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id="toc-Overall_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overall classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overall_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overall classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overall_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghost_with_physical_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_with_physical_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ghost with physical body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghost_with_physical_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vampire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vampire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vampire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vampire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical traits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magical_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magical_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Magical abilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Magical_abilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Magical abilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Magical_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape-shifting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape-shifting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shape-shifting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-shifting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_magical_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_magical_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other magical abilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_magical_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Behaviour and character</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_character-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and character subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloodthirst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloodthirst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bloodthirst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloodthirst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sitting_posture_and_evil_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sitting_posture_and_evil_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sitting posture and evil eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sitting_posture_and_evil_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annihilating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annihilating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Annihilating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annihilating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Means_of_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Means_of_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Means of prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Means_of_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_beings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_beings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Similar beings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folklore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Icelandic_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Icelandic sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_draugr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_draugr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sea draugr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_draugr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Use in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%93ag" title="Drēag – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Drēag" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugen" title="Draugen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Draugen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EA%B7%B8" title="드라우그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라우그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugen" title="Draugen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draugen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0" title="ドラウグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラウグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draug" title="Draug – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Draug" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugen" title="Draugen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Draugen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Драуг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драуг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Draugr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draug" title="Draug – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Draug" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Драугр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драугр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94" title="德拉古尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德拉古尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1255927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugs&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Undead creature from Norse mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the planet Draugr, see <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_A" title="PSR B1257+12 A">PSR B1257+12 A</a>. "Draug" redirects here; for the 2018 film, see <a href="/wiki/Draug_(film)" title="Draug (film)">Draug (film)</a>; for the Norwegian role-playing game, see <a href="/wiki/Draug_(role-playing_game)" title="Draug (role-playing game)">Draug (role-playing game)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>draugr</b> or <b>draug</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">draugr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i lang="is">draugur</i>; <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>: <i lang="fo">dreygur</i>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">draug</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">draug</i>, <i>dröger</i>, or <i>drög</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-dialektl_0132_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektl_0132-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a> creature from the <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> and Scandinavian folktales. </p><p>Commentators extend the term <i>draugr</i> to the undead in medieval literature, even if it is never explicitly referred to as such in the text, and designated them instead as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">haugbúi</i></span> "barrow-dweller" or an <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">aptrganga</i></span> "again-walker" (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <i lang="is">afturganga</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Draugar live in their graves or royal palaces, often guarding treasure buried in their burial mound. They are <a href="/wiki/Revenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenants">revenants</a>, or animated corpses, rather than ghosts, which possess intangible spiritual bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Norse <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">draugr</i></span></i> is defined as "a ghost, spirit, esp. the dead inhabitant of a <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cleasby-vigfusson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleasby-vigfusson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the <i>draugr</i> is regarded not so much as a ghost but a <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-langeslag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langeslag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., the reanimated corpse of the deceased inside the burial mound<sup id="cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_gregg_a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as in the example of Kárr inn gamli in <i><a href="/wiki/Grettis_saga" title="Grettis saga">Grettis saga</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-langeslag_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langeslag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_howard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams_howard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The draugr was referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">barrow-wight</a>" in the 1869 translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Grettis_saga" title="Grettis saga">Grettis saga</a></i>, long before <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> employed this term in his novels,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though "barrow-wight" is actually a rendering of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">haugbúinn</i></span> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/how#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:how">howe</a>-dweller", otherwise translated as "barrow-dweller".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p._65_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._65-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognates_and_etymology">Cognates and etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognates and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Old Norse, draugr also meant a tree trunk or dry dead wood, or in poetry could refer to a man or warrior,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a> often used terms for trees to represent humans, especially in <a href="/wiki/Kennings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennings">kennings</a>, referencing the myth that the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and his brothers created the first humans <a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a> from trees. There was thus a connection between the idea of a felled tree's trunk and that of a dead man's corpse. </p><p>In Swedish, <i>draug</i> is a modern <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from <a href="/wiki/West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Norse">West Norse</a>, as the native Swedish form <i>drög</i> has acquired the meaning of "a pale, ineffectual, and slow-minded person that drags himself along".<sup id="cite_ref-JER102_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JER102-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is hypothetically traced to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo European">Proto-Indo European</a> stem <i>*<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">dʰrowgʰos</span></span></i> "phantom", from <i>*<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">dʰrewgʰ-</span></span></i> "deceive" (see also Avestan "<a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">druj</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-eiec_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beings in British folklore such as "shag-boys" and "hogboons" derive their names from <i>haugbui</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-shag-boy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shag-boy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadened_usage">Broadened usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broadened usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike Kárr inn gamli (Kar the Old) in <i>Grettis saga</i>, who is specifically called a draugr,<sup id="cite_ref-p._65_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._65-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glámr the ghost in the same saga is never explicitly called a draugr in the text,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though called a "troll" in it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Glámr is still routinely referred to as a <i>draugr</i> by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beings not specifically called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">draugar</i></span>, but only referred to as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aptrg%C7%ABngur" class="extiw" title="wikt:aptrgǫngur">aptrgǫngur</a></i></span> "revenants" (pl. of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aptrganga" class="extiw" title="wikt:aptrganga">aptrganga</a></i></span>) and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reimleikar" class="extiw" title="wikt:reimleikar">reimleikar</a></i></span> "haunting" in these medieval sagas,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are still commonly discussed as a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">draugr</i></span> in various scholarly works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciola199628_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciola199628-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_gregg_a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the draugar and the <i>haugbúar</i> are lumped into one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick194651_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick194651-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further caveat is that the application of the term <i>draugr</i> may not necessarily follow what the term might have meant in the strict sense during medieval times, but rather follow a modern definition or notion of <i>draugr</i>, specifically such ghostly beings (by whatever names they are called) that occur in Icelandic folktales categorized as "Draugasögur" in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a>'s collection, based on the classification groundwork laid by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Maurer" title="Konrad Maurer">Konrad Maurer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011281–282_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011281–282-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overall_classification">Overall classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overall classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_with_physical_body">Ghost with physical body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ghost with physical body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draugr is a "corporeal ghost"<sup id="cite_ref-williams_howard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams_howard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a physical, tangible body and not an "imago," <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009284_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009284-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in tales, it is often delivered a "second death" by the destruction of the animated corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_gregg_a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vampire">Vampire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vampire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draugr has also been conceived of as a type of <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> by folktale anthologist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> in late 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009311_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009311-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the idea further pursued by more modern commentators. The focus here is not on <a href="/wiki/Blood-sucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-sucking">blood-sucking</a>, which is not attested for the draugr,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather, contagiousness or transmittable nature of vampirism,<sup id="cite_ref-armann-j-transmittable_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armann-j-transmittable-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is to say, how a vampire begets another by turning his or her attack victim into one of his kind. Sometimes the chain of contagion becomes an outbreak, e.g., the case of Þórólfr bægifótr (Thorolf Lame-foot or Twist-Foot),<sup id="cite_ref-armann-j-transmittable_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armann-j-transmittable-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even called an "epidemic" regarding Þórgunna (Thorgunna).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more speculative case of vampirism is that of Glámr, who was asked to tend sheep for a haunted farmstead and was subsequently found dead with his neck and every bone in his body broken.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been surmised by commentators that Glámr, by "contamination," was turned into an undead (<i>draugr</i>) by whatever being was haunting the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_traits">Physical traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Physical traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Draugar usually possessed superhuman strength,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow197695_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow197695-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were "generally hideous to look at", bearing a necrotic black or blue color,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200715_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200715-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200582-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were associated with a "reek of decay"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582–83_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200582–83-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more precisely inhabited haunts that often issued foul stench.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011291–292_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011291–292-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Draugar were said to be either <i>hel-blár</i> "death-blue" or <i>nár-fölr</i> "corpse-pale".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200582-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glámr when found dead was described as "<i>blár sem Hel en digr sem naut</i> (black as hell and bloated to the size of a bull)".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Þórólfr Lame-foot, when lying dormant, looked "uncorrupted" and also "was black as death [i.e., bruised black and blue] and swollen to the size of an ox".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close similarity of these descriptions have been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_gregg_a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoer189855_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer189855-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Laxd%C3%A6la_saga" title="Laxdæla saga">Laxdæla saga</a></i> describes how bones were dug up belonging to a dead sorceress who had appeared in dreams, and they were "blue and evil looking".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett201444_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett201444-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Þráinn (Thrain), the <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valland" title="Valland">Valland</a>, "turned himself into a troll" in <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3mundar_saga_Gripssonar" title="Hrómundar saga Gripssonar">Hrómundar saga Gripssonar</a></i>, was a fiend (<i>dólgr</i>) which was "black and huge.. roaring loudly and blowing fire", and possessed long scratching claws, and the claws stuck in the neck, prompting the hero Hrómundr to refer to the draugur as a sort of cat (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">kattakyn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davidson1958_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson1958-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possession of long claws features also in the case of another revenant, Ásviðr (Aswitus) who came to life in the night and attacked his foster-brother Ásmundr (Asmundus) with them, scratching his face and tearing one of his ears.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Draugrs often give off a morbid stench, not unlike the smell of a decaying body. The mound where Kárr the Old was entombed reeked horribly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011p._291,_n43_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011p._291,_n43-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0ar_saga_ok_H%C3%B3lmverja" title="Harðar saga ok Hólmverja">Harðar saga</a></i> Hörðr Grímkelsson's two underlings die even before entering Sóti the Viking's mound, due to the "gust and stink (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ódaun</i></span>)" wafting out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When enraged Þráinn filled the barrow with an "evil reek."<sup id="cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magical_abilities">Magical abilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magical abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Draugar are noted for having numerous magical abilities referred to as <i>trollskap</i> resembling those of living witches and wizards, such as shape-shifting, controlling the weather, and seeing into the future.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson1943-p163_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson1943-p163-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape-shifting">Shape-shifting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shape-shifting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The undead Víga-Hrappr Sumarliðason of <i><a href="/wiki/Laxdaela_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxdaela saga">Laxdaela saga</a></i>, unlike the typical guardian of a treasure hoard, does not stay put in his burial place but roams around his farmstead of Hrappstaðir, menacing the living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011290_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011290-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Víga-Hrappr's ghost, it has been suggested, was capable of transforming into the seal with human-like eyes which appeared before Þorsteinn svarti/surt (Thorsteinn the Black) sailing by ship, and was responsible for the sinking of the vessel to prevent the family from reaching Hrappstaðir.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to shape-shift has been ascribed to Icelandic ghosts generally, particularly into the shape of a seal.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyworth200771_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyworth200771-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciola199633,_n102_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciola199633,_n102-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A draugr in Icelandic folktales collected in the modern age can also change into a great flayed bull, a grey horse with a broken back but no ears or tail, and a cat that would sit upon a sleeper's chest and grow steadily heavier until their victim suffocated.<sup id="cite_ref-JS166_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS166-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_magical_abilities">Other magical abilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other magical abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Draugar have the ability to enter into the dreams of the living,<sup id="cite_ref-davidson1943-p163_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson1943-p163-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they will frequently leave a gift behind so that "the living person may be assured of the tangible nature of the visit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick194653_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick194653-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Draugar also can curse a victim, as shown in <i>Grettis saga</i>, where Grettir is cursed to be unable to become stronger. Draugar also brought disease to a village and could create temporary darkness in daylight hours. They preferred to be active during the night, although they did not appear vulnerable to sunlight like some other revenants. Draugr can also kill people with bad luck. </p><p>A draugr's presence might be shown by a great light that glowed from the mound like <a href="/wiki/Foxfire" title="Foxfire">foxfire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FP36_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP36-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fire would form a barrier between the land of the living and that of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The undead Víga-Hrappr exhibited the ability to sink into the ground to escape from <a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_Peacock" title="Olaf the Peacock">Óláfr Hǫskuldsson the Peacock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some draugar are immune to weapons, and only a hero has the strength and courage to stand up to a formidable opponent. In legends, the hero often wrestled a draugr back to his grave to defeat them since weapons would do no good. A good example of this is found in <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3mundar_saga_Gripssonar" title="Hrómundar saga Gripssonar">Hrómundar saga Gripssonar</a></i>. Iron could injure a draugr, as with many supernatural creatures, although it would not be sufficient to stop it.<sup id="cite_ref-JS107_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS107-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the hero must dispose of the body in unconventional ways. The preferred method is to cut off the draugr's head, burn the body, and dump the ashes in the sea—the emphasis being on making sure that the draugr was dead and gone.<sup id="cite_ref-VA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_character">Behaviour and character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Behaviour and character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any mean, nasty, or greedy person can become a draugr. As <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmann_Jakobsson" title="Ármann Jakobsson">Ármann Jakobsson</a> notes, "most medieval Icelandic ghosts are evil or marginal people. If not dissatisfied or evil, they are unpopular".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011295_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011295-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greed">Greed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draugr's motivation was primarily envy and greed. Greed causes it to attack any would-be grave robbers viciously, but the draugr also expresses an innate envy of the living stemming from a longing for the things of life which it once had. They also exhibit an immense and nearly insatiable appetite, as shown in the encounter of Aran and Asmund, sword brothers who swore that, if one died, the other would sit vigil with him for three days inside the burial mound. When Aran died, Asmund brought his possessions into the barrow—banners, armor, hawk, hound, and horse—then set himself to wait the three days: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the first night, Aran got up from his chair and killed the hawk and hound and ate them. On the second night he got up again from his chair, and killed the horse and tore it into pieces; then he took great bites at the horse-flesh with his teeth, the blood streaming down from his mouth all the while he was eating…. The third night Asmund became very drowsy, and the first thing he knew, Aran had got him by the ears and torn them off.<sup id="cite_ref-GSOMT99-101_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSOMT99-101-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bloodthirst">Bloodthirst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bloodthirst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draugr's victims were not limited to trespassers in its home. The roaming undead devastated livestock by running the animals to death either by riding them or pursuing them in some hideous, half-flayed form. Shepherds' duties kept them outdoors at night, and they were particular targets for the hunger and hatred of the undead: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The oxen which had been used to haul Thorolf's body were ridden to death by demons, and every single beast that came near his grave went raving mad and howled itself to death. The shepherd at Hvamm often came racing home with Thorolf after him. One day that Fall neither sheep nor shepherd came back to the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Animals feeding near the grave of a draugr might be driven mad by the creature's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Curran-pp81-93_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curran-pp81-93-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also die from being driven mad. Thorolf, for example, caused birds to drop dead when they flew over his <a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">bowl barrow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sitting_posture_and_evil_eye">Sitting posture and evil eye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sitting posture and evil eye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main indication that a deceased person will become a draugr is that the corpse is not horizontal. It is found standing upright (as with Víga-Hrappr), or in a sitting position (Þórólfr), indicating that the dead might return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011296_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011296-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ármann Jakobsson suggests further that breaking the draugr's posture is a necessary or helpful step in destroying the draugr, but this is fraught with the risk of being inflicted with the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>, whether this is explicitly told in the case of Grettir who receives the curse from Glámr, or only implied in the case of Þórólfr, whose son warns the others to beware while they unbend Þórólfr's seated posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011296_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011296-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annihilating">Annihilating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Annihilating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draugr needing to be decapitated to hinder them from further hauntings is a common theme in the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">family sagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sayers_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sayers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Means_of_prevention">Means of prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Means of prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Draugr" title="Special:EditPage/Draugr">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Draugr%22">"Draugr"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Draugr%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Draugr%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Draugr%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Draugr%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Draugr%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/170px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/255px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/340px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The Nørre Nærå Runestone is interpreted as having a "grave binding inscription" used to keep the deceased in its grave.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally in Iceland, a pair of open iron scissors was placed on the chest of the recently deceased, and straws or twigs might be hidden among their clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The big toes were tied together or needles were driven through the soles of the feet to keep the dead from being able to walk. Tradition also held that the coffin should be lifted and lowered in three directions as it was carried from the house to confuse a possible draugr's sense of direction. </p><p>The most effective means of preventing the return of the dead was believed to be a corpse door, a special door through which the corpse was carried feet-first with people surrounding it so that the corpse couldn't see where it was going. The door was then bricked up to prevent a return. It is speculated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that this belief began in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and spread throughout the Norse culture, founded on the idea that the dead could only leave through the way they entered. </p><p>In the "Eyrbyggja saga," draugar are driven off by holding a "door-doom." One by one, they are summoned to the door-doom, given judgment, and forced out of the home by this legal method. The home is then purified with holy water to ensure that they never come back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_beings">Similar beings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Similar beings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variation of the draugr is the <i>haugbui</i> (from Old Norse <i>haugr</i> "howe, barrow, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>"), which was a mound-dweller, the dead body living within its tomb. The notable difference between the two was that the haugbui cannot leave its grave site and only attacks those who trespass upon their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Curran-pp81-93_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curran-pp81-93-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic_sagas">Icelandic sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Icelandic sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the best-known draugar is <i>Glámr</i>, who is defeated by the hero in <i><a href="/wiki/Grettis_saga" title="Grettis saga">Grettis saga</a></i>. After Glámr dies on Christmas Eve, "people became aware that Glámr was not resting in peace. He wrought such havoc that some people fainted at the sight of him, while others went out of their minds". After a battle, Grettir eventually gets Glámr on his back. Just before Grettir kills him, Glámr curses Grettir because "Glámr was endowed with more evil force than most other ghosts",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus he was able to speak and leave Grettir with his curse after his death. </p><p>A somewhat ambivalent, alternative view of the draugr is presented by the example of <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a></i>: "It seemed as though the howe was agape, and that Gunnar had turned within the howe to look upwards at the moon. They thought that they saw four lights within the howe, but not a shadow to be seen. Then they saw that Gunnar was merry, with a joyful face."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="We need a source describing the ghost with these words, otherwise this is original research. (January 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a></i>, a shepherd is assaulted by a blue-black draugr. The shepherd's neck is broken during the ensuing scuffle. The shepherd rises the next night as a draugr.<sup id="cite_ref-Curran-pp81-93_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curran-pp81-93-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_draugr">Sea draugr<span class="anchor" id="Sea_draugr"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sea draugr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Draug.jpg/170px-Draug.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Draug.jpg/255px-Draug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Draug.jpg/340px-Draug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>A "draug" from modern Scandinavian folklore<sup id="cite_ref-JL2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JL2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aboard a ship, in sub-human form, wearing oilskins</figcaption></figure> <p>In later <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a>, the <i>draug</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">continental Scandinavian</a> spelling), or <i>dröger</i> and <i>drög</i> in archaic <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, became synonymous with regular ghosts and thereof in general, sometimes with no clear distinction at all.<sup id="cite_ref-dialektl_0132_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialektl_0132-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Norway, however, the term draugr instead became associated with ghosts, and thereof, of people lost at sea, sometimes specified as "sea draugr" (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">havdraug</i>, <i>sjødraug</i>) relative to "land draugr". The sea draugr occurs in legends along the coast of Norway, either at sea or along the beach. In later folklore, it became common to limit the figure to a ghost of a dead <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fisherman</a> who had drifted at sea and who was not buried in Christian soil. It was said that he wore a leather jacket or was dressed in <a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">oilskin</a>, but had a <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> vase for his head. He sailed in a half-boat with blocked sails (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8_Municipality_(Nordland)" title="Bø Municipality (Nordland)">Bø Municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> has the half-boat in its coat of arms) and announced death for those who saw him or even wanted to pull them down. This trait is common in the northernmost part of Norway, where life and culture was based on fishing more than anywhere else. The reason for this may be that the fishermen often drowned in great numbers, and the stories of restless dead coming in from sea were more common in the north than any other region of the country. </p><p>A recorded legend from <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> tells how a <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpse</a> lying on a beach became the object of a quarrel between the two types of draug (headless and seaweed-headed). A similar source even tells of a third type, the <i>gleip</i>, known to hitch themselves to sailors walking ashore and make them slip on the wet rocks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>But, though the draug usually presages death, there is an amusing account in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a> of a northerner who managed to outwit him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, and Ola went down to his boathouse to get the <a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">keg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> he had bought for the holidays. When he got in, he noticed a draugr sitting on the keg, staring out to sea. Ola, with great presence of mind and great bravery (it might not be amiss to state that he already had done some drinking), tiptoed up behind the draugr and struck him sharply in the small of the back, so that he went flying out through the window, with sparks hissing around him as he hit the water. Ola knew he had no time to lose, so he set off at a great rate, running through the churchyard which lay between his home and the boathouse. As he ran, he cried, "Up, all you Christian souls, and help me!" Then he heard the sound of fighting between the ghosts and the draugr, who were battling each other with <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin boards</a> and bunches of seaweed. The next morning, when people came to church, the whole yard was strewn with coffin covers, boat boards, and seaweed. After the fight, which the ghosts won, the draugr never came back to that district.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_popular_culture">Use in popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Use in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern and popular connection between the draug and the sea can be traced back to authors like <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lie_(writer)" title="Jonas Lie (writer)">Jonas Lie</a> and Regine Nordmann, whose works include several books of fairy tales, as well as the drawings of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kittelsen" title="Theodor Kittelsen">Theodor Kittelsen</a>, who spent some years living in <a href="/wiki/Svolv%C3%A6r" title="Svolvær">Svolvær</a>. Up north, the tradition of sea-draugar is especially vivid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arne_Garborg" title="Arne Garborg">Arne Garborg</a> describes land-draugs coming <a href="/wiki/Haugtussa" title="Haugtussa">fresh from the graveyards</a>, and the term <i>draug</i> is even used of <a href="/wiki/Vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampires">vampires</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The notion of draugar who live in the mountains is present in the poetic works of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje" title="Aasmund Olavsson Vinje">Aasmund Olavsson Vinje</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> translation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> used the term for both <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> and the dead men of <a href="/wiki/Dunharrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunharrow">Dunharrow</a>. Tolkien's barrow-wights bear obvious similarity to, and were inspired by the haugbúi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In video game series such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a></i>, draugr are the undead mummified corpses of fallen warriors that inhabit the ancient burial sites of a Nordic-inspired race of man. They first appeared in the Bloodmoon expansion to <i>The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind</i>, and would later go on to appear all throughout <i>The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Draugar are a common enemy, the first encountered by the player, in the 2018 video game <i><a href="/wiki/God_of_War_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="God of War (2018)">God of War</a></i>, with a variety of different powers and abilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019, a spaceship named <i>Draugur</i> was added to the game <i><a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">Eve Online</a></i>, as the command destroyer of the Triglavian faction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Draugr appear as an enemies in the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Early_access" title="Early access">early access</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Valheim" title="Valheim">Valheim</a></i>, where they take the more recent, seaweed version of the Draug.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Draugr is one of the Norse myth units of the <i>New Gods Pack: Freyr</i> DLC of <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Mythology:_Retold" title="Age of Mythology: Retold">Age of Mythology: Retold</a></i>, associated to the god <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>, fighting with bows and arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Draug_(film)" title="Draug (film)">Draug (film)</a></i>, a group of Viking warriors encounter the draugr while searching for a missing person inside a vast forest. The draugr are depicted as blue-black animated corpses wielding many magical abilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northman" title="The Northman">The Northman</a></i>, Amleth enters a burial mound, in search of a magical sword named "Draugr". Amleth encounters an undead Mound Dweller inside the grave chamber, which he has to fight to obtain the blade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Season two episode two of <i><a href="/wiki/Hilda_(TV_series)" title="Hilda (TV series)">Hilda</a></i>, entitled "The Draugen," involved draugen as the ghosts of sailors who died at sea. While their form was ghostly, the captain could wear a coat, and had a shock of seaweed for hair.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_A" title="PSR B1257+12 A">PSR B1257+12 A</a> has been named "Draugr".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gjenganger" title="Gjenganger">Gjenganger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkolla" title="Selkolla">Selkolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiederg%C3%A4nger" title="Wiedergänger">Wiedergänger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Icelandic "Sótti haugbúinn með kappi" is rendered "the barrow-wight setting on with hideous eagerness" in <a href="#CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869">Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ármann Jakobsson notes that in this and comparable instances, the term "troll" designates some sort of revenant, more specifically the human undead. Since the term can also mean ‘demon’, the sense is ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Besides Glámr, other examples are Víga-Hrappr Sumarliðason in <i><a href="/wiki/Laxd%C3%A6la_saga" title="Laxdæla saga">Laxdæla saga</a></i>; Þórólfr bægifótr (lame-foot) or the ghosts of Fróðá in <i><a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both these occur in the <i><a href="/wiki/Eyrbyggja_saga" title="Eyrbyggja saga">Eyrbyggja saga</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note similarity to a shepherd killed by Thorolf's ghost, also found with every bone broken.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The color is literally‘blue’, thus "blue as hell, and great as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neat#etymology2" class="extiw" title="wikt:neat">neat</a>" is the rendering in <a href="#CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869">Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)</a>, <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA99">p. 99</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As related by <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>, hence the Latinized names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also Þráinn's " barrow was filled with a horrible stench" in <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3mundar_saga_Gripssonar" title="Hrómundar saga Gripssonar">Hrómundar saga Gripssonar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dialektl_0132-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialektl_0132_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialektl_0132_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/dialektl/"><i>Svenskt dialektlexikon : ordbok öfver svenska allmogespråket : drög</i></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Runeberg" title="Project Runeberg">Project Runeberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenskt+dialektlexikon+%3A+ordbok+%C3%B6fver+svenska+allmogespr%C3%A5ket+%3A+dr%C3%B6g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fdialektl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cleasby-vigfusson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cleasby-vigfusson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleasby; Vigfusson edd. (1974) <i>An Icelandic-English dictionary</i>. s. v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTVoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103">draugr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langeslag-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langeslag_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langeslag_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeslag2015" class="citation book cs1">Langeslag, P. S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJq7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>Seasons in the Literatures of the Medieval North</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843844259" title="Special:BookSources/9781843844259"><bdi>9781843844259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasons+in+the+Literatures+of+the+Medieval+North&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781843844259&rft.aulast=Langeslag&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJq7CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith_gregg_a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_gregg_a_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gregg A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckgiAQAAIAAJ&q=draugar"><i>The Function of the Living Dead in Medieval Norse and Celtic literature : Death and Desire</i></a>. Paul G. Remley (foreword by). <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773453531" title="Special:BookSources/9780773453531"><bdi>9780773453531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Function+of+the+Living+Dead+in+Medieval+Norse+and+Celtic+literature+%3A+Death+and+Desire&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780773453531&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregg+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckgiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddraugar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams_howard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_howard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_howard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(archaeologist)" title="Howard Williams (archaeologist)">Williams, Howard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jy_BTRVnwIC&pg=PA172"><i>Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139457934" title="Special:BookSources/9781139457934"><bdi>9781139457934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Memory+in+Early+Medieval+Britain&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781139457934&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jy_BTRVnwIC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burns-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burns_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2014). Houghton, John Wm.; <a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Croft, Janet Brennan</a>; Martsch, Nancy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_rsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195"><i>Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey : Night-wolves, Half-trolls and the Dead Who Won't Stay Down</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 195, endnote 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476614861" title="Special:BookSources/9781476614861"><bdi>9781476614861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+in+the+New+Century%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Tom+Shippey+%3A+Night-wolves%2C+Half-trolls+and+the+Dead+Who+Won%27t+Stay+Down&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=195%2C+endnote+27&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476614861&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_rsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilliver-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gilliver_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliverMarshallWeiner2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gilliver" title="Peter Gilliver">Gilliver, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Marshall">Marshall, Jeremy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund</a> (2009) [2006]. Black, Ronald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bszM-uwEQOkC&pg=PA214"><i>The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199568369" title="Special:BookSources/9780199568369"><bdi>9780199568369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+Words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199568369&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbszM-uwEQOkC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns<sup id="cite_ref-burns_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing Gilliver et al. (2009) [2006]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, pp. 214–216.<sup id="cite_ref-gilliver_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilliver-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869">Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)</a>. Ch. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA48">p. 48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._65-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p._65_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p._65_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoer_(ed.)1900">Boer (ed.) (1900)</a>, Cap. 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA65">p. 65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPCRN_project_and_Skaldic_project2014" class="citation web cs1">PCRN project and Skaldic project (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/db.php?table=verses&id=26687&if=myth">"Pre-Christian Religions of the North: Sources : [excerpt from] Gr ch. 18b: Living in gravemounds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-Christian+Religions+of+the+North%3A+Sources+%3A+%5Bexcerpt+from%5D+Gr+ch.+18b%3A+Living+in+gravemounds&rft.date=2014&rft.au=PCRN+project+and+Skaldic+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskaldic.abdn.ac.uk%2Fdb.php%3Ftable%3Dverses%26id%3D26687%26if%3Dmyth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draugr#Old_Norse">"Draugr"</a>. 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draugr&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdraugr%23Old_Norse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JER102-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JER102_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rietz, J. E. <i>Svenskt dialektlexikon</i>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eiec-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eiec_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoloméAdams1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polomé, Edgar C.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). "Spirit". In Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spirit&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Polom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Edgar+C.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shag-boy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shag-boy_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shag-boy">"shag-boy"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 29 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=shag-boy&rft.date=2019-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fshag-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScudder_(tr.)2005">Scudder (tr.) (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kárr is called a draugr by Grettir when he sings a verse to reply to the question of how he gained the treasure sword. This was rendered "In the barrow where that thing .. fell" in the 1869 translation,<sup id="cite_ref-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnusson&morris-cap18-p048-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "in a murky mound.. a ghost was felled then " by Scudder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScudder_(tr.)2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011284_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011285_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sayers-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sayers_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sayers_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sayers, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcmc.uvic.ca/~scancan/pdf/vol07.pdf">"The arctic desert (<i>Helluland</i>) in <i>Bárðar saga</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scandinavian-Canadian Studies/Études scandinaves au Canada</i>. <b>7</b>: 11 and notes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005161642/http://hcmc.uvic.ca/~scancan/pdf/vol07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian-Canadian+Studies%2F%C3%89tudes+scandinaves+au+Canada&rft.atitle=The+arctic+desert+%28Helluland%29+in+B%C3%A1r%C3%B0ar+saga&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=11+and+notes&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcmc.uvic.ca%2F~scancan%2Fpdf%2Fvol07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClemoesDickins1959">Clemoes & Dickins (1959)</a>, p. 190, e.g., and Willam Sayers<sup id="cite_ref-sayers_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sayers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009">Ármann Jakobsson (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciola199628-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciola199628_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaciola1996">Caciola (1996)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick194651-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick194651_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1946">Chadwick (1946)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011281–282-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011281–282_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is pointed out that the lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_Vigf%C3%BAsson" title="Guðbrandur Vigfússon">Guðbrandur Vigfússon</a> (who defined draugr as 'ghost' in his dictionary) wrote the preface to Jón Árnason's folklore collection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009284-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009284_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009">Ármann Jakobsson (2009)</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The will appears to be strong, strong enough to draw the <i>hugr</i> [animate will] back to one's body. These reanimated individuals were known as <i>draugar</i>. However, though the dead might live again, they could also die again. <i>Draugar</i> die a "second death" as Chester Gould calls it, when their bodies decay, are burned, dismembered or otherwise destroyed".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009311-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2009311_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009">Ármann Jakobsson (2009)</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeyworth2006">Keyworth (2006)</a>, p. 244: "there is no mention of draugrs being swollen with the supposed blood of their victims".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armann-j-transmittable-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armann-j-transmittable_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armann-j-transmittable_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009">Ármann Jakobsson (2009)</a>, p. 313: "Vampirism is transmittable, to which Þórólfr bægifótr's many victims bear witness".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973">Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)</a>. <i>Eyrbyggja Saga</i>, "Ch. 34: Thorolf's ghost". p. 115ff.; "Ch. 63: Thorolf comes back from the Dead". p. 186ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaciola1996">Caciola (1996)</a>, p. 15: "Thorgunna's death also brought on what might be called an epidemic of aggressive revenants".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973">Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)</a>. <i>Eyrbyggja Saga</i>, "Ch. 51: Thorgunna dies", p. 158 – "Ch. 54 More ghosts", p. 166ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869">Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)</a>. <i>Grettis saga</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA102">p. 102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973">Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)</a>. <i>Eyrbyggja Saga</i>, "Ch. 34: Thorolf's ghost".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009">Ármann Jakobsson (2009)</a>, pp. 310–311: "This creature [evil spirit] contaminates Glámr"; <a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, p. 297: " some kind of infection is also apparent in the account of Glámr".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow197695-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow197695_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindow1976">Lindow (1976)</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200715-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200715_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith (2007)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200582-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2005">Curran (2005)</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200582–83-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200582–83_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2005">Curran (2005)</a>, p. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011291–292-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011291–292_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoer_(ed.)1900">Boer (ed.) (1900)</a> <i>Grettis saga</i> Kap. XVIII.9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64">p. 64</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973">Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1973)</a>. <i>Eyrbyggja Saga</i>, p. 187; Pálsson & Edwards (trr.) (1989). pp. 155–156, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFKeyworth2006">Keyworth (2006)</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer189855-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoer189855_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoer1898">Boer (1898)</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnussonPálsson_(trr.)1969">Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)</a>, <i>Laxdaela Saga</i>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett201444-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett201444_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2014">Bennett (2014)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hromundar-saga-kershaw-p68_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick (1921)/<a href="#CITEREFKershaw1921">Kershaw (1921)</a> <i>The Saga of Hromund Greipsson</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAEzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68">p. 68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidson1958-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davidson1958_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Roderick_Ellis_Davidson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a> (September 1958). 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(1900)</a> <i>Grettis saga</i> Kap. XVIII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125">p. 125</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869">Eiríkur Magnússon & Morris (trr.) (1869)</a> Ch. 18, p. 47: "<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">þeygi þefgott</i></span> (and smell there was therein none of the sweetest)". Literally <i>þeyg</i> ‘not’+ <i>þefr</i> ‘smell’+ <i>gott</i> ‘good’.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, p. 291, n42, citing <i>Harðar saga</i>. Þórhallur Vilmundarson; Bjarni Vilhjálmsson (edd.), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidson1943-p163-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1943-p163_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson1943-p163_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis</a> (1943). <i>The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Hel%3A+A+Study+of+the+Conception+of+the+Dead+in+Old+Norse+Literature&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Roderick+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011290-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2011290_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011">Ármann Jakobsson (2011)</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnussonPálsson_(trr.)1969">Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)</a>, <i>Laxdaela Saga</i>, Ch. 18, pp. 79–80; introduction, p. 12; index of names, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um91wPf9c7MC&pg=PA255">p. 255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnussonPálsson_(trr.)1969">Magnusson & Pálsson (trr.) (1969)</a>, p.78, n1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyworth200771-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyworth200771_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeyworth2007">Keyworth (2007)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciola199633,_n102-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciola199633,_n102_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaciola1996">Caciola (1996)</a>, p. 33, n102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS166-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS166_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_Árnason1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1972). <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HY-DCKd6UgUC"><i>Icelandic Folktales and Legends</i></a>. 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(1969)</a>, <i>Laxdaela Saga</i>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS107-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS107_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, <i>Icelandic Folktales and Legends</i>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VA_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/ghosts.shtml">"Viking Answer Lady Webpage - The Walking Dead: Draugr and Aptrgangr in Old Norse Literature"</a>. Vikinganswerlady.com. 2005-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weird+Tales+from+the+Northern+Seas&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Housman%2C+Laurence+%28illustrations%29&rft.au=R.+Nisbet+Bain+%281893+translation%29&rft.au=Jonas+Lie+%28original+Danish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13508%2F13508-h%2F13508-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=no7XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Norwegian-American Studies and Records - Volume 12</i></a>. Norwegian-American Historical Association. 1941. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian-American+Studies+and+Records+-+Volume+12&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Norwegian-American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dno7XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xbox.com/pt-BR/games/store/age-of-mythology-retold-new-gods-pack-freyr/9NP6MK1G59KP">"Comprar o Age of Mythology: Retold - New Gods Pack: Freyr - Xbox"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xbox&rft.atitle=Comprar+o+Age+of+Mythology%3A+Retold+-+New+Gods+Pack%3A+Freyr+-+Xbox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbox.com%2Fpt-BR%2Fgames%2Fstore%2Fage-of-mythology-retold-new-gods-pack-freyr%2F9NP6MK1G59KP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer_(ed.)1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Constant_Boer" title="Richard Constant Boer">Boer, Richard Constant</a>, ed. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-UOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar</i></a>. Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grettis+saga+%C3%81smundarsonar&rft.place=Halle+an+der+Saale&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-UOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">[Chadwick, N. K.]=Kershaw, Nora</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAEzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68">"The Saga of Hromund Greipsson"</a>. <i>Stories and Ballads of the Far Past</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Hromund+Greipsson&rft.btitle=Stories+and+Ballads+of+the+Far+Past&rft.pages=58-78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAEzAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiríkur_MagnússonMorris_(trr.)1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkur_Magn%C3%BAsson" title="Eiríkur Magnússon">Eiríkur Magnússon;</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris, William (trr.)</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtdUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Grettis Saga. The Story of Grettir the Strong, translated from the Icelandic</i></a>. London: F. S. Ellis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grettis+Saga.+The+Story+of+Grettir+the+Strong%2C+translated+from+the+Icelandic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=F.+S.+Ellis&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Eir%C3%ADkur+Magn%C3%BAsson&rft.au=Morris%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtdUAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxPálsson_(trr.)1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denton_Fox" title="Denton Fox">Fox, Denton;</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%A1lsson" title="Hermann Pálsson">Pálsson, Hermann (trr.)</a> (1974). <i>Grettir's Saga</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grettir%27s+Saga&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Denton&rft.au=P%C3%A1lsson%2C+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPálssonEdwards_(trr.)1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%A1lsson" title="Hermann Pálsson">Pálsson, Hermannn;</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(literary_scholar)" title="Paul Edwards (literary scholar)">Edwards, Paul (trr.)</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eyrbyggja Saga</i></a>. Edinburgh: Southside Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900025075" title="Special:BookSources/9780900025075"><bdi>9780900025075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyrbyggja+Saga&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Southside+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780900025075&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1lsson&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gbXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnussonPálsson_(trr.)1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson" title="Magnus Magnusson">Fox, Denton;</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%A1lsson" title="Hermann Pálsson">Pálsson, Hermann (trr.)</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um91wPf9c7MC"><i>Laxdaela Saga</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140442182" title="Special:BookSources/9780140442182"><bdi>9780140442182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laxdaela+Saga&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780140442182&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.au=P%C3%A1lsson%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dum91wPf9c7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScudder_(tr.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Scudder, Bernard (tr.) (2005) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DrV1rWimgwC"><i>The Saga of Grettir the Strong</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141937922" title="Special:BookSources/9780141937922"><bdi>9780141937922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saga+of+Grettir+the+Strong&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780141937922&rft.aulast=Scudder&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DrV1rWimgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Draugr&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1912–1913" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, A. LeRoy (1912–1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSE_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA604">"Fornaldarsǫgur Norðrlanda (cont.)"</a>. <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 601–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386906">10.1086/386906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224836243">224836243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Fornaldars%C7%ABgur+Nor%C3%B0rlanda+%28cont.%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=601-630&rft.date=1912%2F1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224836243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=A.+LeRoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSE_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmann_Jakobsson" title="Ármann Jakobsson">Ármann Jakobsson</a> (2009). "The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note about the Icelandic <i>Draugr</i> and Demonic Contamination in <i>Grettis Saga</i>". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>120</b> (3): 307–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00155870903219771">10.1080/00155870903219771</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646533">40646533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162338244">162338244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Fearless+Vampire+Killers%3A+A+Note+about+the+Icelandic+Draugr+and+Demonic+Contamination+in+Grettis+Saga&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-316&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162338244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40646533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00155870903219771&rft.au=%C3%81rmann+Jakobsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2011" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2011). "Vampires and watchmen: Categorizing the mediaeval Icelandic undead". <i>Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>110</b> (3): 281–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.110.3.0281">10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281">10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162278413">162278413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Vampires+and+watchmen%3A+Categorizing+the+mediaeval+Icelandic+undead&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-300&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162278413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.110.3.0281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.110.3.0281&rft.au=%C3%81rmann+Jakobsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Lisa (2014). "Burial Practices as Sites of Cultural Memory in the Íslendingasögur". <i>Viking and Medieval Scandinavia</i>. <b>10</b>: 27–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.VMS.5.105211">10.1484/J.VMS.5.105211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48501879">48501879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viking+and+Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.atitle=Burial+Practices+as+Sites+of+Cultural+Memory+in+the+%C3%8Dslendingas%C3%B6gur&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=27-2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.VMS.5.105211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48501879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer1898" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Constant_Boer" title="Richard Constant Boer">Boer, Richard Constant</a>, ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbVDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">"Zur Grettissaga"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie</i>. <b>30</b>: 1–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Philologie&rft.atitle=Zur+Grettissaga&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbVDAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaciola1996" class="citation journal cs1">Caciola, Nancy (August 1996). "Wraiths, Revenants and Ritual in Medieval Culture". <i>Past & Present</i> (152): 3–45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651055">651055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Wraiths%2C+Revenants+and+Ritual+in+Medieval+Culture&rft.issue=152&rft.pages=3-45&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caciola&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1946" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">Chadwick, N. K.</a> (1946). "Norse ghosts: A study in the <i>Draugr</i> and the <i>Haugbúi</i>". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 50–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1946.9717812">10.1080/0015587x.1946.9717812</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1256952">1256952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Norse+ghosts%3A+A+study+in+the+Draugr+and+the+Haugb%C3%BAi&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-65&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587x.1946.9717812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1256952%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=N.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1946b" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1946b). "Norse ghosts II". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 106–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1946.9717823">10.1080/0015587X.1946.9717823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Norse+ghosts+II&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=106-127&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1946.9717823&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora+Kershaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemoesDickins1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clemoes" title="Peter Clemoes">Clemoes, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Dickins" title="Bruce Dickins">Dickins, Bruce</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGo0AAAAIAAJ&q=draugr"><i>The Anglo-Saxons</i></a>. Bowes & Bowes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxons&rft.pub=Bowes+%26+Bowes&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Clemoes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Dickins%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGo0AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddraugr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2005" class="citation book cs1">Curran, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1d1EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Chapter 7. The Devil of Hjlata-stad, Iceland"</a>. <i>Vampires: A Field Guide to the Creatures that Stalk the Night</i>. Career Press. pp. 81–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-807-0"><bdi>978-1-56414-807-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7.+The+Devil+of+Hjlata-stad%2C+Iceland&rft.btitle=Vampires%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+the+Creatures+that+Stalk+the+Night&rft.pages=81-93&rft.pub=Career+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56414-807-0&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1d1EDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_Hnefill_Aðalsteinsson1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Hnefill_A%C3%B0alsteinsson" title="Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson">Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqwSAQAAIAAJ&q=%C3%81svi%C3%B0r">"Wrestling with ghosts in Icelandic popular belief"</a>. <i>Arv: Nordic Yearbook of Folklore</i>. <b>43</b>: 7–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789122012436" title="Special:BookSources/9789122012436"><bdi>9789122012436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arv%3A+Nordic+Yearbook+of+Folklore&rft.atitle=Wrestling+with+ghosts+in+Icelandic+popular+belief&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=7-20&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789122012436&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+Hnefill+A%C3%B0alsteinsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqwSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25C3%2581svi%25C3%25B0r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth2006" class="citation journal cs1">Keyworth, G. David (December 2006). "Was the Vampire of the Eighteenth Century a Unique Type of Undead-Corpse?". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>117</b> (3): 241–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00155870600928872">10.1080/00155870600928872</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035373">30035373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162921894">162921894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Was+the+Vampire+of+the+Eighteenth+Century+a+Unique+Type+of+Undead-Corpse%3F&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-260&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162921894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00155870600928872&rft.aulast=Keyworth&rft.aufirst=G.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq4qAAAAYAAJ"><i>Troublesome Corpses: Vampires & Revenants, from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Desert Island Books. pp. 29–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905328307" title="Special:BookSources/9781905328307"><bdi>9781905328307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublesome+Corpses%3A+Vampires+%26+Revenants%2C+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=29-35&rft.pub=Desert+Island+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781905328307&rft.aulast=Keyworth&rft.aufirst=G.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCq4qAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHAbAQAAIAAJ&q=draugr"><i>Comitatus, Individual and Honor: Studies in North Germanic Institutional Vocabulary</i></a>. University of California Publications in Linguistics 83. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520095496" title="Special:BookSources/9780520095496"><bdi>9780520095496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comitatus%2C+Individual+and+Honor%3A+Studies+in+North+Germanic+Institutional+Vocabulary&rft.series=University+of+California+Publications+in+Linguistics+83&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780520095496&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHAbAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddraugr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraugr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template talk:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Death in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel (mythological being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorxnawang" title="Neorxnawang">Neorxnawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Draugr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Burial practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogback (sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism#In_funeral_and_burial" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horse burial in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres and Matronae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">Rebirth in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul#Etymology" title="Soul">Soul (etymology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scandinavian_folklore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Template:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Template talk:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian_folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scandinavian_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folklore" title="Nordic folklore"><span style="color: black;">Scandinavian folklore</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Askafroa" title="Askafroa">Askafroa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)#Bäckahäst,_bækhest" title="Nixie (folklore)">Bäckahäst</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8yg" title="Bøyg">Bøyg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bysen" title="Bysen">Bysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_grim" title="Church grim">Church grim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprianus" title="Cyprianus">Cyprianus</a></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Deildegast" title="Deildegast">Deildegast</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_sma_undar_jordi" title="Di sma undar jordi">Di sma undar jordi</a></li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Draugr</a></i></span> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land draugr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sea_draugr">Sea draugr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%84lvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Älvor (page does not exist)">Älvor</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Fossegrim" title="Fossegrim">Fossegrim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Gjenganger" title="Gjenganger">Gjenganger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Helhest" title="Helhest">Helhest</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">Kraken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></i></span> (nightmare)</li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">Marmennill</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Myling" title="Myling">Myling</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%9F_Puk" class="mw-redirect" title="Niß Puk">Nis Puk</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomter%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomterå (page does not exist)">Tomterå</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(lake_monster)" title="Selma (lake monster)">Selma</a></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Skrømt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forrest_troll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forrest troll (page does not exist)">Forrest troll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjergtrolde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjergtrolde (page does not exist)">Mountain troll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_troll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea troll (page does not exist)">Sea troll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cat" title="Troll cat">Troll cat</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Valravn" title="Valravn">Valravn</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8ger" title="Vardøger">Vardøger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Vargr</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vǫrðr</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Ys%C3%A4tters-Kajsa" title="Ysätters-Kajsa">Ysätters-Kajsa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/130px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/195px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg/260px-En_kv%C3%A4ll_vid_midsommartid_gingo_de_med_Bianca_Maria_djupt_in_i_skogen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Amleth" title="Amleth">Amleth</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Askeladden" title="Askeladden">Askeladden</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Blenda" title="Blenda">Blenda</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Disa" title="Disa">Disa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Feng_(chieftain)" title="Feng (chieftain)">Feng</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Easter_witch" title="Easter witch">Påskkärring</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folklore" title="Danish folklore">Danish folklore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draugr&oldid=1256101628">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draugr&oldid=1256101628</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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