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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Praeses</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6ses_(overhoved)" title="Præses (overhoved) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præses (overhoved)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses_(Statthalter)" title="Praeses (Statthalter) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Praeses (Statthalter)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Praeses" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Praeses" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses_provinciae_Romanae" title="Praeses provinciae Romanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeses provinciae Romanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses" title="Preses – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Preses" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses" title="Preses – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Preses" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_(Roma_Antiga)" title="Presidente (Roma Antiga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente (Roma Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Презид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Презид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Praeses" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Praeses" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Praeses" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Roman_Empire_ca_400_AD.png/450px-The_Roman_Empire_ca_400_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Roman_Empire_ca_400_AD.png/600px-The_Roman_Empire_ca_400_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="4339" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman Empire <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span> 400 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Praeses</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <abbr title="Plural">pl.</abbr> <i>praesides</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word meaning "placed before" or "at the head".<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, notably under the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Roman Dominate</a>, it was used to refer to Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governors</a>; it continues to see some use for various modern positions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_governors">Roman governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Praeses</i> began to be used as a generic description for <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincial</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governors</a>—often through paraphrases, such as <i>qui praeest</i> ("he who presides")—already since the early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, but came in general use under the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurist <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Macer" title="Aemilius Macer">Aemilius Macer</a>, who wrote at the time of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (reigned 198–217), insists that the term was applied only to the governors who were also <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a>—thereby excluding the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procuratores</a></i>—but, while this may reflect earlier usage, it was certainly no longer the case by the time he wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the usage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the term appears originally to have been used as an honorific, affixed to the formal gubernatorial titles (<i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augusti</a></i> etc.), and even, occasionally, for <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> commanders or fiscal <i>procuratores</i>. By the mid-3rd century, however, <i>praeses</i> had become an official term, including for equestrian officials.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form <i>[procurator] vice praesidis</i> had also come into common use for equestrian <i>procuratores</i> entrusted with the governance of provinces in the absence of, or in lieu of, the regular (senatorial) governor. This marks a decisive step in the assumption of full provincial governorships by equestrians, with the first equestrian <i>praesides provinciae</i> appearing in the 270s.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This evolution was formalized in the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (r. 284–305) and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (r. 306–337), when the term <i>praeses</i> came to designate a specific class of provincial governors, the lowest after the <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consulares</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">correctores</a></i>. In the East, however, they ranked between the two other classes, possibly because the few <i>correctores</i> there were instituted after the <i>praesides</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>praeses</i> remained in general use for provincial governors, and was still used in legal parlance to designate all classes of provincial governors collectively. In common usage, the <i>praesides</i> were often also designated by more generic titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Iudex" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudex">iudex</a></i> ("judge"), <i><a href="/wiki/Rector_(politics)" title="Rector (politics)">rector</a></i> or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderator_(Ancient_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderator (Ancient Rome) (page does not exist)">moderator</a></i>, and sometimes archaically as <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the term was rendered as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡγεμὼν</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the provinces ("<a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">diocese</a>") created by Diocletian by splitting the larger older ones were entrusted to such <i>praesides</i>, and they form the most numerous group of governors in the late-4th century <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>in thirty-one provinces in the Western Roman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OccidensI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OccidensI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>four in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum Mediterraneum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum Ripense</a></li> <li>seven in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Rhaetia Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_(Italy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria (Italy) (page does not exist)">Valeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_et_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica et Sardinia">Corsica et Sardinia</a>.</li> <li>two in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitana">Tripolitana</a></li> <li>four in <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of the Spains</a> (Iberia and opposite African coast): <a href="/wiki/Tarraconensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthaginensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulae_Baleares" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulae Baleares">Insulae Baleares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li>eleven in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of the Gauls</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae">Alpes Poenninae et Graiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitanica Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Lugdunensis Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Tertia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Senonica</a></li> <li>three in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Britain">Diocese of Britain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>in forty provinces in the Eastern Roman Empire<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OriensI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriensI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>five in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Libya Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmarica" title="Marmarica">Inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebais" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais">Thebais</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gyptus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægyptus">Ægyptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_%C3%86gypti" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia Ægypti">Arcadia</a>.</li> <li>eight in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Palaestina Salutaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice Libanensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Salutaris">Syria Salutaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a>, Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia Secunda</a></li> <li>seven in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulae_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulae (Roman province)">Insulae</a>.</li> <li>eight in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Salutaris">Galatia Salutaris</a>.</li> <li>four in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodope (Roman province)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia</a></li> <li>four in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dardani#Roman_Dardania" title="Dardani">Dardania</a></li> <li>four in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Salutaris">Macedonia Salutaris</a>.</li></ul> <p>In the East, the staff (<i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officium (Ancient Rome)">officium</a></i>) of the <i>praeses</i> (attested for Thebais) comprised the same as that of a <i>consularis</i>, i.e. a <i>princeps officii</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cornicularius" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornicularius">cornicularius</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commentariensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commentariensis (page does not exist)">commentariensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiutor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiutor (page does not exist)">adiutor</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numerarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numerarius (page does not exist)">numerarius</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab_actis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ab actis (page does not exist)">ab actis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_libellis" class="mw-redirect" title="A libellis">a libellis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subadiuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subadiuva (page does not exist)">subadiuva</a></i>; finally unspecified <i>exceptores</i> and <i>cohortalini</i> (menial staff).<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West (attested for Dalmatia), the <i>officium</i> was again the same as with the <i>consulares</i> and <i>correctores</i>, comprising the <i>princeps officii</i>, <i>cornicularius</i>, two <i>tabularii</i>, <i>commentariensis</i>, <i>adiutor</i>, <i>ab actis</i>, <i>subadiuva</i>, and the usual <i>exceptores</i> and <i>cohortalini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of a <i>praeses</i> could also be awarded as a separate honour, <i>ex praeside</i>, attached to the rank of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir_perfectissimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vir perfectissimus (page does not exist)">vir perfectissimus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_advisors">German advisors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German advisors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In German academia a doctoral advisor is called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Doktorvater</i></span>. However, in the 18th century and before, the doctoral system was quite different. Instead of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Doktorvater</i></span> as such, the candidate had a <i>praeses</i> to act as mentor and who would also head the oral <i>viva voce</i> exam. In the 18th century the <i>praeses</i> often chose the subject and compiled the theses and the candidate had only to defend. Sometimes there were several candidates at the same time defending the same thesis, in order to save time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chair_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (official)">chair</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Student_society" title="Student society">student society</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> may be called a praeses; in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> the official spelling has changed to "<i>preses</i>" but most student societies still observe the Latin spelling. Various minor offices may be designated by a compound title, e.g. <i>dooppraeses</i> in charge of <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>. </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> the word "<i>preside</i>" is still used to indicate the head of primary or secondary school, generally equivalent to the American <a href="/wiki/School_principal" class="mw-redirect" title="School principal">principal</a> or the British <a href="/wiki/Headmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Headmaster">headmaster</a> positions. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the office of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> has been abolished. Instead, the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> has a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Norway_Bishops_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Norway Bishops Conference (page does not exist)">Bishops Conference</a> which is presided over by a <i>praeses</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chair_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (official)">chair</a> of academic institutions and disputations, as well as the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">Cathedral chapters</a>, is called <i>preses</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">church bodies</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_the_Rhineland" title="Evangelical Church in the Rhineland">Evangelical Church in the Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia" title="Evangelical Church of Westphalia">Evangelical Church of Westphalia</a>, in which the title and function of bishop are unknown, are also chaired by a <i>praeses</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Präses, plural: Präsides</i>). </p><p>In other German church bodies the title usually refers to the president of the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Roman Catholic religious institutions</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> ones, use the term to indicate the presiding officer of a collegial meeting of the order. </p><p>The official <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> title of the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament</a> is <i>Preses o the Scots Pairlament</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> word <i>prezes</i>, derived from Latin <i>praeses</i> means <i>chairman</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PW-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRadke1956" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Radke, Gerhard (1956). "Praeses". <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i>. Vol. Supplementband VIII, <span class="nowrap">Achaios–</span>Valerius. col. 598–614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Praeses&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+Classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.pages=col.+598-614&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Radke&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraeses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OccidensI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OccidensI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notitia Dignitatum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_P1.HTM"><i>in partibus Occidentis</i>, I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OriensI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OriensI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notitia Dignitatum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_P17.HTM"><i>in partibus Orientis</i>, I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notitia Dignitatum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_P29.HTM"><i>in partibus Orientis</i>, XLIV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notitia Dignitatum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_P16.HTM"><i>in partibus Occidentis</i>, XLV</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praeses&oldid=1252373364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praeses&oldid=1252373364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_titles" title="Category:Ancient Roman titles">Ancient Roman titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gubernatorial_titles" title="Category:Gubernatorial titles">Gubernatorial titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Government of the Roman Empire">Government of the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_administrative_offices" title="Category:Byzantine administrative offices">Byzantine administrative offices</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 01:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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