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position:absolute; background:#26a69a; height:5px; } .inc{ animation: increase 2s infinite; } .dec{ animation: decrease 2s 0.5s infinite; } .sortby-toggle{ text-transform:capitalize; } span.badge.new { font-weight: 300; font-size: 12px; color: #fff; background-color: #26a69a; border-radius: 2px; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px; cursor:pointer; } #divResultSummary{ /*display:block;*/ display:none; margin-top:10px; } @keyframes increase { from { left: -5%; width: 5%; } to { left: 130%; width: 100%;} } @keyframes decrease { from { left: -80%; width: 80%; } to { left: 110%; width: 10%;} } .clear-fix{ clear:both; } .clear-fix::after { content: " "; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; } /* 2nd level menu */ ul.dropdown-menu{ background:#72bdca; position:absolute !important; /*width:100%;*/ text-align:center !important; padding:0; left:auto; } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; padding:10px 5px; } ul.dropdown-menu li a:hover{ color:#fff; } .dropdown-menu a:before{ content:none !important; } .dropdown-item:focus, .dropdown-item:hover{ background:#72bdca; } .nav-main .nav-item:hover{ background:none; } .navbar.nav-main .nav-item.menu-with-icon a:before{ content: none; } nav{ background:#000; line-height:45px; } nav a{ font-family: Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#9497a6; } .menu-toggle{ float:left; } .econlib_logo{ float:left; text-align:left; margin-bottom:7px; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none; color:#fff; font-size:12px; margin-left:5px; text-align:left; display:none; } .main-header{ padding:20px 8px; display:flex; align-items:center; position:relative; } .logo-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .nav-wrap{ flex-grow:2; } .search-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .fa-bars{ font-size:30px; } .fa-search:before{ font-size:25px; } /***********************/ header{ overflow:visible; } .navbar{ position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; z-index:99; width:100% } header .navbar-toggler{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu .menu-item{ text-align:left; } .sp-srpc{ border:0; border-radius:5px; background:#27a79a; color:#fff; padding:5px 20px; display:inline-block; cursor:pointer; } .jump_to_page{ padding: 6px; background: #27a79a; color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; border: 0; } #template_submenu{ background:#72bdca; height:45px; padding:10px 15px; position:relative; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; font-weight:bold; } #template_submenu ul{ display:none; background:#72bdca; position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; width:100%; z-index:9; padding:0; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu.open ul{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li a{ color:#212529; font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; line-height:16px; display:block; padding:15px 22px !important; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul li a:hover{ color:#fff; } #template_submenu ul li a.active{ color:#fff; } .subnav-toggler{ color:#fff; cursor:pointer; } .subnav-toggler .fa{ color:#fff; } .nav-link{ padding:15px 5px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile{ z-index:999; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ text-align:left; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:none; }*/ .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:block; } .nav-mobile-wrap li{ text-align:left; } .page_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ padding:0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5));*/ } #econlog_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2019/03/blog-13.jpg); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: center center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ height:45px; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px 15px; opacity: 0.68; background-color: #0e1733; /*max-height:450px;*/ /*overflow-y:hidden;*/ } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(114,189,202,0.7); } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:none; font-family:Arial; font-size:23px; color:#ababab; text-align:center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:none; width:100%; padding:0; } .page_subcat_wrap .open .oakcol{ display:block; } .page_subcat_wrap .open{ height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; display:block; /*padding:5px;*/ padding:5px 0; color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#cbcbcb; } .subcat{ display:inline-block; color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .subcat-parent{ color:#4a90e2; } .subcat-toggler{ cursor:pointer; } .subcat-parent, .subcat-toggler{ margin-bottom:10px; } .clear{ clear:left; } #book-resource *{ font-family: Arial; color:#4a4a4a; } #book-resource a{ color:#007bff; } #book-resource h2{font-size:22px;} #book-resource h3{font-size:20px;} #book-resource h4{font-size:18px;} .grey-section{ background:#d8d8d8; margin-bottom:10px; padding:40px 20px 100px 20px; } .grey-section:last-of-type{ margin-bottom:0; } .div-container{ display:block; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px; } .article-second-container, .video-container{ display:block !important; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .video-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .div-item{ /*border:1px solid #000;*/ height:280px; margin-right:25px; margin-bottom:10px; display:block; color:#212529; } .div-item:hover, .div-item:active{ color:#212529; } .div-item:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .div-item-content{ padding:20px 0; min-height:280px; } .video-container .div-item-content{ min-height:170px; } .div-item-content a{ color:#000; font-size:24px; font-family:Arial; font-weight:600; } .article-img-bg{ width:100%; height:270px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position:top center; position:relative; } .article-img-bg span{ color:#fff; font-size:21px; text-transform:uppercase; font-family:Arial; position:absolute; left:20px; bottom:10px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000; } .col3, .col2{ margin-top:40px; } .grow1{ flex-grow:1; } .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:100%; border:1px solid #979797; background:#d8d8d8; padding:10px; display:flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align:center; } .month-bg{ background-position: center center !important; background-size: cover !important; } /*.class-december{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/December.jpg); } .class-november{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/November.jpg); } .class-october{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/October.jpg); } .class-september{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/September.jpg); } .class-august{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/August.jpg); } .class-july{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/July.jpg); } .class-june{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/June.jpg); } .class-may{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/May.jpg); } .class-april{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/April.jpg); } .class-march{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/March.jpg); } .class-february{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/February.jpg); } .class-january{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/January.jpg); }*/ .section-title{ max-width:1280px; margin:auto; text-align:center; } .boxed-article{ width:100%; margin-right:40px; height:auto; } .section-title h2{ margin:60px auto; font-size:22px; } .section-title h2.featured{ margin:2px auto 50px auto; } .section-title h5{ margin:40px auto 0 auto; } .boxed-article:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ text-align:center; margin:10px 0 40px 0; } .boxed-article .ba-title a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:600; color:#000; } .boxed-article img{ width:100%; height:200px; object-fit:cover; } .ul-article{ /*list-style:none;*/ padding-left:20px; height:70%; } .ul-article a, .ul-article li{ font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; color:#000; } .ul-article a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .article-issue{ font-weight:600; font-size:24px; color:#fff; text-shadow:2px 2px 4px #000000; } .bio-links a{ display:inline-block; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none !important; } footer h6{ display:none !important; } .torch-text2{ color: #dbecf1 !important; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom:40px; } div.networking{ padding-top:40px; } .torch-text{ margin-bottom:2px; } h2.lined{ display:block; max-width:1280px; width: 100%; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid #72bdca; line-height: 0.1em; margin: 10px auto 40px auto; } h2.lined span { background:#fff; padding:0 10px; } .oak-more-entries{ text-align:center; } #btn-more-entries{ background:#d8d8d8; border:1px solid #979797; padding:10px 60px; margin:20px; color:#000; cursor:pointer; border-radius:10px; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .title-category{ padding-top:20px; } .title-category h3{ font-size:16px; } #econtal-page-banner{ display:block !important; padding-bottom:20px; } #econtal-page-banner .col-md-6, #econtal-page-banner .col-md-12, #econtal-page-banner .col-lg-6{ padding-left:0 !important; padding-right:0 !important; } .econtalk-page.econtalk.main-banner:before{ left:0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-size:18px; margin-bottom:0; line-height:normal; display:inline-block; } a.author.url{ font-size:18px; line-height:normal; color:#212529; } .card-block .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline, .card-block a.author.url{ font-size:14px; } .card-title a{ color:#000000; } h2.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-weight:normal; } #label_total_shown{ display:none; } .facet_span_ctr, .search_result_facet_counter{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-size:14px; color:#27baae; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer; } /*body{ max-width:1920px; margin:auto; }*/ .econtalk-container{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; display:block; } #econtalks{ display:block; overflow:auto; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:100%; } #econtalk-recent-wrap{ clear:both; margin-bottom:20px; } #econtalk-recent-image{ display:block; width:100%; height:30vh; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:right center; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:100%; } /*#econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; }*/ #wrap-content-head{ background:#0e0c0c; padding:10px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; } /*#wrap-content-head span{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:600; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px }*/ span.wrap-title{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px } span.lwe-title{ color:#000; padding:20px 0 0 20px; } span.lwe-related{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } span.newsletter-title{ color:#fff; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:28px; font-weight:600; } #wrap-content-head h2{ margin-bottom:20px; } #wrap-content-head h2 a{ color:#fff; } .btn_pill{ background:#fff; color:#72bdca; border-radius:25px; border:0; padding:7px 30px; font-weight:600; margin-right:15px; cursor:pointer; text-align:center; display:block; margin-bottom:5px; } .lw_btn_pill{ padding:7px 7px; float:left; margin-left:-20px; border-radius:0; } #twe-date{ font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; } #twe-excerpt{ font-size:18px; font-weight:500; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:block; width:85%; margin:auto; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:15px 40px; border:0; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:16px; /*margin-right:10px;*/ cursor:pointer; border-radius:0; vertical-align:top; } .econtalk-action-btn:hover{ color:#fff; } .btn-listen{ background:#00c29d; } .btn-transcript{ background:#44c3da; } .btn-share{ background:#282e2f; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:none; margin-bottom:16px; } .lw-col{ width:100%; } #last-week-epi-wrap{ background:#e8fbff; } #newsletter-wrap{ background:#363636; } #newsletter-wrap p{ color: #fff; padding: 20px 0 20px 20px; font-size:34px; line-height:1.2; } #newsletter-wrap form{ display:flex; padding:0 20px 20px 20px } #newsletter-wrap form .email{ width:70%; margin-right:20px; border-radius:0; } #newsletter-wrap form .btn{ width:30%; border-radius:0;; } #lw-image{ width:300px; height:300px; display:block; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:center } #episode-archive-wrap{ background:#adf0ff; padding:20px 60px; } #single-episode-archive-wrap{ padding:20px; } #episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ text-align:center; } #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } #featured-guest-wrap{ margin-top:20px; background:#f6f6f6; height:763px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:blok; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #lw-image, #lw-content{ width:100%; } #lw-content p{ font-weight:500; } #lw-content h2 a, #lw-content h2 a:hover{ color:#000; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:#fff; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #wrap-rel-article a{ color:#000; font-weight:600; } #wrap-rel-article .lw_btn_pill{ color:#72bdca; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:block; } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-guest{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/social.png); } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-date{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/monthly-calendar.png); } #browse-by-wrap a{ display:block; position:relative; height:45px; width:100%; margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:30px; background-size:cover; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a{ width:100%; height:200px; } #browse-by-wrap span{ position:absolute; bottom:0; color:#fff; background:#241919; font-size:18px; padding:10px; border:0; display:block; width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:120px; } span.featured-guest-title{ color:#000000; text-align:center; padding-top:20px; } .carousel-control-next, .carousel-control-next:hover, .carousel-control-prev, .carousel-control-prev:hover{ color:#44c3da; } .carousel-indicators li { width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.5); } .carousel-indicators .active { background-color: #44c3da; } .carousel-item .card a, .carousel-item .card-title{ text-align:center; } .carousel-item .card{ background:none; padding:40px 20px; border:0; } .carousel-item .card-text{ font-size:16px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-title{ font-size:21px; font-weight:500; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-body{ padding:20px 15%; } span.econ-extra-title, span.past-epi-title{ text-align:center; color:#000; display:block; } span.econ-extra-title{ margin-bottom:0; padding:20px; } span.past-epi-title{ padding:20px; } #bg-wrap-econ-extras{ margin:auto; margin-top:20px; max-width:1230px; background:#f8f6f6; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-comment, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-comment{ padding:10px !important; } /*#econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; }*/ #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-md-6{ max-width:100%; } #econtalk-extras-wrap h4 a, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap h4 a{ font-weight:600; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block *, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block *{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; } #econtalk-past-epi-wrap, .fa-caret-down{ color: #44c3da; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; padding:0; flex-direction:column-reverse; } #podcast-wrap{ width:100%; padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; display:none; } #podcast-wrap-mobile .clear-fix{ padding:20px; background:#000; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #econtalk-desc-wrap{ padding:20px; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#fff; font-size:22px; } #podcast-img{ display:block; width:100%; height:220px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position: right center; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap{ margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav{ background:#fff; margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:0; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; background:#e1e1e1; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link{ color:#000; text-transform:uppercase; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link:hover{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link.active{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border:0; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk{ width:100%; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk-audio-wrap{ margin:20px 0; } #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#000; } #single-econtalk-date{ font-weight:600; } #single-econtalk-desc{ font-weight:500; } #single-about-the-guest{ padding:20px; margin-bottom:20px; background:#e8fbff; } #single-related-episodes{ padding:20px; } #single-about-the-guest span, #single-related-episodes span{ text-align:center; color:#000; } #single-about-the-guest-img{ text-align:center; margin-bottom:20px; } #single-related-episodes a{ color: #000; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:none; } #single-about-the-guest h5 a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#00c29d; } #checkbox_toggle{ font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; color: #1ca5e9; cursor:pointer; } .woo_subscribe_now_btn{ background-color: #44c3da; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: none; border: none; color: #fff !important; font-family: Lato; font-size: 16px; padding:20px 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.6px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; } .woocommerce *{ font-family: Lato !important; } .cart-collaterals{ padding-bottom:40px; } #customer_details .col-1, #customer_details .col-2{ max-width:100%; } #customer_details .form-row{ display:block; } .year-picker .col-8, .year-picker .col-4{ padding-left:0; display:inline-block; max-width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; } .year-picker .row{ padding-bottom:5px; } .year-picker .col-8 h3, .year-picker .col-4 h3{ font-size:14px; font-weight:600; } .dropdown-filter-wrap, .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:50%; position:relative; } .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:33.33%; } .dropdown-filter-wrap .btn-secondary, .dropdown-filter-wrap2 .btn-secondary{ color:#000; background:none; border:0; font-size:16px; } @media (min-width:768px){ .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:40px; } .main-header{ height:64px; padding:0 20px; } section.main-banner, .navbar-search{ display:block !important; } .lg-nextprev{ display:flex !important; } .article-single-page .card-comment{ display:inline-block !important; } .m-featured-image, .s-nextprev{ display:none; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: block !important; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 18px; } .recent-cards .article-text h4{ white-space:nowrap !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:inline-block !important; float:right !important; } header .logo{ margin-left:5%; } .search-header{ width:auto; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; } article.grid-card .card-block{ min-height:250px !important; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px; } /* search tool desktop */ .search_tool_wrap{ max-width: 815px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; } .search_tool_wrap form{ padding: 55px 165px 10px 165px; } .search_tool_wrap h4{ font-size: 30px; text-align: center; margin-bottom:32px; } .search_result_article h4{ text-align: left; margin-bottom:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ margin-bottom:27px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ top:10px; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ display:block; width:80%; margin:45px auto 0 auto; padding:14px 50px; font-size:18px; } .search_results h4{ /*display:none;*/ text-align:left; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ width:41.5%; float:left; margin-right:1%; /*display:block;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ width:57.5%; float:left; } #results-orderby a{ text-align:left; } #divResultSummary{ display:block; /*justify-content:flex-end;*/ } .page_subcat_wrap{ padding:25px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:block; width:50%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ padding:30px; height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ /*text-align:center;*/ font-size:18px; color:#fff; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat::before{ content:"> "; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:block; } .subcat{ display:none; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ /*overflow-y:scroll;*/ } /*.grey-section{ padding:40px 0 100px 0; }*/ .div-container{ display:flex; } .section-title h2{ font-size:32px; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ margin:25px 0 0 0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-3.png); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center;*/ } #label_total_shown{ display:inline-block; } .sortbytoggle-wrap, #results-orderby{ background:#4a90e2; } .results-header{ background:none; } } .category-list .category-card{ margin-bottom:0; } html { scroll-behavior: smooth; } @media (min-width:992px){ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:right; margin: 20px 0 20px 20px; width:220px; } .mobile-related{ display:none; } .desktop-related{ display:block; } .econtalk-container{ display:flex; padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; } #econtalk-recent-image{ height:auto; width:40%; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:60%; } #econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; } #wrap-content-head{ padding:40px 40px 20px 40px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:40px; } .btn_pill{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; width:auto; text-align:left; } .lw-col{ width:50%; } .lw-col:first-child{ margin-right:20px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:flex; } #lw-image{ display:block; width:45%; } #lw-content{ width:55%; margin-left:10px; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:flex; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:5%; } #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:8%; } #browse-by-wrap a{ height:225px; width:46%; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:305px; float:left; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; flex-direction:row; } #podcast-wrap-mobile{ display:none; } #podcast-wrap{ display:block; float:left; width:60%; padding:40px; } #podcast-img{ float:left; width:40%; height:auto; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:60%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:40%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap div{ width:43%; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:block; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:32px; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:none; } .lw_btn_pill{ float:right; border-radius:25px; margin-right:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:15px; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:0; background:#fff; } /*#econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:inline-block; }*/ } @media (min-width:1180px){ .econlib_logo, .econlib_logo span{ display:block; } header .navbar-toggler{ display:none; } .navbar{ position:static; } .navbar-nav{ flex-direction:row; } .navbar-collapse{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu > .menu-item{ min-width:130px; text-align:center; flex-grow:1; } .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{ /*position:absolute;*/ background:#72bdca; /*top:100%;*/ /*left:0; width:100%;*/ margin:0; border:0; border-radius:0; } li.menu-item-has-children{ position:static; } .main-header{ position:relative; } ul.dropdown-menu li{ /*float:none !important; display:inline-block !important; */ } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ padding:10px 20px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ /*min-width:130px;*/ flex-grow:1; text-align:center; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:flex; } .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:none; }*/ #template_submenu{ padding:0; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul{ display:inline-block; position:static; width:auto; height:45px; padding:0; margin:0 auto; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu ul li{ display:inline-block; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ display:none; } /*.previous-month, .previous-month2{ width:25%; } .current-month{ width:50%; }*/ .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:25%; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:49%; float:left; } .article-second-container .div-item:nth-child(even){ margin-right:0; } .div-item{ margin-bottom:0; } .video-container .div-item{ width:31%; float:left; height:auto !important; } } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (portrait) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) { /* CSS */ } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (landscape) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) and (orientation: landscape) { .site-container{ max-width:100%; } .econtalk-container{ padding-left:0; 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col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Depositphotos_35682499_s-2015.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Anthony de Jasay</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Jasay/jsyStt.html">The State</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Anthony de Jasay </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Though this book leans on political philosophy, economics, and history, it leans on each lightly enough to remain accessible to the educated general reader, for whom it is mainly intended. Its central theme鈥攈ow state and society interact to disappoint and render each other miserable鈥攎ay concern a rather wide public... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Jasay/jsyStt.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-12" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/9xdx8WZM-300x153.jpeg)"> <div class="article-info"> <p></p> <p class="article-date">Jun 4 2018</p> </div> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Liberty Classics</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2018/Lemieuxstate.html">An Unavoidable Theory of the State</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon econlib-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Pierre Lemieux </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> When the dust settles, Anthony de Jasay's聽The State1 will probably be recognized as one of the great books of the 20th century. It may be the most serious and subversive challenge to state authority ever written. That this book is not banned must be proof that we are not living under real tyranny or at least under int... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2018/Lemieuxstate.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-13" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/LF-books-background-300x117.png)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Ludwig von Mises</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Mises/HmA/msHmA.html">Human Action: A Treatise on Economics</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Ludwig Mises </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> IT GIVES me great satisfaction to see this book, handsomely printed by a distinguished publishing house, appear in its third revised edition. Two terminological remarks may be in order. First, I employ the term "liberal" in the sense attached to it everywhere in the nineteenth century and still today in the countries o... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Mises/HmA/msHmA.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-14" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/nonLFpub-300x213.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Charles Mackay</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Mackay/macEx.html">Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the...</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Charles Mackay </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Charles Mackay, Scottish poet, journalist, and editor was best known in his day for his verses, some of which were set to music. His book,聽Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions, was first published in 1841 (London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty), with a promise of ad... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Mackay/macEx.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-69" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/LF-books-background-300x117.png)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">James M. Buchanan</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Buchanan/buchCv8.html">Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord...</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By James M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Buchanan/buchCv8.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-68" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/public-choice-300x202.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Schools of Economic Thought</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicChoice.html">Public Choice</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon cee-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By William F. Shughart II </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Public choice applies the theories and methods of economics to the analysis of political behavior, an area that was once the exclusive province of political scientists and sociologists. Public choice originated as a distinctive field of specialization a half century ago in the works of its founding fathers, Kenneth Arr... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicChoice.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-67" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/nonPubbooks-300x200.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Frederic Bastiat</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basEss.html">Selected Essays on Political Economy</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Fr茅d茅ric Bastiat </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was a French economist, statesman, and author. He led the free-trade movement in France from its inception in 1840 until his untimely death in 1850. The first 45 years of his life were spent in preparation for five tremendously productive years writing in favor of freedom. Bastiat was the f... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basEss.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-66" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/nonLFpub-300x213.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Norman Barry</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/LtrLbrty/bryTSO.html">"The Tradition of Spontaneous Order"</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon book-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Norman Barry </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> The theory of spontaneous order has a long tradition in the history of social thought, yet it would be true to say that, until the last decade, it was all but eclipsed in the social science of the twentieth century. For much of this period the idea of spontaneous order鈥攖hat most of those things of general benefit in ... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/LtrLbrty/bryTSO.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="row grid-row"> <div class="col-12 subscribe p-doubled"> <form action="https://econlib.us17.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=146e48dc47e5fd16b11090e37&id=cf8619e643" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="subscribe-form row" target="_blank" novalidate> <div class="col-12 col-sm-12 col-lg-6 col-xl-5 offset-xl-1"> <span>Enter your email address to subscribe to our monthly newsletter:</span> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 offset-0 offset-sm-2 offset-lg-0"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="Email address" required> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-lg-2 col-xl-2 btn-block"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"><input type="text" name="b_146e48dc47e5fd16b11090e37_cf8619e643" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-info"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="select-post-widget-16" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/LF-books-background-300x117.png)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">James M. 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Although this area is narrow, it merits a scrutiny quite out of proportion to its extension, relating as it does to fundamental ideas around which the entire corpus of economic... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/NPDBooks/Kirzner/krzPV.html" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="econlib-twitter-widget-13" class="widget econlib-twitter-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <div class="height-full twitter" style="height: 500px;"> <a class="twitter-timeline d-none" data-chrome="" data-height="500" href="https://twitter.com/Econlib"></a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div><div id="select-post-widget-33" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/listen.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Intellectual Portrait Series</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2014/04/milton_friedman_conversation.html">A Conversation with Milton Friedman</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon videos-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Milton Friedman (1912-2006) has long been recognized as one of our most important economic thinkers and a leader of the Chicago school of economics. He is the author of many books and articles in economics, including A Theory of the Consumption Function and A ... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2014/04/milton_friedman_conversation.html" class="btn btn-info">Browse Videos</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-78" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Depositphotos_10023454_m-2015.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Intellectual Portrait Series</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2013/12/armen_alchian_conversation.html">A Conversation with Armen A. Alchian</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon videos-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Amy Willis </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Recognized as one of the most influential voices in the areas of market structure, the theory of the firm, law and economics, resource unemployment, and monetary theory and policy, in this 2001 interview, Armen Alchian (1914-2013) outlines the "UCLA tradition" of economics which he founded and explores the many unantic... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2013/12/armen_alchian_conversation.html" class="btn btn-info">Browse Videos</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-77" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top econlog-logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Screen-Shot-2022-09-11-at-3.45.14-PM-300x164.png)"> <div class="article-info"> <p></p> <p class="article-date">Sep 21 2022</p> </div> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Regulation</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-city-without-zoning-ready/">The city without zoning</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon econlog-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/ssumner/" rel="author" title="Scott Sumner" class="author url fn">Scott Sumner</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; 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} .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group { margin-right: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap { font-size: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group-title { font-weight: !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-right: 10px }.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-post-id-69046.box-instance-id-1.ppma_boxes_69046 ul li > div:nth-child(1) {flex: 1 !important;} </style> </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Houston is the only big American city without zoning. Some people argue that Houston is effectively zoned, as many neighborhoods have deed restrictions that limit development. But in his new book on zoning, M. Nolan Gray points out that only 25% of Houston is covered by those contracts, and even in those cases the rest... </p> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-city-without-zoning-ready/" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> </div><div id="select-post-widget-28" class="widget select-post-widget col-md-6 col-lg-4 col-xl-3 grid-masonry-item"> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/letters.jpg)"> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Intellectual Portrait Series</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2013/11/anthony_de_jasay_conversation.html">A Conversation with Anthony de Jasay</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon videos-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author"> By Amy Willis </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> Anthony de Jasay, a regular columnist for Econlib, was one of the most original and independent thinkers on the relationship between the individual and the state. 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