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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of government of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/120px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/180px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/240px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="431" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Great Seal of the Irish Free State">Great Seal of the Irish Free State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a>, upon the nomination of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1937</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Uachtarán ar Ard-Chomhairle Shaorstát Éireann</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> which existed from 1922 to 1937. He was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council of the Irish Free State</a>, the Free State's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>. The president was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">governor-general</a>, upon the nomination of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a> (the lower house of parliament) and had to enjoy the confidence of the Dáil to remain in office. The office was succeeded by that of <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">taoiseach</a>, though subsequent Taoisigh are numbered from the first president of the Executive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointment">Appointment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president of the Executive Council was nominated by the Dáil and then formally appointed by the governor-general, though the governor-general was bound by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> to honour the Dáil's choice. </p><p>On paper, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> was vested in the governor-general, with the Executive Council empowered to "aide and advise" him. However, it also stipulated that the governor-general could only exercise his powers in accordance with constitutional practice established in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Thus, the governor-general was required to exercise his powers on the advice of the Executive Council, making the president of the council the Free State's <i>de facto</i> political leader. </p><p>Once he had appointed the president, the governor-general appointed the remaining members of the Executive Council on the president's nomination. The president had the freedom to choose any <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">vice-president</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">deputy prime minister</a>) he wished from among the members of the Dáil, but the remainder of the cabinet had to be approved by a vote of consent in the Dáil before they could assume office. If he ceased to "retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann," the president, along with his cabinet, was obliged to resign, but could continue to serve as acting president until the appointment of a successor. </p><p>The method of appointment of the president of the Executive Council was through a commission of the monarch or governor-general, either the leader of the party with a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament or, if no party commanded an absolute majority, whichever leader he believed would be best able to avoid a vote of no confidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers">Powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of the president of the Executive Council was less powerful than either its modern equivalent, the office of <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">taoiseach</a>, or the offices of most modern prime ministers in nations that follow the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government. In particular, the powers of the president were subject to two important limitations: </p> <ul><li>He could not advise the governor-ceneral to dismiss a minister. Rather, the Executive Council had to be disbanded and reformed as a whole in order to replace a single minister.</li> <li>He could not request a dissolution of parliament on his own initiative. This could only be done by the Executive Council acting collectively.</li></ul> <p>The result of these restrictions was, according to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Farrell_(broadcaster)" title="Brian Farrell (broadcaster)">Brian Farrell</a>, that the president of the Executive Council was closer to being the Executive Council's chairman or presiding officer, than its dominant leader. Nonetheless a strong president could exercise authority beyond the limits laid down in the 1922 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president's weak position arose from the fact that the status of his office was modelled on that of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister of the United Kingdom</a> before 1918. Until 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Powers of the prime minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister's powers</a> had been theoretically quite limited and, as a member of the cabinet, the office-holder was regarded strictly as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/First_among_equals" class="mw-redirect" title="First among equals">primus inter pares</a></i></span>. Under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, however, from 1918 onwards, the powers of the office increased, as Lloyd George unilaterally arrogated to himself a number of powers that had previously belonged to the Cabinet collectively, including, most significantly, the right to seek a parliamentary dissolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> removed nearly all of the UK Parliament's authority to legislate for the Irish Free State, which effectively gave the Free State <i>de jure</i> independence. Soon after the Statute's passage, the Free State sought, and was granted, the right to have an Irish minister formally advise the King in the exercise of his powers and functions in the Irish Free State, to the exclusion of British ministers. This had the effect of giving the president of the Executive Council the right to advise the king in his capacity as His Majesty's Irish prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of president of the Executive Council came into being on 6 December 1922 with the establishment of the Irish Free State, replacing the previous offices of <a href="/wiki/President_of_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="President of Dáil Éireann">president of Dáil Éireann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">chairman of the Provisional Government</a>. Only two individuals held the office of president of the Executive Council during its existence: <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>, until 1932, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> thereafter. Under a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">constitutional amendment passed in 1936</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Powers_(Consequential_Provisions)_Act_1937" title="Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937">legislation passed in 1937</a> the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">governor-general</a> was abolished, with most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of his powers being transferred to the Executive Council. At the same time, the president of the Executive Council ceased to be formally appointed by the governor-general, thenceforth simply being elected by the Dáil. </p><p>The Irish Free State was reconstituted as '<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>' on 29 December 1937, when the present-day <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> came into effect. The new Constitution abolished the office of president of the Executive Council, replacing it with that of <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">taoiseach</a> (prime minister – literally meaning "Chieftain" or "Leader"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The Taoiseach occupies a more powerful position than the president of the Executive Council did and has authority both to dismiss ministers individually and to request a dissolution of parliament on his own initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officeholders">Officeholders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Officeholders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(birth–death)</span> </th> <th colspan="3">Term of office </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Political party </th> <th rowspan="2">Elected </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg/60px-William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg/90px-William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg/120px-William_Thomas_Cosgrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="4406" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1880–1965)</span> </td> <td>6 December 1922 </td> <td>9 March 1932 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003338100000000000♠"></span>9 years, 94 days </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA;" data-sort-value="Cumann na nGaedheal"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal">Cumann na nGaedheal</a> </td> <td>5 terms </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg/60px-Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg/90px-Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg/120px-Eamon_de_Valera_c_1922-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1975)</span> </td> <td>9 March 1932 </td> <td>29 December 1937 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003212100000000000♠"></span>5 years, 295 days </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #66BB66;" data-sort-value="Fianna Fáil"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td>3 terms </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><i>Position replaced by <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> in December 1937</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_heads_of_government_since_1919" title="Irish heads of government since 1919">Irish heads of government since 1919</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Brian Farrell, <i>Chairman or chief? : the role of Taoiseach in Irish government</i>, 1971.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-of-the-taoiseach/">"Taoiseach Website (FAQ)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018195802/https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-of-the-taoiseach/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taoiseach+Website+%28FAQ%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ie%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fdepartment-of-the-taoiseach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Executive+Council+of+the+Irish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Free_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_Free_State" title="Template:Irish Free State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_Free_State" title="Template talk:Irish Free State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_Free_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish Free State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_Free_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Great Seal of the Irish Free State">Great Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extern_minister" title="Extern minister">Extern minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_and_Secretaries_Acts" title="Ministers and Secretaries Acts">Ministers and Secretaries Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/150px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/225px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/300px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad Éireann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent (Ireland)">Royal Assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General%27s_Address_to_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann">Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Supreme Court of the Irish Free State">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of the Irish Free State">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924" title="Courts of Justice Act 1924">Courts of Justice Act 1924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1927_Irish_general_election" title="September 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Irish_general_election" title="1933 Irish general election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Irish_general_election" title="1937 Irish general election">1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Seanad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Seanad_election" title="1925 Seanad election">1925</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Powers_(Consequential_Provisions)_Act_1937" title="Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937">Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">Chairman of the Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland">Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taoisigh_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Ireland" title="Template:Heads of government of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Heads of government of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taoisigh_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoisigh of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Costello" title="John A. Costello">John A. Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Jack Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Cosgrave" title="Liam Cosgrave">Liam Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Cowen" title="Brian Cowen">Brian Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enda_Kenny" title="Enda Kenny">Enda Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Previous_offices_under_earlier_constitutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Previous offices under earlier constitutions</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the Executive Council</a> (1922–37)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">Chairman of the Provisional Government</a> (1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="President of Dáil Éireann">President of Dáil Éireann</a> or <br />President of the Irish Republic (1919–22)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Titles_used_for_heads_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Template:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Template talk:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Titles_used_for_heads_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Titles used for <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">heads of government</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(head_of_government)" title="Chief executive (head of government)">Chief executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">Chief minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> (collective head of government)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">Minister-president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">President of the Executive Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_government" title="President of the government">President of the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Elder_of_Estonia" title="State Elder of Estonia">State Elder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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