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FNLA – Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FNLA_växer_fram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FNLA_växer_fram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>FNLA växer fram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FNLA_växer_fram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Självständighetskriget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Självständighetskriget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Självständighetskriget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Självständighetskriget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Övergång_till_självständigt_Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Övergång_till_självständigt_Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Övergång till självständigt Angola</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Övergång_till_självständigt_Angola-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Övergång till självständigt Angola</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Övergång_till_självständigt_Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nejlikerevolutionen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nejlikerevolutionen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nejlikerevolutionen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nejlikerevolutionen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alvoravtalet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alvoravtalet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alvoravtalet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alvoravtalet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kampen_om_Luanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kampen_om_Luanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kampen om Luanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kampen_om_Luanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republiken_Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republiken_Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Republiken Angola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republiken_Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galleri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Galleri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galleri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kommentarer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kommentarer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kommentarer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kommentarer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">FNLA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 29 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNLA" title="FNLA – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="FNLA" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير أنغولا – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير أنغولا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Nacional_d%27Alliberament_d%27Angola" title="Front Nacional d&#039;Alliberament d&#039;Angola – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front Nacional d&#039;Alliberament d&#039;Angola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_fronta_pro_osvobozen%C3%AD_Angoly" title="Národní fronta pro osvobození Angoly – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní fronta pro osvobození Angoly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Angola" title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εθνικό Μέτωπο για την Απελευθέρωση της Ανγκόλας – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικό Μέτωπο για την Απελευθέρωση της Ανγκόλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola" title="National Liberation Front of Angola – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="National Liberation Front of Angola" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_de_Angola" title="Frente Nacional para la Liberación de Angola – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente Nacional para la Liberación de Angola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Fronto_por_la_Liberigo_de_Angola" title="Nacia Fronto por la Liberigo de Angola – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Fronto por la Liberigo de Angola" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جبهه آزادیبخش ملی آنگولا – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه آزادیبخش ملی آنگولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_national_de_lib%C3%A9ration_de_l%27Angola" title="Front national de libération de l&#039;Angola – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front national de libération de l&#039;Angola" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EA%B3%A8%EB%9D%BC_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0" title="앙골라 민족해방전선 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙골라 민족해방전선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडीपेंडें आफ अंगोला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंडीपेंडें आफ अंगोला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Pembebasan_Nasional_Angola" title="Front Pembebasan Nasional Angola – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Front Pembebasan Nasional Angola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Nazionale_di_Liberazione_dell%27Angola" title="Fronte Nazionale di Liberazione dell&#039;Angola – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte Nazionale di Liberazione dell&#039;Angola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Angola" title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolos_nacionalinis_i%C5%A1sivadavimo_frontas" title="Angolos nacionalinis išsivadavimo frontas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angolos nacionalinis išsivadavimo frontas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNLA" title="FNLA – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="FNLA" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A9%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="アンゴラ民族解放戦線 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンゴラ民族解放戦線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowy_Front_Wyzwolenia_Angoli" title="Narodowy Front Wyzwolenia Angoli – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodowy Front Wyzwolenia Angoli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Nacional_de_Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Angola" title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Национальный фронт освобождения Анголы – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный фронт освобождения Анголы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola" title="National Liberation Front of Angola – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Liberation Front of Angola" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_front_pre_oslobodenie_Angoly" title="Národný front pre oslobodenie Angoly – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národný front pre oslobodenie Angoly" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Национални ослободилачки фронт Анголе – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални ослободилачки фронт Анголе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNLA" title="FNLA – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="FNLA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_Ulusal_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Cephesi" title="Angola Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Angola Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:#ccc; color:black">FNLA<br />Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ccc; color:black">Information</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Förbunds&#173;ordförande</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Holden_Roberto" title="Holden Roberto">Holden Roberto</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">General&#173;sekreterare</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi" title="Jonas Savimbi">Jonas Savimbi</a> (1961-1966)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ccc; color:black">Historia</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Grundat</th><td class="" style="">1961</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Upplöst</th><td class="" style="">1978</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Huvudkontor</th><td class="" style="">Leopoldville</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Ideologi(er)</th><td class="" style="">Nationalism<br />Kristdemokratisk</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Metod</th><td class="" style="">Väpnad kamp</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ccc; color:black">Struktur</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Moderparti</th><td class="" style="">UPA, Unionen för Angolas folk.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg/250px-Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg/375px-Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg/500px-Bandeira_da_FNLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>FNLA:s flagga</figcaption></figure> <p><b>FNLA</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portugisiska" title="Portugisiska">portugisiska</a> <i>Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola</i>) var ursprungligen en militant <a href="/wiki/Organisation" title="Organisation">organisation</a> i <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> som i samband med landets självständighet <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> med stöd av <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> och <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> slogs mot det <a href="/wiki/Sovjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovjet">Sovjet</a>-stödda <a href="/wiki/Marxism-leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-leninism">marxist-leninistiska</a> <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a>. Denna kamp om styret i Angola var således även ett led i det <a href="/wiki/Kalla_kriget" title="Kalla kriget">kalla kriget</a>. FNLA marginaliserades dock snabbt av MPLA, och det amerikanska stödet i kriget övergick istället till sedan tidigare <a href="/wiki/Sydafrika" title="Sydafrika">Sydafrika</a>-stödda <a href="/wiki/Unita" title="Unita">Unita</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FNLA_växer_fram"><span id="FNLA_v.C3.A4xer_fram"></span>FNLA växer fram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: FNLA växer fram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: FNLA växer fram"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>År 1954 bildades UPNA, <i>Föreningen för Norra Angolas Folk</i>, en separatiströrelse för <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">folkgruppen Bakongo</a>. Målet var att upprätta det gamla <a href="/wiki/Kongoriket" title="Kongoriket">Kongoriket</a> från tiden före portugisernas ankomst. Ordförande i föreningen var <a href="/wiki/Holden_Roberto" title="Holden Roberto">Holden Roberto</a>, född i <a href="/wiki/Mbanza_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza Kongo">San Salvador</a> och uppväxt i <a href="/wiki/Leopoldville" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldville">Leopoldville</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. i Belgiska Kongo. Roberto sökte stöd för kampen i USA, men fick besked att det inte var gångbart att upprätta gamla kungadömen. Han gav då upp Kongoriket och döpte om föreningen till <i>UPA, Föreningen för Angolas Folk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Självständighetskriget"><span id="Sj.C3.A4lvst.C3.A4ndighetskriget"></span>Självständighetskriget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Självständighetskriget" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Självständighetskriget"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FLNA byggde upp en gerillaarmé i <a href="/wiki/Kongo-Kinshasa" title="Kongo-Kinshasa">Kongo</a>. Den 15 mars 1961 gick 3&#160;000 outbildade soldater in i <a href="/wiki/U%C3%ADge_(provins)" title="Uíge (provins)">provinsen Uíge</a> i nordöstra Angola. Bakongokrigarna dödade tusentals vita nybyggare på vägen till Luanda. Portugal var medlem i <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> och skickade amerikanska flygplan, som bombade byar med <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I november höll FN:s generalförsamling en debatt om situationen i Angola. Roberto och <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi" title="Jonas Savimbi">Jonas Savimbi</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reste till New York. Bakongo- och <a href="/wiki/Ovimbundu" title="Ovimbundu">Ovimbundufolken</a> var därefter representerade internationellt. </p><p>I april 1962 bildade Roberto en exilregering<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i Kinshasa. Med Savimbi som utrikesminister. Roberto bjöd in <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> att delta i regeringen, men <a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Neto</a> avböjde. GRAE tränade sina soldater i Kongo och började attackera MPLA:s gerillasoldater som hade en bas i provinsen <a href="/wiki/Cuanza_Norte" title="Cuanza Norte">Cuanza Norte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Övergång_till_självständigt_Angola"><span id=".C3.96verg.C3.A5ng_till_sj.C3.A4lvst.C3.A4ndigt_Angola"></span>Övergång till självständigt Angola</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Övergång till självständigt Angola" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Övergång till självständigt Angola"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nejlikerevolutionen">Nejlikerevolutionen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Nejlikerevolutionen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Nejlikerevolutionen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 25 april 1974 inträffade en militärkupp i Lissabon. Folket kunde inte längre acceptera diktaturens förtryck och en stor del av militären hade fått nog av det meningslösa kriget i Portugals afrikanska kolonier. Yngre officerare genomförde en militärkupp och fick oväntad hjälp av folkets civilmotstånd. Folk satte nejlikor i gevärspiporna och inga skott avlossades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alvoravtalet">Alvoravtalet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Alvoravtalet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Alvoravtalet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alvoravtalet om självständighet för de portugisiska afrikanska kolonierna undertecknades den 15 januari 1975 i den lilla staden Alvor i södra Portugal. En övergångsregering bestående av MPLA, UNITA och FNLA och under ledning av amiralen Rosa Coutinho. Denna skulle styra Angola till den 11 november samma år, då landet skulle bli självständigt efter fria val som skulle hållas i oktober. Men FNLA och UNITA bröt mot Alvoravtalet och enade sina styrkor för att krossa MPLA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977146_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977146-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kampen_om_Luanda">Kampen om Luanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kampen om Luanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kampen om Luanda"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det gällde att få kontroll over så stor del av Angola som möjligt. MPLA kontrollerade Luanda, UNITA en stor del av södra Angola och FNLA trängde in från Kongo med 3000 välutbildad soldater. UNITA hade stöd av Sydafrikas moderna armé och flyg. MPLA hade kallat på kubanska trupper som anlände med flyg till Luanda den 5 november. FNLA och UNITA meddelade att exilregeringen GRAE kommer ha <a href="/wiki/Huambo" title="Huambo">Huambo</a> som huvudstad <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapuscinski1987112-122_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapuscinski1987112-122-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 10 november stoppas FNLA i utkanten av Luanda. MPLA med hjälp av Kuba krossar FNLA:s arme i slaget vid Kifangondo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FNLA deltog därefter endast sporadiskt i <a href="/wiki/Inb%C3%B6rdeskriget_i_Angola" title="Inbördeskriget i Angola">inbördeskriget</a> och upphörde så småningom. Holden Roberto flyttade till Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republiken_Angola">Republiken Angola</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Republiken Angola" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Republiken Angola"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>År 1991 skrev MPLA och UNITA under ett fredsavtal som möjliggjorde införandet av flerpartival i Angola och den kommunistiska staten upphörde. I parlamentsval 2008 och 2012 fick FNLA cirka 11&#160;% av rösterna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galleri">Galleri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Galleri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Galleri"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sempreatentos...aoperigo!.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portugisiska soldater i Angola"><img alt="Portugisiska soldater i Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sempreatentos...aoperigo%21.jpg/263px-Sempreatentos...aoperigo%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sempreatentos...aoperigo%21.jpg/395px-Sempreatentos...aoperigo%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Sempreatentos...aoperigo%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portugisiska soldater i Angola</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="FNLA i Kongo"><img alt="FNLA i Kongo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg/224px-F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg/336px-F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg/448px-F.N.L.A._in_Za%C3%AFre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="2559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">FNLA i Kongo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kifangondo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="MPLA segrade i Kifangondo"><img alt="MPLA segrade i Kifangondo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kifangondo.JPG/300px-Kifangondo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kifangondo.JPG/451px-Kifangondo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kifangondo.JPG/600px-Kifangondo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MPLA segrade i Kifangondo</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommentarer">Kommentarer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kommentarer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kommentarer"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r47958313">.mw-parser-output .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .skin-minerva .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}</style><div class="fotnotslista" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Leopoldville döptes om till Kinshasa efter självständigheten 1 juli 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Savimbi hade blivit utsedd till generalsekreterare i UPA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">GRAE Govêrno revolucionário de Angola no exílio, ungefär Angolas revolutionära exilregering.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977140-142_2-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBefrielsekampen1977">Befrielsekampen 1977</a>, sid.&#160;140-142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977146-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBefrielsekampen1977146_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBefrielsekampen1977">Befrielsekampen 1977</a>, sid.&#160;146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapuscinski1987112-122-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapuscinski1987112-122_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapuscinski1987">Kapuscinski 1987</a>, sid.&#160;112-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terryaspinall.com/03merc/angola/pedros-story.html/">”Legosoldat vittnar om striden vid Kifangondo”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930173023/http://www.terryaspinall.com/03merc/angola/pedros-story.html/">Arkiverad</a> 30 september 2013 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.. Läst 5 augusti 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FNLA&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book">&#32;<i><span>Befrielsekampen i Afrika</span></i>&#32;(1. uppl.). Stockholm: Utg. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/7750562">7750562</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-85584-02-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-85584-02-9">ISBN 91-85584-02-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Befrielsekampen+i+Afrika&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.edition=1.+uppl.&amp;rft.place=Stockholm&amp;rft.pub=Utg.&amp;rft.isbn=91-85584-02-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FNLA"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKapuscinski1987">Kapuscinski, Ryszard&#32;(1987)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>Another day of life</span></i>. London: Picador. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11397202">11397202</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-330-29844-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-330-29844-5">ISBN 0-330-29844-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Another+day+of+life&amp;rft.aulast=Kapuscinski&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryszard&amp;rft.au=Kapuscinski%2C+Ryszard&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Picador&amp;rft.isbn=0-330-29844-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:FNLA"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Angola" title="Mall:Angola"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Angola&amp;action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Geografi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Angolas_provinser" title="Angolas provinser">Angolas provinser</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Luandas_historia" title="Luandas historia">historia</a></i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Orter_i_Angola" title="Kategori:Orter i Angola">Övriga orter</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Angola.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angolas flagga"><img alt="Angolas flagga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/100px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/150px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/200px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Folk och språk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Herero" title="Herero">Herero</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Mbundufolket" title="Mbundufolket">Mbundufolket</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Sonangol" title="Sonangol">Sonangol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Chokwe (språk)">Chokwe (språk)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Kikongo" title="Kikongo">Kikongo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Kwanyama" title="Kwanyama">Kwanyama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Ndonga" title="Ndonga">Ndonga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo" title="Oshiwambo">Oshiwambo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Yaka" title="Yaka">Yaka</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Historia</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Angolas_historia" title="Angolas historia">Angolas historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Loango" title="Loango">Loango</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Lundariket" title="Lundariket">Lundariket</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Portugisiska_V%C3%A4stafrika" title="Portugisiska Västafrika">Portugisiska Västafrika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Tyska_f%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5get_i_Portugisiska_V%C3%A4stafrika" title="Tyska fälttåget i Portugisiska Västafrika">Tyska fälttåget i Portugisiska Västafrika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Sydafrikanska_gr%C3%A4nskriget" title="Sydafrikanska gränskriget">Sydafrikanska gränskriget</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Angolanska_sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighetskriget" title="Angolanska självständighetskriget">Angolanska självständighetskriget</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Inb%C3%B6rdeskriget_i_Angola" title="Inbördeskriget i Angola">Inbördeskriget i Angola</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Politik</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Angolas_nationalf%C3%B6rsamling" title="Angolas nationalförsamling">Angolas nationalförsamling</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Valet_i_Angola_1992" title="Valet i Angola 1992">Valet i Angola 1992</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Angolas_ambassad_i_Stockholm" title="Angolas ambassad i Stockholm">Angolas ambassad i Stockholm</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_ambassad_i_Luanda" title="Sveriges ambassad i Luanda">Sveriges ambassad i Luanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FNLA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Unita" title="Unita">Unita</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Kommunikationer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Benguelaj%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gen" title="Benguelajärnvägen">Benguelajärnvägen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Luandaj%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gen" title="Luandajärnvägen">Luandajärnvägen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/TAAG_Lineas_Aereas_de_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="TAAG Lineas Aereas de Angola">TAAG Lineas Aereas de Angola</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/Angolas_nationalbibliotek" title="Angolas nationalbibliotek">Angolas nationalbibliotek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5rfrukyrkan_i_Muxima" title="Vårfrukyrkan i Muxima">Vårfrukyrkan i Muxima</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5rfrukyrkan_i_Rosario" title="Vårfrukyrkan i Rosario">Vårfrukyrkan i Rosario</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5rfrukyrkan_i_Victoria" title="Vårfrukyrkan i Victoria">Vårfrukyrkan i Victoria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Idrott</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-auto"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Angola_i_olympiska_spelen" title="Angola i olympiska spelen">Angola i olympiska spelen</a> (<i>sommarspelen</i>: <i><a 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href="/wiki/Angola_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_2008" title="Angola i olympiska sommarspelen 2008">2008</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Angola_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_2012" title="Angola i olympiska sommarspelen 2012">2012</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Angola_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_2016" title="Angola i olympiska sommarspelen 2016">2016</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Angola_i_olympiska_sommarspelen_2020" title="Angola i olympiska sommarspelen 2020">2020</a></i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Angolas_herrlandslag_i_basket" title="Angolas herrlandslag i basket">Angolas herrlandslag i basket</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Afrikanska_m%C3%A4sterskapet_i_fotboll_2010" title="Afrikanska mästerskapet i fotboll 2010">Afrikanska mästerskapet i fotboll 2010</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> 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