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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يونانية هوميرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونانية هوميرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_hom%C3%A9ricu" title="Griegu homéricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu homéricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_hom%C3%A8ric" title="Grec homèric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec homèric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ομηρική διάλεκτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομηρική διάλεκτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_hom%C3%A9rico" title="Griego homérico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego homérico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homera_lingvo" title="Homera lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homera lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هومریک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هومریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_hom%C3%A9rique" title="Langue homérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue homérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerski_jezik" title="Homerski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homerski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Homeros" title="Bahasa Yunani Homeros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Homeros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_omerica" title="Lingua omerica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua omerica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יוונית הומרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונית הומרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Homerica" title="Lingua Homerica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Homerica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikus_dialektus" title="Epikus dialektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epikus dialektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Homerik" title="Bahasa Yunani Homerik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Homerik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerisk_gresk" title="Homerisk gresk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homerisk gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerisk_gresk" title="Homerisk gresk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homerisk gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_homerycka" title="Greka homerycka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Greka homerycka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_hom%C3%A9rico" title="Grego homérico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grego homérico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homeric Greek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeerinen_kreikka" title="Homeerinen kreikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Homeerinen kreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ہومری یونانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہومری یونانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="荷马希腊语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷马希腊语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q990062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Homeric Greek</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>(disputed)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Homeric Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/grc-hom">grc-hom</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Homeric Greek</b> is the form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> that was used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> consisting mainly of an archaic form of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a> forms, a few from <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>, and a written form influenced by <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later named <b>Epic Greek</b> because it was used as the language of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, typically in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>, by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a>. Some compositions in Epic Greek date from <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">as late as the 5th century</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, and it only fell out of use by the end of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_features">Main features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Main features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following description, only forms that differ from those of later Greek are discussed. Omitted forms can usually be predicted from patterns seen in Ionic Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homeric Greek is like <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a>, and unlike <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Classical Attic</a>, in shifting almost all cases of long <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾱ</span></span> to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Homeric Greek phonology </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Homeric</th> <th>Attic</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τροίη</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τροίᾱ</span></span></td> <td>Troy (nominative singular) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὥρη</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὥρᾱ</span></span></td> <td>an hour (nominative singular) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πύλῃσι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πύλαις/πύλαισι</span></span></td> <td>gates (dative plural) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Exceptions include nouns like <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεᾱ́</span></span> ("a goddess"), and the genitive plural of first-declension nouns and the genitive singular of masculine first-declension nouns. For example <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεᾱ́ων</span></span> ("of goddesses"), and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀτρεΐδᾱο</span></span> ("of the son of Atreus"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>First declension<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> singular of most feminine nouns ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-η</span></span>, rather than long <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱ</span></span>, even after <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ε</span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span> (an Ionic feature): <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χώρη</span></span> for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χώρᾱ</span></span>. However, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεᾱ́</span></span> and some names end in long <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱ</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Some masculine nouns have a nominative singular in short <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾰ</span></span> rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ναύτης</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀτρεΐδης</span></span>): <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἱππότᾰ</span></span> for Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἱππότης</span></span>.</dd> <dd>The genitive singular of masculine nouns ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱο</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-εω</span></span> (rarely - only after vowels - <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ω</span></span>), rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ου</span></span>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀτρεΐδᾱο</span></span> for Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀτρείδου</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> plural usually ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱων</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-εων</span></span>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νυμφᾱ́ων</span></span> for Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νυμφῶν</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> plural almost always ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ῃσι(ν)</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ῃς</span></span>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πύλῃσιν</span></span> for Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πύλαις</span></span>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Second declension</dt> <dd>Genitive singular: ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οιο</span></span>, as well as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ου</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πεδίοιο</span></span>, as well as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πεδίου</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Genitive and dative dual: ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οιϊν</span></span>. Thus, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἵπποιϊν</span></span> appears, rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἵπποιν</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Dative plural: ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οισι</span></span>(ν) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οις</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φύλλοισι</span></span>, as well as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φύλλοις</span></span>.</dd> <dt>Third declension</dt> <dd>Accusative singular: ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ιν</span></span>, as well as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ιδα</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γλαυκῶπιν</span></span>, as well as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γλαυκώπιδα</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Dative plural: ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-εσσι</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σι</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόδεσσι</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔπεσσι</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Homeric Greek lacks the <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">quantitative metathesis</a> present in later Greek (except in certain α-stem genitive plurals and certain masculine α-stem genitive singulars): <ul><li>Homeric <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>ῆος</b></span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>έως</b></span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλ<b>ηος</b></span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλ<b>εως</b></span></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>ῆα</b></span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>έᾱ</b></span></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>ῆας</b></span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>έᾱς</b></span></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>ήων</b></span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλ<b>έων</b></span></span></li></ul></dd> <dd>Homeric Greek sometimes uses different endings: <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλ<b>η</b>ος</span></span> alternates with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλ<b>ι</b>ος</span></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>A note on nouns: </p> <ul><li>After short vowels, the reflex of Proto-Greek *<i>ts</i> can alternate between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σ-</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σσ-</span></span> in Homeric Greek. This can be of metrical use. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τόσος</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τόσσος</span></span> are equivalent; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέσος</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέσσος</span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποσί</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποσσί</span></span>.</li> <li>A relic of the Proto-Greek instrumental case, the ending <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-φι</span></span>(ν) (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οφι</span></span>(ν)) can be used for the dative singular and plural of nouns and adjectives (occasionally for the genitive singular and plural, as well). For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βίηφι</span></span> (...by force), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δακρυόφιν</span></span> (...with tears), and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄρεσφιν</span></span> (...in the mountains).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>First-person pronoun (singular "I", dual "we both", plural "we") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγώ, ἐγών</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῶι, νώ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμεῖς, ἄμμες</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐμεῖο, ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, μεῦ, ἐμέθεν</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῶιν</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμείων, ἡμέων, ἀμμέων</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐμοί, μοι</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμῖν, ἄμμι(ν)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐμέ, με</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νῶι, νώ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμέας, ἧμας, ἄμμε</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Second-person pronoun (singular "you", dual "you both", plural "you") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύ, τύνη</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφῶϊ, σφώ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑμεῖς, ὔμμες</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σεῖο, σέο, σεῦ, σευ, σέθεν, τεοῖο</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφῶϊν, σφῷν</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑμέων, ὑμείων</span></span>, ὔμμέων </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σοί, τοι, τεΐν</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑμῖν, ὔμμι(ν)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σέ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφῶϊ, σφώ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑμέας, ὔμμε</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Third-person pronoun (singular "he, she, it", dual "they both", plural "they") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφωέ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφεῖς</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οὗ, εἷο, ἕο, εὗ, ἕθεν</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφωΐν</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφείων, σφέων</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑοῖ, οἱ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφι(ν), σφίσι(ν)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕ, ἑέ, μιν</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφωέ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σφε, σφέας, σφας</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Third-person singular pronoun ("he, she, it") (the relative) or rarely singular article ("the"): <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁ, ἡ, τό</span></span></li> <li>Third-person plural pronoun ("they") (the relative) or rarely plural article ("the"): nominative <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἰ, αἰ, τοί, ταί</span></span>, dative <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τοῖς, τοῖσι, τῇς, τῇσι, ταῖς</span></span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interrogative pronoun, singular and plural ("who, what, which") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τίς</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τίνα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τέο, τεῦ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τέῳ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τέων</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Person endings</dt> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ν</span></span> appears rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σαν</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔσταν</span></span> for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔστησαν</span></span> in the third-person plural active.</dd> <dd>The third plural middle/passive often ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-αται</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ατο</span></span>; for example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἥατο</span></span> is equivalent to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἧντο</span></span>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Tenses</dt> <dd>Future: Generally remains uncontracted. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρέω</span></span> appears instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρῶ</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τελέω</span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τελῶ</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Present or imperfect: These tenses sometimes take iterative form with the suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σκ-</span></span> before the ending. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φύγεσκον</span></span>: 'they kept on running away'</dd> <dd>Aorist or imperfect: Both tenses can occasionally drop their augments. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βάλον</span></span> may appear instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔβαλον</span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμβαλε</span></span> may appear instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐνέβαλε</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Homeric Greek does not have a <a href="/wiki/Historical_present" title="Historical present">historical present</a> tense, but rather uses <a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">injunctives</a>. Injunctives are replaced by the historical present in the post-Homeric writings of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Subjunctive</dt> <dd>The subjunctive appears with a short vowel. Thus, the form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴομεν</span></span>, rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴωμεν</span></span>.</dd> <dd>The second singular middle subjunctive ending appears as both <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ηαι</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-εαι</span></span>.</dd> <dd>The third singular active subjunctive ends in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-σι</span></span>(ν). Thus, we see the form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φορεῇσι</span></span>, instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φορῇ</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Occasionally, the subjunctive is used in place of the future and in general remarks.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Infinitive</dt> <dd>The infinitive appears with the endings <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-μεν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-μεναι</span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ναι</span></span>, in place of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ειν</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ναι</span></span>. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δόμεναι</span></span> for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δοῦναι</span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴμεν</span></span> instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἰέναι</span></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμεν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμμεν</span></span>, or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμμεναι</span></span> for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἶναι</span></span>; and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀκουέμεν(αι)</span></span> in place of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀκούειν</span></span>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contracted verbs</dt> <dd>In contracted verbs, where Attic employs an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ω-</span></span>, Homeric Greek will use <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-οω-</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ωω-</span></span> in place of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-αο-</span></span>. For example, Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁρῶντες</span></span> becomes <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁρόωντες</span></span>.</dd> <dd>Similarly, in places where <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-αε-</span></span> contracts to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-α-</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-αει-</span></span> contracts to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾳ-</span></span>, Homeric Greek will show either <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αα</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αᾳ</span></span>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Adverbial suffixes</dt> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-δε</span></span> conveys a sense of 'to where'; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πόλεμόνδε</span></span> 'to war'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-δον</span></span> conveys a sense of 'how'; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κλαγγηδόν</span></span> 'with cries'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-θεν</span></span> conveys a sense of 'from where'; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑψόθεν</span></span> 'from above'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-θι</span></span> conveys a sense of 'where'; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑψόθι</span></span> 'on high'</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥα</span></span> 'so' or 'next' (transition)</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τε</span></span> 'and' (a general remark or a connective)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Emphatics</dt> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δή</span></span> 'indeed'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἦ</span></span> 'surely'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">περ</span></span> 'just' or 'even'</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τοι</span></span> 'I tell you ...' (assertion)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most circumstances, Homeric Greek did not have available a true <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὁ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τό</span></span> and their inflected forms do occur, but they are in origin and usually used as <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homer (in the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>) uses about 9,000 words, of which 1,382 are <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper names</a>. Of the 7,618 remaining words 2,307 are <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapax legomena">hapax legomena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pharr" title="Clyde Pharr">Clyde Pharr</a>, "the <i>Iliad</i> has 1097 <i>hapax legomena</i>, while the <i>Odyssey</i> has 868".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have defined the term differently, however, and count as few as 303 in the <i>Iliad</i> and 191 in the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, lines 1–7 </p> <blockquote lang="grc"><div class="poem"> <p>Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος<br /> οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,<br /> πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν<br /> ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν<br /> οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα· Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή·<br /> ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε<br /> Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Alois_Buckley" title="Theodore Alois Buckley">Theodore Alois Buckley</a> (1860): </p> <blockquote><p>Sing, O goddess, the destructive wrath of Achilles, son of Peleus, which brought countless woes upon the Greeks, and hurled many valiant souls of heroes down to Hades, and made themselves a prey to dogs and to all birds but the will of Jove was being accomplished, from the time when Atrides, king of men, and noble Achilles, first contending, were disunited. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a></li> <li>Author(s) of the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poets_of_the_Epic_Cycle">Poets of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poets of the Epic Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasinus" title="Stasinus">Stasinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesches" title="Lesches">Lesches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agias" title="Agias">Agias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelus_of_Corinth" title="Eumelus of Corinth">Eumelus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugammon_of_Cyrene" title="Eugammon of Cyrene">Eugammon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens" title="Musaeus of Athens">Musaeus of Athens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a category on <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Epic_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Epic Greek">Epic Greek</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Όμηρος">Homer's works</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%97%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Ησίοδος">Hesiod's works</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some suggest that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱο</span></span> may have originally been the more expected <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ηο</span></span>, with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ηο</span></span> later being transcribed <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱο</span></span> under the influence of other (literary) dialects, whilst others suggest that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱο</span></span> may have been an Aeolic form. (See <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λᾱός</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ποσειδᾱ́ων</span></span> for expected <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ληός</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ποσειδήων</span></span>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ᾱων</span></span> for expected <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ηων</span></span> would occur for the reasons given in Note 1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanford1959">Stanford 1959</a>, pp. lii, liii, the Homeric dialect</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanford1959">Stanford 1959</a>, pp. lvii–lviii, first declension</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_D._Osburn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll D. Osburn (1983). "The Historical Present in Mark as a Text-Critical Criterion". <i>Biblica</i>. <b>64</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">486–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42707093">42707093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Present+in+Mark+as+a+Text-Critical+Criterion&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42707093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Carroll+D.+Osburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeric+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, William W. (1879). <i>A Greek Grammar</i> (pp 204). St Martin's Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Iliad: A Commentary</i>: Volume 5, Books 17-20, Geoffrey Stephen Kirk, Mark W. Edwards, Cambridge University Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31208-0">978-0-521-31208-0</a> p53, footnote 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkEdwardsJankoHainsworth1985" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, G. S.; Edwards, Mark W.; Janko, Richard; Hainsworth, John Bryan; Richardson, Nicholas James (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sKGGd1JuqoC&pg=PA53"><i>The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume 5, Books 17-20</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31208-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad%3A+A+Commentary%3A+Volume+5%2C+Books+17-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31208-0&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Janko%2C+Richard&rft.au=Hainsworth%2C+John+Bryan&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Nicholas+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sKGGd1JuqoC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeric+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPharr1920" class="citation book cs1">Pharr, Clyde (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homericgreekabo00phargoog"><i>Homeric Greek, a book for beginners</i></a>. D. C. Heath & Co., Publishers. p. xxii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeric+Greek%2C+a+book+for+beginners&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+%26+Co.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Pharr&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomericgreekabo00phargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeric+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReece2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reece, Steve (2011-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30776971/Homeric_Encyclopaedia_Digressions_Epithets_Hapax_Legomena_Hospitality_Metacharacterism_Type-Scenes">"Homeric Encyclopaedia: Digressions; Epithets; Hapax Legomena; Hospitality; Metacharacterism; Type-Scenes"</a>. <i>Homeric Encyclopedia (Oxford: Blackwell, 2011)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homeric+Encyclopedia+%28Oxford%3A+Blackwell%2C+2011%29&rft.atitle=Homeric+Encyclopaedia%3A+Digressions%3B+Epithets%3B+Hapax+Legomena%3B+Hospitality%3B+Metacharacterism%3B+Type-Scenes&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30776971%2FHomeric_Encyclopaedia_Digressions_Epithets_Hapax_Legomena_Hospitality_Metacharacterism_Type-Scenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeric+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pharr" title="Clyde Pharr">Pharr, Clyde</a>. <i>Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners</i>. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, new edition, 1959. Revised edition: John Wright, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1937-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1937-3">0-8061-1937-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textkit.com/learn/ID/165/author_id/81/">First edition of 1920 in public domain.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanford1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bedell_Stanford" title="William Bedell Stanford">Stanford, William Bedell</a> (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". <i>Homer: Odyssey I-XII</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">ix–</span>lxxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-502-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-502-9"><bdi>1-85399-502-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+Grammatical+Introduction&rft.btitle=Homer%3A+Odyssey+I-XII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eix-%3C%2Fspan%3Elxxxvi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+Ltd&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=1-85399-502-9&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=William+Bedell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeric+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeric_Greek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Homeric Greek</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homeric+Greek&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homeric+Greek">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Homeric+Greek&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. <i>A companion to the Ancient Greek language.</i> Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. <i>A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. <i>A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Edwards, G. Patrick. 1971. <i>The language of Hesiod in its traditional context.</i> Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Hackstein, Olav. 2010. "The Greek of epic." In <i>A companion to the Ancient Greek language.</i> Edited by Egbert J. Bakker, 401–23. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Horrocks, Geoffrey C. 1987. "The Ionian epic tradition: Was there an Aeolic phase in its development?" <i>Minos</i> 20–22: 269–94.</li> <li>––––. 2010. <i>Greek: A history of the language and its speakers.</i> 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Janko, Richard. 1982. <i>Homer, Hesiod, and the Hymns: Diachronic development in epic diction.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>––––. 1992. "The origins and evolution of the Epic diction." In <i>The Iliad: A commentary.</i> Vol. 4, Books 13–16. Edited by Richard Janko, 8–19. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lord, Albert B. 1960. <i>The singer of tales.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Nagy, Gregory. 1995. "An evolutionary model for the making of Homeric poetry: Comparative perspectives." In <i>The ages of Homer.</i> Edited by Jane Burr Carter and Sarah Morris, 163–79. Austin: University of Texas Press.</li> <li>Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. <i>The Greek language.</i> London: Faber & Faber.</li> <li>Parry, Milman. 1971. <i>The making of Homeric verse: The collected papers of Milman Parry.</i> Edited by Adam Parry. Oxford: Clarendon.</li> <li>Reece, Steve. 2009. <i>Homer's Winged Words: the Evolution of Early Greek Epic Diction in the Light of Oral Theory.</i> Amsterdam: Brill.</li> <li>West, Martin L. 1988. 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title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Greek32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language_periods" title="Template talk:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Greek32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd millennium BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–300 BC</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC – AD 600</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–1453</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold">Since 1453</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" 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