CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e883f77f8af8fc',cH: 'BXH8ySzMt2f4hVtGUq.9rvAuOotNCpCv36sOtA5lqAs-1741669512-1.2.1.1-m9qpJU1HeV51xyHNWjungOboXMxEBRTEW5_tKysBVSjzY1ved9hULkr0GDD.Ko3p',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dapped-end%20beams&page=16&__cf_chl_tk=QSIBFW6iVGSNWXwEiwsnd3CUs2rNJwX_KmpymGGjXak-1741669512-1.0.1.1-oWeYTAdBWeISyO7h3Ex6LFbsYSADyMYH7osaQL9hITs",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741669512',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dapped-end%20beams&page=16&__cf_chl_f_tk=QSIBFW6iVGSNWXwEiwsnd3CUs2rNJwX_KmpymGGjXak-1741669512-1.0.1.1-oWeYTAdBWeISyO7h3Ex6LFbsYSADyMYH7osaQL9hITs",md: "pVGUQR3onwgz6GOO7bijJOMBC9Nr5qNa3QTWctCUJ9g-1741669512-1.2.1.1-YDhUKQkRfEehm_3VMvpwbmDuRfgpWkGZq9EsHbE7hBOZPUAccA8nBNuQSkmKaKdwbdlcIREkRo4NbSyn2sct6eijR8RQkmweV4d_CVxIFVSbqSeVlvPiNJx4M4luk46Uv26S0tsid8_ezsuDuQHa6YHPbEDiIUrQjIZ1C1zXBt5Rh6zqjLc6dR00gxXZ9l47Ocj23e1HRav7sUsU6IrkiWh3MswHjnF0T0g_itkQ__lucc7_sWlCgQMKbL9TESHa9pvIskzlp2uGpWXpW6SDopkbG8wU9b1FRzJs4wIusMzLcr6nQPvY_9xQ2PnHFG2J8N3c5bBEPDuZvkePj.3Rd_CwRp_m0P2Gl90WP8WiKXWxxXzhSiQg.NAUjuD.1rNNiL832V_Zla_9XeGDOJ7LlUOqCAfNYB2o8KJysE2Mze8C04oeVVGv9_QsXregcPYXOfTJHikJiMBsmAw0TzpuGfVJlhD_XG9fgqf5ILDIFndTBu4ww3iWLmF2ahyzLTksgRlSNG878yWsXLGgLP5zVnVk_RA93PZttQzUF9F0q5MuuIyjIFMr3sQRGGz9QhrjOLy8rWybwug_6nsCyTxZfWqvzvMZVsU_ja6EDD6M_O5bSYDriCxXNVPSDdQ1915jBN9hmAuAttC1yjmuluxhj_esxP4tonbH_luwPOG3Ey20Dr0Fb8R85EbZZnhxuopT6ZB.GbeH8ymbnyoUeaG5jMnzqjWCSAOMSRWywkDIzJd3BuDnIA4EGkSTNZyJ1RpSM.bfHa3s.NxZnBOwUCfTwMMa6EbSBHKSYcrigKsrI6BOGKmwZTLQRZN5SuCbvG9HY_y67_ah1GVuunJRmZGktTbC_hzyKylsivKwBxWW0aq8WrcJoun6uUTmcgVbnz2pKa05qaCEXb.xFowyiNB4vNTrKiMO54rJ0ktvUFz.yz1X.AZlFnk49U3Ud2Yyii_EK_tafdkuMlqlO59e94XD.yk708g9tCbcufc41LHZaXyBJHztet_JRmhX9h.jQajUDCH8qGC7aBUMyOGu3BSlDZe4K_0eG6q5C08wuaOMoKlHohE5JsNz4hlCiK5PpG5bxiAgQLTDPJlEgZ2BP1gn41CTIP_gjwl_xaxickguSstgAYU5wupWK0eqlBYWhWDHRlWBW_tozuBY8T__kib0oUqzPeJhWJsKhQVt6MjC1JJMV2w2dpNXuOKO_80VSreXYjbkZWJdg1zylPUrZPzX.APay6rwXZJTunhOdIlvytN_W4HHXUl_ti9vGQy8dvhIW03KNqcHRIR.7Vv.J5OvMpF3YVCDs8jZKGHyczapMlg",mdrd: "VJFbhyIMFbdrpAhfb.H7DVhukjLLjzHE7.H_cY6f_i8-1741669512-1.2.1.1-Jc2TgYQ7pXVM_GlVDN0Z3E0ppQJdaP33f7NGfCFWnNaPOdbtPhpyJ.ZvFcK4MpfgUwb0LF_B5LnrvQQ9bbZfTcj_8e_1NuqpcgkKTXdQU7E399LxrcUL1JwJ5zxZVLc6X5xgLjnLsUiFdLC4dmdgCAhBssA1AWiwE.oIsnUDm3JWjMNF0FBxULCoAuOvUtfhSab.bPasQ01I1vLVoMO34kQ1TVcBh.yaz0DP8s.bnSVZ.6EnMpyyDELWYye8yxWwdutSSY4OZZngjgXOaALxQNHlgNM00WdvYSeSvvmDUtnam7F_1MJlyYpEVUGrVPrxqryg8mPO1HQrPUmcMq6Cf2J.xSOTKt4U8Dr6DCCnW75.e9T3pcWef9ULfUAFaoyAemP.LUG.a9x43Cl52GmGCy00K.xBNx78.pSX8uZQOVOM6NMbShoLXbXa56q_Xm3jcUTICwVbqXHHlcG0IPGLSjqEvtH6yY1MT3vsC9JZyI9.6Wh3RJyVuQ7KjXTlqZGjUWyqyv4Tlffm5yPqYnAywU6TYKFiHJKmW7IXIcDyEnmaOw_G08vE.vSRwjQ1V0RUjUthMpJJYbPMGxrp5shwdVFgibSaLmBXd86Tg7r6GZp8FvdFXh9iz20N9FtkrkjpMTFVobW2brviHkXlBBXFj71ISTwI9iLXRQThlPyiAMEZ0l91xndYeHJ7WijA0AfOqZZcf68Zo6bdOhufA1NbAw.oqHQrvaimfIQfghEDRh40P835.fF54B9r6DwIpgjZzrjDvRt71vFIRo_Isj80GxmCwZIj50BqHLWMQBKMK5wAAfU9AfwXIIvNtyZ.mqgqILQ8_2LtnIhI5d2BA1ACwk09wx3wlWDW7k7TuTY_FTzm0p0vcLwqnUdhNyk9okKBCd34xAV7fF_BDzhLmdmLSmTse_hxx_iZg2sFh7jd8t5Jewl4pANu60cqs58yExmC9ahsQQ0lmmCdiGwpPNiCm4aB.eLEHeKbzeXTxFEucNnHJcO63p9IkC4qwTPOJ1916YxkL0kIk_HKlunNqpYh1PMnMKWXh2bg1WD7tsbC6SXM4VSQu2e7k06C3IR.84cNkqWspe9I_jLnFA5908nMO2VpJDY7.hNn8QcvLJNCJVAYGXKRJ8fOv_SUQdmo38r8iaqsD8wvb7TARqvvQ2HcFaqA8.4Hq8GL.wVXlNbcv0v5TDDWvx0DS9FbL_LAOqz.qS2ugN_EXLuJFxu.00TCwGFPhxOlDCn6I.LIEZMQcL5EbBgkqWeH7WVg65WBCxrr3Yb.Kz_jkisp.T2BhqmA3L8O6J6rANxOgZAfV63ovCfx2lEt4EmxY06WAXyqMGr_gEGyK.D0cau2ufHTCfCUqM0i2CN_0fCM1DDHRvNIOr41SdjFzyUtREaDYcQ6JA7uLPinpgJjJYxtIfH3qdMCioQI5XUXWhWld5KuNtiUvywSGDCOg74c4WKPB7x7xkFrCMlS4Id2wQNhx510oOMfQy2wMwxN79abGHEzD2k80i0HYPTAst78eTAVdIQ.otSKqyOmhtaeL8_daWn5BsHXlyMp20RYXkj5qz2.EQsLwKzUtkiXgqlaXHAe1eWXETwoA0F0q2eO3JOI7mORfhjZ13y8rzwnUau4lHTD1BR9YAxMy1n9qbrPn7XCsVdLjhzj3QAY5XC7y8G6IiaIi_nZpy.iwRa6evPHZYamkg7TFAZePl05r9yz4Wv1TECyoQIwhBtoQMhYImsdKFKJFBb9eWZUcErneGlIY6UlwB9VFvv8PGOXkeEyRSlNNdi13wiF0Xmccg8s94yRKa2Aw.M4hBePJZ4Kh4H51OtrZ7giDl0sJvOTl7I1lxBCQj_FFz9OnI6BrOHpyAmUv9IhU1DzyGmtQ7MPjAy15Ucl80dqoYb8GzEPdPhAtGz_97jsQkrzfCRPgkHlD5u_KWY7qZrJ4nYvVdMd98qaXLQWqi2Q9hyHoQ4anFeGf0T9LFkr18HURtEGmxTBNbiT1Gi4FkHQrg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e883f77f8af8fc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=dapped-end%20beams&page=16&__cf_chl_rt_tk=QSIBFW6iVGSNWXwEiwsnd3CUs2rNJwX_KmpymGGjXak-1741669512-1.0.1.1-oWeYTAdBWeISyO7h3Ex6LFbsYSADyMYH7osaQL9hITs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>