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See our <a href="/wiki/CZ:Financial_report" title="CZ:Financial report">financial report</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #e9e9e9; border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05); margin:0; padding:0; background:#fafafa; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:0 10px 10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-top-left-radius:0; -moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding:1em 1em 0.75em;"> <h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_counts"> <b>Article counts</b> </span></h4> <p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles" title="Category:Citable versions of articles">Citable</a> <font size="1">(<b>146</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Developed_Articles" title="Category:Developed Articles">Developed</a> <font size="1">(<b>1,125</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Developing_Articles" title="Category:Developing Articles">Developing</a> <font size="1">(<b>7,366</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stub_Articles" title="Category:Stub Articles">Stubs</a> <font size="1">(<b>7,654</b>)</font><br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">16,422 total</a>)</small> </p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; overflow:hidden; padding:0 0 1em;"> <p style="background:#ffffe0; background:rgba(255, 255, 200, 0.3); border:solid 1px #f2f2d0; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px; font-size:small; text-align:left; padding:1em 2em; margin:0; max-width:30em; float:right; -moz-border-radius:0 10px; -webkit-border-top-right-radius:10px; -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:10px;"> <b>What does education often do? It makes a straight-cut ditch of a free, meandering brook.</b><br /> <cite style="font-size:0.9em; font-style:normal;">— <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a><i><br /><br /></i>        —<small><i><a href="/wiki/CZ:Quote" title="CZ:Quote">add a quotation about knowledge or writing</a></i></small> <br clear="all" /> </cite></p></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding:0 1em 0.5em;" colspan="2"> <hr /><h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Featured_Article:_Poverty"> <p><big><a href="/wiki/CZ:Featured_article" title="CZ:Featured article">Featured Article</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></i></big> </p> </span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg/400px-800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg/600px-800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg 1.5x, /wiki/images/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Mathare Valley slum near Nairobi, Kenya, in 2009.</div></div></div> <p><b>Poverty</b> is deprivation based on lack of material resources. The concept is value-based and political. Hence its definition, causes and remedies (and the possibility of remedies) are highly contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The word poverty may also be used figuratively to indicate a lack, instead of material goods or money, of any kind of quality, as in <i>a poverty of imagination</i>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_and_secondary_poverty">Primary and secondary poverty</span></h3> <p>The use of the terms <i>primary</i> and <i>secondary poverty</i> dates back to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a>, who conducted the second British survey to calculate the extent of poverty. This was carried out in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and was published in 1899. He defined primary poverty as having insufficient income to “obtain the minimum necessaries for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency”. In secondary poverty, the income “would be sufficient for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency were it not that some portion of it is absorbed by some other expenditure.” Even with these rigorous criteria he found that 9.9% of the population was in primary poverty and a further 17.9% in secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Absolute_and_comparative_poverty">Absolute and comparative poverty</span></h3> <p>More recent definitions tend to use the terms <i>absolute</i> and <i>comparative poverty</i>. Absolute is in line with Rowntree's primary poverty, but comparative poverty is usually expressed in terms of ability to play a part in the <a href="/wiki/Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Society">society</a> in which a person lives. Comparative poverty will thus vary from one <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> to another.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The difficulty of definition is illustrated by the fact that a recession can actually reduce "poverty". </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Causes_of_poverty">Causes of poverty</span></h2> <p>The causes of poverty most often considered are: </p> <ul><li>Character defects</li> <li>An established “culture of poverty”, with low expectations handed down from one generation to another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li> <li>Irregular employment, and/or low pay</li> <li>Position in the life cycle (see below) and <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> size</li> <li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Disability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disability (page does not exist)">Disability</a></li> <li>Structural <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Inequality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inequality (page does not exist)">inequality</a>, both within countries and between countries. (R H Tawney: “What thoughtful rich people call the problem of poverty, thoughtful poor people call with equal justice a problem of riches”)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>As noted above, most of these, or the extent to which they can be, or should be changed, are matters of heated controversy. </p><p><small> </small></p><small> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><div class="references" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, P. <i>Understanding poverty</i>. Macmillan. 1997. ch 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, B. <i>The origins of the British welfare state</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Also, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, Pt II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, Preface to 1st edition and pt III.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: right;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Continued</a>...</i></small></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key citiz_2022:pcache:idhash:4698-0!canonical and timestamp 20250220155053 and revision id 995494. --> </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&oldid=995494">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&oldid=995494</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Welcome+to+Citizendium" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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