CINXE.COM

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10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content" role="main" class="nobel-content"> <div class="nobel__blocks--content"> <section class="page-hero -hero-a -centered text-color-white -color-option-"> <div class="bg hero lazyload" data-bgset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52933-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 220px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52933-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52933-hero-desktop-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images//52933-landscape-large.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="blurb"> <h1 class="title text-uppercase"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine </h1> </div> <div class="figcaption"> <p class="figcaption__caption"> Randy Schekman bought his first microscope at the age of 12. In 2013, he became a medicine laureate. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution"> © Nobel Prize Outreach. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud </p> </div> </section> <section class="nomination-intro"> <article class="content"> <header class="sub-section-header border-top"> <h4> About the prize </h4> </header> <div class="text"> <p><em>“The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: /- – -/ one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine …”</em> (Excerpt from the will of Alfred Nobel)</p> <p>Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical research. Through Karolinska Institutet, he came into contact with Swedish physiologist Jöns Johansson around 1890. Johansson worked in Nobel’s laboratory in Sevran, France during a brief period the same year. Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Nobel mentioned in his will.</p> <p>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/about/the-nobel-assembly-at-karolinska-institutet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet</a>, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>See <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/">all medicine laureates</a> or learn more about <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/nomination-and-selection-of-medicine-laureates/">the nomination process</a>.</p> </div> </article> <aside class="quick-facts"> <header class="sub-section-header border-top"> <h4> Quick facts </h4> </header> <ul class="factlist wp-block-list"> <li>Medicine prizes: 115</li> <li>Medicine laureates: 229</li> <li>Awarded women: 13</li> <li>Youngest laureate: 31</li> <li>Oldest laureate: 87</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-2/">More facts and figures</a></p> </aside> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title title--small"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/"> <p>Tiny RNAs with profound physiological importance</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun discovered microRNA, a new class of tiny RNA molecules that play a crucial role in gene regulation. Their groundbreaking discovery in the small worm <em>C. elegans</em> revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation. This turned out to be essential for multicellular organisms, including humans. MicroRNAs are proving to be fundamentally important for how organisms develop and function.</p> </div> <div class="related"> <h3 class="related-title h5"> Related articles </h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/" title="Press release"> Press release </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/advanced-information/" title="Scientific background: For the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"> Scientific background: For the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/Carrier_1200x800_02-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/Carrier_1200x800_02.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/Carrier_1200x800_02.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/Carrier_1200x800_02-1024x676.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__attribution">© The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--primary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title title--small"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/"> <p>The 2024 medicine laureates</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet has decided to award the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/ambros/facts/">Victor Ambros</a> and <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/ruvkun/facts/">Gary Ruvkun</a> “for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.” </p> <p>In 1993, they published unexpected findings describing a new level of gene regulation, which turned out to be highly significant and conserved throughout evolution. </p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-2048x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/1_2-3_2-1024x676.jpg" alt="Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">Ill. Niklas Elmehed © Nobel Prize Outreach</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="opinion-stage"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Did you know? </h3> </header> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(d,s,id,u){ if (d.getElementById(id)) return; var js, sjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], t = Math.floor(new Date().getTime() / 1000000); js=d.createElement(s); js.id=id; js.async=1; js.src=u+'?'+t; sjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, sjs); }(document, 'script', 'os-widget-jssdk', 'https://www.opinionstage.com/assets/loader.js')); </script> <div id="os-widget-1285502" class="os_poll" data-path="/polls/2946783" data-of="nobel" data-opinionstage-widget="afb5e095-bc5b-4d0b-8273-2ff5596a0cd1"></div> </section> <section class="explore-laureates page-section"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Explore prizes and laureates </h3> </header> <form class="exploreform" id="6746a7d76f153" method='GET' action=''> <div class="dropdown"> <label for="mobile-dropdown" class="screen-reader-text"> Select the category or categories you would like to filter by </label> <select id="mobile-dropdown" name="filtermobile"> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="medicine" selected='selected' > Medicine </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="peace" > Peace </option> <option value="economic-sciences" > Economic Sciences </option> </select> </div> <div class="selector"> <label class="screen-reader-text">Select the category or categories you would like to filter by</label> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="physics"> <input id="physics" name="filter" type="radio" value="physics" hidden> <span> Physics </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="chemistry"> <input id="chemistry" name="filter" type="radio" value="chemistry" hidden> <span> Chemistry </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="medicine"> <input id="medicine" name="filter" type="radio" checked='checked' value="medicine" hidden> <span> Medicine </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="literature"> <input id="literature" name="filter" type="radio" value="literature" hidden> <span> Literature </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="peace"> <input id="peace" name="filter" type="radio" value="peace" hidden> <span> Peace </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="economic-sciences"> <input id="economic-sciences" name="filter" type="radio" value="economic-sciences" hidden> <span> Economic Sciences </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="incrementor"> <label for="increment-down" class="screen-reader-text"> Decrease the year by one </label> <button id="increment-down" class="increment-down" type="button"> – </button> <label for="increment-input" class="screen-reader-text"> Choose a year you would like to search in </label> <input id="increment-input" name="prize_year" type="text" maxlength="4" class="increment-input" placeholder="2023" value="2024"> <label for="increment-up" class="screen-reader-text"> Increase the year by one </label> <button id="increment-up" class="increment-up" type="button"> + </button> </div> <div class="submit"> <button type="submit"> Explore </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="long-scroll-preloader prize-explorer-preloader" style="text-align: center; display: none" data-target="6746a7d76f153"> <img style="display: inline-block" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"> </div> <div class="prize-explorer-content container search-results" data-target="6746a7d76f153"> </div> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Medicine prize Q&A </h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/behind-the-scenes-of-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/"> <p>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Behind the scenes</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Learn more about how the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is decided and awarded in this interview with medicine prize awarder Juleen Zierath.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/behind-the-scenes-of-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/121860-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/121860-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/121860-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Juleen Zierath" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/121860-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="Juleen Zierath" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Juleen Zierath, professor of physiology</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© Nobel Prize Outreach. Photo: Andrew Hart</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--tertiary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Who did what?</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/image-pairing-medicine/"> <p>How many medicine laureates can you match?</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Can you match the right medicine laureate with the right discovery? Have a try!</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/image-pairing-medicine/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/medicine-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/medicine-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/medicine-matching.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Matching pairs medicine" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/09/medicine-matching.jpg" alt="Matching pairs medicine" /></noscript></picture></a> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--primary var-half-width-a featured-content__colored"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Questions and answers</h3> </header> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/#categories"> <p>What are the Nobel Prize categories?</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>The Nobel Prize categories are physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace and were laid out in the will of Alfred Nobel. Find out more in the FAQ.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/#categories"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="The Nobel Prize medal." /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/123776-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="The Nobel Prize medal." /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">The Nobel Prize medal.</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© Nobel Prize Outreach. Photo: Clément Morin.</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="page-hero -exposed page-hero__variation--d context-component -color-option-default"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Nobel Prizes and laureates</h3> </header> <div class="bg hero lazyload" data-bgset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52966-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 220px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52966-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52966-hero-desktop-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images//52966-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="figcaption"> <p class="figcaption__caption"> The microscope that medicine laureate Ralph Steinman used daily. </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution"> © Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud </p> </div> <div class="blurb"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/" class="hero-link"> <div class="sublead"> </div> <h1 class="title "> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/">All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine</a> </h1> </a> <div class="hero-btn-wrapper"> <a class="hero-btn" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine/"> See the full list of medicine prizes and laureates </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="links"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Articles in medicine</h3> </header> <ul class="linkset"> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/august-krogh-and-the-nobel-prize-to-banting-and-macleod/">August Krogh and the Nobel Prize to Banting and Macleod</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-and-the-discovery-of-vitamins">The Nobel Prize and the discovery of vitamins</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/nobel-prizes-and-the-immune-system/">Nobel Prizes and the immune system 1901-2010</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/nobel-prizes-in-nerve-signaling-1906-2000">Nobel Prizes in nerve signaling 1906-2000</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine-1901-2000">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901-2000</a> </p> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" class="border-top"> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-pasteur-institute">The Pasteur Institute</a> </p> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="page-hero -right -flipped -contained -color-option-"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Explore and learn</h3> </header> <div class="bg hero lazyload" data-bgset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-tablet-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 220px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-tablet-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-hero-contained-desktop-left-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images/60397-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="blurb"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories" class="hero-link"> <h1 class="title "> 19 remarkable scientists and their stories </h1> <div class="lead"> <p>Explore a storytelling experience that celebrates and explores the contributions, careers and lives of 19 women who have been awarded Nobel Prizes for their scientific achievements.</p> </div> </a> <div class="hero-btn-wrapper"> <a class="hero-btn" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/womenwhochangedscience/stories"> Explore 'Women who changed science' </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1905/koch/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/koch-12845-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/koch-12845-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/koch-12845-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Robert Koch" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/koch-12845-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Robert Koch" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1905/koch/" title="Robert Koch" itemprop="url"> Robert Koch </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1905/koch/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/elion-13403-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/elion-13403-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/elion-13403-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Gertrude B. Elion" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/elion-13403-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Gertrude B. Elion" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/" title="Gertrude B. Elion" itemprop="url"> Gertrude B. Elion </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1988/elion/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/fleming-13037-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/fleming-13037-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/fleming-13037-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Sir Alexander Fleming" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/fleming-13037-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Sir Alexander Fleming" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/" title="Sir Alexander Fleming" itemprop="url"> Sir Alexander Fleming </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1945/fleming/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pavlov-12840-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pavlov-12840-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pavlov-12840-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pavlov-12840-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/" title="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov" itemprop="url"> Ivan Petrovich Pavlov </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1983/mcclintock/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/mcclintock-13355-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/mcclintock-13355-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/mcclintock-13355-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Barbara McClintock" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/mcclintock-13355-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Barbara McClintock" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1983/mcclintock/" title="Barbara McClintock" itemprop="url"> Barbara McClintock </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1983/mcclintock/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2009/blackburn/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/blackburn-15146-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/blackburn-15146-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/blackburn-15146-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/blackburn-15146-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2009/blackburn/" title="Elizabeth H. Blackburn" itemprop="url"> Elizabeth H. Blackburn </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2009/blackburn/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-one-third "> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/press-release/"> Learn about your brain’s place for maps </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>How do we know where we are? How can we find the way from one place to another? Thanks to the discovery of the brain’s “inner GPS” we now have a better understanding for how we manage to orient ourselves in space.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2014/press-release/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-lab-345-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-lab-345-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-lab-345-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="May-Britt Moser in the laboratory" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-lab-345-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="May-Britt Moser in the laboratory" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Laureate May-Britt Moser in the laboratory</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">Photo: Geir Mo</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/tu/auto-biography/"> Find out how a cool insight led to a life-saving discovery </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Tu Youyou scoured ancient literature on herbal medicine in her quest to develop novel malaria therapies. A key insight into how to preserve the active ingredient during processing led to the discovery of artemisinin, which has saved many lives.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/tu/auto-biography/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tu-13648-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tu-13648-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tu-13648-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Tu Youyou" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tu-13648-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="Tu Youyou" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Tu Youyou, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015.</p> <p class="figcaption__attribution">© Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud</p></figcaption> </figure> </article> <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" class="article -one-third"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline h3" itemprop="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2016/press-release/"> Pinpointed the genes that enable cellular recycling </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Follow how the discoveries Yoshinori Ohsumi made in baker’s yeast led to a new understanding of how our own cells recycle their contents. Autophagy, or ‘self-eating’ refers to the way our cells can degrade and then re-use their own contents.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2016/press-release/"><picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52343-landscape-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52343-landscape-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52343-landscape-x-large-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Dragon ohsumi" /><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/52343-landscape-x-large.jpg" alt="Dragon ohsumi" /></noscript></picture></a><figcaption class="figcaption"><p class="figcaption__caption">Illustration depicting autophagy</p> <p 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