by the FDA but typically include a larger number.<sup class="text-inherit">10</sup> Generally, a batch of Ig will include plasma from approximately 15,000 donors.<sup class="text-inherit">11</sup> The volume of the plasma pools in production typically ranges from 2000 kg to 4000 kg.<sup class="text-inherit">12</sup> Ig products sold in the United States are derived solely from US donor plasma, although the final Ig product may be manufactured in FDA-approved facilities outside of the United States.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> These supply factors impose an inherent limit of source material that can cause supply chain issues, such as frequent product shortages, and is reflected in the product cost. The limited supply of product puts a premium on the importance of clinically appropriate therapy, including the decision to use the intravenous (IV) or the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. SCIG products are currently only approved for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency, with the exception of immunoglobulin subcutaneous (Hizentra), which is also approved for CIDP<sup class="text-inherit">13</sup>; IVIG products are indicated for several other disease states (<a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg">Table 1</a><sup class="text-inherit">2-9</sup>).<sup class="text-inherit">2,14</sup> Clinicians and managed care professionals should also be aware that physicians often prescribe Ig products, particularly IVIG, for off-label uses, and payers do reimburse (often denied, and need appeal) for such uses.<sup class="text-inherit">15</sup> Although those off-label uses, which may number more than 150,<sup class="text-inherit">16,17</sup> are outside the scope of this paper, they represent a very important component of Ig therapy; readers are encouraged to refer to the findings of a work group of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) for their review and categorization of the evidence for the use of Ig for a wide range of disorders.<sup class="text-inherit">14</sup></p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Choosing the Right Patient for the IV and SC Routes of Administration</strong></p><p class="pb-2">The AAAAI established a list of 8 guiding principles to help clinicians make quality decisions regarding IVIG for patients with primary immunodeficiency.<sup class="text-inherit">18</sup> These principles provide a framework for the clinically appropriate use of IVIG. Although the AAAAI’s principles are directed at IVIG for primary immunodeficiency, many points also translate to SCIG therapy and other FDA-approved indications, such as CIDP or multifocal motor neuropathy. Site of care, route of administration, and product characteristics are principles that apply globally when considering the effective use of Ig. The AAAAI states that the decision to infuse Ig in a hospital, hospital outpatient, community office, or home-based setting must be based on clinical characteristics of the patient and a discussion between the healthcare providers and the patient. Ultimately, the route of administration of Ig should be based on patient characteristics, as the IV and SC routes have demonstrated efficacy based on appropriate dosing regimens.<sup class="text-inherit">19</sup> Lastly, Ig is not a generic drug, and Ig products are not interchangeable based on the variability of key components in each product. When making the clinical decision regarding an Ig product, clinicians should be aware that some products may be designed for a single route of administration, whereas others may be approved for multiple routes of administration (refer to <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg">Table 1</a><sup class="text-inherit">2-9</sup>). For example, immune globulin (Flebogamma DIF) is approved only for IV administration,<sup class="text-inherit">4,5</sup> and immune globulin with recombinant human hyaluronidase (HyQvia) is approved only for SC administration.<sup class="text-inherit">20</sup> Other products, such as immune globulin (Gammagard Liquid 10%) and immune globulin injection, caprylate/chromatography purified (Gamunex-C 10%), are approved for IV and SC administration.<sup class="text-inherit">21,22</sup></p><p class="pb-2">It is recommended that payers and institutions keep an open Ig formulary because a patient may not tolerate a certain product and may require options based on product and patient characteristics. Specific Ig products need to match with patient characteristics to ensure patient safety; a change of Ig product should only occur with the active participation of the clinicians and other members of the healthcare team.</p><p class="pb-2">Another pertinent resource for clinicians is the <em>Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice </em>published by the Immunoglobulin National Society (IgNS), which is in its second edition.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> The IgNS document comprehensively covers many aspects of Ig therapy, with practice criteria accompanying each standard. Recognizing the collaborative approach that is necessary to properly treat patients who are receiving Ig therapy, IgNS emphasizes the interdisciplinary aspects of patient care that includes prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, and many other healthcare professionals.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup></p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Patient Factors and Formulation Factors</strong></p><p class="pb-2">The primary and active component of Ig products is immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, formulations of Ig can vary in many different respects: IgG monomer, dimer, and aggregate concentrations; IgA and IgM content; stabilizers; additives; and levels of impurities.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> When multiple products are being considered for a specific patient, clinicians must weigh the impact of these pharmaceutical formulation factors, as they contribute to differences in safety and tolerability.<sup class="text-inherit">23-27</sup></p><p class="pb-2">Osmolality of IVIG, IV/SCIG, and SCIG products ranges from 208 mOsm/kg to 1250 mOsm/kg. Most of the products are within the range of physiologic osmolality of approximately 290 mOsm/kg (<a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table02.jpg"><strong>Table 2</strong></a><sup class="text-inherit">2,6-8</sup>). Products that deviate substantially from physiologic osmolality levels may put the patient at risk for various infusion-related adverse effects (AEs), such as thrombotic events and aseptic meningitis, particularly in elderly or neonatal patients, patients with cardiometabolic impairment, and patients with renal dysfunction.<sup class="text-inherit">2,24</sup> Similarly, the same patient populations may be sensitive to the sodium content of Ig products, which is reported in a variety of units (eg, mmol/L, mEq/mL, mg/mL). If the pH of an injectable product is substantially below physiologic levels, localized reactions at the site of injection may result. With the pH of Ig products ranging from a low of 4 to 7.2 (see <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table02.jpg">Table 2</a><sup class="text-inherit">2,6-8</sup>), a slow infusion time may be advisable for products with pH levels toward the lower end of the range.</p><p class="pb-2">Although Ig products primarily contain IgG, they also contain varying amounts of IgA (<1 mcg/mL to ≤200 mcg/mL for IVIG products and 37 mcg/mL to 80 mcg/mL for SCIG products).<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> Early research indicated that rare but severe anaphylactic reactions to Ig products were most likely to occur in patients who were severely deficient in IgA and also had IgE-type anti-IgA antibodies present. However, the administration of a low-IgA product has been shown to be effective in preventing severe allergic reactions in a small number of IgA-deficient patients who have previously experienced such reactions. Because SCIG therapy has a slower release of product into the general circulation, there are also a number of reports in the literature suggesting that SCIG therapy may be used successfully in IgA-deficient patients who experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to IVIG products.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> </p><p class="pb-2">Stabilizers are included in the product formulations to prevent IgG aggregation, which may increase the risk of certain AEs, such as anaphylaxis.<sup class="text-inherit">19</sup> Glycine is the most commonly used stabilizer, whereas D-sorbitol, glucose, maltose, L-proline, and polysorbate 80 are included in some formulations. Ig products containing glucose should be avoided in patients with diabetes when it is feasible as they can potentially raise serum glucose levels. Furthermore, products that contain maltose as a stabilizer should be used cautiously in patients with diabetes as some blood glucose monitoring systems (glucometers) may return falsely elevated glucose levels, which could lead to the unnecessary administration of insulin and result in hypoglycemia. Fortunately, most glucometers exhibiting this interference have been phased out of the market.<sup class="text-inherit">19</sup></p><p class="pb-2">Volume is also a significant consideration when choosing an Ig product, whether it is IV or SC. IVIG products are available as 5% or 10% solutions. One product is available as a lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted into a 5% or 10% solution using sterile water. When considering an IVIG product to select for a patient based on volume, it is very important to keep the clinical picture of the patient in mind. Extra volume could be beneficial in those patients who do not maintain adequate oral hydration and could also help minimize ADRs. In contrast, the extra volume could worsen underlying clinical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. Furthermore, the additional volume of low concentrated products may take longer to infuse and increase nursing time. SCIG products are commercially available as 10%, 16.5%, and 20% solutions. Although a 10% product may be better tolerated in some patients, the greater volume of product that needs to be infused means more SC infusion sites and frequent administrations. The rate of infusion and volume per site is individualized for each product and must be taken into consideration, in addition to patient tolerability.<sup class="text-inherit">2-8</sup> </p><p class="pb-2">When writing a prescription for Ig, some prescribers may specify a brand, and some payers impose limited formularies that require the use of a specific Ig product. If the prescribed or reimbursed product is not ideal for the patient based on these clinical characteristics, it is incumbent upon the Ig clinician to advocate for other options with the prescriber or payer if warranted.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> The potential interactions between patient factors and pharmaceutical formulation factors must be considered by clinicians when making IVIG or SCIG product choices and must be assessed on an ongoing basis.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Individual Patient Ability and Preference </strong></p><p class="pb-2">Patient preference for one form of administration is an important factor to consider when choosing between IVIG and SCIG. In addition, it is important to understand and consider options that are available for the site of care. Options for the site of care include the following<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup>:</p><ul class="my-2"><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Hospital inpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision</span></li><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Hospital outpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision</span></li><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Physician office with prescriber/nurse supervision</span></li><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Free-standing infusion suite with prescriber/nurse supervision</span></li><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Home-based infusion with nurse supervision</span></li><li class="list-disc ml-8"><span class="unknown__pt__mark__li">Home-based infusion without nurse supervision (SCIG only)</span></li></ul><p class="pb-2">Patients often prefer the convenience of home-based Ig administration,<sup class="text-inherit">28,29</sup> and studies suggest that home administration is feasible for certain patient populations. Factors that must be considered by clinicians when determining the site of care include the patient’s medical history and comorbidities, age, ability to travel, home environment, previous experience with Ig, access to emergency medical services or 911, availability of a caregiver, third-party payer restrictions, financial burden, and preference. In addition, when evaluating the appropriateness for SCIG therapy, the Ig clinician must assess the patient’s ability to learn how to successfully perform self-administration and to adhere to dosing regimens.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup></p><p class="pb-2">Studies reviewing patient preferences of site of care have revealed a mixed picture; the site of care and route of administration need to be a patient-specific consideration. In the VISAGES study, Bienvenu et al observed that approximately 70% of patients who received hospital-based IVIG preferred hospital-based administration. Of 12 home-based patients who received IVIG, just 1 patient preferred hospital-based administration. All patients who received home-based SCIG preferred that arrangement compared with the option of hospital-based therapy.<sup class="text-inherit">30</sup> In a survey study with 300 respondents, Espanol and colleagues determined that a majority of respondents (76%) were satisfied with their current treatment arrangement, either IVIG or SCIG.<sup class="text-inherit">28</sup> In a smaller study, Hoffmann et al observed that 92% (n = 22) of adult patients preferred SCIG over IVIG, and 83% (n = 20) preferred home-based therapy over the alternative.<sup class="text-inherit">31</sup></p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Ig Treatment Options, Risks, and Benefits</strong></p><p class="pb-2">Determining the best Ig treatment option for a given patient requires an assessment of the risks and benefits of each product. As outlined previously, patient considerations may dictate a particular route of administration. When an initial assessment has been completed and it is found that IVIG and SCIG would both be feasible for a patient, additional factors, including AE profiles, dosing frequency, and pharmacokinetics (PK), can be considered. <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table03.jpg"><strong>Table 3</strong></a><sup class="text-inherit">2,32</sup> summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each route of administration, which are described in detail throughout this paper.</p><p class="pb-2">The number of indications for IVIG and SCIG therapies preclude listing all the corresponding dosing recommendations. What follows is a summary of dosing recommendations for common indications. In primary humoral immunodeficiency, the IVIG dose is 300 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg every 3 or 4 weeks, and the SCIG dose is adjusted from the adjusted IVIG dose every 1 to 14 days. For CIDP, an IVIG loading dose of 2 g/kg is given in divided doses over 2 to 5 consecutive days with a maintenance dose of 1 g/kg every 3 weeks administered over 1 day or divided into 2 doses of 500 mg/kg given on 2 consecutive days (modified according to patient response). Alternatively, SCIG may be utilized for maintenance dosing in some patients at 0.2 g/kg to 0.4 g/kg weekly. For immune thrombocytopenic purpura or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the IVIG dose is 1 g/kg for 1 to 3 doses. Patients with multifocal motor neuropathy would receive a loading dose of 400 to 500 mg/kg daily for 5 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.5 to 2.4 g/kg/month based on clinical response.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> The information provided is from the IgNS Standards of Practice; note that it is not based on the individual package inserts, but includes other dosing recommendations from the published literature. Please refer to individual prescribing information for specific product dosing.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>IVIG: Unique Considerations</strong></p><p class="pb-2">Besides patient and formulation factors, the choice between IVIG and SCIG often hinges on dosing frequency, which is highly dependent on PK differences between the routes of administration. IVIG introduces Ig directly into the circulatory system via venous access. After IVIG administration, the IgG serum concentration shows an initial sharp rise followed by a rapid decrease for 1 to 4 days after the infusion and then a gradual decrease over the next 21 to 28 days.<sup class="text-inherit">33</sup> Steady state is achieved between the fourth and sixth infusion of IVIG in a naïve patient who is usually dosed every 3 to 4 weeks. Once steady state is reached, a pre-infusion trough level can be obtained, but the utility of monitoring trough levels is indication-specific. In primary immunodeficiencies, dose and interval are titrated to achieve an IgG trough level of greater than 500 mg/dL. For patients with common variable immune deficiency, many prescribers target an initial serum IgG level equal to that of the patient’s pretreatment level plus 300 mg/dL. However, as the IgNS Standards of Practice indicate, Ig dosing should be based on a combination of clinical response and appropriate trough levels rather than trough levels alone, which is a clinical practice supported by the literature.<sup class="text-inherit">2,34-38</sup> Patients who receive IVIG therapy for immunodeficiencies appear to have an increased risk of infection as IgG trough levels are approached. This phenomenon, sometimes referred to as wear-off, may increase the risk of infection by 26% for patients on a 3-week administration cycle and 55% for patients on a 4-week administration cycle.<sup class="text-inherit">39</sup> IVIG dosing in autoimmune disorders is even more variable following the initial recommended starting dose, and it is customarily based on the individual patient’s clinical response.</p><p class="pb-2">Overall, Ig therapy is safe and well tolerated in most patients. AEs in patients undergoing IVIG therapy tend to be systemic in nature.<sup class="text-inherit">40,41</sup> Such AEs are observed more commonly in treatment-naïve patients and may occur up to 34% of the time with the first infusion.<sup class="text-inherit">32</sup> Other estimates point to similar (eg, up to 40%) rates of AEs with IVIG infusion. Whenever possible, the goal should be to prevent ADRs from occurring, and this can usually be achieved by proper product selection and administration.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> If ADRs do occur, it is important to note that many of the systemic AEs associated with IVIG can be attenuated by reducing the infusion rate of IVIG, ensuring adequate hydration, and/or premedicating the patient with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and antihistamines.<sup class="text-inherit">14,19,42,43</sup></p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>SCIG: Unique Considerations</strong></p><p class="pb-2">One of the often-mentioned advantages of SCIG is the option to administer required doses at a time and place of the patient’s choosing. Although many patients receiving IVIG can use home infusion services, the option to receive treatment that does not require a skilled healthcare professional is an advantage of SCIG. However, the advantage of home-based administration may be mitigated to some degree by the more frequent dosing schedules often required for SCIG, as well as the need to self-infuse using needle sets, SC infusion pumps, and syringes.<sup class="text-inherit">42</sup> With more frequent dosing schedules, patients may be advised to vary the site of injections as well as limit the volume per site based on SCIG product used.<sup class="text-inherit">6,13,20-22</sup> The dosing frequency for SCIG is predicated on PK principles and varies between SCIG and fSCIG.</p><p class="pb-2">When Ig is administered SC, it must first diffuse through the SC space into the lymphatic system before entering the circulatory system via the thoracic duct.<sup class="text-inherit">19</sup> This results in a decreased peak concentration compared with IVIG. With more frequent dosing (eg, daily, weekly, or biweekly), trough levels with SCIG are not as severe as IVIG and a steady state concentration is achieved.<sup class="text-inherit">32,44,45</sup> The absorption process inherent with SCIG administration reduces the bioavailability of Ig by approximately 30% to 35%.<sup class="text-inherit">46</sup> Based in part on potential differences in bioavailability, the IgNS recommends consulting with the prescriber to determine what conversion factors, if any, are used when switching patients from IVIG to SCIG.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> This is similar to practices in other parts of the world where dose adjustments between IVIG and SCIG are not typically required but may be individualized for patients based on PK and clinical response.<sup class="text-inherit">47</sup> However, fSCIG has some of the properties of SCIG and IVIG regimens, resulting in hybrid PK profiles for fSCIG. Although the bioavailability of fSCIG products is similar to that of IVIG products, peak serum IgG levels are typically lower than those encountered with IVIG infusion; thus, fSCIG retains an AE profile closer to that of SCIG.<sup class="text-inherit">1</sup> </p><p class="pb-2">Given the PK parameters, SCIG therapy has the advantage of few systemic AEs, which may occur in fewer than 5% of patients who receive SCIG. One meta-analysis determined that the systemic AE rate for SCIG was 0.43%.<sup class="text-inherit">42</sup> On the other hand, patients who receive SCIG therapy are more likely to experience local site reactions (eg, erythema, swelling, warmth, induration, and soreness), which may occur in up to 75% of patients.<sup class="text-inherit">42</sup> See <a rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table04.jpg"><strong>Table 4</strong></a><sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> for a summary of local ADRs that can occur with SCIG products, along with suggested mitigation strategies.</p><p class="pb-2"></p><p class="pb-2"><strong>Conclusions </strong></p><p class="pb-2">Whether administered via the IV or SC route, successful Ig therapy depends on expert clinical knowledge and experience, as well as a collaborative healthcare environment.<sup class="text-inherit">2</sup> IV and SC are both clinically appropriate modes of administering Ig to patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders and other autoimmune disease states. Each mode of administration has advantages and disadvantages but remains a patient-specific choice.<sup class="text-inherit">2,32</sup> Many factors must be considered when choosing between IVIG and SCIG, including patient characteristics, pharmaceutical formulation factors, patient preference, and patient lifestyle and abilities, among others.&ensp;</p><p class="pb-2"> <strong><em>Author affiliation:</em> </strong>Senior Director, Specialty Clinical Services, Managed Health Care Associates, Inc, Florham Park, NJ; President, Immune Globulin National Society.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Funding source:</em> </strong>This activity is supported by educational grants from CSL Behring LLC and Grifols.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Author disclosure:</em> </strong>Dr Ness has no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Authorship information:</em> </strong>Concept and design; drafting of the manuscript; and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Address correspondence to:</em></strong> sness@mhainc.com.</p><p class="pb-2"><strong><em>Medical writing and editorial support provided by:</em> </strong>Thomas J. Cook, PhD.</p><p class="pb-2"> 1. Ponsford M, Carne E, Kingdon C, et al. Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (fSCIg) therapy—practical considerations. <em>Clin Exp Immunol</em>. 2015;182(3):302-313. doi: 10.1111/cei.12694.</p><p class="pb-2">2. IgNS Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice Committee. Immunoglobulin Therapy: Standards of Practice, 2nd Ed. Kirmse J, Schleis T, eds. Woodland Hills, CA: Immunoglobulin National Society; 2018.</p><p class="pb-2">3. Immune globulins. US FDA website. www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/approved-blood-products/immune-globulins. Updated August 2, 2018. Accessed May 1, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">4. Flebogamma 5% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/89551/flebo5-ft-us-en/2224ef9e-34e5-4808-afde-d470dba5825d. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">5. Flebogamma 10% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/64234/ft_flebogamma_10_eeuu.en/f477695f-32d7-4d2b-bdb6-85f49d8eab67. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">6. Cutaquig [prescribing information]. Hoboken, NJ: Octapharma USA, Inc; 2019. www.fda.gov/media/119234/download. Accessed May 1, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">7. Panzyga [prescribing information]. Hoboken, NJ: Octapharma USA, Inc; 2018. https://panzyga.info/fileadmin/user_upload/panzyga.info/P.820.001.UK_-_Panzyga_PI_-_Aug_2018.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">8. Asceniv [prescribing information]. Boca Raton, FL: ADMA Biologics; 2019. www.fda.gov/media/122525/download. Accessed May 17, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">9. FDA approves prior approval supplement for Bivigam [news release]. Ramsey, NJ, and Boca Raton, FL: ADMA Biologics, Inc.; May 10, 2019. d1io3yog0oux5.cloudfront.net/_d9dff7628b08f432462a70eb4e8ef225/admabiologics/news/2019-05-10_FDA_Approves_Prior_Approval_Supplement_for_439.pdf. Accessed June 7, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">10. Manufacture of immune globulin (human). 21 C.F.R. § 640.102. FDA website. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=640.102. Revised April 1, 2018. Accessed January 21, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">11. Jolles S, Sewell WA, Misbah SA. Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulin. <em>Clin Exp Immunol</em>. 2005;142(1):1-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02834.x.</p><p class="pb-2">12. Buchacher A, Curling JM. Current Manufacturing of Human Plasma Immunoglobulin G. In: Jagschies G, Lindskog E, &#321;&#261;cki K, Galliher P, eds. <em>Biopharmaceutical Processing: Development, Design, and Implementation of Manufacturing Processes</em>. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier; 2018:857-876. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100623-8.00043-8.</p><p class="pb-2">13. Hizentra [prescribing information]. Kankakee, IL: CSL Behring LLC; 2018. labeling.cslbehring.com/PI/US/Hizentra/EN/Hizentra-Prescribing-Information.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">14. Perez EE, Orange JS, Bonilla F, et al. Update on the use of immunoglobulin in human disease: a review of evidence. <em>J Allergy Clin Immunol</em>. 2017;139(3S):S1-S46. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.023.</p><p class="pb-2">15. Navarro RP, Ballow M, Fenrick B, Pezalla EJ. Considerations for the optimal use of immunoglobulin. <em>Am J Manag Care</em>. 2012;18(4 suppl):S67-S78.</p><p class="pb-2">16. Leong H, Stachnik J, Bonk ME, Matuszewski KA. Unlabeled uses of intravenous immune globulin. <em>Am J Health Syst Pharm</em>. 2008;65(19):1815-1824. doi: 10.2146/ajhp070582.</p><p class="pb-2">17. Sutton D, Visintini S; Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Off-label use of intravenous immunoglobulin for neurological conditions: a review of clinical effectiveness. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531883/. Published March 14, 2018. Accessed May 1, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">18. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Eight guiding principles for effective use of IVIG for patients with primary immunodeficiency. www.aaaai.org/Aaaai/media/MediaLibrary/PDF Documents/Practice Resources/IVIG-guiding-principles.pdf. Published December 2011. Accessed January 3, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">19. Berger M. Choices in IgG replacement therapy for primary immune deficiency diseases: subcutaneous IgG vs. intravenous IgG and selecting an optimal dose. <em>Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol</em>. 2011;11(6):532-538. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834c22da.</p><p class="pb-2">20. HyQvia [prescribing information]. Lexington, MA: Baxalta US Inc; 2019. www.shirecontent.com/PI/PDFs/HYQVIA_USA_ENG.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">21. Gammagard [prescribing information]. Westlake Village, CA: Baxalta US Inc; 2016. www.shirecontent.com/pi/pdfs/gamliquid_usa_eng.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">22. Gamunex-C [prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park, NC: Grifols Therapeutics LLC; 2018. hcp.gamunex-c.com/documents/27477975/27479085/Gamunex-C+Prescribing+Information.pdf/9258bd0f-4205-47e1-ab80-540304c1ff8e. Accessed March 19, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">23. Ochs HD, Siegel J. Stabilizers used in intravenous immunoglobulin products: a comparative review. <em>Pharmacy Practice News.</em> August 2010. pharmacypracticenews.com/download/SR1019_Stabl_IVIG_WM.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">24. Mark SM. Comparison of intravenous immunoglobulin formulations: product, formulary, and cost considerations. <em>Hosp Pharm</em>. 2011;46(9):668-676. doi: 10.1310/hpj4609-668.</p><p class="pb-2">25. Stein MR. The new generation of liquid intravenous immunoglobulin formulations in patient care: a comparison of intravenous immunoglobulins. <em>Postgrad Med</em>. 2010;122(5):176-184. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2214.</p><p class="pb-2">26. Abolhassani H, Asgardoon MH, Rezaei N, Hammarstrom L, Aghamohammadi A. Different brands of intravenous immunoglobulin for primary immunodeficiencies: how to choose the best option for the patient? <em>Expert Rev Clin Immunol</em>. 2015;11(11):1229-1243. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2015.1079485.</p><p class="pb-2">27. Siegel J. IVIG Medication safety: a stepwise guide to product selection and use. <em>Pharmacy Practice News.</em> December 2010. pharmacypracticenews.com/download/IVIG_safety_ppn1210_WM.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2019.</p><p class="pb-2">28. Espanol T, Prevot J, Drabwell J, Sondhi S, Olding L. Improving current immunoglobulin therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiency: quality of life and views on treatment. <em>Patient Prefer Adherence</em>. 2014;8:621-629. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S60771.</p><p class="pb-2">29. Mohamed AF, Kilambi V, Luo MP, Iyer RG, Li-McLeod JM. Patient and parent preferences for immunoglobulin treatments: a conjoint analysis. <em>J Med Econ</em>. 2012;15(6):1183-1191. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2012.716804.</p><p class="pb-2">30. Bienvenu B, Cozon G, Hoarau C, et al. Does the route of immunoglobin replacement therapy impact quality of life and satisfaction in patients with primary immunodeficiency? Insights from the French cohort “Visages.” <em>Orphanet J Rare Dis</em>. 2016;11(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0452-9.</p><p class="pb-2">31. Hoffmann F, Grimbacher B, Thiel J, Peter H-H, Belohradsky BH; Vivaglobin Study Group. Home-based subcutaneous immunoglobulin G replacement therapy under real-life conditions in children and adults with antibody deficiency. <em>Eur J Med Res</em>. 2010;15(6):238-245.</p><p class="pb-2">32. Ballow M. Practical aspects of immunoglobulin replacement. <em>Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol</em>. 2017;119(4):299-303. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.020.</p><p class="pb-2">33. Wasserman RL. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin: facilitated infusion and advances in administration. <em>Clin Exp Immunol</em>. 2014;178(suppl 1):75-77. doi: 10.1111/cei.12519.</p><p class="pb-2">34. Orange JS, Hossny EM, Weiler CR, et al; Primary Immunodeficiency Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in human disease: a review of evidence by members of the Primary Immunodeficiency Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. <em>J Allergy Clin Immunol</em>. 2006;117(suppl 4):S525-S553. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.01.015.</p><p class="pb-2">35. Bonagura VR, Marchlewski R, Cox A, Rosenthal DW. Biologic IgG level in primary immunodeficiency disease: the IgG level that protects against recurrent infection. <em>J Allergy Clin Immunol</em>. 2008;122(1):210-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.044.</p><p class="pb-2">36. Kerr J, Quinti I, Eibl M, et al. Is dosing of therapeutic immunoglobulins optimal? a review of a three-decade long debate in Europe. <em>Front Immunol</em>. 2014;5:629. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00629.</p><p class="pb-2">37. Orange JS, Belohradsky BH, Berger M, et al. Evaluation of correlation between dose and clinical outcomes in subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. <em>Clin Exp Immunol</em>. 2012;169(2):172-181. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04594.x.</p><p class="pb-2">38. Lucas M, Lee M, Lortan J, Lopez-Granados E, Misbah S, Chapel H. Infection outcomes in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders: relationship to immunoglobulin therapy over 22 years. <em>J Allergy Clin Immunol</em>. 2010;125(6):1354-1360.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.040.</p><p class="pb-2">39. Rojavin MA, Hubsch A, Lawo JP. Quantitative evidence of wear-off effect at the end of the</p><p class="pb-2">intravenous IgG (IVIG) dosing cycle in primary immunodeficiency. <em>J Clin Immunol</em>. 2016;36(3):210-219. doi: 10.1007/s10875-016-0243-z.</p><p class="pb-2">40. Stiehm ER. Adverse effects of human immunoglobulin therapy. <em>Transfus Med Rev</em>. 2013;27(3):171-178. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2013.05.004.</p><p class="pb-2">41. Azizi G, Abolhassani H, Asgardoon MH, et al. Managing patients with side effects and adverse events to immunoglobulin therapy. <em>Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol</em>. 2016;9(1):91-102. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1105131.</p><p class="pb-2">42. Sriaroon P, Ballow M. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy for primary immunodeficiency. <em>Immunol Allergy Clin North Am</em>. 2015;35(4):713-730. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.07.006.</p><p class="pb-2">43. Cherin P, Marie I, Michallet M, et al. Management of adverse events in the treatment of patients with immunoglobulin therapy: a review of evidence. <em>Autoimmun Rev</em>. 2016;15(1):71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.09.002.</p><p class="pb-2">44. Wasserman RL, Irani AM, Tracy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of subcutaneous immune globulin (human), 10% caprylate/chromatography purified in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease. <em>Clin Exp Immunol</em>. 2010;161(3):518-526. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04195.x.</p><p class="pb-2">45. Wasserman RL, Melamed IR, Stein MR, Jolles S, Norton M, Moy JN; GMX07 Study Group. Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of Gammaplex 10% versus Gammaplex 5% in subjects with primary immunodeficiency. <em>J Clin Immunol</em>. 2017;37(3):301-310. doi: 10.1007/s10875-017-0383-9.</p><p class="pb-2">46. Berger M, Jolles S, Orange JS, Sleasman JW. Bioavailability of IgG administered by the subcutaneous route. <em>J Clin Immunol</em>. 2013;33(5):984-990. doi: 10.1007/s10875-013-9876-3.</p><p class="pb-2">47. Lingman-Framme J, Fasth A. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies: an evidence-based review. <em>Drugs</em>. 2013;73(12):1307-1319. doi: 10.1007/s40265-013-0094-3.</p><p class="pb-2"> </p><div class=" flex relative " style="width:auto"><a target="_blank" class="w-auto" href="https://cdn.sanity.io/files/0vv8moc6/ajmc/fb159fe780dd10680f1a5cbd3a6e976a72854a01.pdf/ACE0132_Article%25202.pdf"><img class="media-image" src="https://cdn.sanity.io/images/0vv8moc6/ajmc/15a09d20dd1617e6131873f3bd7f2291e09d9309-128x128.png?fit=crop&auto=format" height="100%" width="100%"/><p class="media-caption">Download PDF: Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options</p></a></div></div></div><div class="flex items-center lg:w-3/4 mb-4 pb-12"></div><div class="pb-24"></div></div><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options","datePublished":"2019-06-28T18:40:00.000Z","dateModified":"2020-08-06T02:48:37Z","inLanguage":"en-US","image":"https://www.ajmc.com/ajmc_logo_inverted.png","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/intravenous-and-subcutaneous-immunoglobulin-treatment-options"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"AJMC","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.ajmc.com/ajmc_logo_inverted.png"}},"keywords":"immunoglobulin","articleBody":"Clinicians have a range of options for treating patients with disease states that require the use of immunoglobulin (Ig). Traditionally, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration has provided effective therapy for a variety of disease states. More recently, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) administration has become available for patients with primary immunodeficiencies and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Ig is used as replacement therapy in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies and has been shown to reduce morbidity due to bacterial infections associated with antibody deficiency. The mechanism of action for use of Ig in the treatment of autoimmune disorders is complex and partially understood, but immunomodulatory effects have been suggested in CIDP and multifocal motor neuropathy. The available IVIG and SCIG products differ in their pharmaceutical properties (eg, pH, osmolality, IgA content, sodium content, and stabilizer), which can affect safety and tolerability in some patients. The pharmacokinetics of Ig also differ based on the route of administration. With IVIG administration every 3 or 4 weeks, peak concentrations are greater and trough concentrations are lower, which can increase the propensity of systemic adverse effects (AEs) and impact tolerability of therapy. SCIG infusions are typically administered more frequently (ie, biweekly, weekly, and even daily based on patient need), resulting in steady state concentrations with fewer fluctuations in Ig plasma levels. The route of administration plays a major role in the types of AEs seen in patients receiving Ig therapy, with systemic AEs associated with IV administration and local reactions more commonly seen with SC administration. By understanding the differences in IVIG and SCIG products, which are not interchangeable, and the patient characteristics that guide product selection, clinicians and managed care providers can better serve patients with immunodeficiency disorders and other disease states.\n\n\n\nIntravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options\n\nAm J Manag Care. 2019;25:-S0\n\nImmunoglobulin (Ig) has provided lifesaving therapy for a range of primary immunodeficiency diseases. With the introduction of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) products, treatment options have expanded for patients with several conditions, such as primary immunodeficiency diseases or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), that require Ig therapy. In addition, recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated SCIG (fSCIG) is an option with primary immunodeficiency diseases, which allows for easier entry of large volumes of fluid through the extracellular matrix.1 Table 12-9 lists the currently available intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and SCIG products. IVIG and SCIG products are manufactured from the plasma of healthy donors. Plasma pools are derived from a minimum of 1000 donors as mandated by the FDA but typically include a larger number.10 Generally, a batch of Ig will include plasma from approximately 15,000 donors.11 The volume of the plasma pools in production typically ranges from 2000 kg to 4000 kg.12 Ig products sold in the United States are derived solely from US donor plasma, although the final Ig product may be manufactured in FDA-approved facilities outside of the United States.2 These supply factors impose an inherent limit of source material that can cause supply chain issues, such as frequent product shortages, and is reflected in the product cost. The limited supply of product puts a premium on the importance of clinically appropriate therapy, including the decision to use the intravenous (IV) or the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. SCIG products are currently only approved for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency, with the exception of immunoglobulin subcutaneous (Hizentra), which is also approved for CIDP13; IVIG products are indicated for several other disease states (Table 12-9).2,14 Clinicians and managed care professionals should also be aware that physicians often prescribe Ig products, particularly IVIG, for off-label uses, and payers do reimburse (often denied, and need appeal) for such uses.15 Although those off-label uses, which may number more than 150,16,17 are outside the scope of this paper, they represent a very important component of Ig therapy; readers are encouraged to refer to the findings of a work group of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) for their review and categorization of the evidence for the use of Ig for a wide range of disorders.14\n\n\n\nChoosing the Right Patient for the IV and SC Routes of Administration\n\nThe AAAAI established a list of 8 guiding principles to help clinicians make quality decisions regarding IVIG for patients with primary immunodeficiency.18 These principles provide a framework for the clinically appropriate use of IVIG. Although the AAAAI’s principles are directed at IVIG for primary immunodeficiency, many points also translate to SCIG therapy and other FDA-approved indications, such as CIDP or multifocal motor neuropathy. Site of care, route of administration, and product characteristics are principles that apply globally when considering the effective use of Ig. The AAAAI states that the decision to infuse Ig in a hospital, hospital outpatient, community office, or home-based setting must be based on clinical characteristics of the patient and a discussion between the healthcare providers and the patient. Ultimately, the route of administration of Ig should be based on patient characteristics, as the IV and SC routes have demonstrated efficacy based on appropriate dosing regimens.19 Lastly, Ig is not a generic drug, and Ig products are not interchangeable based on the variability of key components in each product. When making the clinical decision regarding an Ig product, clinicians should be aware that some products may be designed for a single route of administration, whereas others may be approved for multiple routes of administration (refer to Table 12-9). For example, immune globulin (Flebogamma DIF) is approved only for IV administration,4,5 and immune globulin with recombinant human hyaluronidase (HyQvia) is approved only for SC administration.20 Other products, such as immune globulin (Gammagard Liquid 10%) and immune globulin injection, caprylate/chromatography purified (Gamunex-C 10%), are approved for IV and SC administration.21,22\n\nIt is recommended that payers and institutions keep an open Ig formulary because a patient may not tolerate a certain product and may require options based on product and patient characteristics. Specific Ig products need to match with patient characteristics to ensure patient safety; a change of Ig product should only occur with the active participation of the clinicians and other members of the healthcare team.\n\nAnother pertinent resource for clinicians is the Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice published by the Immunoglobulin National Society (IgNS), which is in its second edition.2 The IgNS document comprehensively covers many aspects of Ig therapy, with practice criteria accompanying each standard. Recognizing the collaborative approach that is necessary to properly treat patients who are receiving Ig therapy, IgNS emphasizes the interdisciplinary aspects of patient care that includes prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, and many other healthcare professionals.2\n\n\n\nPatient Factors and Formulation Factors\n\nThe primary and active component of Ig products is immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, formulations of Ig can vary in many different respects: IgG monomer, dimer, and aggregate concentrations; IgA and IgM content; stabilizers; additives; and levels of impurities.2 When multiple products are being considered for a specific patient, clinicians must weigh the impact of these pharmaceutical formulation factors, as they contribute to differences in safety and tolerability.23-27\n\nOsmolality of IVIG, IV/SCIG, and SCIG products ranges from 208 mOsm/kg to 1250 mOsm/kg. Most of the products are within the range of physiologic osmolality of approximately 290 mOsm/kg (Table 22,6-8). Products that deviate substantially from physiologic osmolality levels may put the patient at risk for various infusion-related adverse effects (AEs), such as thrombotic events and aseptic meningitis, particularly in elderly or neonatal patients, patients with cardiometabolic impairment, and patients with renal dysfunction.2,24 Similarly, the same patient populations may be sensitive to the sodium content of Ig products, which is reported in a variety of units (eg, mmol/L, mEq/mL, mg/mL). If the pH of an injectable product is substantially below physiologic levels, localized reactions at the site of injection may result. With the pH of Ig products ranging from a low of 4 to 7.2 (see Table 22,6-8), a slow infusion time may be advisable for products with pH levels toward the lower end of the range.\n\nAlthough Ig products primarily contain IgG, they also contain varying amounts of IgA (<1 mcg/mL to ≤200 mcg/mL for IVIG products and 37 mcg/mL to 80 mcg/mL for SCIG products).2 Early research indicated that rare but severe anaphylactic reactions to Ig products were most likely to occur in patients who were severely deficient in IgA and also had IgE-type anti-IgA antibodies present. However, the administration of a low-IgA product has been shown to be effective in preventing severe allergic reactions in a small number of IgA-deficient patients who have previously experienced such reactions. Because SCIG therapy has a slower release of product into the general circulation, there are also a number of reports in the literature suggesting that SCIG therapy may be used successfully in IgA-deficient patients who experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to IVIG products.2 \n\nStabilizers are included in the product formulations to prevent IgG aggregation, which may increase the risk of certain AEs, such as anaphylaxis.19 Glycine is the most commonly used stabilizer, whereas D-sorbitol, glucose, maltose, L-proline, and polysorbate 80 are included in some formulations. Ig products containing glucose should be avoided in patients with diabetes when it is feasible as they can potentially raise serum glucose levels. Furthermore, products that contain maltose as a stabilizer should be used cautiously in patients with diabetes as some blood glucose monitoring systems (glucometers) may return falsely elevated glucose levels, which could lead to the unnecessary administration of insulin and result in hypoglycemia. Fortunately, most glucometers exhibiting this interference have been phased out of the market.19\n\nVolume is also a significant consideration when choosing an Ig product, whether it is IV or SC. IVIG products are available as 5% or 10% solutions. One product is available as a lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted into a 5% or 10% solution using sterile water. When considering an IVIG product to select for a patient based on volume, it is very important to keep the clinical picture of the patient in mind. Extra volume could be beneficial in those patients who do not maintain adequate oral hydration and could also help minimize ADRs. In contrast, the extra volume could worsen underlying clinical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. Furthermore, the additional volume of low concentrated products may take longer to infuse and increase nursing time. SCIG products are commercially available as 10%, 16.5%, and 20% solutions. Although a 10% product may be better tolerated in some patients, the greater volume of product that needs to be infused means more SC infusion sites and frequent administrations. The rate of infusion and volume per site is individualized for each product and must be taken into consideration, in addition to patient tolerability.2-8 \n\nWhen writing a prescription for Ig, some prescribers may specify a brand, and some payers impose limited formularies that require the use of a specific Ig product. If the prescribed or reimbursed product is not ideal for the patient based on these clinical characteristics, it is incumbent upon the Ig clinician to advocate for other options with the prescriber or payer if warranted.2 The potential interactions between patient factors and pharmaceutical formulation factors must be considered by clinicians when making IVIG or SCIG product choices and must be assessed on an ongoing basis.\n\n\n\nIndividual Patient Ability and Preference \n\nPatient preference for one form of administration is an important factor to consider when choosing between IVIG and SCIG. In addition, it is important to understand and consider options that are available for the site of care. Options for the site of care include the following2:\n\nHospital inpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision\n\nHospital outpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision\n\nPhysician office with prescriber/nurse supervision\n\nFree-standing infusion suite with prescriber/nurse supervision\n\nHome-based infusion with nurse supervision\n\nHome-based infusion without nurse supervision (SCIG only)\n\nPatients often prefer the convenience of home-based Ig administration,28,29 and studies suggest that home administration is feasible for certain patient populations. Factors that must be considered by clinicians when determining the site of care include the patient’s medical history and comorbidities, age, ability to travel, home environment, previous experience with Ig, access to emergency medical services or 911, availability of a caregiver, third-party payer restrictions, financial burden, and preference. In addition, when evaluating the appropriateness for SCIG therapy, the Ig clinician must assess the patient’s ability to learn how to successfully perform self-administration and to adhere to dosing regimens.2\n\nStudies reviewing patient preferences of site of care have revealed a mixed picture; the site of care and route of administration need to be a patient-specific consideration. In the VISAGES study, Bienvenu et al observed that approximately 70% of patients who received hospital-based IVIG preferred hospital-based administration. Of 12 home-based patients who received IVIG, just 1 patient preferred hospital-based administration. All patients who received home-based SCIG preferred that arrangement compared with the option of hospital-based therapy.30 In a survey study with 300 respondents, Espanol and colleagues determined that a majority of respondents (76%) were satisfied with their current treatment arrangement, either IVIG or SCIG.28 In a smaller study, Hoffmann et al observed that 92% (n = 22) of adult patients preferred SCIG over IVIG, and 83% (n = 20) preferred home-based therapy over the alternative.31\n\n\n\nIg Treatment Options, Risks, and Benefits\n\nDetermining the best Ig treatment option for a given patient requires an assessment of the risks and benefits of each product. As outlined previously, patient considerations may dictate a particular route of administration. When an initial assessment has been completed and it is found that IVIG and SCIG would both be feasible for a patient, additional factors, including AE profiles, dosing frequency, and pharmacokinetics (PK), can be considered. Table 32,32 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each route of administration, which are described in detail throughout this paper.\n\nThe number of indications for IVIG and SCIG therapies preclude listing all the corresponding dosing recommendations. What follows is a summary of dosing recommendations for common indications. In primary humoral immunodeficiency, the IVIG dose is 300 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg every 3 or 4 weeks, and the SCIG dose is adjusted from the adjusted IVIG dose every 1 to 14 days. For CIDP, an IVIG loading dose of 2 g/kg is given in divided doses over 2 to 5 consecutive days with a maintenance dose of 1 g/kg every 3 weeks administered over 1 day or divided into 2 doses of 500 mg/kg given on 2 consecutive days (modified according to patient response). Alternatively, SCIG may be utilized for maintenance dosing in some patients at 0.2 g/kg to 0.4 g/kg weekly. For immune thrombocytopenic purpura or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the IVIG dose is 1 g/kg for 1 to 3 doses. Patients with multifocal motor neuropathy would receive a loading dose of 400 to 500 mg/kg daily for 5 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.5 to 2.4 g/kg/month based on clinical response.2 The information provided is from the IgNS Standards of Practice; note that it is not based on the individual package inserts, but includes other dosing recommendations from the published literature. Please refer to individual prescribing information for specific product dosing.\n\n\n\nIVIG: Unique Considerations\n\nBesides patient and formulation factors, the choice between IVIG and SCIG often hinges on dosing frequency, which is highly dependent on PK differences between the routes of administration. IVIG introduces Ig directly into the circulatory system via venous access. After IVIG administration, the IgG serum concentration shows an initial sharp rise followed by a rapid decrease for 1 to 4 days after the infusion and then a gradual decrease over the next 21 to 28 days.33 Steady state is achieved between the fourth and sixth infusion of IVIG in a naïve patient who is usually dosed every 3 to 4 weeks. Once steady state is reached, a pre-infusion trough level can be obtained, but the utility of monitoring trough levels is indication-specific. In primary immunodeficiencies, dose and interval are titrated to achieve an IgG trough level of greater than 500 mg/dL. For patients with common variable immune deficiency, many prescribers target an initial serum IgG level equal to that of the patient’s pretreatment level plus 300 mg/dL. However, as the IgNS Standards of Practice indicate, Ig dosing should be based on a combination of clinical response and appropriate trough levels rather than trough levels alone, which is a clinical practice supported by the literature.2,34-38 Patients who receive IVIG therapy for immunodeficiencies appear to have an increased risk of infection as IgG trough levels are approached. This phenomenon, sometimes referred to as wear-off, may increase the risk of infection by 26% for patients on a 3-week administration cycle and 55% for patients on a 4-week administration cycle.39 IVIG dosing in autoimmune disorders is even more variable following the initial recommended starting dose, and it is customarily based on the individual patient’s clinical response.\n\nOverall, Ig therapy is safe and well tolerated in most patients. AEs in patients undergoing IVIG therapy tend to be systemic in nature.40,41 Such AEs are observed more commonly in treatment-naïve patients and may occur up to 34% of the time with the first infusion.32 Other estimates point to similar (eg, up to 40%) rates of AEs with IVIG infusion. Whenever possible, the goal should be to prevent ADRs from occurring, and this can usually be achieved by proper product selection and administration.2 If ADRs do occur, it is important to note that many of the systemic AEs associated with IVIG can be attenuated by reducing the infusion rate of IVIG, ensuring adequate hydration, and/or premedicating the patient with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and antihistamines.14,19,42,43\n\n\n\nSCIG: Unique Considerations\n\nOne of the often-mentioned advantages of SCIG is the option to administer required doses at a time and place of the patient’s choosing. Although many patients receiving IVIG can use home infusion services, the option to receive treatment that does not require a skilled healthcare professional is an advantage of SCIG. However, the advantage of home-based administration may be mitigated to some degree by the more frequent dosing schedules often required for SCIG, as well as the need to self-infuse using needle sets, SC infusion pumps, and syringes.42 With more frequent dosing schedules, patients may be advised to vary the site of injections as well as limit the volume per site based on SCIG product used.6,13,20-22 The dosing frequency for SCIG is predicated on PK principles and varies between SCIG and fSCIG.\n\nWhen Ig is administered SC, it must first diffuse through the SC space into the lymphatic system before entering the circulatory system via the thoracic duct.19 This results in a decreased peak concentration compared with IVIG. With more frequent dosing (eg, daily, weekly, or biweekly), trough levels with SCIG are not as severe as IVIG and a steady state concentration is achieved.32,44,45 The absorption process inherent with SCIG administration reduces the bioavailability of Ig by approximately 30% to 35%.46 Based in part on potential differences in bioavailability, the IgNS recommends consulting with the prescriber to determine what conversion factors, if any, are used when switching patients from IVIG to SCIG.2 This is similar to practices in other parts of the world where dose adjustments between IVIG and SCIG are not typically required but may be individualized for patients based on PK and clinical response.47 However, fSCIG has some of the properties of SCIG and IVIG regimens, resulting in hybrid PK profiles for fSCIG. Although the bioavailability of fSCIG products is similar to that of IVIG products, peak serum IgG levels are typically lower than those encountered with IVIG infusion; thus, fSCIG retains an AE profile closer to that of SCIG.1 \n\nGiven the PK parameters, SCIG therapy has the advantage of few systemic AEs, which may occur in fewer than 5% of patients who receive SCIG. One meta-analysis determined that the systemic AE rate for SCIG was 0.43%.42 On the other hand, patients who receive SCIG therapy are more likely to experience local site reactions (eg, erythema, swelling, warmth, induration, and soreness), which may occur in up to 75% of patients.42 See Table 42 for a summary of local ADRs that can occur with SCIG products, along with suggested mitigation strategies.\n\n\n\nConclusions \n\nWhether administered via the IV or SC route, successful Ig therapy depends on expert clinical knowledge and experience, as well as a collaborative healthcare environment.2 IV and SC are both clinically appropriate modes of administering Ig to patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders and other autoimmune disease states. Each mode of administration has advantages and disadvantages but remains a patient-specific choice.2,32 Many factors must be considered when choosing between IVIG and SCIG, including patient characteristics, pharmaceutical formulation factors, patient preference, and patient lifestyle and abilities, among others.&ensp;\n\n Author affiliation: Senior Director, Specialty Clinical Services, Managed Health Care Associates, Inc, Florham Park, NJ; President, Immune Globulin National Society.\n\nFunding source: This activity is supported by educational grants from CSL Behring LLC and Grifols.\n\nAuthor disclosure: Dr Ness has no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.\n\nAuthorship information: Concept and design; drafting of the manuscript; and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.\n\nAddress correspondence to: sness@mhainc.com.\n\nMedical writing and editorial support provided by: Thomas J. Cook, PhD.\n\n 1. Ponsford M, Carne E, Kingdon C, et al. Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (fSCIg) therapy—practical considerations. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;182(3):302-313. doi: 10.1111/cei.12694.\n\n2. IgNS Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice Committee. Immunoglobulin Therapy: Standards of Practice, 2nd Ed. Kirmse J, Schleis T, eds. Woodland Hills, CA: Immunoglobulin National Society; 2018.\n\n3. Immune globulins. US FDA website. www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/approved-blood-products/immune-globulins. Updated August 2, 2018. Accessed May 1, 2019.\n\n4. Flebogamma 5% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/89551/flebo5-ft-us-en/2224ef9e-34e5-4808-afde-d470dba5825d. Accessed March 19, 2019.\n\n5. Flebogamma 10% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/64234/ft_flebogamma_10_eeuu.en/f477695f-32d7-4d2b-bdb6-85f49d8eab67. Accessed March 19, 2019.\n\n6. 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Drugs. 2013;73(12):1307-1319. doi: 10.1007/s40265-013-0094-3.\n\n \n\n","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Stacy Ness, Pharm D, RPh, CSP, MSCS, AAHIVP"}]}</script></div></div><div class="flex-none w-[300px] z-[9999] relative hidden md:block"></div></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-pixel" style="width:1px;height:1px" class=""></div><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NK5KQXS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div id="footerOuterWrap" class=" mx-auto flex"><div class="bg-[#00598D] xl:w-[70%] w-[70%] py-12 pl-auto"><div class="xxl:w-[75%] w-[90%] ml-auto"><div><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img 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Evans, MD"},{"profileImage":null,"biography":null,"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Warren Fisher, DO","firstName":"Warren","lastName":"Fisher","url":{"current":"warren-fisher-do","_type":"slug"}},{"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Darren Wheeler, MD","firstName":"Darren","lastName":"Wheeler","url":{"_type":"slug","current":"darren-wheeler-md"},"profileImage":null,"biography":null},{"profileImage":null,"biography":null,"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Riya Pulicharam, MD, CPI","firstName":"Riya","lastName":"Pulicharam","url":{"current":"riya-pulicharam-md-cpi","_type":"slug"}}],"title":"Reducing Delays in Breast Cancer Care Using an Innovative Digital Health Platform"}],"isLiveSite":true,"host":"www.ajmc.com","settings":{"title":"AJMC","networkID":"4688","adUnit":"ajmc.com","liveDomain":"www.ajmc.com","publicationName":"AJMC","logo":"/ajmc_logo_inverted.png","white_logo":"/ajmc_logo_inverted.png","logoHeight":"50px","enableEdgeCache":true,"sMaxAge":300,"staleWhileRevalidate":359,"clinicalTopicTopLatestNews":true,"megaMenuTaxName":"topic","megaMenuChildren":true,"sharingImageUrl":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/mjhlifesciences.com/sitelogos/AJMC_1200x637.png","twitterHandle":"@AJMC_Journal","publicationMapping":"publications","useNewSubNavMegaMenu":true,"redesignDetail":true,"redesignSAP":true,"useNewFooter":true,"newFooterLogos":[{"img":"/CHA_Logo.png","alt":"CH Logo","mobileWidth":"158px","mobileHeight":"42px","link":"/topic/center-on-health-equity-and-access","target":"_self"},{"img":"/CB.png","alt":"Center for Biosimilars Logo","mobileWidth":"170px","mobileHeight":"42px","link":"https://www.centerforbiosimilars.com/","target":"_blank"}],"useV3Components":true,"useAuthorRedesign":true,"navigationOptions":{"version":"2","variant":"4","customSpecialtyText":"Speciality Area"},"gateEnabled":"modal"},"homepage_creative_layout":{"creativeLayout":null}},"targeting":{"content_placement":["publications"],"document_url":["intravenous-and-subcutaneous-immunoglobulin-treatment-options"],"document_group":[],"content_group":[],"rootDocumentGroup":[],"issue_url":["examining-the-application-immunoglobulin"],"publication_url":["supplement"],"tags":["immunoglobulin"],"hostname":"www.ajmc.com"},"statusCode":200,"data":{"page":{"externalLinks":null,"styling":{"border":{"borderSize":0,"borderType":"lines","borderRadius":{"bottomLeft":"rounded-none","bottomRight":"rounded-none","topLeft":"rounded-none","topRight":"rounded-none"},"_type":"border"},"contentControl":{"showSummary":true,"_type":"contentControl","showPublished":true,"readMore":true,"showAuthor":true},"imageControl":{"_type":"imageControl","showImage":true},"divider":{"_type":"divider","dividerSize":1}},"fixIdentifier":null,"isDsoGated":null,"gateCode":null,"orderDesc":null,"docGroup":null,"linkedPage":null,"videoPlayerConfig":null,"excludeFromSitemap":false,"relatedMegaMenu":null,"featureContent":null,"identifier":null,"hasSubCategory":false,"filters":null,"pages":null,"url":{"current":"/view","_type":"slug"},"filterRequired":false,"intro":null,"articleDetailConfig":{"issueMapping":"/publications","enableSegmentRecommend":true,"brightcoveAccountID":"10203567001","disqusShortName":"www-ajmc-com","downloadCitation":true,"shareOptions":{"hideFacebook":false,"SocialIconSize":32,"twitterSiteName":"@AJMC_Journal","hidePinterest":false,"shareSubject":"Check out this article!","twitterHandle":"AJMC","siteName":"ajmc"},"brightcovePlayerID":"pbDmfQhRw","drupalleadBaseURL":"https://drupalleads.mjh.group/injectablewebform/output/"},"disableEpisode":null,"creativeLayout":null,"cmeConfig":null,"searchConfig":{"baseUrl":"/view/"},"theme":"default","useV3":null,"creativeLayoutLatestNews":null,"contentCategory":null,"labelRequired":false,"label":null,"franchise":null,"title":"View","creativeLayoutDetail":null,"content":null,"taxonomy":null,"archived":false,"pageSliders":null,"pageType":"Article Detail","parent":null,"contentCategories":null},"pageData":{"article":{"taxonomyMapping":[{"parent":null,"pixelTrackingCode":null,"_id":"b4e2c61f-7db5-4899-b213-6bb29d31cba6","_updatedAt":"2022-01-19T10:23:46Z","_rev":"S0vXfcLWHTxXts4KsRp3a4","_type":"taxonomy","name":"Publications","identifier":"publications","_createdAt":"2020-03-30T19:18:06Z"}],"body":[{"style":"normal","_key":"0jAETNjv","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Clinicians have a range of options for treating patients with disease states that require the use of immunoglobulin (Ig). Traditionally, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration has provided effective therapy for a variety of disease states. More recently, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) administration has become available for patients with primary immunodeficiencies and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Ig is used as replacement therapy in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies and has been shown to reduce morbidity due to bacterial infections associated with antibody deficiency. The mechanism of action for use of Ig in the treatment of autoimmune disorders is complex and partially understood, but immunomodulatory effects have been suggested in CIDP and multifocal motor neuropathy. The available IVIG and SCIG products differ in their pharmaceutical properties (eg, pH, osmolality, IgA content, sodium content, and stabilizer), which can affect safety and tolerability in some patients. The pharmacokinetics of Ig also differ based on the route of administration. With IVIG administration every 3 or 4 weeks, peak concentrations are greater and trough concentrations are lower, which can increase the propensity of systemic adverse effects (AEs) and impact tolerability of therapy. SCIG infusions are typically administered more frequently (ie, biweekly, weekly, and even daily based on patient need), resulting in steady state concentrations with fewer fluctuations in Ig plasma levels. The route of administration plays a major role in the types of AEs seen in patients receiving Ig therapy, with systemic AEs associated with IV administration and local reactions more commonly seen with SC administration. By understanding the differences in IVIG and SCIG products, which are not interchangeable, and the patient characteristics that guide product selection, clinicians and managed care providers can better serve patients with immunodeficiency disorders and other disease states.","_key":"KXFXh684"}],"_type":"block"},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"LYY6VMZa","markDefs":[],"children":[],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"jcPQAaeS","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Intravenous and Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Treatment Options","_key":"441jBHZv"}],"_type":"block"},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"SmHmdSNS","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Am J Manag Care","_key":"D7wK9JHa","_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"]},{"marks":["strong"],"text":". 2019;25:-S0","_key":"Ckf8viKn","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"XB1iV56g","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg","_key":"Zf99cBhZqc"},{"_key":"fC9iHfHdUc","blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Immunoglobulin (Ig) has provided lifesaving therapy for a range of primary immunodeficiency diseases. With the introduction of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) products, treatment options have expanded for patients with several conditions, such as primary immunodeficiency diseases or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), that require Ig therapy. In addition, recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated SCIG (fSCIG) is an option with primary immunodeficiency diseases, which allows for easier entry of large volumes of fluid through the extracellular matrix.","_key":"VItNdOSM"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"FcDviCeS"},{"_type":"span","text":" ","_key":"9SEBriuT"},{"text":"Table 1","_key":"r2C9UDXX","_type":"span","marks":["strong","Zf99cBhZqc"]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2-9","_key":"57ECOfvg"},{"text":" lists the currently available intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and SCIG products. IVIG and SCIG products are manufactured from the plasma of healthy donors. Plasma pools are derived from a minimum of 1000 donors as mandated by the FDA but typically include a larger number.","_key":"0bZ59J92","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"10","_key":"oxrzE4gv"},{"_key":"ZbncH3BZ","_type":"span","text":" Generally, a batch of Ig will include plasma from approximately 15,000 donors."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"11","_key":"gJcxtzLI"},{"_type":"span","text":" The volume of the plasma pools in production typically ranges from 2000 kg to 4000 kg.","_key":"oTjA0VWD"},{"text":"12","_key":"3qB80kfZ","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","text":" Ig products sold in the United States are derived solely from US donor plasma, although the final Ig product may be manufactured in FDA-approved facilities outside of the United States.","_key":"qc8rq9fo"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"2oRcOGMX"},{"_key":"c9ygti2Z","_type":"span","text":" These supply factors impose an inherent limit of source material that can cause supply chain issues, such as frequent product shortages, and is reflected in the product cost. The limited supply of product puts a premium on the importance of clinically appropriate therapy, including the decision to use the intravenous (IV) or the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. SCIG products are currently only approved for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency, with the exception of immunoglobulin subcutaneous (Hizentra), which is also approved for CIDP"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"13","_key":"1t6wKFhE"},{"_type":"span","text":"; IVIG products are indicated for several other disease states (","_key":"PoEEwXAK"},{"_type":"span","marks":["fC9iHfHdUc"],"text":"Table 1","_key":"Wry5IjlF"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"2-9","_key":"0pzRs0vm","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","text":").","_key":"ocjEvK7h"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,14","_key":"mhahLlzo"},{"_type":"span","text":" Clinicians and managed care professionals should also be aware that physicians often prescribe Ig products, particularly IVIG, for off-label uses, and payers do reimburse (often denied, and need appeal) for such uses.","_key":"100inNP6"},{"_key":"sb2xpIsk","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"15"},{"_type":"span","text":" Although those off-label uses, which may number more than 150,","_key":"Ic1QwJHr"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"16,17","_key":"LJIfwPQn"},{"_key":"awjmvsCQ","_type":"span","text":" are outside the scope of this paper, they represent a very important component of Ig therapy; readers are encouraged to refer to the findings of a work group of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) for their review and categorization of the evidence for the use of Ig for a wide range of disorders."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"14","_key":"hZBGHEjY"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null},{"style":"normal","_key":"ssSmze22","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"PdVbDi0F","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Choosing the Right Patient for the IV and SC Routes of Administration","_key":"bb6iFnqq"}],"_type":"block"},{"medias":null,"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table01.jpg","_key":"cYkkf29Xnn"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"The AAAAI established a list of 8 guiding principles to help clinicians make quality decisions regarding IVIG for patients with primary immunodeficiency.","_key":"jX0ceqI3"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"18","_key":"820FzqyQ"},{"text":" These principles provide a framework for the clinically appropriate use of IVIG. Although the AAAAI’s principles are directed at IVIG for primary immunodeficiency, many points also translate to SCIG therapy and other FDA-approved indications, such as CIDP or multifocal motor neuropathy. Site of care, route of administration, and product characteristics are principles that apply globally when considering the effective use of Ig. The AAAAI states that the decision to infuse Ig in a hospital, hospital outpatient, community office, or home-based setting must be based on clinical characteristics of the patient and a discussion between the healthcare providers and the patient. Ultimately, the route of administration of Ig should be based on patient characteristics, as the IV and SC routes have demonstrated efficacy based on appropriate dosing regimens.","_key":"2ZTcHzEc","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"19","_key":"Wq3vdAtE"},{"_type":"span","text":" Lastly, Ig is not a generic drug, and Ig products are not interchangeable based on the variability of key components in each product. When making the clinical decision regarding an Ig product, clinicians should be aware that some products may be designed for a single route of administration, whereas others may be approved for multiple routes of administration (refer to ","_key":"yiv28Stl"},{"_key":"Va2ksUzn","_type":"span","marks":["cYkkf29Xnn"],"text":"Table 1"},{"_key":"GxbtKSmh","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2-9"},{"_type":"span","text":"). For example, immune globulin (Flebogamma DIF) is approved only for IV administration,","_key":"MBs5K5h9"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4,5","_key":"FsfLA1mz"},{"_type":"span","text":" and immune globulin with recombinant human hyaluronidase (HyQvia) is approved only for SC administration.","_key":"zIO7viUU"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"20","_key":"Yp6cwrj9"},{"_type":"span","text":" Other products, such as immune globulin (Gammagard Liquid 10%) and immune globulin injection, caprylate/chromatography purified (Gamunex-C 10%), are approved for IV and SC administration.","_key":"cShbZA9l"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"21,22","_key":"vEkW855f"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"BMlnPjh4","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"_key":"RFbESpMC","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"It is recommended that payers and institutions keep an open Ig formulary because a patient may not tolerate a certain product and may require options based on product and patient characteristics. Specific Ig products need to match with patient characteristics to ensure patient safety; a change of Ig product should only occur with the active participation of the clinicians and other members of the healthcare team.","_key":"7wLumUue"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"oFjMfMrj","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_key":"XejM02Rb","_type":"span","text":"Another pertinent resource for clinicians is the "},{"marks":["em"],"text":"Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice ","_key":"3Vnq1GKu","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","text":"published by the Immunoglobulin National Society (IgNS), which is in its second edition.","_key":"QXoil5Uo"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"PDULK4yh","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","text":" The IgNS document comprehensively covers many aspects of Ig therapy, with practice criteria accompanying each standard. Recognizing the collaborative approach that is necessary to properly treat patients who are receiving Ig therapy, IgNS emphasizes the interdisciplinary aspects of patient care that includes prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, and many other healthcare professionals.","_key":"v1Y84sKn"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"XUmfFXq8","_type":"span"}]},{"markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"Oyu4Ecss"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Patient Factors and Formulation Factors","_key":"chEseocN","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"EazqsGEe","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"The primary and active component of Ig products is immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, formulations of Ig can vary in many different respects: IgG monomer, dimer, and aggregate concentrations; IgA and IgM content; stabilizers; additives; and levels of impurities.","_key":"wgN0HlMj","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"H9vq3IzU"},{"_type":"span","text":" When multiple products are being considered for a specific patient, clinicians must weigh the impact of these pharmaceutical formulation factors, as they contribute to differences in safety and tolerability.","_key":"w9TZmMOE"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"23-27","_key":"pFM0m9bl","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"QvmfjhJc"},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[{"_key":"uphPEDlokr","blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table02.jpg"},{"_key":"aI_t3OTiO0","blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table02.jpg"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Osmolality of IVIG, IV/SCIG, and SCIG products ranges from 208 mOsm/kg to 1250 mOsm/kg. Most of the products are within the range of physiologic osmolality of approximately 290 mOsm/kg (","_key":"vQe86YG9"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","uphPEDlokr"],"text":"Table 2","_key":"NBZMpDtU"},{"text":"2,6-8","_key":"Rspn9Ext","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_key":"4pJWtpHQ","_type":"span","text":"). Products that deviate substantially from physiologic osmolality levels may put the patient at risk for various infusion-related adverse effects (AEs), such as thrombotic events and aseptic meningitis, particularly in elderly or neonatal patients, patients with cardiometabolic impairment, and patients with renal dysfunction."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,24","_key":"mRm2PPh4"},{"_type":"span","text":" Similarly, the same patient populations may be sensitive to the sodium content of Ig products, which is reported in a variety of units (eg, mmol/L, mEq/mL, mg/mL). If the pH of an injectable product is substantially below physiologic levels, localized reactions at the site of injection may result. With the pH of Ig products ranging from a low of 4 to 7.2 (see ","_key":"Z6vrwOgr"},{"_type":"span","marks":["aI_t3OTiO0"],"text":"Table 2","_key":"sJfhcSvg"},{"_key":"v0IOpCpc","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,6-8"},{"_type":"span","text":"), a slow infusion time may be advisable for products with pH levels toward the lower end of the range.","_key":"rYuDWvji"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"W7913K96"},{"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Although Ig products primarily contain IgG, they also contain varying amounts of IgA (\u003c1 mcg/mL to ≤200 mcg/mL for IVIG products and 37 mcg/mL to 80 mcg/mL for SCIG products).","_key":"NrpAyZaF"},{"text":"2","_key":"SH4efAvc","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_key":"IKZ2zTZa","_type":"span","text":" Early research indicated that rare but severe anaphylactic reactions to Ig products were most likely to occur in patients who were severely deficient in IgA and also had IgE-type anti-IgA antibodies present. However, the administration of a low-IgA product has been shown to be effective in preventing severe allergic reactions in a small number of IgA-deficient patients who have previously experienced such reactions. Because SCIG therapy has a slower release of product into the general circulation, there are also a number of reports in the literature suggesting that SCIG therapy may be used successfully in IgA-deficient patients who experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to IVIG products."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"j3ae43GA"},{"_key":"9pBaUEyb","_type":"span","text":" "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"oo35UNPE","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Stabilizers are included in the product formulations to prevent IgG aggregation, which may increase the risk of certain AEs, such as anaphylaxis.","_key":"yqSNnZKf"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"19","_key":"gQPZNoGc"},{"text":" Glycine is the most commonly used stabilizer, whereas D-sorbitol, glucose, maltose, L-proline, and polysorbate 80 are included in some formulations. Ig products containing glucose should be avoided in patients with diabetes when it is feasible as they can potentially raise serum glucose levels. Furthermore, products that contain maltose as a stabilizer should be used cautiously in patients with diabetes as some blood glucose monitoring systems (glucometers) may return falsely elevated glucose levels, which could lead to the unnecessary administration of insulin and result in hypoglycemia. Fortunately, most glucometers exhibiting this interference have been phased out of the market.","_key":"KXByeSHA","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"19","_key":"Ct0lt5Is"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"81N2yDBE","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"_key":"9U5SpAQV","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Volume is also a significant consideration when choosing an Ig product, whether it is IV or SC. IVIG products are available as 5% or 10% solutions. One product is available as a lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted into a 5% or 10% solution using sterile water. When considering an IVIG product to select for a patient based on volume, it is very important to keep the clinical picture of the patient in mind. Extra volume could be beneficial in those patients who do not maintain adequate oral hydration and could also help minimize ADRs. In contrast, the extra volume could worsen underlying clinical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. Furthermore, the additional volume of low concentrated products may take longer to infuse and increase nursing time. SCIG products are commercially available as 10%, 16.5%, and 20% solutions. Although a 10% product may be better tolerated in some patients, the greater volume of product that needs to be infused means more SC infusion sites and frequent administrations. The rate of infusion and volume per site is individualized for each product and must be taken into consideration, in addition to patient tolerability.","_key":"qRV1511B"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2-8","_key":"0yLOTu22"},{"_type":"span","text":" ","_key":"2cE4oo0m"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"text":"When writing a prescription for Ig, some prescribers may specify a brand, and some payers impose limited formularies that require the use of a specific Ig product. If the prescribed or reimbursed product is not ideal for the patient based on these clinical characteristics, it is incumbent upon the Ig clinician to advocate for other options with the prescriber or payer if warranted.","_key":"DCeITO5y","_type":"span"},{"text":"2","_key":"0zCQKQdX","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","text":" The potential interactions between patient factors and pharmaceutical formulation factors must be considered by clinicians when making IVIG or SCIG product choices and must be assessed on an ongoing basis.","_key":"o9NWxGQT"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fdeWBkA6","markDefs":[]},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"9itHMLCV","markDefs":[],"children":[],"_type":"block"},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Individual Patient Ability and Preference ","_key":"QobqnEv4"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"Ov4tbtCn"},{"_key":"Xat6z3Ra","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Patient preference for one form of administration is an important factor to consider when choosing between IVIG and SCIG. In addition, it is important to understand and consider options that are available for the site of care. Options for the site of care include the following","_key":"R8ZuzQVH"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"VoialgVN"},{"_type":"span","text":":","_key":"TopeEXM6"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal"},{"upload_doc":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"iL8X1ZbR","listItem":"bullet","children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["li"],"text":"Hospital inpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision","_key":"fuxEpyyI"}],"uploadAudio":null,"level":1},{"uploadAudio":null,"children":[{"marks":["li"],"text":"Hospital outpatient with prescriber/nurse supervision","_key":"GCsfo7VU","_type":"span"}],"level":1,"style":"normal","_key":"b80gUUaW","markDefs":[],"_type":"block","listItem":"bullet","upload_doc":null,"medias":null},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["li"],"text":"Physician office with prescriber/nurse supervision","_key":"z41cX4Ua"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"hs5WSDFE","listItem":"bullet","medias":null},{"markDefs":[],"level":1,"_key":"A4PGWE4F","uploadAudio":null,"listItem":"bullet","children":[{"_key":"bwLGV9Js","_type":"span","marks":["li"],"text":"Free-standing infusion suite with prescriber/nurse supervision"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"medias":null},{"_key":"jVgDkp5U","markDefs":[],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"listItem":"bullet","children":[{"marks":["li"],"text":"Home-based infusion with nurse supervision","_key":"20PpIIw0","_type":"span"}],"level":1},{"level":1,"_type":"block","_key":"5tWckaWO","markDefs":[],"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"text":"Home-based infusion without nurse supervision (SCIG only)","_key":"vKCRkdUw","_type":"span","marks":["li"]}],"style":"normal","listItem":"bullet","upload_doc":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"6sRvM5gz","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Patients often prefer the convenience of home-based Ig administration,","_key":"4vqSMdVT"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"28,29","_key":"QgUQJM6U"},{"_key":"pFadHLw5","_type":"span","text":" and studies suggest that home administration is feasible for certain patient populations. Factors that must be considered by clinicians when determining the site of care include the patient’s medical history and comorbidities, age, ability to travel, home environment, previous experience with Ig, access to emergency medical services or 911, availability of a caregiver, third-party payer restrictions, financial burden, and preference. In addition, when evaluating the appropriateness for SCIG therapy, the Ig clinician must assess the patient’s ability to learn how to successfully perform self-administration and to adhere to dosing regimens."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"4GME5JNB"}],"_type":"block","upload_doc":null},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Studies reviewing patient preferences of site of care have revealed a mixed picture; the site of care and route of administration need to be a patient-specific consideration. In the VISAGES study, Bienvenu et al observed that approximately 70% of patients who received hospital-based IVIG preferred hospital-based administration. Of 12 home-based patients who received IVIG, just 1 patient preferred hospital-based administration. All patients who received home-based SCIG preferred that arrangement compared with the option of hospital-based therapy.","_key":"xh3Y8TFm","_type":"span"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"30","_key":"QdiO71LA","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","text":" In a survey study with 300 respondents, Espanol and colleagues determined that a majority of respondents (76%) were satisfied with their current treatment arrangement, either IVIG or SCIG.","_key":"spmlCvYf"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"28","_key":"UQMMm52p"},{"_type":"span","text":" In a smaller study, Hoffmann et al observed that 92% (n = 22) of adult patients preferred SCIG over IVIG, and 83% (n = 20) preferred home-based therapy over the alternative.","_key":"QrGe2FFJ"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"31","_key":"7VvG0eRq"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"WaTztBYz"},{"medias":null,"_key":"kwVgwX4u","markDefs":[],"children":[],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"gYcIpC2T","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Ig Treatment Options, Risks, and Benefits"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"WkHuiJUm","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table03.jpg","_key":"YABM3srQO-"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Determining the best Ig treatment option for a given patient requires an assessment of the risks and benefits of each product. As outlined previously, patient considerations may dictate a particular route of administration. When an initial assessment has been completed and it is found that IVIG and SCIG would both be feasible for a patient, additional factors, including AE profiles, dosing frequency, and pharmacokinetics (PK), can be considered. ","_key":"kJ6Dvvzu"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","YABM3srQO-"],"text":"Table 3","_key":"nmhYvZME"},{"_key":"EKThdusq","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,32"},{"_type":"span","text":" summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each route of administration, which are described in detail throughout this paper.","_key":"fSokQ8Hm"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"vdIQ8QIP","upload_doc":null},{"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"The number of indications for IVIG and SCIG therapies preclude listing all the corresponding dosing recommendations. What follows is a summary of dosing recommendations for common indications. In primary humoral immunodeficiency, the IVIG dose is 300 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg every 3 or 4 weeks, and the SCIG dose is adjusted from the adjusted IVIG dose every 1 to 14 days. For CIDP, an IVIG loading dose of 2 g/kg is given in divided doses over 2 to 5 consecutive days with a maintenance dose of 1 g/kg every 3 weeks administered over 1 day or divided into 2 doses of 500 mg/kg given on 2 consecutive days (modified according to patient response). Alternatively, SCIG may be utilized for maintenance dosing in some patients at 0.2 g/kg to 0.4 g/kg weekly. For immune thrombocytopenic purpura or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the IVIG dose is 1 g/kg for 1 to 3 doses. Patients with multifocal motor neuropathy would receive a loading dose of 400 to 500 mg/kg daily for 5 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 0.5 to 2.4 g/kg/month based on clinical response.","_key":"wbMjgOLJ"},{"_key":"EZHO7o1f","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2"},{"_type":"span","text":" The information provided is from the IgNS Standards of Practice; note that it is not based on the individual package inserts, but includes other dosing recommendations from the published literature. Please refer to individual prescribing information for specific product dosing.","_key":"XxH9POCC"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"j5Umc4ax","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null},{"_type":"block","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"style":"normal","_key":"nXpKddGG","markDefs":[],"children":[]},{"children":[{"_key":"x4qBPbBL","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"IVIG: Unique Considerations"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2tnPkH3I","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[]},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_key":"5a3SOjSf","_type":"span","text":"Besides patient and formulation factors, the choice between IVIG and SCIG often hinges on dosing frequency, which is highly dependent on PK differences between the routes of administration. IVIG introduces Ig directly into the circulatory system via venous access. After IVIG administration, the IgG serum concentration shows an initial sharp rise followed by a rapid decrease for 1 to 4 days after the infusion and then a gradual decrease over the next 21 to 28 days."},{"_key":"mzIiKrfA","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"33"},{"_type":"span","text":" Steady state is achieved between the fourth and sixth infusion of IVIG in a naïve patient who is usually dosed every 3 to 4 weeks. Once steady state is reached, a pre-infusion trough level can be obtained, but the utility of monitoring trough levels is indication-specific. In primary immunodeficiencies, dose and interval are titrated to achieve an IgG trough level of greater than 500 mg/dL. For patients with common variable immune deficiency, many prescribers target an initial serum IgG level equal to that of the patient’s pretreatment level plus 300 mg/dL. However, as the IgNS Standards of Practice indicate, Ig dosing should be based on a combination of clinical response and appropriate trough levels rather than trough levels alone, which is a clinical practice supported by the literature.","_key":"3RSKDE80"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,34-38","_key":"3FzjYqzS"},{"_type":"span","text":" Patients who receive IVIG therapy for immunodeficiencies appear to have an increased risk of infection as IgG trough levels are approached. This phenomenon, sometimes referred to as wear-off, may increase the risk of infection by 26% for patients on a 3-week administration cycle and 55% for patients on a 4-week administration cycle.","_key":"ebjnyNw0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"39","_key":"YG5CkrQ3"},{"_type":"span","text":" IVIG dosing in autoimmune disorders is even more variable following the initial recommended starting dose, and it is customarily based on the individual patient’s clinical response.","_key":"cKrvnBOU"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ozh0LkiU","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"EZRTzO7t","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Overall, Ig therapy is safe and well tolerated in most patients. AEs in patients undergoing IVIG therapy tend to be systemic in nature.","_key":"sgJSswPe","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"40,41","_key":"MfT3ZY42"},{"_type":"span","text":" Such AEs are observed more commonly in treatment-naïve patients and may occur up to 34% of the time with the first infusion.","_key":"PB4CicAm"},{"text":"32","_key":"3shVluet","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","text":" Other estimates point to similar (eg, up to 40%) rates of AEs with IVIG infusion. Whenever possible, the goal should be to prevent ADRs from occurring, and this can usually be achieved by proper product selection and administration.","_key":"QLLVzfN4"},{"_key":"TjYg8ZMr","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2"},{"_type":"span","text":" If ADRs do occur, it is important to note that many of the systemic AEs associated with IVIG can be attenuated by reducing the infusion rate of IVIG, ensuring adequate hydration, and/or premedicating the patient with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and antihistamines.","_key":"AAYCyNtm"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"14,19,42,43","_key":"uJqPBAhd","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"SQPAbg8f","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[]},{"_key":"WVLMbGpn","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_key":"r4HVbfKR","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"SCIG: Unique Considerations"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"hsI8cnOH","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"One of the often-mentioned advantages of SCIG is the option to administer required doses at a time and place of the patient’s choosing. Although many patients receiving IVIG can use home infusion services, the option to receive treatment that does not require a skilled healthcare professional is an advantage of SCIG. However, the advantage of home-based administration may be mitigated to some degree by the more frequent dosing schedules often required for SCIG, as well as the need to self-infuse using needle sets, SC infusion pumps, and syringes.","_key":"StcPMTqI"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"42","_key":"LbtMjuY8"},{"text":" With more frequent dosing schedules, patients may be advised to vary the site of injections as well as limit the volume per site based on SCIG product used.","_key":"v2ThWhf1","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6,13,20-22","_key":"WQ7GX1ig"},{"_type":"span","text":" The dosing frequency for SCIG is predicated on PK principles and varies between SCIG and fSCIG.","_key":"cGHC2jPI"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"When Ig is administered SC, it must first diffuse through the SC space into the lymphatic system before entering the circulatory system via the thoracic duct.","_key":"Wi3IeMDm"},{"text":"19","_key":"k2bO4CNm","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"text":" This results in a decreased peak concentration compared with IVIG. With more frequent dosing (eg, daily, weekly, or biweekly), trough levels with SCIG are not as severe as IVIG and a steady state concentration is achieved.","_key":"9sTYMIN9","_type":"span"},{"_key":"hci9LcaB","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"32,44,45"},{"_type":"span","text":" The absorption process inherent with SCIG administration reduces the bioavailability of Ig by approximately 30% to 35%.","_key":"ulmmkjZV"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"46","_key":"8zkiQTOt"},{"_type":"span","text":" Based in part on potential differences in bioavailability, the IgNS recommends consulting with the prescriber to determine what conversion factors, if any, are used when switching patients from IVIG to SCIG.","_key":"XaIXHSzI"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"EhM5XG2V"},{"_type":"span","text":" This is similar to practices in other parts of the world where dose adjustments between IVIG and SCIG are not typically required but may be individualized for patients based on PK and clinical response.","_key":"QCQH0Df2"},{"text":"47","_key":"nLhcGYNh","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","text":" However, fSCIG has some of the properties of SCIG and IVIG regimens, resulting in hybrid PK profiles for fSCIG. Although the bioavailability of fSCIG products is similar to that of IVIG products, peak serum IgG levels are typically lower than those encountered with IVIG infusion; thus, fSCIG retains an AE profile closer to that of SCIG.","_key":"iqHWaW0U"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"y9liRjva"},{"_type":"span","text":" ","_key":"BTPlmY2o"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"YsB64Ca6","markDefs":[]},{"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"Ggsc5GU6","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/ajmc/_media/_image/AJMC_ACE0132_05_2019_Immunology_Article02_Table04.jpg","_key":"SrjJbFnKp7"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Given the PK parameters, SCIG therapy has the advantage of few systemic AEs, which may occur in fewer than 5% of patients who receive SCIG. One meta-analysis determined that the systemic AE rate for SCIG was 0.43%.","_key":"ecLm8UJE"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"42","_key":"K9XinS78"},{"text":" On the other hand, patients who receive SCIG therapy are more likely to experience local site reactions (eg, erythema, swelling, warmth, induration, and soreness), which may occur in up to 75% of patients.","_key":"Q7gT4WDV","_type":"span"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"42","_key":"VZSbLBm1","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","text":" See ","_key":"EbeBT932"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","SrjJbFnKp7"],"text":"Table 4","_key":"snBRiMmi"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"ieSXwBDG"},{"_type":"span","text":" for a summary of local ADRs that can occur with SCIG products, along with suggested mitigation strategies.","_key":"IDUA4AmP"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"xInSJYBp","markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Conclusions","_key":"3g68YfAq"},{"_key":"IzJhEtbR","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":" "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"wX7GdUUT","upload_doc":null},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_key":"AdIuN6W1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"Whether administered via the IV or SC route, successful Ig therapy depends on expert clinical knowledge and experience, as well as a collaborative healthcare environment.","_key":"4S0leCJj"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"85l55hob"},{"_type":"span","text":" IV and SC are both clinically appropriate modes of administering Ig to patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders and other autoimmune disease states. Each mode of administration has advantages and disadvantages but remains a patient-specific choice.","_key":"JNVMbIUN"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2,32","_key":"kD6zi6PL"},{"_type":"span","text":" Many factors must be considered when choosing between IVIG and SCIG, including patient characteristics, pharmaceutical formulation factors, patient preference, and patient lifestyle and abilities, among others.\u0026ensp;","_key":"pVgcMvgU"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":" ","_key":"QDkukk7B"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Author affiliation:","_key":"9AKLfd8S"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":" ","_key":"Vd5LIMQc"},{"_key":"2gHgcMy4","_type":"span","text":"Senior Director, Specialty Clinical Services, Managed Health Care Associates, Inc, Florham Park, NJ; President, Immune Globulin National Society."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"Nbi4OoHT","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Funding source:","_key":"rtSj99qi"},{"_key":"kuo8UKts","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":" "},{"_type":"span","text":"This activity is supported by educational grants from CSL Behring LLC and Grifols.","_key":"ETgNn5Pc"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"XyVP7byD","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"sra0VYLk","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Author disclosure:","_key":"8iXf1e2V"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":" ","_key":"MWH0kkWj"},{"_type":"span","text":"Dr Ness has no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.","_key":"9hr9nN4U"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"s8MBUFUD","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Authorship information:","_key":"LFOyhm0B"},{"text":" ","_key":"4oo7MB8W","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]},{"text":"Concept and design; drafting of the manuscript; and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.","_key":"9NPlkDay","_type":"span"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"_key":"AjBPmf0a","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Address correspondence to:","_key":"zDCPOPNq"},{"_type":"span","text":" sness@mhainc.com.","_key":"1J0KlSDI"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"fRUYafSe","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"0qqrBUHK","_type":"span","marks":["em","strong"],"text":"Medical writing and editorial support provided by:"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":" ","_key":"pRTfsRIz"},{"_type":"span","text":"Thomas J. Cook, PhD.","_key":"EkxGy4jq"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"children":[{"_type":"span","text":" 1. Ponsford M, Carne E, Kingdon C, et al. Facilitated subcutaneous immunoglobulin (fSCIg) therapy—practical considerations. ","_key":"5EftLr2f"},{"_key":"UJ195pxL","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"_type":"span","text":". 2015;182(3):302-313. doi: 10.1111/cei.12694.","_key":"58fScUP9"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"q06E9Txh"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"2. IgNS Immunoglobulin Therapy Standards of Practice Committee. Immunoglobulin Therapy: Standards of Practice, 2nd Ed. Kirmse J, Schleis T, eds. Woodland Hills, CA: Immunoglobulin National Society; 2018.","_key":"XtIEdy5o"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"uDuZPRko"},{"_key":"3nGWtzfv","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"3. Immune globulins. US FDA website. www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/approved-blood-products/immune-globulins. Updated August 2, 2018. Accessed May 1, 2019.","_key":"gCERUnLL"}],"upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"4. Flebogamma 5% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/89551/flebo5-ft-us-en/2224ef9e-34e5-4808-afde-d470dba5825d. Accessed March 19, 2019.","_key":"OrE2jnA7"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"rAd5q8yd","upload_doc":null,"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null},{"uploadAudio":null,"medias":null,"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","text":"5. Flebogamma 10% DIF [prescribing information]. Barcelona, SP: Instituto Grifols S.A.; 2017. www.grifols.com/documents/10192/64234/ft_flebogamma_10_eeuu.en/f477695f-32d7-4d2b-bdb6-85f49d8eab67. 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