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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smallpox_epidemic_of_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smallpox_epidemic_of_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Smallpox epidemic of 1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smallpox_epidemic_of_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Arrival of missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potlatch_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potlatch_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Potlatch ban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potlatch_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lyell_Island_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyell_Island_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Lyell Island protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyell_Island_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potlatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potlatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Potlatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potlatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transformation_masks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_masks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Transformation masks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_masks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Moieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archeological_and_written_evidence_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeological_and_written_evidence_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Archeological and written evidence of warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archeological_and_written_evidence_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Causes of warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>War parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_in_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_in_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Death in battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_in_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>Weapons used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Battle armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Haida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Haida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable Haida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Haida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropologists_and_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropologists_and_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anthropologists and scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropologists_and_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haida people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هايدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هايدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Хайдаял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хайдаял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хайда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хайда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidov%C3%A9" title="Haidové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haidové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_(Volk)" title="Haida (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haida (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidad" title="Haidad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haidad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida-indianoj" title="Haida-indianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haida-indianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFdas" title="Haïdas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haïdas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%ADdigh" title="Haídigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haídigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_haida" title="Pobo haida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo haida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%A1%B1" title="하이다족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이다족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Haida" title="Suku Haida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Haida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_(popolazione)" title="Haida (popolazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haida (popolazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27yu:%27k%27t%27h%27/Che:k:tles7et%27h%27_First_Nations" title="'yu:'k't'h'/Che:k:tles7et'h' First Nations – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="'yu:'k't'h'/Che:k:tles7et'h' First Nations" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хайда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хайда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidai" title="Haidai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_(volk)" title="Haida (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haida (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E6%97%8F" title="ハイダ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイダ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidowie" title="Haidowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haidowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Хайда (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайда (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidat" title="Haidat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haidat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida" title="Haida – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Haida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydalar" title="Haydalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haydalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хайда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хайда" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Haida</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="[[Haida language|Xaadas kíl]]"><span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aayda</i></span>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aadas</i></span>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aad</i></span>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aat</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg/220px-Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg/330px-Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg/440px-Haida_traditional_territory-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of traditional Haida territory</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,525<sup id="cite_ref-govbc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govbc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,977<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Haida</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida kil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Haida</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>: <i lang="hai">X̱aayda</i>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aadas</i></span>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aad</i></span>, <span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">X̱aat</i></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a> of North America. They constitute one of 203 <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="First Nations in British Columbia">First Nations in British Columbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-govbc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govbc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 231 federally recognized <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">tribes in Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their traditional territory include <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, an archipelago off the coast of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Southeast Alaska</a>. Their language is <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>, a linguistic isolate. The Haida are known for their <a href="/wiki/Craftsmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Craftsmanship">craftsmanship</a>, trading skills, and <a href="/wiki/Seamanship" title="Seamanship">seamanship</a>. They are known to have frequently carried out raids and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery#Among_indigenous_peoples" title="History of slavery">to have practiced slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191545_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen191545-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maschner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maschner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the Haida are represented by <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Council of the Haida Nation (CHN)</a>, in addition to the two village band governments, <a href="/wiki/Old_Massett_Village_Council" title="Old Massett Village Council">Old Massett Village Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skidegate_Band_Council" title="Skidegate Band Council">Skidegate Band Council</a>. Federally recognized Haida tribes in the United States include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Council_of_the_Tlingit_%26_Haida_Indian_Tribes_of_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (page does not exist)">Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Hydaburg Cooperative Association.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haida_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Haida_Houses.jpg/220px-Haida_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Haida_Houses.jpg/330px-Haida_Houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Haida_Houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Houses and totem poles, 1878</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-contact">Pre-contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haida history begins with the arrival of the primordial ancestresses of the Haida matrilineages in Haida Gwaii. These include SGuuluu Jaad (Foam Woman), Jiila Kuns (Creek Woman), and KalGa Jaad (Ice woman).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haida canon of oral histories and archaeological findings agree that Haida ancestors lived alongside glaciers and were present at the time of the arrival of the first tree, a lodgepole pine, on Haida Gwaii.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological evidence suggests habitation as early as 13,100 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For thousands of years since Haida have participated in a rigorous coast-wide legal system called <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a>. After the Island's wide arrival of red cedar some 7,500 years ago Haida society transformed to centre around the coastal "tree of life". Massive carved cedar monuments and cedar big houses became widespread throughout Haida Gwaii.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 18th century, Haida from <a href="/wiki/Langara_Island" title="Langara Island">K'iis Gwaii</a> in the Duu Guusd region of Haida Gwaii migrated north, settling at the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Alaska)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Alaska)">Prince of Wales Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a> territory. This group would become known as the Kaigani Haida<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg/170px-Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg/255px-Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg/340px-Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_XIII_-_Jeune_Femme_des_Isles_de_la_Reine_Charlotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Young Haida woman with <a href="/wiki/Lip_plate" title="Lip plate">lip plate</a>, portrayed in <a href="/wiki/George_Dixon_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)">George Dixon's</a> (1789): <i>Voyage autour du monde</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded contact between the Haida and Europeans was in July 1774 with Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan Pérez</a>, who was sailing north on an expedition to find and claim new territory for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. For two days in a row, the Santiago sat off the shore of <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> waiting for the currents to settle down enough to allow them to dock and set foot on land. While they waited, several canoes of Haida sailed out to greet them, and ultimately to trade with Pérez and his men. After two days of poor conditions, however, the Santiago was ultimately unable to dock and they were forced to depart without having set foot on Haida Gwaii.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haida conducted regular trade with Russian, Spanish, British, and American <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur traders</a> and whalers. According to sailing records, they diligently maintained strong trade relationships with Westerners, coastal people, and among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade for sea-otter pelts was initiated by British Captain <a href="/wiki/George_Dixon_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)">George Dixon</a> with the Haida in 1787. The Haida did well for themselves in this industry and until the mid-1800s they were at the centre of the profitable China sea-otter trade. </p><p>Although they had gone on expeditions as far as <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington State</a>, at first they had minimal confrontations with Europeans. Between 1780 and 1830, the Haida came into conflict with European and American traders. Among the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_police_action_against_the_people_of_Haida_Gwaii" title="Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii">dozens of ships the tribe captured</a> were the <i>Eleanor</i> and the <i>Susan Sturgis</i>. The tribe made use of European weapons they acquired, using cannons and canoe-mounted <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was discovered on southern <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>. The Haida had been instructed to look for the mineral by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. A Haida man, possibly Albert Edenshaw, was shown where to find gold by an elderly woman in <a href="/wiki/Skidegate" title="Skidegate">Skidegate</a>, which he subsequently brought to officers at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Simpson_(Columbia_Department)" title="Fort Simpson (Columbia Department)">Fort Simpson</a>. This discovery instigated a brief <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">gold rush</a> in 1851, drawing American prospectors to the area. The Haida themselves took an active role in the mining of gold, seeing it as a new material for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalois201823–23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalois201823–23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the gold rush, British colonial authorities formally annexed Haida Gwaii in 1853, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands</a>. It was later integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> in 1858. Colonial authorities backed their claims using <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>, both in Haida Gwaii and more broadly throughout northeastern Pacific coastal Indigenous title territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in 1857, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(1845)" title="USS Massachusetts (1845)">USS <i>Massachusetts</i></a> was sent from Seattle to nearby Port Gamble, where indigenous raiding parties made up of Haida (from territory claimed by the British) and Tongass (from territory claimed by the Russians) had been attacking and enslaving the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Salish people">Coast Salish people</a> there. When the Haida and Tongass (sea lion tribe <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>) warriors refused to acknowledge American jurisdiction and to hand over those among them who had attacked the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> communities, a battle ensued in which 26 natives and one government soldier were killed. In the aftermath of this, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Isaac_Ebey" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Isaac Ebey">Colonel Isaac Ebey</a>, a U.S. military officer and the first settler on <a href="/wiki/Whidbey_Island" title="Whidbey Island">Whidbey Island</a>, was shot and beheaded on August 11, 1857, by a small Tlingit group from <a href="/wiki/Kake,_Alaska" title="Kake, Alaska">Kake, Alaska</a>, in retaliation for the killing of a respected Kake chief in the raid the year before. Ebey's scalp was purchased from the Kake by an American trader in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (December 2024)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smallpox_epidemic_of_1862">Smallpox epidemic of 1862</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Smallpox epidemic of 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic</a> began on March 26 when a steamship called <i>Brother Jonathan</i> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a> from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> containing a passenger infected with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time thousands of Indigenous people lived in villages outside the walls of Fort Victoria. The disease broke out amongst <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a> people in their community near Fort Victoria. This quickly spread into a pandemic. European public health standards at the time were well practiced and adhered-to official health standards, including vaccinations and victims isolation. Instead, as the disease spread, Victoria Police burned some one dozen homes, deliberately displacing 200 Haida on May 13. They went on to burn some 40–50 more indigenous villages the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First Nations from further north had been camping periodically outside the city limits of Victoria to take advantage of trade, and at the time of the epidemic numbered almost 2000, many of whom were Haida. The colonial government made no effort to <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">vaccinate</a> the First Nations in the region nor to <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> anyone infected. In June, the encampments were forcibly cleared by police, and 20 canoes of Haidas, many of whom were likely already infected with smallpox, were forced back to Haida Gwaii, escorted by gunboats HMS <i>Grappler</i> and <i>Forward</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those infected did not make it home, according to the plans of the colonial governments, and passed on at <a href="/wiki/Bones_Bay" title="Bones Bay">Bones Bay</a> near Alert Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on a group of copper miners travelled from <a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Coola, British Columbia">Bella Coola</a> aboard the <i>Leonede</i> under command of Captain McAlmond.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boat took 12 passengers in December. One of these passengers carried smallpox to Haida Gwaii. This might not have been a disaster should the infected miner have stayed in isolation at the mining site on <span title="Haida-language text"><span lang="hai">Sḵʼin G̱aadll</span></span>, or Skincuttle Island. Instead the disease was spread throughout Haida Gwaii. </p><p>The disease quickly spread throughout Haida Gwaii, devastating entire villages and families, and creating an influx of refugees. The pre-epidemic population of Haida Gwaii was estimated to be 6,607, but was reduced to 829 in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only two remaining villages were <a href="/wiki/Masset" title="Masset">Massett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skidegate" title="Skidegate">Skidegate</a>. The population collapse caused by the epidemic weakened Haida sovereignty and power, ultimately paving the way for colonization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_missionaries">Arrival of missionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival of missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the mid-19th century onwards, both <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> missions were established on Haida Gwaii, endeavouring to convert the Haida people. The first known missionary to spend time with the Haida was Jonathan Green, a missionary for the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a>. Green spent a few weeks on Haida Gwaii in the summer of 1829, though his later suggestions for the establishment of a mission on the coast were ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin201142–43_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin201142–43-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854 and 1868, two different Anglican missionaries tried garner support for the establishment of a mission on Haida Gwaii, to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1860s, several Northern Haida visited the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Metlakatla,_British_Columbia" title="Metlakatla, British Columbia">Metlakatla</a>, by Anglican missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)" title="William Duncan (missionary)">William Duncan</a>, prompting them to request a missionary of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackman197746_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackman197746-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wouldn't be until November 1876, Anglican missionary William Collison, acting on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a>, established the first permanent mission on Haida Gwaii, located in Masset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin201144_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin201144-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the Anglican mission established in Masset, the Haida in Skidegate petitioned for their own mission. Consequently, a Methodist mission was established there in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomalin201149_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomalin201149-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potlatch_ban">Potlatch ban</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Potlatch ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potlatch_ban" title="Potlatch ban">Potlatch ban</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>: <i lang="hai">gyáa isáaw</i>) began to decline with the arrival of the missionaries, who believed it to be antithetical to their mission of converting the Haida to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackman197747_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackman197747-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries like Collison sought to replace the with Christian ceremonies, such as the singing of hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonDavidson201826_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonDavidson201826-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like Methodist Charles Harrison, dissuaded potlatching through public chastisement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackman197747_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackman197747-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1880s, potlatches were often conducted in secrecy, primarily as a result of pressure exerted by missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackman197748_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackman197748-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, the potlatch was outlawed throughout the coast, under an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch_ban" title="Potlatch ban">potlatch ban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonDavidson201827_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonDavidson201827-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elimination of the potlatch system destroyed financial relationships and seriously interrupted the cultural heritage of coastal people. As the islands were christianized, many cultural works such as totem posts were destroyed or taken to museums around the world. This significantly undermined Haida's self-knowledge and further diminished morale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The government began forcibly sending some Haida children to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential schools</a> as early as 1911. Haida children were sent as far away as Alberta to live among English-speaking families where they were to be assimilated into the dominant culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1911, Canada and British Columbia rejected a Haida offer whereby in exchange for full rights of British citizenship Haidas would formally join the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion of canada">Dominion of Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lyell_Island_protests">Lyell Island protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lyell Island protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lyell_Island" title="Lyell Island">Lyell Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site</a></div> <p>In November 1985, members of the Haida nation protested the ongoing logging of old-growth forests on Haida Gwaii, establishing a blockade to prevent the logging of <a href="/wiki/Lyell_Island" title="Lyell Island">Lyell Island</a> by <a href="/wiki/Western_Forest_Products" title="Western Forest Products">Western Forest Products</a>. A standoff between protesters, police and loggers lasted two weeks, during which 72 Haidas were arrested. Images of elders being arrested gained media traction, which raised awareness and support for the Haida across Canada. In 1987, the governments of Canada and British Columbia signed the <i>South Moresby Agreement,</i> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Park</a>, which is cooperatively managed by the Canadian government and the Haida Nation. </p><p>The blockade was profiled in <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Auchter" title="Christopher Auchter">Christopher Auchter</a>'s 2024 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stand_(2024_film)" title="The Stand (2024 film)">The Stand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcoming_Party.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Welcoming_Party.jpg/220px-Welcoming_Party.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Welcoming_Party.jpg/330px-Welcoming_Party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Welcoming_Party.jpg/440px-Welcoming_Party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Haida drummers and singers greet guests on the shores of Ḵay Linagaay, a millennia-old village in Haida Gwaii.</figcaption></figure><p>In December 2009, the government of British Columbia officially renamed the archipelago from Queen Charlotte Islands to <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>. The Haida Nation asserts Haida title over all of Haida Gwaii and is pursuing negotiations with the provincial and federal governments. Haida authorities continue to pass legislation and manage human activities in Haida Gwaii, which includes making formal agreements with the Canadian communities established on the islands. Haida efforts are largely directed at the protection of land and water and functioning ecosystems and this is expressed in the protected status for nearly 70% of the million-hectare archipelago. The protected status applies to the landscape and water as well as smaller culturally significant areas. They have also forced a reduction of large-scale industrial activity and the careful regulation of access to resources. </p><p>In British Columbia, the term "Haida Nation" often refers to the Haida people as a whole however, it also refers to their government, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Council of the Haida Nation</a>. All people of Haida ancestry are entitled to Haida citizenship, including the Kaigani, who as Alaskans are also part of the Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska government.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a deal negotiated between the government and the Haida nation over the preceding decades, British Columbia in 2024 transferred the title of more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida people, recognizing the nation's aboriginal land title across all of Haida Gwaii.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haida_people" title="Special:EditPage/Haida people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida language</a> is considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoonmaker_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoonmaker-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Haida was de facto banned with the introduction of residential schools and the enforcement of the use of English language. Haida language revitalization projects began in the 1970s and continue to this day. It is estimated that there are only 3 or 4 dozen Haida-speaking people with almost all of them being the age of 70 or older. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haida-wait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Haida-wait.jpg/220px-Haida-wait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Haida-wait.jpg/330px-Haida-wait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Haida-wait.jpg/440px-Haida-wait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Haida wait for their Heiltsuk hosts to welcome them to sing and dance at a peace <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> in Waglisla.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potlatch">Potlatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Potlatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></div> <p>Haida host potlatches which were intricate economic and social-political processes that include acquisition of incorporeal wealth like names and the circulation of property in the form of gifts. They are often held when a citizen wishes to commemorate an event of importance. For example, deaths of a loved one, marriages, and other civil proceedings. The more important potlatches take years to prepare and can continue for days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haida society continues to produce a robust and highly stylized art form, a leading component of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Northwest Coast art</a>. While artists frequently have expressed this in large wooden carvings (<a href="/wiki/Totem_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem poles">totem poles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a>, or ornate jewellery, in the 21st century, younger people are also making art in a popular expression such as <a href="/wiki/Haida_manga" title="Haida manga">Haida manga</a>. </p><p>The Haida also created "notions of wealth", and Jenness credits them with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> (Haida: <i><span title="Haida-language text"><i lang="hai">ǥyaagang</i></span></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">bentwood</a> box.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries regarded the carved poles as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">graven images</a> rather than representations of the family histories that wove Haida society together. Chiefly families showed their histories by erecting totems outside their homes, or on house posts forming the building. </p><p>Well known contemporary Haida artists include <a href="/wiki/Bill_Reid" title="Bill Reid">Bill Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(artist)" title="Robert Davidson (artist)">Robert Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nicoll_Yahgulanaas" title="Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas">Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freda_Diesing" title="Freda Diesing">Freda Diesing</a> amongst others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transformation_masks">Transformation masks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transformation masks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transformation masks were worn ceremonially, used by dancers and represented or illustrated the connection between various spirits. The masks usually depicted an animal transforming into another animal or a spiritual or mythical being. Masks were representations of the souls of the mask owner's family waiting in the afterlife to be reborn. Masks worn during ceremonial dances were designed with strings to open the mask, transforming the spiritual animal into a carving of the ancestor underneath. There was also an emphasis on the idea of metamorphosis and reincarnation. With the banning of potlatches by the Canadian government in 1885, many masks were confiscated. Masks and many other objects are considered sacred and designed only for specific people to see. It was unknown who the wearer of the mask was as each mask was made for each individual's soul and spirit animal. Due to the confiscation of the masks and the sacred meaning to each individual who wore the mask, it is unknown if the masks in museums are truly meant to be seen or if they are an aspect of European colonialism and the rejection of Haida religious and spiritual traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the first feature-length Haida-language film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_the_Knife" class="mw-redirect" title="The Edge of the Knife">The Edge of the Knife</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>: <span lang="hai">SG̲aawaay Ḵʹuuna</span>), was released, with an all-Haida cast. The actors learned Haida for their performances in the film, with a two-week training camp followed by lessons throughout the five weeks of filming. Haida artist <a href="/wiki/Gwaai_Edenshaw" title="Gwaai Edenshaw">Gwaai Edenshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in">Tsilhqot'in</a> filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Helen_Haig-Brown" title="Helen Haig-Brown">Helen Haig-Brown</a> directed, with Edenshaw and his brother being co-screenwriters, with Graham Richard and <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Sandercock" title="Leonie Sandercock">Leonie Sandercock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haidafilm_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidafilm-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Auchter" title="Christopher Auchter">Christopher Auchter</a>, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nicoll_Yahgulanaas" title="Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas">Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas</a>, has created a number of Haida centered films.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 he directed the animated film <i>The Mountain of SGaana</i>, inspired by Haida mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-burnaby_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnaby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His short documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Now_Is_the_Time_(film)" title="Now Is the Time (film)">Now Is the Time</a></i> premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2019_Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="2019 Toronto International Film Festival">2019 Toronto International Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_House_of_Contentment,_late_19th_century,_05.589.7791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg/170px-Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg/255px-Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg/340px-Model_of_House_of_Contentment%2C_late_19th_century%2C_05.589.7791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Model of House of Contentment, late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moieties">Moieties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Moieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Haida nation was split between two <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moieties</a>, the Raven and the Eagle. Marriages between two people from the same moiety were prohibited. Due to this any children that were born after the marriage would officially become part of the moiety that the mother had come from. Each group provided its members with entitlement to a vast range of economic resources such as fishing spots, hunting or collecting areas, and housing sites. Each group also had rights to their own myths and legends, dances, songs, and music. Eagles and Ravens were very important to the Haida families as they would identify with one or the other and this would signify what side on the village they would reside on. The family would also own their own property, had specific areas for food gathering. These categories of Eagles and Ravens divided them on an even larger scale, specifying their land, history, and customs. </p><p>The Haida social system changed significantly by the end of the nineteenth century. At this point a majority of the Haida had taken nuclear family forms, and members of families belonging in the same moiety (Ravens and Eagles) were permitted to marry each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roles of the family varied between men and women. Men were responsible for all of the hunting and fishing, building homes and carving canoes and totem poles. The women's responsibilities were to stay close to home doing a majority of their work on the land. Women were responsible for all of the chores in relation to the keeping of the home. Women were also in charge of curing cedarwood to use for weaving and making clothes. It was also the duty of the women to gather berries and dig for shellfish and clams. </p><p>Once a boy hit puberty, his uncles on his mothers' side would educate him on his family history and how to behave now that he was a man. It was believed that a special diet would increase his abilities. For example, duck tongues helped him hold his breath under water, whereas <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jay</a> tongues helped him to be a strong climber. </p><p>The aunts on the father's side of a young Haida woman would teach her about her duties to her tribe once she first began to menstruate. The young woman would go to a secluded space in her family home. They believed that by making her sleep on a stone pillow and only allowing her to eat and drink small amounts she would become tougher. </p><p>Although not commonly practiced today, it was once customary for young boys and girls entering puberty to embark on vision quests. These quests would send them out alone for days. They would travel through the forests, in hopes of finding a spirit to guide them through their lives. It was believed that boys and girls who were destined for greatness could find unique spirit guides. A successful vision quest was celebrated by the wearing of masks, face paints, and costumes. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida beliefs</a> are varied and diverse. Modern Haida ascribe to a wide variety of faiths including Protestantism, Catholicism, and Bahá'i. Nihilist, atheist, agnostic, and absurdist perspectives also attend the nation's post-colonial context. Pre-colonial beliefs, however, may still be most popular, and potlatch maintains its elevated situation in Haida society. </p><p>Many Haida believe in an ultimate being called <i>Ne-kilst-lass</i>, spelt Nang Kilsdlaas in Skidegate dialect, which can manifest through the form and antics of a Raven. <i>Ne-kilst-lass</i> revealed the world and was an active player in the creation of life. While <i>Ne-kilst-lass</i> has a generous inclination, they also includes a darker, indulgent, and trickster quality. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nang Kilsldaas is merely one of many dozens of supernatural beings who personify a wide variety of forces, objects, places, and phenomena. A few of the most prevalent include K_ing.gii, a deity who presides over the seas; X_yuu, the northeast wind; and Sin SG_aanuwee, a cosmological "super-being" that encompasses all others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to contact with Europeans, other Indigenous communities regarded the Haida as aggressive warriors and made attempts to avoid sea battles with them. There is some archeological evidence that the Northwest coast tribes, to which the Haida belong, engaged in warfare as early as 2200 BC, although it was not a regular occurrence in the archeological record until the subsequent millennium. Though the Haida were more likely to participate in sea battles, it was not uncommon for them to engage in hand-to-hand combat or long-range attacks. Hostilities were not always violent, often ritualized and some resulting in Peace Treaties still in force hundreds of years later.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (December 2024)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archeological_and_written_evidence_of_warfare">Archeological and written evidence of warfare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archeological and written evidence of warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analyses of skeletal injuries dating from the late <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Period_(Americas)" title="Archaic Period (Americas)">Archaic period</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative period</a> show that Northwest coast nations, particularly in the North where most Haida communities were situated, began more frequently engaging in battles of some sort from 1800 BC to AD 500, though the number of battles is unknown. This rise in the incidence of battles during the Middle Pacific period also correlates with the erection of the first defensive <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> in Haida communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (December 2024)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> These fortifications continued to be in use during the 18th century as evidenced by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s discovery of one such hilltop fortification in a Haida village. Numerous other sightings of such fortifications were recorded by other European explorers during this century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2004101_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2004101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causes_of_warfare">Causes of warfare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Causes of warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were multiple motivations for the Haida people to engage in warfare. Various accounts explain that the Haida went to battle more for revenge than anything else, and would acquire slaves from their enemies in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Maschner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maschner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_B._Blackman" title="Margaret B. Blackman">Margaret Blackman</a>, warfare on Haida Gwaii was primarily motivated by revenge. Many Northwest coast legends tell of Haida communities raiding and fighting with neighbouring communities because of insults or other disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other causes included conflicts over property, territory, resources, trade routes, and even women. However, a battle between a Haida community and another often did not have simply one cause. In fact, many battles were the result of decades old disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollison1916138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollison1916138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haida, like several other Northwest coast Indigenous communities, engaged in slave raiding as slaves were highly sought after for their use as labor as well as bodyguards and warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Archaeology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Archaeology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, the Haida fought physically with other Indigenous communities to ensure domination of <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">the fur trade</a> with European merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1992174_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1992174-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haida groups also had feuds with these European merchants that could last years. In 1789, some Haidas were accused of stealing items from <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrick_(American_sea_captain)" title="John Kendrick (American sea captain)">Captain Kendrick</a>, most of which included drying linen. Kendrick seized two Haida chiefs and threatened to kill them via cannon-fire if they did not return the stolen items. Though the Haida community complied at the time, less than two years later 100 to 200 of its people attacked the same ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1992165–166_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1992165–166-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_parties">War parties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: War parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Collison" title="William Collison">William Collison</a> describes having seen a Haida fleet of around forty canoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollison191689_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollison191689-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he does not provide the number of warriors in these canoes, and there are no other known accounts that describe the number of warriors in a war party. The structure of a Haida war party generally followed that of the community itself, the only difference being that the chief took the lead during battles; otherwise his title was more or less meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191545_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen191545-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine men</a> were often brought along raids or before battles to "destroy the souls of enemies" and ensure victory.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_in_battle">Death in battle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death in battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Battles between a group of Haida warriors and another community sometimes resulted in the annihilation of either one or both of the groups involved. Villages would be burned down during a battle which was a common practice during Northwest coast battles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Haida burned their warriors who died in battles, though it is not known if this act was done after each battle or only after battles in which they were victorious. The Haida believed that fallen warriors went to the House of Sun, which was considered a highly honorable death. For this reason, a specially made military suit was prepared for chiefs if they fell in battle. The slaves belonging to the chiefs who died in battle were burned with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191547_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen191547-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weapons_used">Weapons used</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Weapons used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Haida used the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a> until it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> acquired from Europeans in the 19th century, but other traditional weapons were still preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons that the Haida used were often multi-functional; they were used not only in battle, but during other activities as well. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a> were very common and almost always the weapon of choice for hand-to-hand combat, and were also used during hunting and to create other tools. One medicine man's dagger that Alexander Mackenzie came across during his exploration of Haida Gwaii, was used both for fights and to hold the medicine man's hair up. Another dagger that Mackenzie obtained from a Haida village was said to be connected to a Haida legend; many daggers had individual histories which made them unique from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_armour">Battle armour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Battle armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Haida wore rod-and-slat <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>. This meant <a href="/wiki/Greave" title="Greave">greaves</a> for the thighs and lower back and slats (a long strip of wood) in the side pieces to allow for more flexibility during movement. They wore <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> hide <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a> under their armour and wooden helmets. Arrows could not penetrate this armour, and Russian explorers found that bullets could penetrate the armour only if shot from a distance of less than 6.1 metres (20 ft). The Haida rarely used shields because of their developed armour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2004100_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2004100-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Haida">Notable Haida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable Haida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg/220px-Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg/330px-Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg/440px-Lawyer_and_Carver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>L–R: Haida lawyer gi7ahl g-udsllaay (<a href="/wiki/Terri-Lynn_Williams-Davidson" title="Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson">Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson</a>) and master carver <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(artist)" title="Robert Davidson (artist)">Robert Davidson</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_Adams" title="Primrose Adams">Primrose Adams</a> (1926–2020), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delores_Churchill" title="Delores Churchill">Delores Churchill</a> (b. 1929), artist, basketweaver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Crosby" title="Marcia Crosby">Marcia Crosby</a>, art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa" title="Cumshewa">Cumshewa</a>, 18th century chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Davidson" title="Florence Davidson">Florence Davidson</a> (1896–1993), artist and memoirist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Davidson" title="Reg Davidson">Reg Davidson</a> (b. 1954), carver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(artist)" title="Robert Davidson (artist)">Robert Davidson</a> (b. 1946), carver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Davidson" title="Tamara Davidson">Tamara Davidson</a>, politician, MLA for <a href="/wiki/North_Coast-Haida_Gwaii" title="North Coast-Haida Gwaii">North Coast-Haida Gwaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freda_Diesing" title="Freda Diesing">Freda Diesing</a> (1925–2002), carver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edenshaw" title="Charles Edenshaw">Charles Edenshaw</a> (1839–1920), carver, jeweler and painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guujaaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Guujaaw">Gidansda Guujaaw</a> (b. 1953), artist and politician, former President of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Council of the Haida Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Grant" title="Dorothy Grant">Dorothy Grant</a>, artist, fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hart_(artist)" title="Jim Hart (artist)">Jim Hart</a> (b. 1952), hereditary chief of Stasstas Eagle Clan, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyah" title="Koyah">Koyah</a> (<abbr>fl.</abbr> 1787–1795), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Marks" title="Gerry Marks">Gerry Marks</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Reid" title="Bill Reid">Bill Reid</a> (1920–1998), carver, sculptor and jeweler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Simeon" title="Jay Simeon">Jay Simeon</a> (b. 1976), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaay" title="Skaay">Skaay</a>, historian and storytelling expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Vanderhoop" title="Evelyn Vanderhoop">Evelyn Vanderhoop</a> (b. 1953), weaver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri-Lynn_Williams-Davidson" title="Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson">Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson</a>, lawyer and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nicoll_Yahgulanaas" title="Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas">Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas</a> (b. 1954), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Yeomans" title="Don Yeomans">Don Yeomans</a> (b. 1958), artist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropologists_and_scholars">Anthropologists and scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anthropologists and scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an incomplete list of anthropologists and scholars who have done research on the Haida. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Barbeau" title="Marius Barbeau">Marius Barbeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst" title="Robert Bringhurst">Robert Bringhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Duff" title="Wilson Duff">Wilson Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Harris" title="Christie Harris">Christie Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill-Tout" title="Charles Hill-Tout">Charles Hill-Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Holm_(art_historian)" title="Bill Holm (art historian)">Bill Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Inverarity" title="Robert Bruce Inverarity">Robert Bruce Inverarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Newcombe" title="Charles F. Newcombe">Charles F. Newcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Turner" title="Nancy Turner">Nancy J. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Ignace" title="Marianne Ignace">Marianne Boelscher Ignace</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haida_villages" title="List of Haida villages">List of Haida villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Heritage_Centre" title="Haida Heritage Centre">Haida Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_police_action_against_the_people_of_Haida_Gwaii" title="Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii">Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Argillite_Carvings" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida Argillite Carvings">Haida Argillite Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_manga" title="Haida manga">Haida manga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-govbc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govbc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govbc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_British_Columbia" class="citation web cs1">Government of British Columbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/consulting-with-first-nations/first-nations-negotiations/first-nations-a-z-listing/haida-nation-council-of">"Haida Nation, Council of The"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haida+Nation%2C+Council+of+The&rft.au=Government+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Fenvironment%2Fnatural-resource-stewardship%2Fconsulting-with-first-nations%2Ffirst-nations-negotiations%2Ffirst-nations-a-z-listing%2Fhaida-nation-council-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B01003&t=69Z%20-%20Haida%20alone%20or%20in%20any%20combination%20%28N34%29%20%26%20%28100-299%29%20or%20%28300,%20A01-Z99%29%20or%20%28400-999%29&tid=ACSDT5YAIAN2015.B01003">"2015: ACS 5-Year Estimates American Indian and Alaska Native Detailed Tables"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015%3A+ACS+5-Year+Estimates+American+Indian+and+Alaska+Native+Detailed+Tables&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DB01003%26t%3D69Z%2520-%2520Haida%2520alone%2520or%2520in%2520any%2520combination%2520%2528N34%2529%2520%2526%2520%2528100-299%2529%2520or%2520%2528300%2C%2520A01-Z99%2529%2520or%2520%2528400-999%2529%26tid%3DACSDT5YAIAN2015.B01003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/01/08/2024-00109/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of">"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. January 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Indian+Entities+Recognized+by+and+Eligible+To+Receive+Services+From+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2024%2F01%2F08%2F2024-00109%2Findian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen191545-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191545_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191545_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1915">Green 1915</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maschner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maschner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maschner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmesMaschner1999" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Kenneth M.; Maschner, Herbert D. 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Swanton">Swanton, John R.</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/e9f6bc84-6d1e-4129-a30c-f2112d8c0b54">"Contributions to the ethnology of the Haida"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>78<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+ethnology+of+the+Haida&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fitems%2Fe9f6bc84-6d1e-4129-a30c-f2112d8c0b54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedje2005" class="citation book cs1">Fedje, Daryl (2005). <i>Haida Gwaii Human History and Environment</i>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">UBC Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0921-4"><bdi>978-0-7748-0921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haida+Gwaii+Human+History+and+Environment&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0921-4&rft.aulast=Fedje&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedjeMackieMcLarenWigen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fedje, Daryl; Mackie, Quentin; McLaren, Duncan; Wigen, Becky; Southon, John (November 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121004285">"Karst caves in Haida Gwaii: Archaeology and paleontology at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>272</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021QSRv..27207221F">2021QSRv..27207221F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2021.107221">10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Karst+caves+in+Haida+Gwaii%3A+Archaeology+and+paleontology+at+the+Pleistocene-Holocene+transition&rft.volume=272&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2021.107221&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021QSRv..27207221F&rft.aulast=Fedje&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft.au=Mackie%2C+Quentin&rft.au=McLaren%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Wigen%2C+Becky&rft.au=Southon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0277379121004285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moss, M. L. (January 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.1353/arc.0.0002">"Outer Coast Maritime Adaptations in Southern Southeast Alaska: Tlingit or Haida?"</a>. <i>Arctic Anthropology</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Farc.0.0002">10.1353/arc.0.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6939">0066-6939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Outer+Coast+Maritime+Adaptations+in+Southern+Southeast+Alaska%3A+Tlingit+or+Haida%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Farc.0.0002&rft.issn=0066-6939&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.uwpress.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1353%2Farc.0.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">White, Fredericke (2014). <i>Emerging from out of the Margins: Essays on Haida Language, Culture, and History</i>. New York: Peter Lang AG International Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+from+out+of+the+Margins%3A+Essays+on+Haida+Language%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+AG+International+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Fredericke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, George F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havct01e.html">"Canoes and Trade"</a>. <i>The Haida: Children of the Eagle and Raven</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712014458/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havct01e.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haida%3A+Children+of+the+Eagle+and+Raven&rft.atitle=Canoes+and+Trade&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Faborig%2Fhaida%2Fhavct01e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, George F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havwa01e.html">"Warfare"</a>. <i>The Haida: Children of Eagle and Raven</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805100344/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/havwa01e.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haida%3A+Children+of+Eagle+and+Raven&rft.atitle=Warfare&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Faborig%2Fhaida%2Fhavwa01e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalois201823–23-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalois201823–23_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalois2018">Galois 2018</a>, pp. 23–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.wa.gov/legacy/images/newspapers/SL_dir_steilacoompugesounhera/pdf/SL_dir_steilacoompugesounhera_11191858.pdf#page=2">Puget Sound Herald Nov 19, 1858</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113352/http://juneauempire.com/stories/022908/nei_252437545.shtml">"<i>Juneau Empire</i>, February 29, 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juneauempire.com/stories/022908/nei_252437545.shtml">the original</a> on August 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juneau+Empire%2C+February+29%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuneauempire.com%2Fstories%2F022908%2Fnei_252437545.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/Gibson0817/ebey.htm">Beth Gibson, <i>Beheaded Pioneer</i>, Laura Arksey, Columbia, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, Spring, 1988.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bancroft says they were Stikines and makes no mention of the Haida. <a href="//archive.org/details/washidahomont00bancrich" class="extiw" title="iarchive:washidahomont00bancrich"><i>History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana: 1845–1889</i>, p.137</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Hubert Howe Bancroft</a> (1890) This enormous source, photocopied, including p. 137, is more easily accessible online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/washidahomont00bancrich#page/2/mode/2up">[1]</a>, if desired. Retrieved February 21, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist18620326uvic">"Quarantine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Colonist" title="Times Colonist">Daily British Colonist</a></i>. Victoria, BC. March 26, 1862. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haida+Laas&rft.atitle=For+those+of+us+at+Bones+Bay&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haidanation.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2Fjl_mar.09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailycolonist18621020uvic">"Indian Troubles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Colonist" title="Times Colonist">British Colonist</a></i>. Victoria, BC. 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Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1925" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Charles (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0347352"><i>Ancient warriors of the north Pacific : the Haidas, their laws, customs and legends, with some historical account of the Queen Charlotte Islands</i></a>. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0347352">10.14288/1.0347352</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560720099">560720099</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+warriors+of+the+north+Pacific+%3A+the+Haidas%2C+their+laws%2C+customs+and+legends%2C+with+some+historical+account+of+the+Queen+Charlotte+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=H.+F.+%26+G.+Witherby&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560720099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0347352&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fbcbooks%2Fitems%2F1.0347352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen191547-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen191547_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1915">Green 1915</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1891" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Alexander (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptivenotes00mackuoft"><i>Descriptive notes on certain implements weapons, &c., from Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.</i></a> Proceedings and transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Vol. 9. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697716472">697716472</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+notes+on+certain+implements+weapons%2C+%26c.%2C+from+Graham+Island%2C+Queen+Charlotte+Islands%2C+B.C.&rft.place=Montreal&rft.series=Proceedings+and+transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697716472&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptivenotes00mackuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2004100-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2004100_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2004">Jones 2004</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boelscher, M. (2011). The curtain within: Haida social and mythical discourse. UBC Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Blackman, Margaret B. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40315896">"Ethnohistoric Changes in the Haida Potlatch Complex"</a>. <i>Arctic Anthropology</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6939">0066-6939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40315896">40315896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Ethnohistoric+Changes+in+the+Haida+Potlatch+Complex&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40315896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6939&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Margaret+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40315896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollison1916" class="citation book cs1">Collison, W. H. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0347571"><i>In the wake of the war canoe : a stirring record of forty years' successful labour, peril & adventure amongst the savage Indian tribes of the Pacific coast, and the piratical headhunting Haidas of the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.</i></a> Toronto: The Musson Book Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0347571">10.14288/1.0347571</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10036353">10036353</a> – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Library" title="University of British Columbia Library">UBC Library Open Collections</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+wake+of+the+war+canoe+%3A+a+stirring+record+of+forty+years%27+successful+labour%2C+peril+%26+adventure+amongst+the+savage+Indian+tribes+of+the+Pacific+coast%2C+and+the+piratical+headhunting+Haidas+of+the+Queen+Charlotte+Islands%2C+B.C.&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Musson+Book+Company+Limited&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10036353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0347571&rft.aulast=Collison&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fbcbooks%2Fitems%2F1.0347571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonDavidson2018" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Sara Florence; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(artist)" title="Robert Davidson (artist)">Davidson, Robert</a> (2018). <i>Potlatch as pedagogy: Learning through ceremony</i>. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Portage & Main Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55379-774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55379-774-6"><bdi>978-1-55379-774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potlatch+as+pedagogy%3A+Learning+through+ceremony&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba&rft.pub=Portage+%26+Main+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-55379-774-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Sara+Florence&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalois2018" class="citation journal cs1">Galois, Robert (February 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/view/189369">"Gold on Haida Gwaii: The First Prospects, 1849-53"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BC_Studies" title="BC Studies">BC Studies</a></i> (196): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2Fbcs.v0i196.189369">10.14288/bcs.v0i196.189369</a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems" title="Open Journal Systems">Open Journal Systems</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BC+Studies&rft.atitle=Gold+on+Haida+Gwaii%3A+The+First+Prospects%2C+1849-53&rft.issue=196&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2Fbcs.v0i196.189369&rft.aulast=Galois&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.library.ubc.ca%2Findex.php%2Fbcstudies%2Farticle%2Fview%2F189369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1992" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, James (1992). <i>Otter skins, Boston ships, and China goods : the maritime fur trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773582026" title="Special:BookSources/9780773582026"><bdi>9780773582026</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/767671807">767671807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otter+skins%2C+Boston+ships%2C+and+China+goods+%3A+the+maritime+fur+trade+of+the+Northwest+Coast%2C+1785%E2%80%931841&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F767671807&rft.isbn=9780773582026&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1915" class="citation book cs1">Green, Johnathan Smith (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0222597"><i>Journal of a tour on the north west coast of America in the year 1829. Containing a description of a part of Oregon, California and the north west coast and the numbers, manners and customs of the native tribes</i></a>. New York: Chas. Fred. Heartman. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0222597">10.14288/1.0222597</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4993835">4993835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+tour+on+the+north+west+coast+of+America+in+the+year+1829.+Containing+a+description+of+a+part+of+Oregon%2C+California+and+the+north+west+coast+and+the+numbers%2C+manners+and+customs+of+the+native+tribes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chas.+Fred.+Heartman&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4993835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0222597&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fbcbooks%2Fitems%2F1.0222597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2004" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRGtkS3Dj3QC"><i>Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292701700" title="Special:BookSources/9780292701700"><bdi>9780292701700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+North+American+Armor%2C+Shields%2C+and+Fortifications&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780292701700&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRGtkS3Dj3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin2011" class="citation book cs1">Tomalin, Marcus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2020719521/"><i>And he knew our language : missionary linguistics on the Pacific northwest coast</i></a>. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8683-3"><bdi>978-90-272-8683-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020719521">2020719521</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+he+knew+our+language+%3A+missionary+linguistics+on+the+Pacific+northwest+coast&rft.place=Amsterdam+%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020719521&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8683-3&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2020719521%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman1982" class="citation book cs1">Blackman, Margaret B. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/duringmytimeflor0000blac"><i>During my time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson, a Haida woman</i></a></span>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295959436" title="Special:BookSources/9780295959436"><bdi>9780295959436</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148941212">1148941212</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=During+my+time%3A+Florence+Edenshaw+Davidson%2C+a+Haida+woman&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148941212&rft.isbn=9780295959436&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Margaret+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fduringmytimeflor0000blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoelscher1988" class="citation book cs1">Boelscher, Marianne (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJd1AAAAMAAJ"><i>The curtain within: Haida social and mythical discourse</i></a>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">UBC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0311-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-0311-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+curtain+within%3A+Haida+social+and+mythical+discourse&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0311-3&rft.aulast=Boelscher&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJd1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst1999" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Robert (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyassharpaskn0000brin"><i>A Story as Sharp as a Knife: The Classical Haida Mythtellers and Their World</i></a></span>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553658399" title="Special:BookSources/9781553658399"><bdi>9781553658399</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891706336">891706336</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+as+Sharp+as+a+Knife%3A+The+Classical+Haida+Mythtellers+and+Their+World&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891706336&rft.isbn=9781553658399&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryassharpaskn0000brin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollisonJisgang_Nika2018" class="citation cs2">Collison; Jisgang Nika, eds. (2018), <i>Athlii Gwaii - Upholding Haida Law at Lyell Island</i>, Locarno Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780995994669" title="Special:BookSources/9780995994669"><bdi>9780995994669</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athlii+Gwaii+-+Upholding+Haida+Law+at+Lyell+Island&rft.pub=Locarno+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780995994669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowie2017" class="citation cs2">Dowie, Mark (2017), <i>The Haida Gwaii Lesson : A Strategic Playbook for Indigenous Sovereignty</i>, San Francisco: Inkshares, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942645559" title="Special:BookSources/9781942645559"><bdi>9781942645559</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haida+Gwaii+Lesson+%3A+A+Strategic+Playbook+for+Indigenous+Sovereignty&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Inkshares&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781942645559&rft.aulast=Dowie&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1992" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Robin (1992) [1977]. <i>Contact and conflict : Indian-European relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890</i> (2nd ed.). Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">UBC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.59962%2F9780774853903">10.59962/9780774853903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774804004" title="Special:BookSources/9780774804004"><bdi>9780774804004</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27975309">27975309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contact+and+conflict+%3A+Indian-European+relations+in+British+Columbia%2C+1774%E2%80%931890&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27975309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.59962%2F9780774853903&rft.isbn=9780774804004&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2009" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Ian (2009). <i>All That We Say Is Ours: Guujaaw and the Reawakening of the Haida Nation</i>. Madeira Park, BC: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a> (published 2022). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771623322" title="Special:BookSources/9781771623322"><bdi>9781771623322</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285681586">1285681586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+That+We+Say+Is+Ours%3A+Guujaaw+and+the+Reawakening+of+the+Haida+Nation&rft.place=Madeira+Park%2C+BC&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285681586&rft.isbn=9781771623322&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyBouchardGessler" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kennedy, Dorothy; Bouchard, Randy; Gessler, Trisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group">"Haida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haida&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Bouchard%2C+Randy&rft.au=Gessler%2C+Trisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhaida-native-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrmpotichPeers2013" class="citation cs2">Krmpotich, Cara; Peers, Laura (2013), <i>This is our life: Haida material heritage and changing museum practice</i>, Vancouver: UBC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774825405" title="Special:BookSources/9780774825405"><bdi>9780774825405</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+our+life%3A+Haida+material+heritage+and+changing+museum+practice&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780774825405&rft.aulast=Krmpotich&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft.au=Peers%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrmpotich2014" class="citation cs2">Krmpotich, Cara (2014), <i>The force of family: repatriation, kinship, and memory on Haida Gwaii</i>, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442646575" title="Special:BookSources/9781442646575"><bdi>9781442646575</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+force+of+family%3A+repatriation%2C+kinship%2C+and+memory+on+Haida+Gwaii&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442646575&rft.aulast=Krmpotich&rft.aufirst=Cara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2020" class="citation book cs1">May, Elizabeth (2020). <i>Paradise Won: The Struggle to Create Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve</i> (2nd ed.). Victoria: RMB Rocky Mountain Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77160-459-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77160-459-8"><bdi>978-1-77160-459-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Won%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+Gwaii+Haanas+National+Park+Reserve&rft.place=Victoria&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=RMB+Rocky+Mountain+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-77160-459-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Snyder, Gary</a> (1979) <i>He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village.</i> San Francisco: Grey Fox Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1981" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Mary Lee (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haidacultureincu0000stea"><i>Haida culture in custody: the Masset band</i></a></span>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295957630" title="Special:BookSources/9780295957630"><bdi>9780295957630</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haida+culture+in+custody%3A+the+Masset+band&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780295957630&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaidacultureincu0000stea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaillant2005" class="citation cs2">Vaillant, John (2005), <i>The golden spruce: a true story of myth, madness and greed</i>, Toronto: Vintage Canada, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780676976465" title="Special:BookSources/9780676976465"><bdi>9780676976465</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+golden+spruce%3A+a+true+story+of+myth%2C+madness+and+greed&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Vintage+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780676976465&rft.aulast=Vaillant&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Joseph (2018). <i>Shaping the Future on Haida Gwaii: Life Beyond Settler Colonialism</i>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">UBC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3758-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3758-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-3758-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048895933">1048895933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+the+Future+on+Haida+Gwaii%3A+Life+Beyond+Settler+Colonialism&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048895933&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3758-3&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaida+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yahgulanaas, Michael Nicoll (2008), <i>Flight of the Hummingbird</i>, Vancouver; Greystone Books. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haidanation.ca/">Council of Haida Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccthita.org/">Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/haida-native-group">Haida</a> entry in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest305" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald Point Site">Bald Point Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave" title="Fort Rock Cave">Fort Rock Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1%C3%A1:ytem" title="X̱á:ytem">X̱á:ytem</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Paiute writer Sarah Winnemucca"><img alt="Northern Paiute writer Sarah Winnemucca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/75px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/113px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg/150px-Sarah_Winnemucca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnicities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_people" title="Coeur d'Alene people">Coeur d' Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakelh" title="Dakelh">Dakelh (Carrier)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan" title="Gitxsan">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_people" title="Haisla people">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk" title="Heiltsuk">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuya" title="Kalapuya">Kalapuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai (Ktunaxa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makah" title="Makah">Makah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methow_people" title="Methow people">Methow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molala" title="Molala">Molala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukan_people" title="Naukan people">Naukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_people" title="Nicola people">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux">Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk (Bella Coola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quileute" title="Quileute">Quileute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secw%C3%A9pemc" title="Secwépemc">Secwépemc (Shuswap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt (Lake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%CA%BCat%CA%BCimc" title="Stʼatʼimc">Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syilx" title="Syilx">Syilx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan" title="Tahltan">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma" title="Takelma">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_people" title="Tillamook people">Tillamook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut" title="Tsetsaut">Tsetsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin" title="Tsilhqotʼin">Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatilla_people" title="Umatilla people">Umatilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_people" title="Walla Walla people">Walla Walla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv" title="Wuikinuxv">Wuikinuxv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Garry" title="Spokane Garry">Spokane Garry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Kamiakin" title="Chief Kamiakin">Chief Kamiakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Moses" title="Chief Moses">Chief Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Miner_Peterson" title="Annie Miner Peterson">Annie Miner Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquelle_Thompson" title="Coquelle Thompson">Coquelle Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy%27L_He-dow_Teton" title="Randy'L He-dow Teton">Randy'L He-dow Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(Okanagan_leader)" title="Nicola (Okanagan leader)">Chief Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquinna" title="Maquinna">Maquinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comcomly" title="Comcomly">Chief Concomly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickaninnish" title="Wickaninnish">Wickaninnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa" title="Cumshewa">Cumshewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Gunanoot" title="Simon Gunanoot">Simon Gunanoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumach" title="Slumach">Slumach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Sealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leschi_(Nisqually)" title="Leschi (Nisqually)">Leschi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Tonasket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Tonasket (page does not exist)">Chief Tonasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Jack_Khatsahlano" title="August Jack Khatsahlano">August Jack Khatsahlano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Capilano" title="Joe Capilano">Joe Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Nahanee" title="Harriet Nahanee">Harriet Nahanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_York" title="Annie York">Annie York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Dan_George" title="Chief Dan George">Chief Dan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Reid" title="Bill Reid">Bill Reid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celilo_Falls" title="Celilo Falls">Celilo Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Rapids" title="Cascades Rapids">Cascades Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Falls" title="Kettle Falls">Kettle Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwash_Rock" title="Siwash Rock">Siwash Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Memorial_Lava_Bed_Provincial_Park" title="Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park">Tseax Lava Bed Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skedans" title="Skedans">Skedans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninstints" title="Ninstints">Ninstints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa,_British_Columbia" title="Cumshewa, British Columbia">Cumshewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Massett" title="Old Massett">Old Massett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidegate" title="Skidegate">Skidegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alert_Bay" title="Alert Bay">'Yalis (Alert Bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lax_Kw%27alaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Lax Kw'alaams">Lax Kw'alaams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lax_Ksiluux" title="Lax Ksiluux">Lax Ksiluux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ksan" title="'Ksan">'Ksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ging%CC%B1olx" title="Ging̱olx">Ging̱olx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitwanga" title="Kitwanga">Kitwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%B1wemelch%27stn" title="X̱wemelch'stn">X̱wemelch'stn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiix-in" title="Kiix-in">Kiix-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquot" title="Yuquot">Yuquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opitsaht" title="Opitsaht">Opitsaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_House" title="Old Man House">Old Man House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#Pacific_Northwest–Great_Basin" title="American Indian Wars">Armed conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_War" title="Fraser Canyon War">Fraser Canyon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_War" title="Chilcotin War">Chilcotin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonquin_(1807_ship)" title="Tonquin (1807 ship)"><i>Tonquin</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Nicola#Nicola's_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Nicola">Nicola's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Washington" title="United States v. Washington">Boldt Decision</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sohappy_v._Smith" title="Sohappy v. Smith">Sohappy v. Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delgamuukw_v_British_Columbia" title="Delgamuukw v British Columbia">Delgamuukw v British Columbia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Final_Agreement" title="Nisga'a Final Agreement">Nisga'a Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_claim" title="Land claim">Land claims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Gods_(land_bridge)" title="Bridge of the Gods (land bridge)">Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Oregon" title="List of Indian reservations in Oregon">Reservations in Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Raven Tales">Raven Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_British_Columbia_First_Nations_in_British_Columbia651" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ecc3bb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="Template:First Nations in British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:First Nations in British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nations in British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_British_Columbia_First_Nations_in_British_Columbia651" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of British Columbia"><img alt="Flag of British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/25px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/38px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/50px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_British_Columbia" title="First Nations in British Columbia">First Nations in British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Northwest Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakelh" title="Dakelh">Dakelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani" title="Sekani">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in">Tsilhqot'in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Hul'qumi'num</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Klallam">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27omoks" class="mw-redirect" title="K'omoks">K'ómoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam">Musqueam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux">Nlaka'pamux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk" title="Nuxalk">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scw%27exmx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scw'exmx">Scw'exmx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secwepemc" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemc">Secwépemc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_people" title="Semiahmoo people">SEMYOME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishalh">Shishá7lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Skwxwú7mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%27at%27imc" class="mw-redirect" title="St'at'imc">St'at'imc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3:l%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Stó:lō">Stó:lō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_people" title="Saanich people">W̱SÁNEĆ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan" title="Gitxsan">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_First_Nation" title="Ditidaht First Nation">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_people" title="Haisla people">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw">Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laich-kwil-tach" title="Laich-kwil-tach">Laich-kwil-tach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk" title="Heiltsuk">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nuučaan̓uł</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv" title="Wuikinuxv">Wuikinuxv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa">Ktunaxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Treaties</a> and land claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Treaties" title="Douglas Treaties">Douglas Treaties</a> <small>(1850-1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Final_Agreement" title="Nisga'a Final Agreement">Nisga'a</a> <small>(1998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_First_Nations_treaties_in_British_Columbia" title="Status of First Nations treaties in British Columbia">Modern treaty process</a> <small>(ongoing)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Chilcotin_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council">Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Williams_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Williams Lake, British Columbia">Williams Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kluskus_First_Nation" title="Kluskus First Nation">Lhoosk'uz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bluff_First_Nation" title="Red Bluff First Nation">Lhtako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%CA%BCesqox_First_Nation" title="Tlʼesqox First Nation">Tlʼesqox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulkatcho_First_Nation" title="Ulkatcho First Nation">Ulkatcho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carrier-Sekani_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council">Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia" title="Prince George, British Columbia">Prince George</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadleh_Whuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadleh Whuten">Nadleh Whuten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saik%27uz_First_Nation" title="Saik'uz First Nation">Saik'uz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellat%27en_First_Nation" title="Stellat'en First Nation">Stellat'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takla_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Takla Nation">Takla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%27azt%27en_Nation" title="Tl'azt'en Nation">Tl'azt'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27il_Kaz_Koh_First_Nation" title="Ts'il Kaz Koh First Nation">Ts'il Kaz Koh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet%27suwet%27en_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet'suwet'en First Nation">Wet'suwet'en</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitksan_Tribal_Services_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitksan Tribal Services Society (page does not exist)">Gitksan Tribal Services Society</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hazelton,_British_Columbia" title="Hazelton, British Columbia">Hazelton</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitanmaax_Band" title="Gitanmaax Band">Gitanmaax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanyow_First_Nation" title="Gitanyow First Nation">Gitanyow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Vowell_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Vowell Indian Band">Glen Vowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kispiox_Band_Council" title="Kispiox Band Council">Kispiox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Council of the Haida Nation</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Masset,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masset, British Columbia">Masset</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Massett_Village_Council" title="Old Massett Village Council">Old Massett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidegate_Band_Council" title="Skidegate Band Council">Skidegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaska_Dena_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaska Dena Council">Kaska Dena Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Post,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Post, British Columbia">Lower Post</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daylu_Dena_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daylu Dena Council (page does not exist)">Daylu Dena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dease_River_First_Nation" title="Dease River First Nation">Dease River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwadacha_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwadacha Nation (page does not exist)">Kwadacha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa_Nation" title="Ktunaxa Nation">Ktunaxa Nation Council Society</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Cranbrook,_British_Columbia" title="Cranbrook, British Columbia">Cranbrook</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%3FAkisq%27nuk_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="?Akisq'nuk First Nation">?Akisq'nuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_First_Nation" title="St. Mary's First Nation">?aqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kootenay_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Kootenay First Nation">Lower Kootenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Plains_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco Plains First Nation">Tobacco Plains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl_District_Council" title="Kwakiutl District Council">Kwakiutl District Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia" title="Campbell River, British Columbia">Campbell River</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell River First Nation">Campbell River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mudge_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Mudge First Nation">Cape Mudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27naxda%27xw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'naxda'xw First Nation">Da'naxda'xw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwa%27Sala-Nakwaxda%27xw_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw Nations (page does not exist)">Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27%C3%B3moks_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="K'ómoks First Nation">K'ómoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl_First_Nation" title="Kwakiutl First Nation">Kwakiutl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwiakah_First_Nation" title="Kwiakah First Nation">Kwiakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamalilikulla-Qwe%CA%BCQwa%CA%BCSot%CA%BCEm_Band" title="Mamalilikulla-QweʼQwaʼSotʼEm Band">Mamalilikulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatlasikwala_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlatlasikwala First Nation">Tlatlasikwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_Tribal_Council" title="Lillooet Tribal Council">Lillooet Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lillooet,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillooet, British Columbia">Lillooet</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_River_Indian_Band" title="Bridge River Indian Band">Bridge River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoose_Creek_First_Nation" title="Cayoose Creek First Nation">Cayoose Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27it%27q%27et_First_Nation" title="T'it'q'et First Nation">T'it'q'et</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27kw%27aylaxw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation">Ts'kw'aylaxw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalalth" title="Shalalth">Tsal'alh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaxli%27p_First_Nation" title="Xaxli'p First Nation">Xaxli'p</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_St%27atl%27imx_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower St'atl'imx Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Lower St'atl'imx Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pemberton,_British_Columbia" title="Pemberton, British Columbia">Pemberton</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_First_Nation" title="Douglas First Nation">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil%27wat_First_Nation" title="Lil'wat First Nation">Lil'wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Quatqua_First_Nation" title="N'Quatqua First Nation">N'Quatqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahquam_First_Nation" title="Samahquam First Nation">Samahquam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatin_First_Nations" title="Skatin First Nations">Skatin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musgamagw_Dzawada%27enuxw_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia" title="Campbell River, British Columbia">Campbell River</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzawada%27enuxw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzawada'enuxw First Nation">Dzawada'enuxw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwawaenuk_Tribe" title="Gwawaenuk Tribe">Gwawaenuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwasut%27inuxw_Haxwa%27mis_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis First Nation">Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naut%27sa_Mawt_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council">Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halalt_First_Nation" title="Halalt First Nation">Halalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalco_First_Nation" title="Homalco First Nation">Homalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klahoose_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Klahoose First Nation">Klahoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_First_Nation" title="Malahat First Nation">Malahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose_First_Nation" title="Nanoose First Nation">Nanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation" title="Snuneymuxw First Nation">Snuneymuxw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stz%27uminus_First_Nation" title="Stz'uminus First Nation">Stz'uminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'Sou-ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla%27amin_Nation" title="Tla'amin Nation">Tla'amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil-Waututh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisga'a Nation">Nisga'a Nation</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Gitlaxt%27aamiks" title="Gitlaxt'aamiks">Gitlax̱t'aamiks</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gingolx" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingolx">Ging̱olx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitlaxt%27aamiks" title="Gitlaxt'aamiks">Gitlax̱t'aamiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitwinksihlkw" title="Gitwinksihlkw">Gitwinksihlkw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxgalts%27ap" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxgalts'ap">Lax̱g̱alts’ap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux_Nation_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council">Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lytton,_British_Columbia" title="Lytton, British Columbia">Lytton</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boothroyd_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boothroyd First Nation">Boothroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bar_First_Nation" title="Boston Bar First Nation">Boston Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_First_Nation" title="Lytton First Nation">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Jack_Creek_Band" title="Oregon Jack Creek Band">Oregon Jack Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skuppah_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Skuppah First Nation">Skuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuzzum_First_Nation" title="Spuzzum First Nation">Spuzzum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Shuswap_Tribal_Council_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Shuswap Tribal Council Society (page does not exist)">Northern Shuswap Tribal Council Society</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Williams_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Williams Lake, British Columbia">Williams Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canim_Lake_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canim Lake First Nation">Canim Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_Creek" title="Soda Creek">Soda Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Creek_Band/Dog_Creek_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe Creek Band/Dog Creek Indian Band">Stswecem'c Xgat'tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Lake_First_Nation" title="Williams Lake First Nation">Williams Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_Tribal_Council" title="Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council">Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Port_Alberni,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Alberni, British Columbia">Port Alberni</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahousaht_First_Nation" title="Ahousaht First Nation">Ahousaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_First_Nation" title="Ditidaht First Nation">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehattesaht_First_Nation" title="Ehattesaht First Nation">Ehattesaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesquiaht_First_Nation" title="Hesquiaht First Nation">Hesquiaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupacasath_First_Nation" title="Hupacasath First Nation">Hupacasath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huu-ay-aht_First_Nations" title="Huu-ay-aht First Nations">Huu-ay-aht</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowachaht/Muchalaht_First_Nations" title="Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations">Mowachaht/Muchalaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchatlaht_First_Nation" title="Nuchatlaht First Nation">Nuchatlaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tla-o-qui-aht_First_Nations" title="Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations">Tla-o-qui-aht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquaht_First_Nation" title="Toquaht First Nation">Toquaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseshaht_First_Nation" title="Tseshaht First Nation">Tseshaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchucklesaht_First_Nation" title="Uchucklesaht First Nation">Uchucklesaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucluelet_First_Nation" title="Ucluelet First Nation">Ucluelet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Nation_Alliance" title="Okanagan Nation Alliance">Okanagan Nation Alliance</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Westbank,_British_Columbia" title="Westbank, British Columbia">Westbank</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Similkameen_Indian_Band" title="Lower Similkameen Indian Band">Lower Similkameen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Indian_Band" title="Okanagan Indian Band">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osoyoos_Indian_Band" title="Osoyoos Indian Band">Osoyoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penticton_Indian_Band" title="Penticton Indian Band">Penticton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Similkameen_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Similkameen First Nation">Upper Similkameen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbank_First_Nation" title="Westbank First Nation">Westbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Tribal_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Tribal Association">Scw'exmx Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Merritt,_British_Columbia" title="Merritt, British Columbia">Merritt</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coldwater First Nation">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook%27s_Ferry_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook's Ferry First Nation">Cook's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomen_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicomen First Nation">Nicomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooaitch_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nooaitch First Nation">Nooaitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackan_First_Nation" title="Shackan First Nation">Shackan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siska_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Siska First Nation">Siska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Nicola_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Nicola First Nation (page does not exist)">Upper Nicola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_Nation_Tribal_Council" title="Shuswap Nation Tribal Council">Shuswap Nation Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kamloops,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamloops, British Columbia">Kamloops</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Lake_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams Lake First Nation">Adams Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonaparte First Nation">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neskonlith_Indian_Band" title="Neskonlith Indian Band">Neskonlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_Indian_Band" title="Shuswap Indian Band">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpcw_First_Nation" title="Simpcw First Nation">Simpcw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeetchestn_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeetchestn First Nation">Skeetchestn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderby,_British_Columbia#Splatsin_Band" title="Enderby, British Columbia">Splatsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamloops Indian Band">Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whispering_Pines/Clinton_Indian_Band" title="Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian Band">Whispering Pines/Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sto:lo_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo Nation">Sto:lo Nation</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chilliwack,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilliwack, British Columbia">Chilliwack</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitchelitz_First_Nation" title="Aitchelitz First Nation">Aitchelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leq%27_a:_mel_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Leq' a: mel First Nation">Leq' a: mel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui_First_Nation" title="Matsqui First Nation">Matsqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum_First_Nation" title="Popkum First Nation">Popkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skway_First_Nation" title="Skway First Nation">Shxwhá:y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skawahlook_First_Nation" title="Skawahlook First Nation">Skawahlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skowkale_First_Nation" title="Skowkale First Nation">Skowkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiala_First_Nation" title="Squiala First Nation">Squiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumas_First_Nation" title="Sumas First Nation">Sumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeachten_First_Nation" title="Tzeachten First Nation">Tzeachten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakweakwioose_First_Nation" title="Yakweakwioose First Nation">Yakweakwioose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sto:lo_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo Tribal Council">Sto:lo Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Agassiz,_British_Columbia" title="Agassiz, British Columbia">Agassiz</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawathil_First_Nation" title="Chawathil First Nation">Chawathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheam_First_Nation" title="Cheam First Nation">Cheam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_First_Nation" title="Kwantlen First Nation">Kwantlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt_First_Nation" title="Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation">Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_Island_First_Nation" title="Seabird Island First Nation">Seabird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shxw%27ow%27hamel_First_Nation" title="Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation">Shxw'ow'hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soowahlie_First_Nation" title="Soowahlie First Nation">Soowahlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sq%27%C3%A9wlets_First_Nation" title="Sq'éwlets First Nation">Sq'éwlets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Te%27mexw_Treaty_Association" title="Te'mexw Treaty Association">Te'mexw Treaty Association</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scia%27new_First_Nation" title="Scia'new First Nation">Scia'new</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahat_First_Nation" title="Malahat First Nation">Malahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoose_First_Nation" title="Nanoose First Nation">Nanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_First_Nation" title="Songhees First Nation">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_Nation" title="T'Sou-ke Nation">T'Sou-ke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8_Tribal_Association" title="Treaty 8 Tribal Association">Treaty 8 Tribal Association</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doig_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doig River First Nation">Doig River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Nelson First Nation">Fort Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_River_First_Nation" title="Halfway River First Nation">Halfway River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet River First Nation">Prophet River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteau_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteau First Nations">Saulteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Moberly_First_Nations" title="West Moberly First Nations">West Moberly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in National Government">Tsilhqot'in National Government</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Williams_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Williams Lake, British Columbia">Williams Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%3FEsdilagh_First_Nation" title="?Esdilagh First Nation">?Esdilagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%27etinqox-t%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tl'etinqox-t'in">Tl'etinqox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%9Dideldel_First_Nation" title="Tŝideldel First Nation">Tŝideldel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeni_Gwet%27in_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeni Gwet'in First Nation">Xeni Gwet'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunesit%27in_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunesit'in First Nation">Yunesit'in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk_Tribal_Council" title="Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council">Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Coola, British Columbia">Bella Coola</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitasoo/Xaixais_First_Nation" title="Kitasoo/Xaixais First Nation">Kitasoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_Nation" title="Nuxalk Nation">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuikinuxv_Nation" title="Wuikinuxv Nation">Wuikinuxv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_Indian_Band" title="Ashcroft Indian Band">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheslatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheslatta (page does not exist)">Cheslatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esk%27etemc_First_Nation" title="Esk'etemc First Nation">Esk'etemc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitxaala" title="Gitxaala">Gitxaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitga%27at_First_Nation" title="Gitga'at First Nation">Gitga'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_Nation" title="Haisla Nation">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bar_First_Nation" title="High Bar First Nation">High Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskut_First_Nation" title="Iskut First Nation">Iskut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Katzie">Katzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitselas" title="Kitselas">Kitselas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsumkalum" title="Kitsumkalum">Kitsumkalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwikwetlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwikwetlem">Kwikwetlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lax-kw%27alaams_First_Nation" title="Lax-kw'alaams First Nation">Lax Kw'alaams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McLeod_Lake_First_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McLeod Lake First Nation (page does not exist)">McLeod Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metlakatla_First_Nation" title="Metlakatla First Nation">Metlakatla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musqueam" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam">Musqueam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazko_First_Nation" title="Nazko First Nation">Nazko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nee-Tahi-Buhn_Band" title="Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band">Nee-Tahi-Buhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nak%27azdli_Whut%27en" class="mw-redirect" title="Nak'azdli Whut'en">Nak'azdli Whut'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Peters Band">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_First_Nation" title="Semiahmoo First Nation">Semiahmoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_Tyee_First_Nation" title="Skin Tyee First Nation">Skin Tyee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwah_First_Nation" title="Skwah First Nation">Skwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skwlax_te_Secwepemculecw" title="Skwlax te Secwepemculecw">Skwlax te Secwepemculecw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_Nation" title="Squamish Nation">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sts%27ailes_Nation" title="Sts'ailes Nation">Sts'ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_First_Nation" title="Tahltan First Nation">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taku_River_Tlingit" class="mw-redirect" title="Taku River Tlingit">Taku River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsay_Keh_Dene_First_Nation" title="Tsay Keh Dene First Nation">Tsay Keh Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Bar_First_Nation" title="Union Bar First Nation">Union Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witset_First_Nation" title="Witset First Nation">Witset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_First_Nation" title="Yale First Nation">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_British_Columbia" title="List of Indian reserves in British Columbia">List of Indian reserves in British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in British Columbia">Métis in British Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_Alaska_(Tribal_entities)157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Alaska" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Alaska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Alaska" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Alaska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Alaska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Alaska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Alaska_(Tribal_entities)157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Indigenous peoples of Alaska</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Tribal entities</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Athabaskans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna" title="Ahtna">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Hit%CA%BCan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deg Hitʼan">Deg Hitʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina" title="Denaʼina">Denaʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin" title="Gwichʼin">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n" title="Hän">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk" title="Holikachuk">Holikachuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon" title="Koyukon">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanana_Athabaskans" title="Tanana Athabaskans">Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_people" title="Upper Kuskokwim people">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq–Sugpiaq</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%CA%BCik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yupʼik">Central Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyak people">Eyak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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