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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Related Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_&_the_SRS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_&_the_SRS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_&_the_SRS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICANN's_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICANN's_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICANN's_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participants_for_the_SRS_Testbed_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participants_for_the_SRS_Testbed_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Participants for the SRS Testbed Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participants_for_the_SRS_Testbed_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_(RAA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_(RAA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_(RAA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registry_and_Registrar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registry_and_Registrar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Registry and Registrar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Registry_and_Registrar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Registry and Registrar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Registry_and_Registrar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertical_Separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_Separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vertical Separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_Separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICANN's_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICANN's_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICANN's_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RADAR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RADAR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>RADAR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RADAR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External Links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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data-subject="Registrar#0##" data-dir="ltr" data-uselang="" title="Running an examiner in the background"></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From ICANNWiki</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>registrar</b> has direct relationships with domain name <a href="/Registry" title="Registry">registries</a> and is authorized to sell domain names. In order to become a registrar, one has to be accredited through ICANN,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires that they meet certain business and technical requirements. </p><p><b>See our list of <a href="/Category:Registrars" title="Category:Registrars">registrars</a>.</b> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Related_Terms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Related Terms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_&_the_SRS"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#ICANN's_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Policy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Participants_for_the_SRS_Testbed_Program"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Participants for the SRS Testbed Program</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_(RAA)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Registry_and_Registrar"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Registry and Registrar</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vertical_Separation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vertical Separation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#ICANN's_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#RADAR"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">RADAR</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_Links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External Links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_Terms">Related Terms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Related Terms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related Terms"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><b>Accredited Registrar</b>: A Registrar that has been certified as meeting certain minimum criteria to act as a Registrar for a specific <a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLD</a>. This term is almost solely used when referring to Registrars that have been certified by <a href="/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>. <a href="/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a> <a href="/Registry" title="Registry">Registries</a> also accredit registrars through a separate process, however though they may use differing terms, the concepts are largely the same.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Sponsoring Registrar</b>: The Registrar responsible for the submission of the domain name to the Registry.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Registrar Operator</b>: A term used to denote the entity providing the technical services to a Registrar in support of their registration services. Also referred to as a "Registrar Outsourcer" or "Registrar Provider".</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Background"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span id="NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_.26_the_SRS"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="NSI_Cooperative_Agreement_&_the_SRS">NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: NSI Cooperative Agreement & the SRS"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>From 1993 to 1998, <a href="/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a> (NSI) was the only Registrar and Registry Operator for the <a href="/.com" title=".com">.com</a>, <a href="/.net" title=".net">.net</a> and <a href="/.org" title=".org">.org</a> top level domain names (<a href="/TLD" class="mw-redirect" title="TLD">TLDs</a>), based on a Cooperative Agreement between NSI and the National Science Foundation (<a href="/NSF" class="mw-redirect" title="NSF">NSF</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> (DOC) extended and amended the Cooperative Agreement with NSI when the contract expired in 1998. Under the new Cooperative Agreement, NSI would continue to serve as a Registry Operator, but would implement a Shared Registry System (<a href="/SRS" class="mw-redirect" title="SRS">SRS</a>) by June 1, 1999, meaning that multiple registrars could be accredited by a new non-profit organization that was to be created to take over the technical management of the <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a>. Five new registrars were to be chosen by the new corporation to test the SRS.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agreement was modified twice in order to adjust the date of the deployment of the SRS from June 1 to June 25, 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to include a registration fee for new domain names ($9 for one year and $18 for two years), and to include the <a href="/index.php?title=Registrar_License_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Registrar License Agreement (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Registrar License Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="ICANN.27s_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="ICANN's_Registrar_Accreditation_Policy">ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Policy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Policy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On November 1998, the DOC officially recognized <a href="/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> as the new private, non-profit organization responsible in administering the technical management of DNS. Some of its responsibilities would include supervision of the deployment and transition to SRS, development and implementation procedures for registrar accreditation that would ensure a competitive registration system, and to maintain the stability and security of the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br> On March 4, 1999, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> adopted the Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy for the .com, .net and .org <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="e800122d43583e63e1740a15d5fa5183">TLDs</a>. Under the policy, registrars seeking to participate in the SRS Testbed Program would be required to pay $2,500, while all other registrar applicants would pay $1,000. Applicants that were not selected for the test bed would be considered for regular accreditation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Participants_for_the_SRS_Testbed_Program">Participants for the SRS Testbed Program</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Participants for the SRS Testbed Program" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Participants for the SRS Testbed Program"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>ICANN accepted applicantions for the SRS Testbed Program from March 11 to April 8, 1999. On April 21, 1999, ICANN announced that the following five registrars had been selected to participate in the testbed:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>America Online (<a href="/AOL" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL">AOL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/CORE" title="CORE">CORE</a> (Internet Council of Registrars)</li> <li><a href="/France_Telecom" title="France Telecom">France Telecom</a>/Oléane</li> <li><a href="/Melbourne_IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne IT">Melbourne IT</a></li> <li><a href="/Register.com" title="Register.com">Register.com</a></li></ol> <p><br> In addition, ICANN also announced the names of 29 additional companies that would receive accreditation after the completion of the SRS Testbed Program. The testbed ended on November 30, 1999. The List of Businesses to be Accredited as Post-Testbed Registrars is available <a class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/registrars/posttestebed-21apr99.htm">here</a>. </p><p>ICANN has continued to accept applications for registrar accreditation since then. Here is a complete list of existing <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/registrar-reports/accredited-list.html"><b>ICANN Accredited Registrars</b></a>. </p> <h3><span id="The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_.28RAA.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement_(RAA)">The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="dfea1540aa4384bff32fe985546f39e2">RAA</a>)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA)"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>ICANN implemented a new version of Registrar Accreditation Agreement (<a href="/RAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RAA">RAA</a>) on March 17, 2001 effective until March 21, 2009. A new revision was again introduced on March 21, 2009 with 17 amendments. Some of the revisions include:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>improved enforcement tools to ensure full compliance with the ICANN contract and policies</li> <li>expansion of requirements for reseller agreements</li> <li>additional requirements for audit and data escrow</li> <li>additional requirements to ensure precise contact information</li> <li>new notice requirements</li> <li>provisions for termination</li></ul> <p>Read the <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registrars/raa/approved-with-specs-27jun13-en.htm">2013 RAA</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Registry_and_Registrar">Registry and Registrar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Registry and Registrar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Registry and Registrar"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vertical_Separation">Vertical Separation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vertical Separation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vertical Separation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>When the U.S. <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> amended <a href="/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a>' (NSI) cooperative agreement and implemented the <a href="/SRS" class="mw-redirect" title="SRS">Shared Registry System</a> (SRS), the DOC also put a condition on the renewal of NSI's contract: the company would be able to automatically renew its contract for another four years as long as it separated its <a href="/Registry" title="Registry">registry</a> and registrar businesses. This was done in order to promote more competition in the domain space.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, <a href="/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a> purchased Network Solutions for $16 billion. Verisign decided to sell the registrar business to Pivotal Private for $100 million in order to concentrate on its new registry business.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move enabled Verisign to re-negotiate its registry agreement with ICANN. On April 16, 2001, a Revised Registry Agreement for .com, .net and .org was adopted. Number 23 (C) Fair Treatment of ICANN-Accredited Registrars on the revised agreement stipulated, "Registry Operator shall not act as a registrar with respect to the Registry <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a>. This shall not preclude Registry Operator from registering names within the domain of the Registry <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> in compliance with Section 24. This also shall not preclude an affiliate (including wholly-owned subsidiaries) of Registry Operator from acting as a registrar with respect to the Registry <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a>, provided that Registry Operator complies with the provisions of Subsection 23(E)." Sub-section E also stated that Registry Operators must ensure that their assets and revenues would not be utilized to advance the interests of their affiliate registrars against other accredited competitor registrars.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of ownership, or vertical separation, was also implemented to all un-sponsored <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> registry operators to maintain registrar competition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="ICANN.27s_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="ICANN's_Policy_Change_on_Vertical_Separation">ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: ICANN's Policy Change on Vertical Separation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On November 5, 2010, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> passed a resolution allowing the removal of registry-registrar cross-ownership restriction for existing and new <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further explanation on this issue, vertical integration, is available <a href="/Vertical_Integration" title="Vertical Integration">here</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="RADAR">RADAR</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: RADAR" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: RADAR"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>ICANN maintains Registrar Contact Information Database, called RADAR, that Registrars can log into to perform <a href="/Domain_Name" title="Domain Name">Domain Name</a> transfers and other functions. </p><p>On 29 May 2014, ICANN announced that a security breach had occurred and RADAR would be taken offline until a review was conducted. Registrar's passwords, usernames, and email addresses may have been accessed. ICANN stated that they had no evidence unauthorized logins had occurred but was resetting all Registrar passwords as precautionary measure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN stated the database will be offline for at least two weeks while the organization conducts a security audit of RADAR and other ICANN processes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> <div style="font-size:.9em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/smallbusiness/domains/redelegation/redelegation-06.html">Registrar Definition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber/internet.jsp">A Brief History of NSF and the Internet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/domainname/proposals/DOCNSI100698.htm">Special Award Conditions NCR-9218742 Amendment No. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/amend12.pdf">Amendment Number 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/amendment13.pdf">Amendment Number 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registrars/accreditation/history">Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registrars/accreditation/policy-statement">Statement of Registrar Accreditation Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/icann-pr-21apr99-en.htm">ICANN Names Competitive Domain-Name Registrars</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/resources/registrars/accreditation/history">Registrar Accreditation: History of the Shared Registry System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://archive.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm">ICANN-NSI Registry Agreement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-sells-domain-registrar-business-for-100-mln">VeriSign selling domain registrar business</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/verisign/registry-agmt-com-16apr01-en.htm">Revised VeriSign .com Registry Agreement, 16 April 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/registries/unsponsored/registry-agmt-26feb01-en.htm">Proposed Unsponsored TLD Agreement, 26 February 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/documents/resolutions-05nov10-en.htm">Special Meeting of the ICANN Board of Directors</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2-2014-05-28-en">RADAR announcement 28 May 2014</a> Retrieved 29 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/16738-icann-registrar-database-hacked">ICANN Registrar Database Hacked, DomainIncite</a> Retrieved 29 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://domainincite.com/16756-radar-to-be-down-at-least-two-weeks-after-hack">RADAR to be down at least two weeks, DomainIncite</a> Retrieved 30 May 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_Links">External Links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External Links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=Registrar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: External Links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a class="external text" href="http://gnso.icann.org/mailing-lists/archives/registrars/index.html">GNSO Registrars' Constituency Mailing List</a> </p></div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="e800122d43583e63e1740a15d5fa5183"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Top-Level_Domain" title="Top-Level Domain">Top-Level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="dfea1540aa4384bff32fe985546f39e2"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Registrar_Accreditation_Agreement" title="Registrar Accreditation Agreement">Registrar Accreditation Agreement</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Top-Level_Domain" title="Top-Level Domain">Top-Level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div 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