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id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Post-conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Early ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_missionary_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_missionary_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 First missionary journey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_missionary_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Council of Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incident_at_Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incident_at_Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Incident at Antioch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incident_at_Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_missionary_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_missionary_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Second missionary journey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_missionary_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interval_in_Corinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interval_in_Corinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Interval in Corinth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interval_in_Corinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_missionary_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_missionary_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Third missionary journey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_missionary_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjectured_journey_from_Rome_to_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjectured_journey_from_Rome_to_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Conjectured journey from Rome to Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjectured_journey_from_Rome_to_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_to_Jerusalem_in_Acts_and_the_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_to_Jerusalem_in_Acts_and_the_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_to_Jerusalem_in_Acts_and_the_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_visit_to_Jerusalem_and_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_visit_to_Jerusalem_and_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Last visit to Jerusalem and arrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_visit_to_Jerusalem_and_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_years_in_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_years_in_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Two years in Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_years_in_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Church tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Feast days </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feast_days-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feast days subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feast_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Roman Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Eastern Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 The Church of England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_Church_Missouri_Synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_Church_Missouri_Synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Lutheran Church Missouri Synod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_Church_Missouri_Synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Physical appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Date </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Authorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Acts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Self-view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understanding_of_Jesus_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understanding_of_Jesus_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Understanding of Jesus Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Understanding_of_Jesus_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atonement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atonement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Atonement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atonement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Relationship with Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_to_come" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_to_come"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 World to come </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_to_come-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Views on homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Pauline Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Marcion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Augustine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Calvin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Calvin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 John Calvin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Calvin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Modern theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Views on Paul </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_on_Paul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views on Paul subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 In Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 In Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 In Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Other views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paul the Apostle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" > 148 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_van_Tarsus" title="Paulus van Tarsus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paulus van Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_von_Tarsus" title="Paulus von Tarsus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paulus von Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B3%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8E%E1%88%B5" title="ጳውሎስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጳውሎስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="بولس الطرسوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولس الطرسوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Pavlo" title="Sant Pavlo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Pavlo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%AB%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%9A%DC%90" title="ܦܘܠܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_Tarsu" title="Pablo de Tarsu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pablo de Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99vari_Pavel" title="Həvari Pavel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həvari Pavel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پولوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="প্রেরিত পৌল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রেরিত পৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-l%C3%B4" title="Pó-lô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pó-lô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Павел (апостал) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павел (апостал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Павал (апостал) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Павал (апостал)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Pablo_na_Apostol" title="Si Pablo na Apostol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Si Pablo na Apostol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Павел (апостол) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павел (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_vo_Tarsus" title="Paulus vo Tarsus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paulus vo Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Pavao" title="Sveti Pavao – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveti Pavao" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_Tars" title="Paol Tars – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paol Tars" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_de_Tars" title="Pau de Tars – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pau de Tars" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Павăл апостол – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Павăл апостол" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_z_Tarsu" title="Pavel z Tarsu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavel z Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Mtumwi" title="Paulo Mtumwi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Paulo Mtumwi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Apostol_Paul" title="Yr Apostol Paul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Apostol Paul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1vlos" title="Bávlos – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bávlos" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_von_Tarsus" title="Paulus von Tarsus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paulus von Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Απόστολος Παύλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόστολος Παύλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_Tarso" title="Pablo de Tarso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pablo de Tarso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlo_de_Tarso" title="Paŭlo de Tarso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlo de Tarso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Tarsokoa" title="Paulo Tarsokoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paulo Tarsokoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="پولس رسول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پولس رسول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul" title="Saint Paul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saint Paul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_%C3%A1postul" title="Paulus ápostul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Paulus ápostul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse" title="Paul de Tarse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul de Tarse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_(apostel)" title="Paulus (apostel) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paulus (apostel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_P%C3%B3l" title="Naomh Pól – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh Pól" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2l_%C3%A0_Tarsus" title="Pòl à Tarsus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pòl à Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_de_Tarso" title="Paulo de Tarso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paulo de Tarso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85" title="聖·保羅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="聖·保羅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%E1%BB%8Dsteli_Paulu" title="Apọsteli Paulu – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Apọsteli Paulu" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-l%C3%B2" title="Pó-lò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pó-lò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84_%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="사도 바울로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사도 바울로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulus_Manzo" title="Bulus Manzo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bulus Manzo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Պողոս առաքյալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պողոս առաքյալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Pavao" title="Sveti Pavao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Pavao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_de_Tarsus" title="Paulus de Tarsus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paulus de Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_ti_Apostol" title="Pablo ti Apostol – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pablo ti Apostol" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_dari_Tarsus" title="Paulus dari Tarsus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paulus dari Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpostile_uPawulos" title="Umpostile uPawulos – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umpostile uPawulos" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_postuli" title="Páll postuli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páll postuli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_di_Tarso" title="Paolo di Tarso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paolo di Tarso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פאולוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאולוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_saka_Tarsus" title="Paulus saka Tarsus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paulus saka Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94%C9%94l%C9%A9" title="Pɔɔlɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔɔlɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პავლე მოციქული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პავლე მოციქული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swi%C3%A3ti_Pawe%C5%82" title="Swiãti Paweł – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Swiãti Paweł" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_a_Tarsus" title="Paul a Tarsus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paul a Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagatifu_Pawulo" title="Mutagatifu Pawulo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mutagatifu Pawulo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtakatifu_Paulo" title="Mtakatifu Paulo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtakatifu Paulo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse" title="Paul de Tarse – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Paul de Tarse" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawlos" title="Pawlos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pawlos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostul_Paul" title="Apostul Paul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Apostul Paul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Tarsensis" title="Paulus Tarsensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Tarsensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tais_P%C4%81vils" title="Svētais Pāvils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētais Pāvils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_vun_Tarsus" title="Paulus vun Tarsus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paulus vun Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C5%A1talas_Paulius" title="Apaštalas Paulius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apaštalas Paulius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0n_P%C3%B2ulo" title="Sàn Pòulo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sàn Pòulo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_(apostel)" title="Paulus (apostel) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paulus (apostel)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_ya_Tarsu" title="Polo ya Tarsu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Polo ya Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_de_Tars" title="Paol de Tars – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paol de Tars" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_apostol" title="Pál apostol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pál apostol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Апостол Павле – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апостол Павле" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoly_(ap%C3%B4st%C3%B4ly)" title="Paoly (apôstôly) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paoly (apôstôly)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB" title="പൗലോസ് അപ്പസ്തോലൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൗലോസ് അപ്പസ്തോലൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawlu_l-Appostlu" title="Pawlu l-Appostlu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pawlu l-Appostlu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="सेंट पॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट पॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="القديس بولس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القديس بولس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="پولس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پولس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_dari_Tarsus" title="Paulus dari Tarsus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paulus dari Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Bō̤-lò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bō̤-lò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="စိန့်ပေါလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ပေါလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_(apostel)" title="Paulus (apostel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paulus (apostel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD" title="パウロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelen_Paulus" title="Apostelen Paulus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apostelen Paulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_de_Tars" title="Pau de Tars – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pau de Tars" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoriy_Pavel" title="Havoriy Pavel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havoriy Pavel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸੰਤ ਪੌਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਤ ਪੌਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="پولس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="رسول پولس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رسول پولس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paal_di_Apasl" title="Paal di Apasl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Paal di Apasl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B" title="សាវកប៉ុល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាវកប៉ុល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ul_%C3%ABd_Tars" title="Pàul ëd Tars – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pàul ëd Tars" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_z_Tarsu" title="Paweł z Tarsu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paweł z Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Απόστολος Παύλος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Απόστολος Παύλος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_de_Tarso" title="Paulo de Tarso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paulo de Tarso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_(apostol)" title="Pavel (apostol) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pavel (apostol)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_da_Tarsus" title="Paulus da Tarsus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Paulus da Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apustul_Pawlu" title="Apustul Pawlu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apustul Pawlu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Павло (апостол) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Павло (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Апостол Павел – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Апостол Павел" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawlu" title="Pawlu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pawlu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulu_de_Tarsu" title="Paulu de Tarsu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paulu de Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt_Paul" title="Saunt Paul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saunt Paul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_i_Tarsusit" title="Pali i Tarsusit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pali i Tarsusit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ulu_di_Tarsu" title="Pàulu di Tarsu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pàulu di Tarsu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul the Apostle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavol_(apo%C5%A1tol)" title="Pavol (apoštol) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pavol (apoštol)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Pavel" title="Sveti Pavel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Pavel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پۆڵسی تەڕسووسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵسی تەڕسووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Апостол Павле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апостол Павле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_od_Tarsa" title="Pavle od Tarsa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavle od Tarsa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavali" title="Paavali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol_Pablo" title="Apostol Pablo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apostol Pablo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="பவுல் (திருத்தூதர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பவுல் (திருத்தூதர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol_Pavel" title="Apostol Pavel – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Apostol Pavel" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="సెయింట్ పాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెయింట్ పాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" title="เปาโลอัครทูต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปาโลอัครทูต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlus" title="Pavlus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavlus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulut_(A%CC%B1ta%CC%B1m_Yesu)" title="Bulut (A̱ta̱m Yesu) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Bulut (A̱ta̱m Yesu)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Павло (апостол) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павло (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="پولس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%84%DB%87%D8%B3" title="تارسۇسلۇق پاۋلۇس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تارسۇسلۇق پاۋلۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82o_de_Tarso" title="Poło de Tarso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Poło de Tarso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A9_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_Phaol%C3%B4" title="Sứ đồ Phaolô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sứ đồ Phaolô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_P%C3%A5" title="Sint På – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint På" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85" title="使徒保羅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="使徒保羅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97_(%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92)" title="保罗 (使徒) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗 (使徒)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus" title="Paulus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Paulus" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_sian_Tarsus" title="Paulus sian Tarsus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Paulus sian Tarsus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a 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style="display:none">Christian apostle and missionary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Paul" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Paul (disambiguation)">Saint Paul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Paul the Apostle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/220px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/330px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg/440px-Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1920" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Paul (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1611) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Apostle to the Gentiles, Martyr</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Saul of Tarsus <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 AD<a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 64/65 AD<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200342-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, Roman Empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2003-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> that venerate <a href="/wiki/Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints">saints</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>25 January – <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul">Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul</a></li> <li>10 February – Feast of Saint Paul's Shipwreck in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li>29 June – <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Apostle">Peter the Apostle</a>)</li> <li>30 June – Former solo feast day, still celebrated by some religious orders</li> <li>18 November – Feast of the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> of Saints Peter and Paul</li> <li>Saturday before the sixth Sunday after Pentecost – Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> and Paul the thirteenth Apostle (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs#Degrees_of_martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Christian martyrdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, book</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Missionaries, theologians, <a href="/wiki/Evangelists_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelists (Christianity)">evangelists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Gentile Christians</a>, Malta</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Theology career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">School of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionary</a> and preacher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Certain:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a></li><li>Disputed:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Theological work</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Christ" title="Law of Christ">Law of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Holy Spirit in the Pauline epistles">Holy Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unknown_God" title="Unknown God">Unknown God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">divinity of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorn_in_the_flesh" title="Thorn in the flesh">thorn in the flesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline mysticism">Pauline mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">biblical inspiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity#Gentiles_and_circumcision" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">non-circumcision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Paul" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Paul,<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> also named Saul of Tarsus,<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> commonly known as Paul the Apostle<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997442-9">[7]</a> and Saint Paul,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Christian apostle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 – c. 64/65 AD) who spread the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">teachings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first-century world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009-11">[9]</a> For his contributions towards the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, he is generally regarded as one of the most important figures of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2001577Ch_32-12">[10]</a> and he also founded <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe</a> from the mid-40s to the mid-50s AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads199639-13">[11]</a> The main source of information on Paul's life and works is the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Approximately half of its content documents his travels, preaching and <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>. Paul was not one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, and did not know Jesus during his lifetime. According to the Acts, Paul lived as a <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> of Jesus, possibly <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenised</a> diaspora Jews converted to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009345–346-14">[12]</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">his conversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-persecution-15">[note 1]</a> Some time after having approved of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Paul was traveling on the road to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Damascus</a> so that he might find any Christians there and bring them "bound to Jerusalem".<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> At midday, a light brighter than the sun shone around both him and those with him, causing all to fall to the ground, with the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">risen Christ</a> verbally addressing Paul regarding his persecution in a vision.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Having been made blind,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> along with being commanded to enter the city, his sight was restored three days later by <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a>. After these events, Paul was baptized, beginning immediately to proclaim that Jesus of Nazareth was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish messiah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> He made three missionary journeys to spread the Christian message to non-Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the Greek provinces of <a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, as narrated in the Acts. Fourteen of the 27 books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997407-22">[19]</a> Seven of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> are undisputed by scholars as being <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">authentic</a>, with varying degrees of argument about the remainder. Pauline <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews</a> is not asserted in the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<a href="#cite_note-24">[note 2]</a> It was almost unquestioningly accepted from the 5th to the 16th centuries that Paul was the author of Hebrews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990920,_col.2Ch_60:2-25">[21]</a> but that view is now almost universally rejected by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990920,_col.2Ch_60:2-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKümmel1975392–94,_401–03-26">[22]</a> The other six are believed by some scholars to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from Paul's surviving letters and letters written by him that no longer survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 3]</a> Other scholars argue that the idea of a pseudonymous author for the disputed epistles raises many problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonMoo2009-29">[24]</a> Today, Paul's epistles continue to be vital roots of the theology, worship and <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral</a> life in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and Protestant traditions <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">of the West</a>, as well as the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox traditions <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">of the East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAageson20081-30">[25]</a> Paul's influence on Christian thought and practice has been characterized as being as "profound as it is pervasive", among that of many other apostles and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionaries</a> involved in the spread of the Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009-11">[9]</a> Christians, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> tradition, have classically read Paul as advocating for a law-free Gospel against Judaism. Polemicists and scholars likewise, especially during the early 20th century, have alleged that Paul corrupted or hijacked <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, often by introducing pagan or Hellenistic themes to the early church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-31">[26]</a> There has since been increasing acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul as a fundamentally Jewish figure</a> in line with the original disciples in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> over past misinterpretations, manifested through movements like "Paul Within Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-34">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Paul,_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_(and_Workshop%3F),_c._1657.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg/220px-Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg/330px-Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg/440px-Saint_Paul%2C_Rembrandt_van_Rijn_%28and_Workshop%3F%29%2C_c._1657.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>The Apostle Paul, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1657)</figcaption></figure> Paul's Jewish name was "Saul" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שָׁאוּל, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: Sha'ûl, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: Šā'ûl), perhaps after the biblical <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">King Saul</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">king of Israel</a> and, like Paul, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Tribe of Benjamin</a>; the Latin name Paulus, meaning small, was not a result of his conversion as is commonly believed but a second name for use in communicating with a Greco-Roman audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> As such, he bore the <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Latin name</a> Paulus, which translates in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">biblical Greek</a> as Παῦλος (Paulos).<a href="#cite_note-Strong-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> It was typical for the Jews of that time to have two names: one Hebrew, the other Latin or Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisShort1879Paulus:_"a_Roman_surname_(not_a_praenomen;)"-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1989-42">[37]</a> Jesus called him "Saul, Saul"<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> in "the Hebrew tongue" in the Acts of the Apostles, when he had the vision which led to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">his conversion</a> on the road to Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> Later, in a vision to <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a>, "the Lord" referred to him as "Saul, of Tarsus".<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> When Ananias came to restore his sight, he called him "Brother Saul".<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Acts_13:9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 13:9">Acts 13:9</a>, Saul is called "Paul" for the first time on the island of <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Cyprus</a>, much later than the time of his conversion.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">author of Luke–Acts</a> indicates that the names were interchangeable: "Saul, who also is called Paul." He refers to him as Paul through the remainder of Acts. This was apparently Paul's preference since he is called Paul in all other Bible books where he is mentioned, including <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">those that he authored</a>. Adopting his Roman name was typical of Paul's missionary style. His method was to put people at ease and approach them with his message in a language and style that was relatable to them, as he did in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_9" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 9">1 Corinthians 9</a><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#9:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">:19–23</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-CathAns-49">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Available_sources">Available sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Michelangelo_Buonarroti).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg/250px-Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg/330px-Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg/500px-Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_%28Michelangelo_Buonarroti%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saul_(Michelangelo)" title="The Conversion of Saul (Michelangelo)">The Conversion of Saul</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> developed between 1542 and 1545</figcaption></figure> The main source for information about Paul's life is the material found in <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his epistles</a> and in the Acts of the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200319–20-50">[45]</a> However, the epistles contain little information about Paul's pre-conversion past. The Acts of the Apostles recounts more information but leaves several parts of Paul's life out of its narrative, such as his probable but undocumented execution in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> The Acts of the Apostles also appear to contradict Paul's epistles on multiple matters, in particular concerning the frequency of Paul's visits to the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">church in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalemartin-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2000262–65-53">[48]</a> Sources outside the New Testament that mention Paul include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">epistle to the Corinthians</a> (late 1st/early 2nd century);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>'s epistles to <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans">the Romans</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians">the Ephesians</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadeuze1909-54">[49]</a> (early 2nd century);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>'s epistle to <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">the Philippians</a> (early 2nd century);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a> (early 4th century);</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal Acts">apocryphal Acts</a> narrating the life of Paul (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Acts of Peter and Paul</a>), the apocryphal epistles attributed to him (the Latin <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">Correspondence of Paul and Seneca</a>) and some <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic texts</a> attributed to him (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a>). These writings are all later, usually dated from the 2nd to the 4th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/250px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/330px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/500px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Geography relevant to Paul's life, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Rome</a></figcaption></figure> The two main sources of information that give access to the earliest segments of Paul's career are the Acts of the Apostles and the autobiographical elements of Paul's letters to the early Christian communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200319–20-50">[45]</a> Paul was likely born between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007145–47-55">[50]</a> The Acts of the Apostles indicates that Paul was a Roman citizen by birth, but <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> took issue with the evidence presented by the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester2000107-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Some have suggested that Paul's ancestors may have been freedmen from among the thousands of Jews whom <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> took as slaves <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">in 63 BC</a>, which would explain how he was born into <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>, as slaves of Roman citizens gained citizenship upon emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> He was from a devout Jewish family<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1974404-59">[54]</a> based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, which had been made part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Syria">Roman Province of Syria</a> by the time of Paul's adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Tarsus was of the larger centers of trade on the Mediterranean coast and renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academy</a>, it had been among the most influential cities in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who died in 323 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1974404-59">[54]</a> Paul referred to himself as being "of the stock of Israel, of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, a Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22-62">[57]</a> The Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. Acts quotes Paul referring to his family by saying he was "a Pharisee, born of Pharisees".<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200322-64">[59]</a> Paul's nephew, his sister's son, is mentioned in Acts 23:16.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-65">[60]</a> In Romans 16:7, he states that his relatives, <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a>, were Christians before he was and were prominent among the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Romans|16:7-66">[61]</a> The family had a history of religious piety.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-68">[note 4]</a> Apparently, the family lineage had been very attached to <a href="/wiki/Pharisees#Practices" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic traditions</a> and observances for generations.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Acts says that he was an artisan involved in the leather crafting or tent-making profession.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200341–42-71">[65]</a> This was to become an initial connection with <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a>, with whom he would partner in tentmaking<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> and later become very important teammates as fellow missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> While he was still fairly young, he was sent to Jerusalem to receive his education at the school of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22-62">[57]</a> one of the most noted teachers of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> in history. Although modern scholarship accepts that Paul was educated under the supervision of Gamaliel in Jerusalem,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22-62">[57]</a> he was not preparing to become a scholar of Jewish law, and probably never had any contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillelite</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22-62">[57]</a> Some of his family may have resided in Jerusalem since later the son of one of his sisters saved his life there.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321-35">[30]</a> Nothing more is known of his biography until he takes an active part in the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> a Hellenised diaspora Jew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009242–44-76">[70]</a> Some modern scholarship argues that while Paul was fluent in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the language he used to write his letters, his first language was probably <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200043-77">[71]</a> In his letters, Paul drew heavily on his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophy</a>, using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the Gospel and to explain his Christology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200613–26-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1983208-79">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecutor_of_early_Christians">Persecutor of early Christians</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_(c.1600-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/250px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/330px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg/500px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="8817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus" title="Conversion on the Way to Damascus">Conversion on the Way to Damascus</a>, a 1601 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a></figcaption></figure> Paul says that before <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">his conversion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> he persecuted early Christians "beyond measure", more specifically Hellenised diaspora Jewish members who had returned to the area of <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47,_277-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-persecution-15">[note 1]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a>, the Jerusalem community consisted of "Hebrews", Jews speaking both Aramaic and Greek, and "Hellenists", Jews speaking only Greek, possibly diaspora Jews who had resettled in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47-82">[76]</a> Paul's initial persecution of Christians probably was directed against these Greek-speaking "Hellenists" due to their anti-Temple attitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-83">[77]</a> Within the early Jewish Christian community, this also set them apart from the "Hebrews" and their continuing participation in the Temple cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion">Conversion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul the Apostle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%BAnior,_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/250px-J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/330px-J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/500px-J%C3%BAnior%2C_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_-_A_Convers%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_a_Caminho_de_Damasco%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="3055" /></a><figcaption>The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Way to Damascus, a c. 1889 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" title="José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior">José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Paul's conversion</a> to the movement of followers of Jesus can be dated to 31–36 AD<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992200-86">[80]</a> by his reference to it in one of his <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">letters</a>. In Galatians 1:16, Paul writes that God "was pleased to reveal his son to me."<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> In 1 Corinthians 15:8, as he lists the order in which Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection, Paul writes, "last of all, as to one untimely born, He appeared to me also."<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> According to the account in the Acts of the Apostles, it took place on the road to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, where he reported having experienced a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> of the ascended Jesus. The account says that "He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, 'Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?' He asked, 'Who are you, Lord?' The reply came, 'I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting'."<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> According to the account in Acts 9:1–22, he was blinded for three days and had to be led into Damascus by the hand.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> During these three days, Saul took no food or water and spent his time in prayer to God. When <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a> arrived, he laid his hands on him and said: "Brother Saul, the Lord, [even] Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost."<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> His sight was restored, he got up and was baptized.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> This story occurs only in Acts, not in the Pauline epistles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2014184-93">[87]</a> The author of the Acts of the Apostles may have learned of Paul's conversion from the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age#Apostolic_Church_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">church in Jerusalem</a>, or from the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">church in Antioch</a>, or possibly from Paul himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRay200766-94">[88]</a> According to Timo Eskola, early Christian theology and discourse was influenced by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEskola2001-95">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)" title="John Bowker (theologian)">John Bowker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Alan Segal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> have variously argued that Paul's accounts of his conversion experience and his ascent to the heavens (in <a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians_12" title="2 Corinthians 12">2 Corinthians 12</a>) are the earliest first-person accounts that are extant of a Merkabah mystic in Jewish or Christian literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill20104,_16–17,_22–23-96">[90]</a> Conversely, Timothy Churchill has argued that Paul's Damascus road encounter does not fit the pattern of Merkabah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill2010250ff.-97">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-conversion">Post-conversion</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">And immediately he proclaimed Jesus in the synagogues, saying, "He is the Son of God." And all who heard him were amazed and said, "Is not this the man who made havoc in Jerusalem of those who called upon this name? And has he not come here for this purpose, to bring them bound before the chief priests?" But Saul increased all the more in strength, and confounded the Jews who lived in Damascus by proving that Jesus was the Christ.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 9:20–22<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ministry">Early ministry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananias_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ananias_house.jpg/220px-Ananias_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ananias_house.jpg/330px-Ananias_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ananias_house.jpg/440px-Ananias_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>What is believed to be the house of <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/220px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/330px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/440px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Kisan" title="Bab Kisan">Bab Kisan</a>, believed to be where Paul escaped from persecution in Damascus</figcaption></figure> After his conversion, Paul went to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Damascus</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts 9</a> states he was healed of his blindness and <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> by Ananias of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel199743-99">[93]</a> Paul says that it was in Damascus that he barely escaped death.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Paul also says that he then went first to Arabia, and then came back to Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911320–23-102">[96]</a> Paul's trip to Arabia is not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible, although it has been theorized that he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> for meditations in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1996683–92-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel200247–66-104">[98]</a> He describes in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> how three years after his conversion he went to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a>. There he met <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and stayed with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a> for 15 days<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> starting around 35 or 36 AD.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Paul located Mount Sinai in Arabia in Galatians 4:24–25.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Paul asserted that he received the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> not from man, but directly by "the revelation of Jesus Christ".<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> He claimed almost total independence from the Jerusalem community<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2003517-110">[104]</a> (possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a>), but agreed with it on the nature and content of the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> He appeared eager to bring material support to Jerusalem from the various growing <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> churches that he started. In his writings, Paul used the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament#Examples_of_persecution_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">persecutions</a> he endured to avow proximity and union with Jesus and as a validation of his teaching. Paul's narrative in Galatians states that 14 years after his conversion he went again to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:1–10-112">[106]</a> It is not known what happened during this time, but both Acts and Galatians provide some details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2005200-113">[107]</a> At the end of this time, <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> went to find Paul and brought him to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009369-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> The Christian community at Antioch had been established by Hellenised diaspora Jews living in Jerusalem, who played an important role in reaching a Gentile, Greek audience, notably at Antioch, which had a large Jewish community and significant numbers of Gentile "God-fearers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297-116">[110]</a> From Antioch the mission to the Gentiles started, which would fundamentally change the character of the early Christian movement, eventually turning it into a new, Gentile religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009-117">[111]</a> When a famine occurred in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, around 45–46,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgg1962-118">[112]</a> Paul and Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem to deliver financial support from the Antioch community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200583-119">[113]</a> According to Acts, Antioch had become an alternative center for Christians following the dispersion of the believers after the death of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a>. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called "Christians".<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_missionary_journey">First missionary journey</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png/220px-Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png/330px-Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png/440px-Map_missionary_journeys_stpaul_knecht.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Map of St. Paul's missionary journeys</figcaption></figure> The author of Acts arranges Paul's travels into three separate journeys. The first journey,<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> for which Paul and Barnabas were commissioned by the Antioch community,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009370-122">[116]</a> and led initially by Barnabas,<a href="#cite_note-123">[note 5]</a> took Barnabas and Paul from Antioch to Cyprus then into southern Asia Minor, and finally returning to Antioch. In Cyprus, Paul rebukes and blinds <a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a> the magician<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> who was criticizing their teachings. They sailed to <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a> left them and returned to Jerusalem. Paul and Barnabas went on to <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Pisidian Antioch</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> they went to the synagogue. The leaders invited them to speak. Paul reviewed Israelite history from life in Egypt to King David. He introduced Jesus as a descendant of David brought to Israel by God. He said that his group had come to bring the message of salvation. He recounted the story of Jesus' death and resurrection. He quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><a href="#cite_note-JewEnc:Saul_of_Tarsus-125">[118]</a> to assert that Jesus was the promised Christos who brought them forgiveness for their sins. Both the Jews and the "<a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearing</a>" Gentiles invited them to talk more next Sabbath. At that time almost the whole city gathered. This upset some influential Jews who spoke against them. Paul used the occasion to announce a change in his mission which from then on would be to the Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> Antioch served as a major Christian home base for Paul's early missionary activities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2003-4">[4]</a> and he remained there for "a long time with the disciples"<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> at the conclusion of his first journey. The exact duration of Paul's stay in Antioch is unknown, with estimates ranging from nine months to as long as eight years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence-Jones201516-128">[121]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>'s An Introduction to the New Testament, published in 1997, a chronology of events in Paul's life is presented, illustrated from later 20th-century writings of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997445-129">[122]</a> The first missionary journey of Paul is assigned a "traditional" (and majority) dating of 46–49 AD, compared to a "revisionist" (and minority) dating of after 37 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29-130">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity</a></div> A vital meeting between Paul and the Jerusalem church took place in the year 49 AD by traditional (and majority) dating, compared to a revisionist (and minority) dating of 47/51 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29,_445-131">[124]</a> The meeting is described in Acts 15:2<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> and usually seen as the same event mentioned by Paul in Galatians<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> The key question raised was whether <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> converts needed to be circumcised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> At this meeting, Paul states in his letter to the Galatians, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_(brother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (brother of Jesus)">James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> accepted Paul's mission to the Gentiles. The Jerusalem meetings are mentioned in Acts, and also in Paul's letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49-136">[129]</a> For example, the Jerusalem visit for famine relief<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> apparently corresponds to the "first visit" (to Peter and James only).<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|1:18–20-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49-136">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">F. F. Bruce</a> suggested that the "fourteen years" could be from Paul's conversion rather than from his first visit to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2000151-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incident_at_Antioch">Incident at Antioch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></div> Despite the agreement achieved at the Council of Jerusalem, Paul recounts how he later publicly confronted Peter in a dispute sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>", over Peter's reluctance to share a meal with Gentile Christians in Antioch because they did not strictly adhere to Jewish customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-134">[127]</a> Writing later of the incident, Paul recounts, "I opposed [Peter] to his face, because he was clearly in the wrong", and says he told Peter, "You are a Jew, yet you <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">live like a Gentile and not like a Jew</a>. How is it, then, that you <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">force Gentiles to follow Jewish customs</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14-140">[133]</a> Paul also mentions that even Barnabas, his traveling companion and fellow apostle until that time, sided with Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-134">[127]</a> The outcome of the incident remains uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> suggests that Paul won the argument, because "Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that Peter saw the justice of the rebuke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-134">[127]</a> However, Paul himself never mentions a victory, and <a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a>'s From Jesus to Christianity draws the opposite conclusion: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as persona non grata, never again to return".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007170-141">[134]</a> The primary source account of the incident at Antioch is Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">letter to the Galatians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14-140">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_missionary_journey">Second missionary journey</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_-_Raphael,_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/220px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/330px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/440px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>St. Paul in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> delivering the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a> in which he addressed early issues in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, depicted in a 1515 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills20031109–10-143">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> Paul left for his second missionary journey from Jerusalem, in late Autumn 49 AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009400-144">[137]</a> after the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> where the circumcision question was debated. On their trip around the Mediterranean Sea, Paul and his companion Barnabas stopped in Antioch where they had a sharp argument about taking <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a> with them on their trips. The Acts of the Apostles said that John Mark had left them in a previous trip and gone home. Unable to resolve the dispute, Paul and Barnabas decided to separate; Barnabas took John Mark with him, while <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> joined Paul. Paul and Silas initially visited <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> (Paul's birthplace), <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a>. In Lystra, they met <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a>, a disciple who was spoken well of, and decided to take him with them. Paul and his companions, Silas and Timothy, had plans to journey to the southwest portion of Asia Minor to preach the gospel but during the night, Paul had a vision of a man of Macedonia standing and begging him to go to Macedonia to help them. After seeing the vision, Paul and his companions left for Macedonia to preach the gospel to them.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> The Church kept growing, adding believers, and strengthening in faith daily.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, Paul cast a spirit of divination out of a servant girl, whose masters were then unhappy about the loss of income her soothsaying provided.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> They seized Paul and Silas and dragged them into the marketplace before the authorities and Paul and Silas were put in jail. After a miraculous earthquake, the gates of the prison fell apart and Paul and Silas could have escaped but remained; this event led to the conversion of the jailor.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> They continued traveling, going by <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Berea</a> and then to Athens, where Paul preached to the Jews and God-fearing Greeks in the synagogue and to the Greek intellectuals in the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a>. Paul continued from Athens to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interval_in_Corinth">Interval in Corinth</h3></div> Around 50–52 AD, Paul spent 18 months in <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>. The reference in Acts to Proconsul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a> helps ascertain this date (cf. <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Inscription" title="Delphi Inscription">Gallio Inscription</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> In Corinth, Paul met <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> who became faithful believers and helped Paul through his other missionary journeys. The couple followed Paul and his companions to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and stayed there to start one of the strongest and most faithful churches at that time.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> In 52, departing from Corinth, Paul stopped at the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a> to have his hair cut off, because of a vow he had earlier taken.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> It is possible this was to be a final haircut before fulfilling his vow to become a <a href="/wiki/Nazirite" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a> for a defined period of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll1911-152">[145]</a> With Priscilla and Aquila, the missionaries then sailed to Ephesus<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> and then Paul alone went on to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> to greet the Church there. He then traveled north to Antioch, where he stayed for some time (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ποιήσας χρόνον τινὰ).<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Some New Testament texts<a href="#cite_note-155">[note 6]</a> suggest that he also visited Jerusalem during this period for one of the Jewish feasts, possibly <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Pentecost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> Textual critic <a href="/wiki/Henry_Alford_(theologian)" title="Henry Alford (theologian)">Henry Alford</a> and others consider the reference to a Jerusalem visit to be genuine<a href="#cite_note-PulCom-157">[149]</a> and it accords with Acts 21:29,<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> according to which Paul and <a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus the Ephesian</a> had previously been seen in Jerusalem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_missionary_journey">Third missionary journey</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/250px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/330px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/500px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The Preaching of Saint Paul at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, a 1649 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrease2019309–10-159">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Acts, Paul began his third missionary journey by traveling all around the region of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> to strengthen, teach and rebuke the believers. Paul then traveled to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">center of early Christianity</a>, and stayed there for almost three years, probably working there as a tent maker,<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> as he had done when he stayed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>. He is said to have performed numerous miracles, healing people and casting out demons, and he apparently organized missionary activity in other regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-<a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> riot involving most of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> During his stay in Ephesus, Paul wrote four letters to the church in Corinth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRay2007185-161">[153]</a> The letter to the church in <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippi</a> is generally thought to have been written from Ephesus, though a minority view considers it may have been penned while he was imprisoned in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> Paul went through <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a><a href="#cite_note-bibleref2|Acts|20:1–2|NKJV-163">[155]</a> and stayed in Greece, probably Corinth, for three months<a href="#cite_note-bibleref2|Acts|20:1–2|NKJV-163">[155]</a> during 56–57 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> Commentators generally agree that Paul dictated his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans#Dating" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandayn.d.202-164">[156]</a> He then made ready to continue on to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, but he changed his plans and traveled back through Macedonia, putatively because certain Jews had made a plot against him. In Romans 15:19,<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> Paul wrote that he visited <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, but he may have meant what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Illyria_Graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyria Graeca">Illyria Graeca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton200026-166">[158]</a> which was at that time a division of the Roman province of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit1909-167">[159]</a> On their way back to Jerusalem, Paul and his companions visited other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Paul finished his trip with a stop in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, where he and his companions stayed with <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a> before finally arriving in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjectured_journey_from_Rome_to_Spain">Conjectured journey from Rome to Spain</h3></div> Among the writings of the early Christians, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a> said that Paul was "Herald (of the Gospel of Christ) in the West", and that "he had gone to the extremity of the west".<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> Where <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Lightfoot</a>'s translation has "had preached" below (in the "Church tradition" section), the Hoole translation has "having become a herald".<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> indicated that Paul preached in Spain: "For after he had been in Rome, he returned to Spain, but whether he came thence again into these parts, we know not".<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> said that Paul, "fully preached the Gospel, and instructed even imperial Rome, and carried the earnestness of his preaching as far as Spain, undergoing conflicts innumerable, and performing Signs and wonders".<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> mentions "the departure of Paul from the city [of Rome] [5a] (39) when he journeyed to Spain".<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visits_to_Jerusalem_in_Acts_and_the_epistles">Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles</h3></div> The following table is adapted from the book From Jesus to Christianity by Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49-136">[129]</a> matching Paul's travels as documented in the Acts and the travels in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistles</a> but not agreed upon fully by all Biblical scholars. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"> <th style="width:50%;">Acts </th> <th style="width:50%;">Epistles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>First visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> <ul><li>"after many days" of Damascus conversion</li> <li>preaches openly in Jerusalem with Barnabas</li> <li>meets apostles</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>First visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|1:18–20-138">[131]</a> <ul><li>three years after Damascus conversion<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a></li> <li>sees only Cephas (Simon Peter) and James</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Second visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> <ul><li>for famine relief</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>There is debate over whether Paul's visit in Galatians 2 refers to the visit for famine relief<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> or the Jerusalem Council.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> If it refers to the former, then this was the trip made "after an interval of fourteen years".<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Third visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> <ul><li>with Barnabas</li> <li>"Council of Jerusalem"</li> <li>followed by confrontation with Barnabas in Antioch<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Another<a href="#cite_note-182">[note 7]</a> visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:1–10-112">[106]</a> <ul><li>14 years later (after Damascus conversion?)</li> <li>with Barnabas and Titus</li> <li>possibly the "Council of Jerusalem"</li> <li>Paul agrees to "remember the poor"</li> <li>followed by confrontation with Peter and Barnabas in Antioch<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14-140">[133]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Fourth visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> <ul><li>to "greet the church"</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Apparently unmentioned.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Fifth visit to Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> <ul><li>after an absence of several years<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a></li> <li>to bring gifts for the poor and to present offerings</li> <li>Paul arrested</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Another<a href="#cite_note-186">[note 8]</a> visit to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> <ul><li>to deliver the collection for the poor</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_visit_to_Jerusalem_and_arrest">Last visit to Jerusalem and arrest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_arrested.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_arrested.jpg/220px-Paul_arrested.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_arrested.jpg/330px-Paul_arrested.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Paul_arrested.jpg/440px-Paul_arrested.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>St. Paul's arrest depicted in an early 1900s Bible illustration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg/220px-St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg/330px-St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg/440px-St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Grotto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>St. Paul's <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat,_Malta" title="Rabat, Malta">Rabat, Malta</a></figcaption></figure> In 57 AD, upon completion of his third missionary journey, Paul arrived in Jerusalem for his fifth and final visit with a collection of money for the local community. The Acts of the Apostles reports that initially he was warmly received. However, Acts goes on to recount how Paul was warned by <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and the elders that he was gaining a reputation for being <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">against the Law</a>, saying, "they have been told about you that you teach all the Jews living among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, and that you tell them not to circumcise their children or observe the customs."<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> Paul underwent a <a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">purification ritual</a> so that "all will know that there is nothing in what they have been told about you, but that you yourself observe and guard the law."<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> When the seven days of the purification ritual were almost completed, some "Jews from Asia" (most likely from <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Roman Asia</a>) accused Paul of defiling the temple by bringing gentiles into it. He was seized and dragged out of the temple by an angry mob. When the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> heard of the uproar, he and some <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurions</a> and soldiers rushed to the area. Unable to determine his identity and the cause of the uproar, they placed him in chains.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> He was about to be <a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">taken into the barracks</a> when he asked to speak to the people. He was given permission by the Romans and proceeded to tell his story. After a while, the crowd responded. "Up to this point they listened to him, but then they shouted, 'Away with such a fellow from the earth! For he should not be allowed to live.'"<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a> The tribune ordered that Paul be brought into the barracks and interrogated under <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogging</a>. Paul asserted his <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>, which would <a href="/wiki/Valerian_and_Porcian_laws#Porcian_laws" title="Valerian and Porcian laws">prevent his flogging</a>. The tribune "wanted to find out what Paul was being accused of by the angry Jerusalemites, the next day he released him and ordered the chief priests and the entire council to meet".<a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a> Paul spoke before the council and caused a disagreement between the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>. When this threatened to turn violent, the tribune ordered his soldiers to take Paul by force and return him to the barracks.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> The next morning, 40 Jews "bound themselves by an oath neither to eat nor drink until they had killed Paul",<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a> but the son of Paul's sister heard of the plot and notified Paul, who notified the tribune that the conspiracists were going to ambush him. The tribune ordered two centurions to "Get ready to leave by nine o'clock tonight for Caesarea with two hundred soldiers, seventy horsemen, and two hundred spearmen. Also provide mounts for Paul to ride, and take him safely to <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix the governor</a>."<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> Paul was taken to <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, where the governor ordered that he be kept under guard in Herod's headquarters. "Five days later the high priest Ananias came down with some elders and an attorney, a certain Tertullus, and they reported their case against Paul to the governor."<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> Both Paul and the Jewish authorities gave a statement "But Felix, who was rather well informed about the Way, adjourned the hearing with the comment, "When Lysias the tribune comes down, I will decide your case."<a href="#cite_note-197">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Marcus Antonius Felix</a> then ordered the centurion to keep Paul in custody, but to "let him have some liberty and not to prevent any of his friends from taking care of his needs."<a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a> He was held there for two years by Felix, until a new governor, <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a>, was appointed. The "chief priests and the leaders of the Jews" requested that Festus return Paul to Jerusalem. After Festus had stayed in Jerusalem "not more than eight or ten days, he went down to Caesarea; the next day he took his seat on the tribunal and ordered Paul to be brought." When Festus suggested that he be sent back to Jerusalem for further trial, Paul exercised his right as a Roman citizen to "appeal unto Caesar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> Finally, Paul and his companions sailed for Rome where Paul was to stand trial for his alleged crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapesReevesRichards2011203-199">[189]</a> Acts recounts that on the way to Rome for his appeal as a Roman citizen to Caesar, Paul was shipwrecked on Melita, which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> where the islanders showed him "unusual kindness" and where he was met by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> From Malta, he travelled to Rome via <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_years_in_Rome">Two years in Rome</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_235.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Paul Arrives in Rome from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern" class="extiw" title="commons:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a>, published in the 1850s</figcaption></figure> Paul finally arrived in Rome <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60 AD, where he spent another two years under house arrest, according to the traditional account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolhill199980,_164–5,_329-203">[193]</a> The narrative of Acts ends with Paul preaching in Rome for two years from his rented home while awaiting trial.<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century#Irenaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd century</a> that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the church in Rome and had appointed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> as succeeding bishop.<a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a> However, Paul was not a bishop of Rome, nor did he bring <a href="/wiki/Christianity_to_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity to Rome">Christianity to Rome</a> since there were already Christians in Rome when he arrived there;<a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> Paul also wrote his letter to the church at Rome before he had visited Rome.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> Paul only played a supporting part in the life of the church in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/220px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/330px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg/440px-Decapitaci%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo_-_Simonet_-_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>The Beheading of Saint Paul, an 1887 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Simonet" title="Enrique Simonet">Enrique Simonet</a></figcaption></figure> Paul's death is believed to have occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in July 64 AD, but before the last year of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s reign, in 68 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a> writes in his <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">Epistle to the Corinthians</a> that after Paul "had borne his testimony before the rulers", he "departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance."<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> writes in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> that Paul was "martyred", without giving any further information.<a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> writes that Paul was 'crowned with an exit like John' (Paulus Ioannis exitu coronatur), although it is unclear <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">which John</a> he meant.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> states that Paul was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Neronian_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neronian persecution">Neronian Persecution</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> and, quoting from <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a>, argues that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and Paul were martyred "at the same time".<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> This is also reported by <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a>, who claimed Peter was crucified while Paul was beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> provides an account of Nero imprisoning Paul, but not of his execution, and no mention of Peter.<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> only mentioned '[It was Nero] who first persecuted the servants of God; he crucified Peter, and slew Paul' (Paulum interfecit).<a href="#cite_note-Lactantius-216">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a> Based on the letters attributed to Paul, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> claims Paul was imprisoned by Nero in 'the twenty-fifth year after our Lord's passion' (post passionem Domini vicesimo quinto anno), 'that is the second of Nero' (id est, secundo Neronis), 'at the time when <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a> Procurator of Judea succeeded <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a>, he was sent bound to Rome, (...) remaining for two years in free custody'. Jerome interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> to indicate that 'Paul was dismissed by Nero' (Paulum a Nerone dimissum) 'that the gospel of Christ might be preached also in the West'; but 'in the fourteenth year of Nero' (quarto decimo Neronis anno) 'on the same day with Peter, [Paul] was beheaded at Rome for Christ's sake and was buried in the Ostian way, the thirty-seventh year after our Lord's passion' (anno post passionem Domini tricesimo septimo).<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETajra2010188-220">[210]</a> A legend later developed that his martyrdom occurred at the Aquae Salviae, on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Laurentina" title="Via Laurentina">Via Laurentina</a>. According to this legend, after Paul was decapitated, his severed head bounced three times, giving rise to a source of water each time that it touched the ground, which is how the place earned the name "<a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_alle_Tre_Fontane" title="San Paolo alle Tre Fontane">San Paolo alle Tre Fontane</a>" ("St Paul at the Three Fountains").<a href="#cite_note-VaticanBenedict-221">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_LeonardisMasi199921-222">[212]</a> The apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a> also describe the martyrdom and the burial of Paul, but their narrative is highly fanciful and largely unhistorical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1924-223">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remains">Remains</h2></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a>, Paul's body was buried outside the walls of Rome, at the second mile on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Via Ostiensis</a>, on the estate owned by a Christian woman named Lucina.<a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a> It was here, in the fourth century, that the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> built a first church. Then, between the fourth and fifth centuries, it was considerably enlarged by the Emperors <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>. The present-day <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a> was built there in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanBenedict-221">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a> in his Disputation Against Proclus (198 AD) mentions this of the places in which the remains of the apostles Peter and Paul were deposited: "I can point out the trophies of the apostles. For if you are willing to go to the Vatican or to the Ostian Way, you will find the trophies of those who founded this Church".<a href="#cite_note-EcclHist_II.25-225">[215]</a> Writing on Paul's biography, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in his <a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a> in 392 AD mentions that "Paul was buried in the Ostian Way at Rome".<a href="#cite_note-auto-226">[216]</a> In 2002, an 8-foot (2.4 m)-long marble sarcophagus, inscribed with the words "PAULO APOSTOLO MART", which translates as "Paul apostle martyr", was discovered during excavations around the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Via Ostiensis</a>. Vatican archaeologists declared this to be the tomb of Paul the Apostle in December 2006, the excavation having been completed in November.<a href="#cite_note-227">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a> In the early 2000s, Vatican archaeologists conducted excavations to make the tomb more accessible to pilgrims. These excavations confirmed the presence of a white marble sarcophagus beneath the altar. The sarcophagus was not removed, but a window was created to allow visitors to view it.<a href="#cite_note-229">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-230">[220]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of bone fragments found in the sarcophagus indicated they were from the 1st or 2nd century, aligning with the traditional timeline of Paul's life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-230">[220]</a> The Pope argued that this discovery, along with other artifacts such as a piece of purple linen laminated with pure gold, grains of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, and blue textiles with <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> filaments, all support the hypothesis that the remains are indeed those of Saint Paul.<a href="#cite_note-231">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[222]</a> However, Ulderico Santamaria, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Museum">Vatican Museums</a>' diagnostics laboratory and a Professor with expertise in Analytical Chemistry and Materials Engineering at Tuscia University, urged caution, noting that the dating neither confirms nor invalidates the relics' traditional assignment to St. Paul.<a href="#cite_note-UPIbonesLab-233">[223]</a> The Vatican also confirmed that it had discovered and restored the earliest known image of Saint Paul, dating to the early 4th century AD, in the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Saint_Thecla" title="Catacomb of Saint Thecla">Catacomb of Saint Thekla</a>, close to the Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a> In 2010 it was revealed that this <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>, painted on the ceiling of a catacomb, was adjacent to the oldest known depictions of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Saint John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a>, surrounding an image of Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_tradition">Church tradition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg/250px-Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg/330px-Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg/500px-Greek_orthodox_mural_of_Apostle_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> mural painting of St. Paul</figcaption></figure> Various Christian writers have suggested more details about Paul's life: <a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a>, a letter written by the Roman bishop Clement of Rome around the year 90, reports this about Paul: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFLightfoot1890">Lightfoot 1890</a>, p. 274, The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, 5:5–6</cite></div></blockquote> Commenting on this passage, Raymond Brown writes that while it "does not explicitly say" that Paul was martyred in Rome, "such a martyrdom is the most reasonable interpretation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMeier1983124-236">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, who wrote in the 4th century, states that Paul was beheaded in the reign of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EcclHist_II.25-225">[215]</a> This event has been dated either to the year 64 AD, when Rome was devastated by a fire, or a few years later, to 67 AD. According to one tradition, the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Paolo_alle_Tre_Fontane" title="San Paolo alle Tre Fontane">San Paolo alle Tre Fontane</a> marks the place of Paul's execution. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">solemnity of Peter and Paul</a>, celebrated on 29 June, commemorates his <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, and reflects a tradition (preserved by Eusebius) that Peter and Paul were martyred at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-EcclHist_II.25-225">[215]</a> The Roman liturgical calendar for the following day now remembers all Christians martyred in these early persecutions; formerly, 30 June was the feast day for St. Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler186630_June:_St._Paul,_the_Apostle-237">[227]</a> Persons or religious orders with a special affinity for St. Paul can still celebrate their patron on 30 June. The apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a> and the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a> suggest that Paul survived Rome and traveled further west. Some think that Paul could have revisited Greece and Asia Minor after his trip to Spain, and might then have been arrested in Troas, and taken to Rome and executed.<a href="#cite_note-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-68">[note 4]</a> A tradition holds that Paul was interred with Saint Peter ad Catacumbas by the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">via Appia</a> until moved to what is now the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a> in Rome. <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Ecclesiastical History</a>, writes that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> in 665 gave Paul's relics (including a cross made from his prison chains) from the <a href="/wiki/Crypt_of_Lucina" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypt of Lucina">crypts of Lucina</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Oswy_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswy of Northumbria">Oswy of Northumbria</a>, northern Britain. The skull of Saint Paul is claimed to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> since at least the ninth century, alongside the skull of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul">Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul</a> is celebrated on 25 January.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_days">Feast days</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Paul_the_Apostle._Detail_of_the_mosaic_in_the_Basilica_of_San_Vitale._Ravena%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Paul the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 6th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3></div> The Roman Martyrology commemorates Paul with a feast celebrating his conversion on 25 January.<a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a> The Roman Martyrology also commemorates Paul and Peter with a <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnity</a> on 29 June.<a href="#cite_note-242">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3></div> The Eastern Orthodox Church has several fixed days for the commemoration of Paul: <ul><li>7 March – The Synaxis of the Saints of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[233]</a></li> <li>29 June – The Apostles <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and Paul.<a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a></li> <li>30 June – The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[235]</a></li> <li>12 October – The Synaxis of the Saints of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a></li></ul> The Eastern Orthodox Church also has numerous non-fixed days for the veneration of Paul: <ul><li>21 Days before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a> – Synaxis of the Saints of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a></li> <li>21 Days after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a> – Synaxis of the Saints of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a></li> <li>First Sunday of May – Synaxis of the Saints of <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcades_(Crete)" title="Arcades (Crete)">Arkadia</a> in the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a></li> <li>The Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of the Saints of <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_England">The Church of England</h3></div> The Church of England celebrates the Conversion of Saint Paul on 25 January as a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Church_of_England-252">[242]</a> Furthermore, along with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, Paul is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> on 29 June.<a href="#cite_note-The_Church_of_England-252">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_Church_Missouri_Synod">Lutheran Church Missouri Synod</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church Missouri Synod</a> has two festivals for Saint Paul, the first being his conversion on 25 January, and the second being for Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June.<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage">Patronage</h3></div> Paul is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron Saint</a> of several locations. He is the Patron Saint of the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, which celebrates Paul's arrival to the island via shipwreck on 10 February. This day is a public holiday on the island.<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> Paul is also considered to be the Patron Saint of the city of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg/250px-PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg/330px-PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/PaulusTarsus_LKANRW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A facial composite of St. Paul created by experts of the <a href="/wiki/Landeskriminalamt" title="Landeskriminalamt">Landeskriminalamt</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> using historical sources</figcaption></figure> The New Testament offers little if any information about the physical appearance of Paul, but several descriptions can be found in <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> texts. In the Acts of Paul<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstone1984447-255">[245]</a> he is described as "A man of small stature, with a bald head and crooked legs, in a good state of body, with eyebrows meeting and nose somewhat hooked".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1986170-256">[246]</a> In the Latin version of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a> it is added that he had a red, florid face. In The History of the Contending of Saint Paul, his countenance is described as "ruddy with the ruddiness of the skin of the pomegranate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1901531The_History_of_the_Contending_of_Saint_Paul-257">[247]</a> The Acts of Saint Peter confirms that Paul had a bald and shining head, with red hair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1901501The_Acts_of_Saint_Peter-258">[248]</a> As summarised by Barnes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1844212-259">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a> records that Paul's stature was low, his body crooked and his head bald. <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Philopatris" title="Philopatris">Philopatris</a>, describes Paul as "corpore erat parvo, contracto, incurvo, tricubitali" ("he was small, contracted, crooked, of three <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a>, or four feet six").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Kallistos_Xanthopoulos" title="Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos">Nicephorus</a> claims that Paul was a little man, crooked, and almost bent like a bow, with a pale countenance, long and wrinkled, and a bald head. <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chrysostom" title="Pseudo-Chrysostom">Pseudo-Chrysostom</a> echoes Lucian's height of Paul, referring to him as "the man of three cubits".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1445" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related literature</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Lost_Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Lost epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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<li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/250px-Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/330px-Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg/500px-Paulus_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>A statue of St. Paul in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Monnot" title="Pierre-Étienne Monnot">Pierre-Étienne Monnot</a></figcaption></figure> Of the 27 books in the New Testament, 13 identify Paul as the author; seven of these are widely considered authentic and Paul's own, while the authorship of the other six is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune20109-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnRogerson20031274-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins19884–7-262">[252]</a> The undisputed letters are considered the most important sources since they contain what is widely agreed to be Paul's own statements about his life and thoughts. Theologian Mark Powell writes that Paul directed these seven letters to specific occasions at particular churches. As an example, if the Corinthian church had not experienced problems concerning its celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lord's Supper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[253]</a> today it would not be known that Paul even believed in that observance or had any opinions about it one way or the other. Powell comments that there may be other matters in the early church that have since gone unnoticed simply because no crises arose that prompted Paul to comment on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009234-264">[254]</a> In Paul's writings, he provides the first written account of what it is to be a Christian and thus a description of Christian spirituality. His letters have been characterized as being the most influential books of the New Testament after the Gospels of Matthew and John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date">Date</h3></div> Paul's authentic letters are roughly dated to the years surrounding the mid-1st century. Placing Paul in this time period is done on the basis of his reported conflicts with other early contemporary figures in the Jesus movement including James and Peter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200221-266">[255]</a> the references to Paul and his letters by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> writing in the late 1st century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201053-267">[256]</a> his reported issues in Damascus from 2 Corinthians 11:32 which he says took place while <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">King Aretas IV</a> was in power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201039-268">[257]</a> a possible reference to <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus of Corinth</a> in Romans 16:23,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitner2015268-269">[258]</a> his reference to preaching in the province of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> (which dissolved in 80 AD),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndria2012271-270">[259]</a> the lack of any references to the Gospels indicating a pre-war time period, the chronology in the Acts of the Apostles placing Paul in this time, and the dependence on Paul's letters by other 1st-century pseudo-Pauline epistles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2010170–71-271">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Probably_Valentin_de_Boulogne_-_Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Paul Writing His Epistles, a 17th portrait by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne" title="Valentin de Boulogne">Valentin de Boulogne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Apostle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Paul_Apostle.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Apostle Paul, an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Jesus' transfiguration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> Seven of the 13 letters that bear Paul's name, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a>, are almost universally accepted as being entirely authentic and dictated by Paul himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune20109-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnRogerson20031274-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins19884–7-262">[252]</a> They are considered the best source of information on Paul's life and especially his thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> Four of the letters (Ephesians, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus) are widely considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphical">pseudepigraphical</a>, while the authorship of the other two is subject to debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune20109-260">[250]</a> Colossians and 2 Thessalonians are possibly "Deutero-Pauline" meaning they may have been written by Paul's followers after his death. Similarly, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus may be "Trito-Pauline" meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death. According to their theories, these disputed letters may have come from followers writing in Paul's name, often using material from his surviving letters. These scribes also may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> The authenticity of Colossians has been questioned on the grounds that it contains an otherwise unparalleled description (among his writings) of Jesus as "the image of the invisible God", a Christology found elsewhere only in the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonaldHarrington200058-272">[261]</a> However, the personal notes in the letter connect it to Philemon, unquestionably the work of Paul. Internal evidence shows close connection with Philippians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a> Ephesians is a letter that is very similar to Colossians but is almost entirely lacking in personal reminiscences. Its style is unique. It lacks the emphasis on the cross to be found in other Pauline writings, reference to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> is missing, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views of marriage">Christian marriage</a> is exalted in a way that contrasts with the reference in 1 Corinthians.<a href="#cite_note-273">[262]</a> Finally, according to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">R. E. Brown</a>, it exalts the Church in a way suggestive of the second generation of Christians, "built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets" now past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198448-274">[263]</a> The defenders of its Pauline authorship argue that it was intended to be read by a number of different churches and that it marks the final stage of the development of Paul's thinking. It has been said, too, that the moral portion of the Epistle, consisting of the last two chapters, has the closest affinity with similar portions of other Epistles, while the whole admirably fits in with the known details of Paul's life, and throws considerable light upon them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAherne1908-275">[264]</a> Three main reasons have been advanced by those who question Paul's authorship of 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Epistles">Pastoral Epistles</a>: <ol><li>They have found a difference in these letters' vocabulary, style, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> from Paul's acknowledged writings. Defenders of the authenticity say that they were probably written in the name and with the authority of the Apostle by one of his companions, to whom he distinctly explained what had to be written, or to whom he gave a written summary of the points to be developed, and that when the letters were finished, Paul read them through, approved them, and signed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAherne1908-275">[264]</a></li> <li>There is a difficulty in fitting them into Paul's biography as it is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19634ff-276">[265]</a> They, like Colossians and Ephesians, were written from prison but suppose Paul's release and travel thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a></li> <li>2 Thessalonians, like Colossians, is questioned on stylistic grounds with, among other peculiarities, a dependence on 1 Thessalonians—yet a distinctiveness in language from the Pauline corpus. This, again, is explainable by the possibility that Paul requested one of his companions to write the letter for him under his dictation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">[35]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts">Acts</h3></div> Although approximately half of the Acts of the Apostles deals with Paul's life and works, Acts does not refer to Paul writing letters. Charles Williams believes that the author of Acts did not have access to any of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Paul's letters</a>. He claims that one piece of evidence suggesting this is that Acts never directly quotes from the Pauline epistles. Further, discrepancies between the Pauline epistles and Acts could also support this conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams195722,_240-277">[266]</a> The scholarly consensus was indeed that the author of Acts did not know the Pauline epistles, but such consensus got superseded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount202232-278">[267]</a> British Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> contended that Paul, as described in the Acts of the Apostles, is quite different from the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings. Some difficulties have been noted in the account of his life. Paul as described in the Acts of the Apostles is much more interested in factual history, less in theology; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit, according to Maccoby. He also pointed out that there are no references to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a>, although Paul mentions him several times in the Acts of the Apostles. Others have objected that the language of the speeches is too Lukan in style to reflect anyone else's words. Moreover, George Shillington writes that the author of Acts most likely created the speeches accordingly and they bear his literary and theological marks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington200718-279">[268]</a> Conversely, Howard Marshall writes that the speeches were not entirely the inventions of the author and while they may not be accurate word-for-word, the author nevertheless records the general idea of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198042-280">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">F. C. Baur</a> (1792–1860), professor of theology at Tübingen in Germany, the first scholar to critique Acts and the Pauline Epistles, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_School" title="Tübingen School">Tübingen School</a> of theology, argued that Paul, as the "Apostle to the Gentiles", was in violent opposition to the original 12 Apostles. Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable. This debate has continued ever since, with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deissmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Deissmann">Adolf Deissmann</a> (1866–1937) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reitzenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Reitzenstein">Richard Reitzenstein</a> (1861–1931) emphasising Paul's Greek inheritance and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> stressing his dependence on Judaism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Paul.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saint-Paul.JPG/250px-Saint-Paul.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="536" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saint-Paul.JPG/330px-Saint-Paul.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saint-Paul.JPG/500px-Saint-Paul.JPG 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine ivory relief, 6th – early 7th century by <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-view">Self-view</h3></div> In the opening verses of Romans 1,<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> Paul provides a litany of his own apostolic appointment to preach among the Gentiles<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> and his post-conversion convictions about the risen Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> Paul described himself as set apart for the gospel of God and called to be an apostle and a servant of Jesus Christ. Jesus had revealed himself to Paul, just as he had appeared to Peter, to James, and to the twelve disciples after his resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-283">[272]</a> Paul experienced this as an unforeseen, sudden, startling change, due to all-powerful grace, not as the fruit of his reasoning or thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> Paul also describes himself as afflicted with "a <a href="/wiki/Thorn_in_the_flesh" title="Thorn in the flesh">thorn in the flesh</a>";<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a> the nature of this "thorn" is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a> There are debates as to whether Paul understood himself as commissioned to take the gospel to the gentiles at the moment of his conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrell200630-287">[276]</a> Before his conversion he believed his persecution of the church to be an indication of his zeal for his religion;<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Philippians|3:6-288">[277]</a> after his conversion he believed Jewish hostility toward the church was sinful opposition, that would incur God's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-289">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009236-290">[279]</a> Paul believed he was halted by Christ, when his fury was at its height.<a href="#cite_note-291">[280]</a> It was "through zeal" that he persecuted the Church,<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Philippians|3:6-288">[277]</a> and he obtained mercy because he had "acted ignorantly in unbelief".<a href="#cite_note-292">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-68">[note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Understanding_of_Jesus_Christ">Understanding of Jesus Christ</h3></div> Paul's writings emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>, Christ's <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parousia">Parousia</a> or second coming of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689-84">[78]</a> Paul saw Jesus as Lord (kyrios), the true messiah and the Son of God, who was promised by God beforehand, through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures. While being a biological descendant from David ("according to the flesh"),<a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a> he was declared to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead. According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, Paul "preached the death, resurrection, and lordship of Jesus Christ, and he proclaimed that faith in Jesus guarantees a share in his life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> In Paul's view, "Jesus' death was not a defeat but was for the believers' benefit",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> a sacrifice which substitutes for the lives of others, and frees them from the bondage of sin. Believers <a href="/wiki/Participation_in_Christ" title="Participation in Christ">participate</a> in Christ's death and resurrection by their baptism. The resurrection of Jesus was of primary importance to Paul, bringing the promise of salvation to believers. Paul taught that, when Christ returned, "those who died in Christ would be raised when he returned", while those still alive would be "caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air".<a href="#cite_note-294">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> Sanders concludes that Paul's writings reveal what he calls the essence of the Christian message: "(1) God sent his Son; (2) the Son was crucified and resurrected for the benefit of humanity; (3) the Son would soon return; and (4) those who belonged to the Son would live with him forever. Paul's gospel, like those of others, also included (5) the admonition to live by the highest moral standard: "May your spirit and soul and body be kept sound and blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ"."<a href="#cite_note-295">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> In Paul's writings, the public, corporate devotional patterns towards Jesus in the early Christian community are reflective of Paul's perspective on the divine status of Jesus in what scholars have termed a "binitarian" pattern of devotion. For Paul, Jesus receives prayer,<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[287]</a> the presence of Jesus is confessionally invoked by believers,<a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a> people are baptized in Jesus' name,<a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a> Jesus is the reference in Christian fellowship for a religious ritual meal (the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a>;<a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a> in pagan cults, the reference for ritual meals is always to a deity), and Jesus is the source of continuing prophetic oracles to believers.<a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–52-306">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atonement">Atonement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement in Christianity</a></div> Paul taught that Christians are redeemed from sin by Jesus' death and resurrection. His death was an expiation as well as a <a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">propitiation</a>, and by Christ's blood peace is made between God and man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Atonement-307">[296]</a> By grace, through faith,<a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> a Christian shares in Jesus' death and in his victory over death, gaining as a free gift a new, justified status of sonship.<a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Krister Stendahl</a>, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is not the individual conscience of human sinners, and their doubts about being chosen by God or not, but the problem of the inclusion of gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-310">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-311">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-312">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15-313">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[note 10]</a> "Dying for our sins" refers to the problem of gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92-316">[304]</a> Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant, as indicated by Romans 3:21–26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-317">[305]</a> Paul's conversion fundamentally changed his basic beliefs regarding God's covenant and the inclusion of Gentiles into this covenant. Paul believed Jesus' death was a voluntary sacrifice, that reconciled sinners with God.<a href="#cite_note-318">[306]</a> The law only reveals the extent of people's enslavement to the power of sin—a power that must be broken by Christ.<a href="#cite_note-319">[307]</a> Before his conversion Paul believed Gentiles were outside the covenant that God made with Israel; after his conversion, he believed Gentiles and Jews were united as the people of God in Christ.<a href="#cite_note-320">[308]</a> Before his conversion he believed circumcision was the rite through which males became part of Israel, an exclusive community of God's chosen people;<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a> after his conversion he believed that neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means anything, but that the new creation is what counts in the sight of God,<a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> and that this new creation is a work of Christ in the life of believers, making them part of the church, an inclusive community of Jews and Gentiles reconciled with God through faith.<a href="#cite_note-323">[311]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, who initiated the <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a> with his 1977 publication Paul and Palestinian Judaism, Paul saw the faithful redeemed by participation in Jesus' death and rising. Though "Jesus' death substituted for that of others and thereby freed believers from sin and guilt", a metaphor derived from "ancient <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrificial</a> theology,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-326">[note 11]</a> the essence of Paul's writing is not in the "legal terms" regarding the expiation of sin, but the act of "participation in Christ through <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">dying and rising with him</a>."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Sanders, "those who are baptized into Christ are baptized into his death, and thus they escape the power of sin [...] he died so that the believers may die with him and consequently live with him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> By this participation in Christ's death and rising, "one receives forgiveness for past offences, is liberated from the powers of sin, and receives the Spirit." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Judaism">Relationship with Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></div> Some scholars see Paul as completely in line with 1st-century Judaism (a Pharisee and student of Gamaliel as <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">presented by Acts</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr19152276-327">[314]</a> others see him as opposed to 1st-century Judaism (see <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>), while the majority see him as somewhere in between these two extremes, opposed to insistence on keeping the "Ritual Laws" (for example the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision controversy in early Christianity</a>) as necessary for entrance into God's New Covenant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1977-328">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982-329">[316]</a> but in full agreement on "<a href="/wiki/Divine_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Law">Divine Law</a>". These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Paul redefined the people of Israel, those he calls the "true Israel" and the "true circumcision" as those who had faith in the heavenly Christ, thus excluding those he called "Israel after the flesh" from his new covenant.<a href="#cite_note-330">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[318]</a> He also held the view that the Torah given to Moses was valid "until Christ came," so that even Jews are no longer "under the Torah," nor obligated to follow the commandments or <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> as given to Moses.<a href="#cite_note-332">[319]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style=""><a href="#CITEREFTabor2013">Tabor 2013</a></cite></div> </div> Paul is critical both theologically and empirically of claims of moral or lineal superiority<a href="#cite_note-333">[320]</a> of Jews while conversely strongly sustaining the notion of a special place for the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[321]</a> Paul's theology of the gospel accelerated the separation of the messianic sect of Christians from Judaism, a development contrary to Paul's own intent. He wrote that faith in Christ was alone decisive in salvation for Jews and Gentiles alike, making the schism between the followers of Christ and mainstream Jews inevitable and permanent. He argued that Gentile converts did not need to <a href="/wiki/Judaize" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaize">become Jews</a>, get circumcised, follow Jewish dietary restrictions, or otherwise observe Mosaic laws to be saved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a>, Paul's opposition to male circumcision for Gentiles is in line with Old Testament predictions that "in the last days the gentile nations would come to the God of Israel, as gentiles (e.g., Zechariah 8:20–23),<a href="#cite_note-335">[322]</a> not as proselytes to Israel."<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018-336">[323]</a> For Paul, Gentile male circumcision was therefore an affront to God's intentions.<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018-336">[323]</a> According to Hurtado, "Paul saw himself as what Munck called a salvation-historical figure in his own right," who was "personally and singularly deputized by God to bring about the predicted ingathering (the "fullness") of the nations."<a href="#cite_note-337">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018-336">[323]</a> According to Sanders, Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with Judaism of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BC until 200 AD, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-338">[325]</a> Sanders' publications<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1977-328">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983-339">[326]</a> have since been taken up by Professor <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> who coined the phrase "The New Perspective on Paul".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn198295–122-340">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WrightNP-341">[328]</a> the Anglican Bishop of Durham, notes a difference in emphasis between Galatians and Romans, the latter being much more positive about the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Mosaic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">continuing covenant between God and his ancient people</a> than the former. Wright also contends that performing Christian works is not insignificant but rather proof of having attained the redemption of Jesus Christ by grace (free gift received by faith).<a href="#cite_note-342">[329]</a> He concludes that Paul distinguishes between performing Christian works which are signs of ethnic identity and others which are a sign of obedience to Christ.<a href="#cite_note-WrightNP-341">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_to_come">World to come</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, Paul believed that Jesus would return within his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006-343">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> argues that Paul's eschatology did not remain static however, developing in his later epistles the idea that he would probably not see the Second Coming in his lifetime. Wright also argues that this shift was due to perspective and not belief.<a href="#cite_note-344">[331]</a> Paul expected that Christians who had died in the meantime would be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrected</a> to share in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">God's kingdom</a>, and he believed that the saved would be transformed, assuming heavenly, imperishable bodies.<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a> Paul's teaching about the end of the world is expressed most clearly in his <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">second</a> letters to the Christian community of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>. He assures them that <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">the dead will rise first</a> and be followed by those left alive.<a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> This suggests an imminent end but he is unspecific about times and seasons and encourages his hearers to expect a delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1985113-347">[334]</a> The form of the end will be a battle between Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of Sin">man of lawlessness</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a> whose conclusion is the triumph of Christ. Before his conversion he believed God's messiah would put an end to the old age of evil, and initiate a new age of righteousness; after his conversion, he believed this would happen in stages that had begun with the resurrection of Jesus, but the old age would continue until Jesus returns.<a href="#cite_note-349">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009236-290">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_women" title="Paul the Apostle and women">Paul the Apostle and women</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy_2:12_(%22I_suffer_not_a_woman%22)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy 2:12 ("I suffer not a woman")">1 Timothy 2:12 ("I suffer not a woman")</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg/250px-Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Lucas_van_Leyden_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A 16th century portrait of Paul the Apostle attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a></figcaption></figure> The second chapter of the first letter to Timothy—one of the six disputed letters—is used by many churches to deny women a vote in church affairs, reject women from serving as teachers of adult Bible classes, prevent them from serving as missionaries, and generally disenfranchise women from the duties and privileges of church leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroegerKroeger1998-350">[337]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> 9In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; 10But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. 11Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. 12But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. 13For Adam was first formed, then Eve. 14And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. 15Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1 Timothy 2:9–15<a href="#cite_note-351">[338]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> (Authorised Version) translation of this passage taken literally says that women in the churches are to have no leadership roles vis-à-vis men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright20065–10-352">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Seminary</a> theologian J. R. Daniel Kirk<a href="#cite_note-Kirk-353">[340]</a> finds evidence in Paul's letters of a much more inclusive view of women. He writes that Romans 16 is a tremendously important witness to the important role of women in the early church. Paul praises <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe (Bible)">Phoebe</a> for her work as a <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">deaconess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a> who is described by Paul in Scripture as being respected among the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-Bibleref2|Romans|16:7-66">[61]</a> It is Kirk's observation that recent studies suggest that the passage in 1 Corinthians 14 ordering women to "be silent" during worship<a href="#cite_note-354">[341]</a> was a later addition, apparently by a different author, and not part of Paul's original letter to the Corinthians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other scholars, such as Giancarlo Biguzzi, believe that Paul's restriction on women speaking in 1 Corinthians 14 is genuine to Paul but applies to a particular case where there were local problems of women, who were not allowed in that culture to become educated, asking questions or chatting during worship services. He does not believe it to be a general prohibition on any woman speaking in worship settings since in 1 Corinthians Paul affirms the right (responsibility) of women to <a href="/wiki/Prophesy#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophesy">prophesy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiguzzi200495–107-356">[343]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Biblical prophecy is more than "fore-telling": two-thirds of its inscripturated form involves "forth-telling", that is, setting the truth, justice, mercy, and righteousness of God against the backdrop of every form of denial of the same. Thus, to speak prophetically was to speak boldly against every form of moral, ethical, political, economic, and religious disenfranchisement observed in a culture that was intent on building its own pyramid of values vis-a-vis God's established system of truth and ethics.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology<a href="#cite_note-Baker-357">[344]</a></cite></div></blockquote> There were women prophets in the highly patriarchal times throughout the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-357">[344]</a> The most common term for prophet in the Old Testament is nabi in the masculine form, and nebiah in the Hebrew feminine form, is used six times of women who performed the same task of receiving and proclaiming the message given by God. These women include Miriam, Aaron and Moses' sister,<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a> Deborah,<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a> the prophet Isaiah's wife,<a href="#cite_note-360">[347]</a> and Huldah, the one who interpreted the Book of the Law discovered in the temple during the days of Josiah.<a href="#cite_note-361">[348]</a> There were false prophetesses just as there were false prophets. The prophetess Noadiah was among those who tried to intimidate Nehemiah.<a href="#cite_note-362">[349]</a> Apparently, they held equal rank in prophesying right along with Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Elisha, Aaron, and Samuel.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-357">[344]</a> Kirk's third example of a more inclusive view is Galatians 3:28: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Galatians 3:28<a href="#cite_note-363">[350]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In pronouncing an end within the church to the divisions which are common in the world around it, he concludes by highlighting the fact that "there were New Testament women who taught and had authority in the early churches, that this teaching and authority was sanctioned by Paul, and that Paul himself offers a theological paradigm within which overcoming the subjugation of women is an anticipated outcome".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk2012-364">[351]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Stagg" title="Evelyn Stagg">Evelyn Stagg</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(theologian)" title="Frank Stagg (theologian)">Frank Stagg</a> believe that Paul was attempting to "Christianize" the societal household or domestic codes that significantly oppressed women and empowered men as the head of the household. The Staggs present a serious study of what has been termed the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_domestic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament domestic code">New Testament domestic code</a>, also known as the Haustafel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaggStagg1978-365">[352]</a> The two main passages that explain these "household duties" are Paul's letters to the Ephesians<a href="#cite_note-366">[353]</a> and to the Colossians.<a href="#cite_note-367">[354]</a> An underlying Household Code is also reflected in four additional Pauline letters and 1 Peter: 1 Timothy 2:1ff, 8ff; 3:1ff, 8ff; 5:17ff; 6:1f; Titus 2:1–10<a href="#cite_note-368">[355]</a> and 1 Peter.<a href="#cite_note-369">[356]</a> Biblical scholars have typically treated the Haustafel in Ephesians as a resource in the debate over the role of women in ministry and in the home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombis2005317–30-370">[357]</a> Margaret MacDonald argues that the Haustafel, particularly as it appears in Ephesians, was aimed at "reducing the tension between community members and outsiders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2004109-371">[358]</a> E. P. Sanders has labeled Paul's remark in 1 Corinthians<a href="#cite_note-372">[359]</a> about women not making any sound during worship as "Paul's intemperate outburst that women should be silent in the churches".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1977-328">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983-339">[326]</a> Women, in fact, played a very significant part in Paul's missionary endeavors: <ul><li>He became a partner in ministry with the couple <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a> who are specifically named seven times in the New Testament—always by their couple name and never individually. Of the seven times they are named in the New Testament, Priscilla's name appears first in five of those instances, suggesting to some scholars that she was the head of the family unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchtemeier1985882-373">[360]</a> They lived, worked, and traveled with the Apostle Paul, becoming his honored, much-loved friends and coworkers in Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2010-374">[361]</a> In Romans 16:3–4,<a href="#cite_note-375">[362]</a> thought to have been written in 56 or 57, Paul sends his greetings to Priscilla and Aquila and proclaims that both of them "risked their necks" to save Paul's life.</li> <li>Chloe was an important member of the church in Corinth.<a href="#cite_note-376">[363]</a></li> <li>Phoebe was a "deacon" and a "benefactor" of Paul and others.<a href="#cite_note-377">[364]</a></li> <li>Romans 16<a href="#cite_note-378">[365]</a> names eight other women active in the Christian movement, including Junia ("prominent among the apostles"), Mary ("who has worked very hard among you"), and Julia.</li> <li>Women were frequently among the major supporters of the new Christian movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Beth_Allison_Barr" title="Beth Allison Barr">Beth Allison Barr</a> believes that Paul's beliefs on women were progressive for the time period. Barr notes that medieval theologians rarely quoted him to support their patriarchal views and that <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> believed that using these passages to support the inferiority of women would be akin to justifying slavery, due to the historical context of the household codes. Wives, like slaves, were considered to be under male authority in Roman law. Barr believes that Paul's intended message was to counter these ideals: he addresses women first and places Jesus as the ultimate authority that everyone was meant to submit to. She also notes that Paul did not believe that women were "deformed men" like his Roman contemporaries and used maternal language most frequently, often using such metaphors to describe himself as a woman. Barr believes that Roman authorities thought that early Christians were "gender deviants" precisely because they did not enforce the household codes as intended. She also believes that Paul was quoting <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> when saying that women should be silent, before going on to counter this reasoning, and that this is more obvious when the verses are read aloud.<a href="#cite_note-379">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_New_Testament" title="Homosexuality in the New Testament">Homosexuality in the New Testament</a></div> Most Christian traditions<a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-380">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-coptic.net-381">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-carm.org-382">[369]</a> say Paul clearly portrays homosexuality as sinful in two specific locations: Romans 1:26–27,<a href="#cite_note-383">[370]</a> and 1 Corinthians 6:9-10.<a href="#cite_note-384">[371]</a> Another passage, 1 Timothy 1:8–11, addresses the topic more obliquely.<a href="#cite_note-385">[372]</a> Since the 19th century, however, most scholars have concluded that <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a>) is not original to Paul, but rather an unknown Christian writing in Paul's name some time in the late-1st to mid-2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2000393-386">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins20024-387">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pablo_(1606)_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/250px-San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/330px-San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/500px-San_Pablo_%281606%29_-_Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A 1606 statue of St. Paul by <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Gregorio Fernández">Gregorio Fernández</a></figcaption></figure> Paul's influence on Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than any other New Testament author.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">[8]</a> Paul declared that "<a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">Christ is the end of the law</a>",<a href="#cite_note-388">[375]</a> exalted the Christian church as the body of Christ, and depicted the world outside the Church as under judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> Paul's writings include the earliest reference to the "Lord's Supper",<a href="#cite_note-389">[376]</a> a rite traditionally identified as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian communion">Christian communion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. In the East, church fathers attributed the element of election in Romans 9<a href="#cite_note-390">[377]</a> to divine foreknowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> The themes of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> found in Western Christianity do not appear in Eastern theology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauline_Christianity">Pauline Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></div> Paul had a strong influence on early Christianity. Hurtado notes that Paul regarded his own <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological views</a> and those of his predecessors and that of the Jerusalem Church as essentially similar. According to Hurtado, this "work[s] against the claims by some scholars that Pauline Christianity represents a sharp departure from the religiousness of Judean 'Jesus movements'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-34">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcion">Marcion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcionites">Marcionites</a></div> Marcionism, regarded as heresy by contemporary mainstream Christianity, was an <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Belief_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief system">belief system</a> that originated in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> at Rome around the year 144.<a href="#cite_note-391">[note 12]</a> Marcion asserted that Paul was the only <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostle</a> who had rightly understood the new message of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> as delivered by Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995-392">[378]</a> Marcion believed Jesus was the savior sent by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, and Paul the Apostle was his chief apostle, but he rejected the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God of Israel</a>. Marcionists believed that the <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">wrathful Hebrew God</a> was a separate and lower entity than the <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">all-forgiving God</a> of the New Testament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustine">Augustine</h3></div> In his account of his conversion experience, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> gave his life to Christ after reading <a href="/wiki/Romans_13" title="Romans 13">Romans 13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAugustine2019354–430-394">[380]</a> Augustine's foundational work on the gospel as a gift (grace), on morality as life in the Spirit, on predestination, and on original sin all derives from Paul, especially Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div>In his account of his conversion <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote about <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romans_1" title="Romans 1">Romans 1</a> praising Romans as the perfect gospel, in which the Reformation was birthed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrmann2016475–488-395">[381]</a> Martin Luther's interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Paul's writings</a> influenced Luther's doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Calvin">John Calvin</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> said the Book of Romans opens to anyone an understanding of the whole Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1993-396">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_theology">Modern theology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Visit any church service, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a>, and it is the apostle Paul and his ideas that are central – in the <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Creeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeds">creeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sermons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons">sermons</a>, the invocation and <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">benediction</a>, and of course, the rituals of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> or Mass. Whether birth, baptism, confirmation, marriage or death, it is predominantly Paul who is evoked to express meaning and significance. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Professor <a href="/wiki/James_D._Tabor" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Tabor">James D. Tabor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[383]</a></cite></div> </div> In his commentary <a href="/wiki/The_Epistle_to_the_Romans_(Barth)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)">The Epistle to the Romans</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Der Römerbrief; particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> argued that the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. In addition to the many questions about the true origins of some of Paul's teachings posed by historical figures as noted above, some modern theologians also hold that the teachings of Paul differ markedly from those of Jesus as found in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaccoby199814-398">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrie_Wilson" title="Barrie Wilson">Barrie Wilson</a> states that Paul differs from Jesus in terms of the origin of his message, his teachings and his practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2011chapters_9,_10,_12-399">[385]</a> Some have even gone so far as to claim that, due to these apparent differences in teachings, that Paul was no less than the "second founder" of Christianity (Jesus being its first).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer199827-400">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrede1907179-401">[387]</a> As in the Eastern tradition in general, Western humanists interpret the reference to election in Romans 9 as reflecting divine foreknowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_Paul">Views on Paul</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg/250px-Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg/330px-Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg/500px-Saint_Paul_with_a_Scroll_and_a_Sword.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Paul holding a scroll, symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scriptures</a>, and a sword, symbolising his martyrdom</figcaption></figure> Jewish interest in Paul is a recent phenomenon. Before the <a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus#Positive_historical_re-evaluations" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">positive historical reevaluations of Jesus</a> by some Jewish thinkers in the 18th and 19th centuries, he had hardly featured in the popular Jewish imagination, and little had been written about him by the religious leaders and scholars. Arguably, he is absent from the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and rabbinical literature, although he makes an appearance in some variants of the medieval polemic <a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a> (as a particularly effective spy for the rabbis).<a href="#cite_note-402">[388]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Qirqisani" title="Jacob Qirqisani">Jacob Qirqisani</a> also believed that Paul created Christianity by introducing the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06-403">[389]</a> However, with Jesus no longer regarded as the paradigm of gentile Christianity, Paul's position became more important in Jewish historical reconstructions of their religion's relationship with Christianity. He has featured as the key to building barriers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>) or bridges (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Mayer_Wise" title="Isaac Mayer Wise">Isaac Mayer Wise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Montefiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude G. Montefiore">Claude G. Montefiore</a>) in interfaith relations,<a href="#cite_note-404">[390]</a> as part of an intra-Jewish debate about what constitutes Jewish authenticity (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Klausner" title="Joseph Klausner">Joseph Klausner</a> and Hans Joachim Schoeps),<a href="#cite_note-405">[391]</a> and on occasion as a dialogical partner (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Rubenstein" title="Richard L. Rubenstein">Richard L. Rubenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-406">[392]</a> Boyarin in particular reads Paul as a 'Jewish thinker', one who 'lived and died convinced he was a Jew living out Judaism.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyarin19944-407">[393]</a> He features in an oratorio (by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>), a painting (by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Meidner" title="Ludwig Meidner">Ludwig Meidner</a>) and a play (by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>),<a href="#cite_note-408">[394]</a> and there have been several novels about Paul (by <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Asch" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalom Asch">Shalom Asch</a> and Samuel Sandmel).<a href="#cite_note-409">[395]</a> Jewish philosophers (including <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Shestov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Shestov">Leo Shestov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Taubes" title="Jacob Taubes">Jacob Taubes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-410">[396]</a> and Jewish psychoanalysts (including <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Sachs" title="Hanns Sachs">Hanns Sachs</a>)<a href="#cite_note-411">[397]</a> have engaged with the apostle as one of the most influential figures in Western thought. Scholarly surveys of Jewish interest in Paul include those by <a href="#CITEREFHagner1980">Hagner 1980</a>, pp. 143–65, <a href="#CITEREFMeissner1996">Meissner 1996</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLangton2010">Langton 2010</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLangton2011a">Langton 2011a</a>, pp. 55–72 and <a href="#CITEREFLangton2011b">Langton 2011b</a>, pp. 585–87. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Gnosticism">In Gnosticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism § Paul and Gnosticism</a></div> In the 2nd (and possibly late 1st) century, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> was a competing religious tradition to Christianity which shared some elements of theology. <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> concentrated on how the Gnostics interpreted Paul's letters and how evidence from gnostic sources may challenge the assumption that Paul wrote his letters to combat "gnostic opponents" and to repudiate their statement that they possess secret wisdom. In her reading, the Gnostics considered Paul as one of their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels19921–12,_98-412">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h3></div> Muslims have long believed that Paul purposefully corrupted the <a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">original revealed teachings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Maryam" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa ibn Maryam">Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindsonCaner2008280-413">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Young200460-414">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell2001235-415">[401]</a> through the introduction of such elements as <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">paganism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-31">[26]</a> the making of Christianity into a theology of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">the cross</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999255-416">[402]</a> and introducing <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and the need for <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)#Christianity" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Young200464-417">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a> claimed that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what Ibn Hazm viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06-403">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201168-418">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> repeated Sayf's claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrann201065–66-419">[405]</a> Paul has been criticized by some modern Muslim thinkers. <a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a> wrote that Paul misrepresented the message of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiddell2001235-415">[401]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> accused Paul of introducing <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism) into Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-31">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jouhar">Mohammad Ali Jouhar</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>'s critical writings of Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999255-416">[402]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslim polemics, Paul plays the same role (of deliberately corrupting the early teachings of Jesus) as a later Jew, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a>, would play in seeking to destroy the message of Islam from within.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201168-418">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrann201065–66-419">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPall201355-420">[406]</a> Among those who supported this view were scholars <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (who believed while Paul ultimately succeeded, Ibn Saba failed) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (who claimed that the Jews even admitted to Paul's sinister purpose).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdang1996105–06-403">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_views">Other views</h3></div> Other critics of Paul the Apostle include United States president <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deist</a> who wrote that Paul was the "first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson1854-421">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Ammon Hennacy</a>, as well as German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> held similar views.<a href="#cite_note-422">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[409]</a> Discussions in <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'í</a> scholarship have focused on whether Paul changed the original message of Christ or delivered the true gospel, there being proponents of both positions.<a href="#cite_note-424">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Parish_Church_of_St_Paul%27s_Shipwreck" title="Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck">Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament#Christian_views_on_Mosaic_Law" title="Old Testament">Old Testament: Christian views of the Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul,_Apostle_of_Christ" title="Paul, Apostle of Christ">Paul, Apostle of Christ</a>, 2018 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline mysticism">Pauline mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">Persecution of Christians in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_religion_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of religion in ancient Rome">Persecution of religion in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_(film)" title="Peter and Paul (film)">Peter and Paul</a>, 1981 miniseries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychagogy" title="Psychagogy">Psychagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> Language notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Paulus; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: פאולוס השליח </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: שאול ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl </li> </ol></div></div> General notes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-persecution-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-persecution_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-persecution_15-1">b</a> Acts 8:1 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:13 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:21 "in Jerusalem"; Acts 26:10 "in Jerusalem". In Galatians 1:13, Paul states that he "persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it," but does not specify where he persecuted the church. In Galatians 1:22 he states that more than three years after his conversion he was "still unknown by sight to the churches of Judea that are in Christ," seemingly ruling out Jerusalem as the place he had persecuted Christians.<a href="#cite_note-dalemartin-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> knew the Letter to the Hebrews as being "under the name of Barnabas" (De Pudicitia, chapter 20 where Tertullian quotes Hebrews 6:4–8); Origen, in his now lost Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, is reported by Eusebius<a href="#cite_note-EcclHist_VI.25-23">[20]</a> as having written "if any Church holds that this epistle is by Paul, let it be commended for this. For not without reason have the ancients handed it down as Paul's. But who wrote the epistle, in truth, God knows. The statement of some who have gone before us is that Clement, bishop of the Romans, wrote the epistle, and of others, that Luke, the author of the Gospel and the Acts, wrote it </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Paul's undisputed epistles are 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Philippians, and Philemon. The six letters believed by some to have been written by Paul are Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus.<a href="#cite_note-umc.org-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-disputed-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disputed_68-2">c</a> 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus may be "Trito-Pauline", meaning they may have been written by members of the Pauline school a generation after his death. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> The only indication as to who is leading is in the order of names. At first, the two are referred to as Barnabas and Paul, in that order. Later in the same chapter, the team is referred to as Paul and his companions. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> This clause is not found in some major sources: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> or Codex Laudianus </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Paul does not exactly say that this was his second visit. In Galatians, he lists three important meetings with Peter, and this was the second on his list. The third meeting took place in Antioch. He does not explicitly state that he did not visit Jerusalem in between this and his first visit. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Note that Paul only writes that he is on his way to Jerusalem, or just planning the visit. There might or might not have been additional visits before or after this visit, if he ever got to Jerusalem. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders2019">Sanders 2019</a>: "Paul [...] only occasionally had the opportunity to revisit his churches. He tried to keep up his converts' spirit, answer their questions, and resolve their problems by letter and by sending one or more of his assistants, especially Timothy and Titus. Paul's letters reveal a remarkable human being: dedicated, compassionate, emotional, sometimes harsh and angry, clever and quick-witted, supple in argumentation, and above all possessing a soaring, passionate commitment to God, Jesus Christ, and his own mission. Fortunately, after his death one of his followers collected some of the letters, edited them very slightly, and published them. They constitute one of history's most remarkable personal contributions to religious thought and practice. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49 quotes <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1976">Stendahl 1976</a>, p. 2 "... a doctrine of faith was hammered out by Paul for the very specific and limited purpose of defending the rights of Gentile converts to be full and genuine heirs to the promise of God to Israel" <a href="#CITEREFWesterholm2015">Westerholm 2015</a>, pp. 4–15: "For Paul, the question that 'justification by faith' was intended to answer was, 'On what terms can Gentiles gain entrance to the people of God?" Bent on denying any suggestion that Gentiles must become Jews and keep the Jewish law, he answered, 'By faith—and not by works of the (Jewish) law.'" Westerholm refers to: <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a> Westerholm quotes Sanders: "Sanders noted that 'the salvation of the Gentiles is essential to Paul's preaching; and with it falls the law; for, as Paul says simply, Gentiles cannot live by the law'.<a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a> (496). On a similar note, Sanders suggested that the only Jewish 'boasting' to which Paul objected was that which exulted over the divine privileges granted to Israel and failed to acknowledge that God, in Christ, had opened the door of salvation to Gentiles." </li> <li id="cite_note-sacrifice-326"><a href="#cite_ref-sacrifice_326-0">^</a> According to the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), "The Mishnah says that sins are expiated (1) by sacrifice, (2) by repentance at death or on Yom Kippur, (3) in the case of the lighter transgressions of the positive or negative precepts, by repentance at any time [...] The graver sins, according to Rabbi, are apostasy, heretical interpretation of the Torah, and non-circumcision (Yoma 86a). The atonement for sins between a man and his neighbor is an ample apology (Yoma 85b)."<a href="#cite_note-JE.SIN-324">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a> states, "Most efficacious seemed to be the atoning power of suffering experienced by the righteous during the Exile. This is the idea underlying the description of the suffering servant of God in <abbr title="Isaiah">Isa.</abbr> liii. 4, 12, <abbr title="Hebrews">Hebr.</abbr> [...] of greater atoning power than all the Temple sacrifices was the suffering of the elect ones who were to be servants and witnesses of the Lord (<abbr title="Isaiah">Isa.</abbr> xlii. 1–4, xlix. 1–7, l. 6). This idea of the atoning power of the suffering and death of the righteous finds expression also in IV <abbr title="Maccabees">Macc.</abbr> vi. 27, xvii. 21–23; M. Ḳ. 28a; Pesiḳ. xxvii. 174b; <abbr title="Leviticus">Lev.</abbr> R. xx.; and formed the basis of Paul's doctrine of the atoning blood of Christ (<abbr title="Romans">Rom.</abbr> iii. 25)."<a href="#cite_note-JE.ATONEMENT-325">[313]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> 115 years and 6 months from the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>'s reckoning in Adversus Marcionem, xv </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pbs.org-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/peterandpaul/footsteps/footsteps_1_1.html">"Saul of Tarsus: Rooted in Three Worlds"</a>. In the Footsteps of Paul. PBS. 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Paul&rft.atitle=Saul+of+Tarsus%3A+Rooted+in+Three+Worlds&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fpeterandpaul%2Ffootsteps%2Ffootsteps_1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997436_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200342-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200342_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2003">Harris 2003</a>, p. 42: He was probably martyred in Rome about 64–65 AD </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2003-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2003_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2003_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2003">Harris 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2003, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:3&version=nrsv">Acts 22:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997442-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997442_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2019-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2019_10-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders2019">Sanders 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2009">Powell 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2001577Ch_32-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2001577Ch_32_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2001">Dunn 2001</a>, p. 577, Ch 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads199639-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads199639_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhoads1996">Rhoads 1996</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009345–346-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009345–346_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, pp. 345–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+8:1">Acts 8:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+9:2">Acts 9:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+26:13">Acts 26:13–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+22:7">Acts 22:7–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+22:11">Acts 22:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+9:3">Acts 9:3–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997407-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997407_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-EcclHist_VI.25-23"><a href="#cite_ref-EcclHist_VI.25_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1885" class="citation cs1">Eusebius (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_VI/Chapter_25">"Book VI/Chapter 25" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius">Church History </a>. S.13 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VI%2FChapter+25&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.pages=S.13&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990920,_col.2Ch_60:2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990920,_col.2Ch_60:2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990920,_col.2Ch_60:2_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990">Brown, Fitzmyer & Murphy 1990</a>, p. 920, col.2, Ch 60:2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKümmel1975392–94,_401–03-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKümmel1975392–94,_401–03_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKümmel1975">Kümmel 1975</a>, pp. 392–94, 401–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-umc.org-27"><a href="#cite_ref-umc.org_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823232149/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/paul.stm">"Paul and His Influence in Early Christianity"</a>. United Methodist Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/paul.stm">the original</a> on 23 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Paul+and+His+Influence+in+Early+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fcorinthians%2Fpaul.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonMoo2009-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonMoo2009_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarsonMoo2009">Carson & Moo 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAageson20081-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAageson20081_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAageson2008">Aageson 2008</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaardenburg1999276_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaardenburg1999">Waardenburg 1999</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2023" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2023). A Jewish Paul. Baker Academic. pp. 4–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1540965714" title="Special:BookSources/978-1540965714"><bdi>978-1540965714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Paul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1540965714&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). Paul: The Pagans' Apostle. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300240153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300240153"><bdi>978-0300240153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+The+Pagans%27+Apostle&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0300240153&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarrow1986" class="citation book cs1">Marrow, Stanley B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPu1qx50HmgC&pg=PA5">Paul: His Letters and His Theology : an Introduction to Paul's Epistles</a>. Paulist Press. pp. 5, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809127443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809127443"><bdi>978-0809127443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+His+Letters+and+His+Theology+%3A+an+Introduction+to+Paul%27s+Epistles&rft.pages=5%2C+7&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0809127443&rft.aulast=Marrow&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPu1qx50HmgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030000303/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul">"Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?"</a>. Catholic Answers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul">the original</a> on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Why+did+God+change+Saul%27s+name+to+Paul%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fquickquestions%2Fwhy-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#22:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 22:25–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Strong_38-0">^</a> Greek lexicon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybible.info/strongs/G4569">G4569 Σαύλος (Saul)</a> Greek lexicon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybible.info/strongs/G3972">G3972 Παύλος (Paul)</a> Hebrew lexicon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybible.info/strongs/H7586">H7586 שׁאוּל (Shaul/Saul)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#16:37" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 16:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:25–289&version=nrsv">22:25–289</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrat1911-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrat1911_40-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrat1911">Prat 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisShort1879Paulus:_"a_Roman_surname_(not_a_praenomen;)"-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisShort1879Paulus:_"a_Roman_surname_(not_a_praenomen;)"_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewisShort1879">Lewis & Short 1879</a>, Paulus: "a Roman surname (not a praenomen;)". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1989-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1989_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCole1989">Cole 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:4; 22:7; 26:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#26:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 26:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:17&version=nrsv">Acts 9:17; 22:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#13:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 13:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#9:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 9:19–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathAns-49"><a href="#cite_ref-CathAns_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030000303/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul">"Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?"</a>. Catholic Answers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul">the original</a> on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Why+did+God+change+Saul%27s+name+to+Paul%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fquickquestions%2Fwhy-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200319–20-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200319–20_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200319–20_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005St_Paul_51-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, St Paul. </li> <li id="cite_note-dalemartin-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalemartin_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalemartin_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Dale B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-152/lecture-5">"Introduction to the New Testament History and Literature – 5. The New Testament as History"</a>. Open Yale Courses. Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Yale+Courses&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+History+and+Literature+%E2%80%93+5.+The+New+Testament+as+History&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foyc.yale.edu%2Freligious-studies%2Frlst-152%2Flecture-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2000262–65-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2000262–65_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2000">Ehrman 2000</a>, pp. 262–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadeuze1909-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadeuze1909_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadeuze1909">Ladeuze 1909</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007145–47-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2007145–47_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2007">White 2007</a>, pp. 145–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoester2000107-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoester2000107_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoester2000">Koester 2000</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:37&version=nrsv">Acts 16:37</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:25–29&version=nrsv">Acts 22:25–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> John B. Polhill, 532; cf. Richard R. Losch, The Uttermost Part of the Earth: A Guide to Places in the Bible (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005), 176–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1974404-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1974404_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1974404_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1974">Wright 1974</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle#:~:text=Paul%20was%20a%20Greek-speaking,in%20his%20life%20and%20letters.">"Saint Paul the Apostle | Biography & Facts | Britannica"</a>. britannica.com. 22 July 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Paul+the+Apostle+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Paul-the-Apostle%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPaul%2520was%2520a%2520Greek-speaking%2Cin%2520his%2520life%2520and%2520letters.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:5&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200321–22_62-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:6&version=nrsv">Acts 23:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200322-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200322_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_65-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:16&version=nrsv">Acts 23:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleref2|Romans|16:7-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Romans|16:7_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Romans|16:7_66-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:7&version=nrsv">Romans 16:7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:3&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:5–6&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:1–3&version=nrsv">Acts 18:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200341–42-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200341–42_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:3&version=nrsv">Acts 18:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:4&version=nrsv">Romans 16:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:3&version=nrsv">Acts 22:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:58–60:22&version=nrsv">Acts 7:58–60; 22:20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009242–44-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009242–44_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, pp. 242–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce200043-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce200043_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce2000">Bruce 2000</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200613–26-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200613–26_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2006">Lee 2006</a>, pp. 13–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee1983208-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKee1983208_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKee1983">Kee 1983</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:13–14&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:13–14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:6&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:1–3&version=nrsv">Acts 8:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47,_277-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47,_277_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, pp. 246–47, 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, pp. 246–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBromiley1979">Bromiley 1979</a>, p. 689. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2002">Barnett 2002</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992200-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992200_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiswonger1992">Niswonger 1992</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Galatians+1:16">Galatians 1:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+15:8&version=nasb">1 Corinthians 15:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:4–5&version=nrsv">Acts 9:4–5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#9:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 9:1–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:17&version=nrsv">Acts 9:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:18&version=nrsv">Acts 9:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2014184-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAslan2014184_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAslan2014">Aslan 2014</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRay200766-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRay200766_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRay2007">McRay 2007</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEskola2001-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEskola2001_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEskola2001">Eskola 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill20104,_16–17,_22–23-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill20104,_16–17,_22–23_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill2010">Churchill 2010</a>, pp. 4, 16–17, 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill2010250ff.-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill2010250ff._97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill2010">Churchill 2010</a>, pp. 250ff.. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:20–22&version=nrsv">Acts 9:20–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel199743-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHengel199743_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHengel1997">Hengel 1997</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2011:32&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 11:32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:17&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911320–23-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911320–23_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLake1911">Lake 1911</a>, pp. 320–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1996683–92-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1996683–92_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1996">Wright 1996</a>, pp. 683–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHengel200247–66-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHengel200247–66_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHengel2002">Hengel 2002</a>, pp. 47–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:13–24&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:13–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2012). Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. HarperOne. p. 144-146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062206442" title="Special:BookSources/9780062206442"><bdi>9780062206442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780062206442&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongenecker2020" class="citation book cs1">Longenecker, Bruce, ed. (2020). The New Cambridge Companion to St. Paul. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108438285" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108438285"><bdi>978-1108438285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Companion+to+St.+Paul&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108438285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:24–25&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:24–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:11–16&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:11–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2003517-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2003517_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2003">Harris 2003</a>, p. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:22–24&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:22–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:1–10-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:1–10_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:1–10_112-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1–10&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2005200-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett2005200_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2005">Barnett 2005</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009369-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009369_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:26&version=nrsv">Acts 11:26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgg1962-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgg1962_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgg1962">Ogg 1962</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200583-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200583_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2005">Barnett 2005</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Acts_11:26" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 11:26">Acts 11:26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013–14&version=nrsv">Acts 13–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009370-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009370_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:8–12&version=nrsv">Acts 13:8–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEnc:Saul_of_Tarsus-125"><a href="#cite_ref-JewEnc:Saul_of_Tarsus_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11952-paul-of-tarsus">"Saul Of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2020. <q>His quotations from Scripture, which are all taken, directly or from memory, from the Greek version, betray no familiarity with the original Hebrew text (…) Nor is there any indication in Paul's writings or arguments that he had received the rabbinical training ascribed to him by Christian writers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saul+Of+Tarsus+%28known+as+Paul%2C+the+Apostle+of+the+Heathen%29&rft.btitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11952-paul-of-tarsus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:13–48&version=nrsv">Acts 13:13–48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+14:28&version=nkjv">Acts 14:28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence-Jones201516-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence-Jones201516_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpence-Jones2015">Spence-Jones 2015</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997445-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997445_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 428–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29,_445-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997428–29,_445_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 428–29, 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:2">Acts 15:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1–10&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechtel1910_134-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBechtel1910">Bechtel 1910</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:2">Acts 15:2</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:1">Galatians 2:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2007148–49_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2007">White 2007</a>, pp. 148–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:27–30&version=nrsv">Acts 11:27–30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|1:18–20-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|1:18–20_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|1:18–20_138-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:18–20&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:18–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce2000151-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce2000151_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce2000">Bruce 2000</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Gal.|2:11–14_140-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:11–14&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:11–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2007170-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2007170_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2007">White 2007</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills20031109–10-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills20031109–10_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMills2003">Mills 2003</a>, pp. 1109–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009400-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009400_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:6–10&version=nrsv">Acts 16:6–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#16:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 16:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:16–24&version=nrsv">Acts 16:16–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:25–40&version=nrsv">Acts 16:25–40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:2&version=nkjv">Acts 18:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:18–21&version=nkjv">Acts 18:18–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:18&version=nkjv">Acts 18:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll1911-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll1911_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDriscoll1911">Driscoll 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:19–21&version=nkjv">Acts 18:19–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:22–23&version=nkjv">Acts 18:22–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+18:21&version=nkjv">Acts 18:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PulCom-157"><a href="#cite_ref-PulCom_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/acts/18.htm">"Pulpit Commentary on Acts 18"</a>. biblehub.com. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Pulpit+Commentary+on+Acts+18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fpulpit%2Facts%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+21:29&version=nkjv">Acts 21:29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrease2019309–10-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrease2019309–10_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrease2019">Crease 2019</a>, pp. 309–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+20:34&version=nkjv">Acts 20:34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRay2007185-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRay2007185_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRay2007">McRay 2007</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Michael Flexsenhar 111, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40090544/The_Provenance_of_Philippians_and_Why_it_Matters_Old_Questions_New_Approaches_Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament_42_1_2019_18_45">'The Provenance of Philippians and Why it Matters: Old Questions, New Approaches,'</a> <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">Journal for the Study of the New Testament</a> Volume 42, Issue 1 2019 : 18-45. </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleref2|Acts|20:1–2|NKJV-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleref2|Acts|20:1–2|NKJV_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleref2|Acts|20:1–2|NKJV_163-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+20:1–2&version=nkjv">Acts 20:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandayn.d.202-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandayn.d.202_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandayn.d.">Sanday n.d.</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2015:19&version=nrsv">Romans 15:19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton200026-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton200026_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton2000">Burton 2000</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit1909-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit1909_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetit1909">Petit 1909</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:8–10&version=nrsv">Acts 21:8–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:15&version=nrsv">Acts 21:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html">1st Clement – Lightfoot translation</a> Early Christian Writings 1 Clem 5:5: "By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, [5:6] having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance". </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> See also the endnote (3) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cleveland_Coxe" title="Arthur Cleveland Coxe">Arthur Cleveland Coxe</a> on the last page of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/CLEMENT_OF_ROME/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians/Chapter_LIX." class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume I/CLEMENT OF ROME/First Epistle to the Corinthians/Chapter LIX.">wikisource 1st Clement</a> regarding Paul's preaching in Britain. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/chrysostom/2_timothy/4.htm">Chrysostom's Homilies on 2 Timothy</a>, verse 4:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_VII/S._Cyril/Lecture_17" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume VII/S. Cyril/Lecture 17">Cyril on Paul and gifts of the Holy Ghost</a> (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II Volume VII, Lecture 17, para. 26) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/muratorian.html">The Muratorian Fragment</a> lines 38–39 Bible Research </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:26–27&version=nrsv">Acts 9:26–27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:17–18&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:17–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:29–30&version=nrsv">Acts 11:29–30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:25&version=nrsv">Acts 12:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:30&version=nrsv">Acts 11:30, 12:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015&version=nrsv">Acts 15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1–19&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:36–40&version=nrsv">Acts 15:36–40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:21–22&version=nrsv">Acts 18:21–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:17&version=nrsv">Acts 21:17ff</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:17&version=nrsv">Acts 24:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2015:25&version=nrsv">Romans 15:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%208–9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 8–9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:1–3&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 16:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:21&version=nrsv">Acts 21:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:22–26&version=nrsv">Acts 21:22–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:27–36&version=nrsv">Acts 21:27–36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:22&version=nrsv">Acts 22:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:30&version=nrsv">Acts 22:30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:10&version=nrsv">Acts 23:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:12&version=nrsv">Acts 23:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:23&version=nrsv">Acts 23:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:1&version=nrsv">Acts 24:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:22&version=nrsv">Acts 24:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:23&version=nrsv">Acts 24:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapesReevesRichards2011203-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapesReevesRichards2011203_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapesReevesRichards2011">Capes, Reeves & Richards 2011</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2027:39–44&version=nrsv">Acts 27:39–44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:1–10&version=nrsv">Acts 28:1–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:11–14&version=nrsv">Acts 28:11–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolhill199980,_164–5,_329-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolhill199980,_164–5,_329_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolhill1999">Polhill 1999</a>, pp. 80, 164–5, 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+28:30–31&version=nkjv">Acts 28:30–31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html">Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3</a>.2: the "...Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. [...] The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate"; Christian Classics Ethereal Library </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:14–15&version=nrsv">Acts 28:14–15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:1–13:15&version=nrsv">Romans 1:1, 7, 11–13; 15:23–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> MaGee Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.org/article/origins-church-rome">"The Origins of the Church at Rome"</a> Bible.org; Accessed 18 March 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Pope Clement I, First Epistle to the Corinthians, 5:7 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Ignatius of Antioch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0104.htm">Epistle to the Ephesians</a>, 12:55. "You are initiated into the mysteries of the Gospel with Paul, the holy, the martyred, the deservedly most happy, at whose feet may I be found (...)." </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuintus_Septimius_Florens_Tertullianus" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus. <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_praescriptione_haereticorum">"De praescriptione haereticorum. Caput XXXVI [3] - Wikisource"</a>. la.wikisource.org (in Latin). Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=De+praescriptione+haereticorum.+Caput+XXXVI+%5B3%5D+-+Wikisource&rft.au=Quintus+Septimius+Florens+Tertullianus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDe_praescriptione_haereticorum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTertullian1885" class="citation web cs1">Tertullian (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: The Prescription Against Heretics (Tertullian)"</a>. New Advent. Translated by Peter Holmes. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+The+Prescription+Against+Heretics+%28Tertullian%29&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Eusebius, <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a>, Book 2, Chapter 22, Paragraph 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Eusebius, Church History, Book 2, Chapter 25, Paragraph 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSulpitius_Severus1894" class="citation web cs1">Sulpitius Severus (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/35052.htm">"Chronicle / Sacred History, Book II. Chapter 29"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2023. <q>In the meantime, the number of the Christians being now very large, it happened that Rome was destroyed by fire, while Nero was stationed at Antium. (...) Nero could not by any means he tried escape from the charge that the fire had been caused by his orders. He therefore turned the accusation against the Christians (...) At that time Paul and Peter were condemned to death, the former being beheaded with a sword, while Peter suffered crucifixion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Chronicle+%2F+Sacred+History%2C+Book+II.+Chapter+29.&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Sulpitius+Severus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F35052.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chrysostom1889" class="citation web cs1">John Chrysostom (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1907.htm">"Concerning Lowliness of Mind. Chapter 4"</a>. New Advent. Retrieved 11 November 2023. <q>Now Nero had then cast him into prison. (...) when he saw Paul having lighted a lamp throughout the world, (...) [Nero] exerted himself both to extinguish what was preached, and to put the teachers out of the way; in order that he might be allowed with authority to do anything he pleased; and after binding that holy man, cast him into prison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Concerning+Lowliness+of+Mind.+Chapter+4.&rft.date=1889&rft.au=John+Chrysostom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F1907.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lactantius-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Lactantius_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLactantius" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.v.ii.html">"Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died, addressed to Donatus"</a>. ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Of+the+Manner+in+Which+the+Persecutors+Died%2C+addressed+to+Donatus&rft.au=Lactantius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf07.iii.v.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLactantius" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lactantius. <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum#2">"De mortibus persecutorum - Wikisource"</a>. la.wikisource.org (in Latin). 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Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27Oldest%27+image+of+St+Paul+discovered&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Pisa&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fvaticancityandholysee%2F5675461%2FOldest-image-of-St-Paul-discovered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37845439">"Earliest icons of Peter and Paul found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 22 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329155129/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37845439">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. 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Syer (December 1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA272">"Notes on a group of reliquaries"</a>. Journal of the British Archaeological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Archaeological+Association&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+group+of+reliquaries&rft.date=1870-12&rft.aulast=Cuming&rft.aufirst=H.+Syer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDAGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/jan/25.htm">"Chambers' The Book of Days"</a>. 1869. Retrieved 9 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chambers%27+The+Book+of+Days&rft.date=1869&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookofdays.com%2Fmonths%2Fjan%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Martyrologium Romanum (2nd ed.). Vatican City. 2004. p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Martyrologium Romanum (2nd ed.). Vatican City. 2004. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrologium+Romanum&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanidopoulos2015" class="citation web cs1">Sanidopoulos, John (7 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2015/03/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-dodecanese.html">"Synaxis of All Saints of the Dodecanese"</a>. Mystagogy Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617221908/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2015/03/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-dodecanese.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mystagogy+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Synaxis+of+All+Saints+of+the+Dodecanese&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.aulast=Sanidopoulos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2015%2F03%2Fsynaxis-of-all-saints-of-dodecanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/all-lives/2021/06/29/101840-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leaders-of-the-apostles-peter">"Lives of all saints commemorated on June 29"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521085523/https://www.oca.org/saints/all-lives/2021/06/29">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Lives+of+all+saints+commemorated+on+June+29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Fall-lives%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2F101840-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leaders-of-the-apostles-peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/all-lives/2014/06/30/101711-synaxis-of-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-twelve-apostles">"Lives of all saints commemorated on June 30"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521085956/https://www.oca.org/saints/all-lives/2014/06/30">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Lives+of+all+saints+commemorated+on+June+30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Fall-lives%2F2014%2F06%2F30%2F101711-synaxis-of-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-twelve-apostles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanidopoulos2010" class="citation web cs1">Sanidopoulos, John (12 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/10/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-athens.html">"Synaxis of All Saints of Athens"</a>. Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630021520/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/10/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-athens.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity+Then+and+Now&rft.atitle=Synaxis+of+All+Saints+of+Athens&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft.aulast=Sanidopoulos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fsynaxis-of-all-saints-of-athens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326145607/https://www.saint.gr/3731/saint.aspx">"Σύναξη πάντων των εν Ρόδω Αγίων"</a>. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής (in Greek). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint.gr/3731/saint.aspx">the original</a> on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89+%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint.gr%2F3731%2Fsaint.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730101450/https://www.saint.gr/4026/saint.aspx">"Σύναξη πάντων των Ευβοέων Αγίων"</a>. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής (in Greek). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint.gr/4026/saint.aspx">the original</a> on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint.gr%2F4026%2Fsaint.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanidopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Sanidopoulos, John (7 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saintsof-gortyna-and.html">"Synaxis of All Saints of Gortyna and Arkadia in Crete"</a>. Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004065508/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2017/05/synaxis-of-all-saintsof-gortyna-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity+Then+and+Now&rft.atitle=Synaxis+of+All+Saints+of+Gortyna+and+Arkadia+in+Crete&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft.aulast=Sanidopoulos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fsynaxis-of-all-saintsof-gortyna-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKontogiorgakis" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kontogiorgakis, Georgios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imga.gr/agiologio/">"Αγιολόγιο – Ιερά Μητρόπολις Γορτύνης και Αρκαδίας"</a> (in Greek). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925072718/https://www.imga.gr/agiologio/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF+%E2%80%93+%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC+%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.aulast=Kontogiorgakis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imga.gr%2Fagiologio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602174657/https://www.saint.gr/4152/saint.aspx">"Σύναξη των εν Λευκάδι Αγίων"</a>. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής (in Greek). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saint.gr/4152/saint.aspx">the original</a> on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9+%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint.gr%2F4152%2Fsaint.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Church_of_England-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Church_of_England_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Church_of_England_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/feasts-and-festivals">"Feasts and Festivals"</a>. www.lcms.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427181403/https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/feasts-and-festivals">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lcms.org&rft.atitle=Feasts+and+Festivals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fworship%2Fchurch-year%2Ffeasts-and-festivals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mt/en/About%20Malta/Pages/Public%20Holidays.aspx">"Public Holidays in Malta"</a>. www.gov.mt. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.mt&rft.atitle=Public+Holidays+in+Malta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mt%2Fen%2FAbout%2520Malta%2FPages%2FPublic%2520Holidays.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstone1984447-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnstone1984447_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnstone1984">Barnstone 1984</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1986170-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalherbe1986170_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalherbe1986">Malherbe 1986</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1901531The_History_of_the_Contending_of_Saint_Paul-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1901531The_History_of_the_Contending_of_Saint_Paul_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudge1901">Budge 1901</a>, p. 531, The History of the Contending of Saint Paul. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1901501The_Acts_of_Saint_Peter-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1901501The_Acts_of_Saint_Peter_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudge1901">Budge 1901</a>, p. 501, The Acts of Saint Peter. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1844212-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1844212_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1844">Barnes 1844</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune20109-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune20109_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune20109_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune20109_260-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAune2010">Aune 2010</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnRogerson20031274-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnRogerson20031274_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnRogerson20031274_261-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunnRogerson2003">Dunn & Rogerson 2003</a>, p. 1274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins19884–7-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins19884–7_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins19884–7_262-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerkins1988">Perkins 1988</a>, pp. 4–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:17–34&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 11:17–34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009234-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009234_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2009">Powell 2009</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley200221-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley200221_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiley2002">Wiley 2002</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201053-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201053_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson2010">Donaldson 2010</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201039-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson201039_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson2010">Donaldson 2010</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBitner2015268-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBitner2015268_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBitner2015">Bitner 2015</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndria2012271-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndria2012271_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndria2012">Andria 2012</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2010170–71-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2010170–71_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2010">Dunn 2010</a>, pp. 170–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonaldHarrington200058-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonaldHarrington200058_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonaldHarrington2000">MacDonald & Harrington 2000</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%207:8–9&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 7:8–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198448-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198448_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1984">Brown 1984</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAherne1908-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAherne1908_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAherne1908_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAherne1908">Aherne 1908</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19634ff-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19634ff_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1963">Barrett 1963</a>, pp. 4ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams195722,_240-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams195722,_240_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1957">Williams 1957</a>, pp. 22, 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount202232-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMount202232_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMount2022">Mount 2022</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington200718-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShillington200718_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShillington2007">Shillington 2007</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall198042-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall198042_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1980">Marshall 1980</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201&version=nrsv">Romans 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:16&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%209:1&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 9:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:12–15&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:12–15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:10&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:7&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 12:7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme, eds. (2010). "The Second Letter Of Paul To The Corinthians". The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version With The Apocrypha (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2038. <q>[Footnote 7] Nature of the thorn is unknown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Letter+Of+Paul+To+The+Corinthians&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version+With+The+Apocrypha&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2038&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrell200630-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrell200630_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorrell2006">Horrell 2006</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibleref2|Philippians|3:6-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Philippians|3:6_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibleref2|Philippians|3:6_288-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:6&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%202:14–16&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 2:14–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009236-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009236_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009236_290-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell2009">Powell 2009</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:1–2&version=nrsv">Acts 9:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%201:13&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 1:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:3&version=nrsv">Romans 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:14–18&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:14–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%205:23&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 5:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%201:2&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 1:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:8–9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 12:8–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%203:11&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 3:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:22&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 16:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2010:9–13&version=nrsv">Romans 10:9–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%202:10–11&version=nrsv">Philippians 2:10–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%206:11&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 6:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:3&version=nrsv">Romans 6:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:17–34&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 11:17–34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:15–17&version=nrsv">1 Thessalonians 4:15–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–52-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005134–52_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 134–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Atonement-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Atonement_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Atonement. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#2:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 2:8–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#4:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 4:4–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2004">Finlan 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesterholm2015">Westerholm 2015</a>, pp. 4–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:14&version=nrsv">Gal 2.14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, pp. 88–89, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:6–10&version=nrsv">Romans 5:6–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%202:8&version=nrsv">Philippians 2:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:20&version=nrsv">Romans 3:20b</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%207:7–12&version=nrsv">Romans 7:7–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203:28&version=nrsv">Galatians 3:28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:3–5&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:3–5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:15&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:4&version=nrsv">Romans 6:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE.SIN-324"><a href="#cite_ref-JE.SIN_324-0">^</a> Jewish Encyclopedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13761-sin">SIN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE.ATONEMENT-325"><a href="#cite_ref-JE.ATONEMENT_325-0">^</a> Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2092-atonement">ATONEMENT</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr19152276-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrr19152276_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrr1915">Orr 1915</a>, p. 2276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1977-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1977_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1977_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1977_328-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1977">Sanders 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:16&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:3&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203–4&version=nrsv">Galatians 3–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%202:16–26&version=nrsv">Romans 2:16–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%209–11&version=nrsv">Romans 9–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zechariah%208:20–23&version=nrsv">Zechariah 8:20–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018_336-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado.Fredriksen.2018_336-2">c</a> Larry Hurtado (4 December 2018 ), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2018/12/04/when-christians-were-jews-paula-fredriksen-on-the-first-generation/">"When Christians were Jews": Paula Fredriksen on "The First Generation"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:25&version=nrsv">Romans 11:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Jordan Cooper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/justandsinner/krister-stendahl-and-the-new-perspective-on-paul/">E.P. Sanders and the New Perspective on Paul</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1983-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1983_339-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1983">Sanders 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn198295–122-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn198295–122_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, pp. 95–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-WrightNP-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WrightNP_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrightNP_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913214047/http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_New_Perspectives.htm">"New Perspectives on Paul"</a>. Ntwrightpage.com. 28 August 2003. 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Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai-library.com&rft.atitle=Christianity+from+a+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Perspective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fstockman_christianity_bahai_perspective%26chapter%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAageson2008" class="citation book cs1">Aageson, James W. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21606-8"><bdi>978-90-04-21606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph+and+the+Heretic%3A+Ibn+Saba%CA%BE+and+the+Origins+of+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21606-8&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjeYxAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndria2012" class="citation book cs1">Andria, Solomon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJoBTjneGCUC&pg=PA271">Romans</a>. 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Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8148-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8148-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-8148-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zealot%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-8148-3&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzealotlifetimeso00reza%2Fpage%2F184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAugustine2019" class="citation book cs1">Augustine (2019). Thomas Williams (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXvqvAEACAAJ">Confessions</a>. 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Christus Victor (SPCK 1931)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAune2010" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C">The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-1894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1894-4&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1844" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Barnes, Albert (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesexplanator16barngoog/page/n212/mode/2up">Notes on the New Testament Explanatory and Practical</a>. Vol. VI. II. Corinthians and Galatians. Glasgow: Blackie & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+New+Testament+Explanatory+and+Practical&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Blackie+%26+Son&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesexplanator16barngoog%2Fpage%2Fn212%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1963" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, C. K. (1963). The Pastoral Epistles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2002" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC">Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5"><bdi>978-0-8308-2699-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Rise+of+Early+Christianity%3A+A+History+of+New+Testament+Times&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2699-5&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlFYY_iVt9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2005" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEfBfYC5NU4C&pg=PA83">The Birth of Christianity: The First Twenty Years</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2781-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Christianity%3A+The+First+Twenty+Years&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2781-4&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEfBfYC5NU4C%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnstone1984" class="citation book cs1">Barnstone, Willis (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtbYAAAAMAAJ">The Other Bible</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250031-1"><bdi>978-0-06-250031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Bible&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250031-1&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtbYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBitner2015" class="citation book cs1">Bitner, Bradley J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8rSCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA268">Paul's Political Strategy in 1 Corinthians 1-4</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08848-1"><bdi>978-1-107-08848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Political+Strategy+in+1+Corinthians+1-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08848-1&rft.aulast=Bitner&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8rSCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechtel1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Judaizers">"Judaizers" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaizers&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Bechtel&rft.aufirst=Florentine+Stanislaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackSmithSpivey2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"</a>. Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. pp. 187–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17">10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-5711-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536">1082543536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242771713">242771713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082543536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242771713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MSHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Boyarin, Daniel</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=la8wDwAAQBAJ">A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21214-5"><bdi>978-0-520-21214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Radical+Jew%3A+Paul+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21214-5&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dla8wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brann, Ross (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbrCTfBSFaEC">Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14673-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14673-7"><bdi>978-0-691-14673-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+the+Portrayal%3A+Representations+of+Jews+and+Muslims+in+Eleventh-+and+Twelfth-Century+Islamic+Spain&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14673-7&rft.aulast=Brann&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbrCTfBSFaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC">The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. A–D. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo8csizDv0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownMeier1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edward_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Edward Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a>; Meier, John P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6H3XKLXGvYC&pg=PA124">Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2532-6"><bdi>978-0-8091-2532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+and+Rome%3A+New+Testament+Cradles+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2532-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft.au=Meier%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6H3XKLXGvYC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchesapostles00raym">The Churches the Apostles Left Behind</a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchesapostles00raym/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2611-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-2611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+the+Apostles+Left+Behind&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2611-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchesapostles00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edward_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Edward Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a>; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland Edmund (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7UfMQAACAAJ">The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</a>. G. Chapman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-225-66640-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-225-66640-3"><bdi>978-0-225-66640-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jerome+Biblical+Commentary&rft.pub=G.+Chapman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-225-66640-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft.au=Fitzmyer%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Roland+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7UfMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0">An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> "Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul?" Bulletin John Rylands Library 58 (1976) 283–305</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce2000" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmWlKKB_iYgC">Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4778-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4778-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4778-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+of+the+Heart+Set+Free&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4778-2&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Fyvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmWlKKB_iYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudge1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Budge, E.A. Wallis (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contendingsofapo02budguoft/page/526/mode/2up/search/pomegranate">The Contendings of the Twelve Apostles: Being the Histories and the Lives and Martyrdomes and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists</a>. Vol. 2. The English Translation. London: Henry Frowde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contendings+of+the+Twelve+Apostles%3A+Being+the+Histories+and+the+Lives+and+Martyrdomes+and+Deaths+of+the+Twelve+Apostles+and+Evangelists&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=E.A.+Wallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontendingsofapo02budguoft%2Fpage%2F526%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fpomegranate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton2000" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Ernest de Witt (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b52QYgZg6W8C&pg=PR26">A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05029-8"><bdi>978-0-567-05029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-567-05029-8&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+de+Witt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db52QYgZg6W8C%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Butler, Alban (1866). "Saint Paul, the Apostle. June 30". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/6/301.html">The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints. Compiled from Original Monuments and Authentic Records</a>. Vol. VI: June. Dublin: James Duffy – via bartleby.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Paul%2C+the+Apostle.+June+30&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Fathers%2C+Martyrs%2C+and+Other+Principal+Saints.+Compiled+from+Original+Monuments+and+Authentic+Records&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=James+Duffy&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F210%2F6%2F301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalisi2021" class="citation book cs1">Calisi, Antonio (February 2021). Paul Apostle of Christ: Call, Journeys, Epistles, Teachings, Martyrdom. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-9189-5171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-9189-5171-0"><bdi>978-9-9189-5171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Apostle+of+Christ%3A+Call%2C+Journeys%2C+Epistles%2C+Teachings%2C+Martyrdom&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+KDP+Print+US&rft.date=2021-02&rft.isbn=978-9-9189-5171-0&rft.aulast=Calisi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCapesReevesRichards2011" class="citation book cs1">Capes, David B.; Reeves, Rodney; Richards, E. Randolph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BP_UCCr93N8C&pg=PA203">Rediscovering Paul: An Introduction to His World, Letters and Theology</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3941-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-3941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Paul%3A+An+Introduction+to+His+World%2C+Letters+and+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3941-4&rft.aulast=Capes&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Richards%2C+E.+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBP_UCCr93N8C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMoo2009" class="citation book cs1">Carson, D.A.; Moo, Douglas J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5FXRZo5c4C">An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53955-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53955-1"><bdi>978-0-310-53955-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53955-1&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft.au=Moo%2C+Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAV5FXRZo5c4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2010" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Timothy W.R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3tMAwAAQBAJ&q=Divine+Initiative+and+the+Christology+of+the+Damascus+Road+Encounter.">Divine Initiative and the Christology of the Damascus Road Encounter</a>. Eugene: Pickwick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-325-3"><bdi>978-1-60899-325-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Initiative+and+the+Christology+of+the+Damascus+Road+Encounter&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pub=Pickwick&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-325-3&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3tMAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DDivine%2BInitiative%2Band%2Bthe%2BChristology%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDamascus%2BRoad%2BEncounter.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Conzelmann" title="Hans Conzelmann">Conzelmann, Hans</a>, The Acts of the Apostles – A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (Augsburg Fortress 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole1989" class="citation book cs1">Cole, R. Alan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHNs7L-rYQAC">The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: An Introduction and Commentary</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0478-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-0478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+Paul+to+the+Galatians%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0478-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHNs7L-rYQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Raymond F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kifCGDC1ur8C&pg=PA4">1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22247-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22247-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+%26+2+Timothy+and+Titus%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22247-5&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Raymond+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkifCGDC1ur8C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrease2019" class="citation journal cs1">Crease, Robert P. (18 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00872-w">"The rise and fall of scientific authority – and how to bring it back"</a>. Nature. 567 (7748): 309–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.567..309C">2019Natur.567..309C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00872-w">10.1038/d41586-019-00872-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81987842">81987842</a>. <q>Hanging in the Louvre Museum in Paris is an imposing painting, The Preaching of St Paul at Ephesus. In this 1649 work by Eustache Le Sueur, the fiery apostle lifts his right hand as if scolding the audience, while clutching a book of scripture in his left. Among the rapt or fearful listeners are people busily throwing books into a fire. Look carefully, and you see geometric images on some of the pages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+scientific+authority+%E2%80%93+and+how+to+bring+it+back&rft.volume=567&rft.issue=7748&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00872-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A81987842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.567..309C&rft.aulast=Crease&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-00872-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a> (3rd Revised ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_LeonardisMasi1999" class="citation book cs1">De Leonardis, Serena; Masi, Stefano (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owS4gojfggEC&pg=PA21">Art and History: Rome and the Vatican</a>. Casa Editrice Bonechi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-476-0178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-476-0178-9"><bdi>978-88-476-0178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+History%3A+Rome+and+the+Vatican&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Bonechi&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-476-0178-9&rft.aulast=De+Leonardis&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.au=Masi%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowS4gojfggEC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Young2004" class="citation book cs1">De Young, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60JLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Terrorism, Islam, and Christian Hope: Reflections on 9-11 and Resurging Islam</a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-005-8"><bdi>978-1-59752-005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Islam%2C+and+Christian+Hope%3A+Reflections+on+9-11+and+Resurging+Islam&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-005-8&rft.aulast=De+Young&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60JLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2010" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Terence (2010). "Ch. 3 Introduction to the Pauline Corpus". In John Muddiman; John Barton (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyQUDAAAQBAJ">The Pauline Epistles</a>. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958026-2"><bdi>978-0-19-958026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+3+Introduction+to+the+Pauline+Corpus&rft.btitle=The+Pauline+Epistles&rft.series=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958026-2&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyQUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Driscoll, James F. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nazarite">"Nazarite" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazarite&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn1982" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (1982). "The New Perspective on Paul". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Manson Memorial Lecture, 4 November 1982. 65 (2): 95–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.65.2.6">10.7227/BJRL.65.2.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+New+Perspective+on+Paul&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.65.2.6&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. 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McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-2916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-2916-0"><bdi>978-0-7674-2916-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436028175">436028175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436028175&rft.isbn=978-0-7674-2916-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D13MbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHengel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRIKVslqctkC&pg=PA43">Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25736-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Between+Damascus+and+Antioch%3A+The+Unknown+Years&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25736-1&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRIKVslqctkC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHengel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hengel, Martin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227023045/https://www.ibr-bbr.org/files/bbr/BBR_2002a_04_Hengel_PaulInArabia.pdf">"Paul in Arabia"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_for_Biblical_Research" title="Bulletin for Biblical Research">Bulletin for Biblical Research</a>. 12 (1): 47–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26422340">10.2307/26422340</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26422340">26422340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53622634">53622634</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibr-bbr.org/files/bbr/BBR_2002a_04_Hengel_PaulInArabia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Paul+in+Arabia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53622634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26422340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26422340&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibr-bbr.org%2Ffiles%2Fbbr%2FBBR_2002a_04_Hengel_PaulInArabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHennacy2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Hennacy, Ammon</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HldMAwAAQBAJ">The Book of Ammon</a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-053-5"><bdi>978-1-60899-053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ammon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-053-5&rft.aulast=Hennacy&rft.aufirst=Ammon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHldMAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, Erik H. (2016). "Preface to the Wittenberg Edition of Luther's German Writings, 1539". The Annotated Luther, Volume 4. Augsburg Fortress. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt19qgg0d.20">10.2307/j.ctt19qgg0d.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6510-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-6510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+Wittenberg+Edition+of+Luther%27s+German+Writings%2C+1539&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Luther%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt19qgg0d.20&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-6510-5&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Erik+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindsonCaner2008" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Ed; Caner, Ergun (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&pg=PA280">The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity</a>. Harvest House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-3635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-3635-4"><bdi>978-0-7369-3635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Apologetics%3A+Surveying+the+Evidence+for+the+Truth+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-3635-4&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Caner%2C+Ergun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyipXIHcteRsC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorrell2006" class="citation book cs1">Horrell, David G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQS6SDqDga4C&pg=PA30">An Introduction to the Study of Paul</a> (2nd ed.). A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04083-1"><bdi>978-0-567-04083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Paul&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04083-1&rft.aulast=Horrell&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQS6SDqDga4C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC">Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3167-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">James, Montague Rhodes</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/JAMESApocryphalNewTestament1924/page/n295/mode/2up">"The Acts of Paul"</a>. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Acts+of+Paul&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Montague+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FJAMESApocryphalNewTestament1924%2Fpage%2Fn295%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1854" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1854). H. A. Washington (ed.). The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Being his Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private. Published by the Order of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, from the Original Manuscripts, Deposited in the Department of State, With Explanatory Notes, Tables of Contents, and a Copious Index to Each Volume, as well as a General Index to the Whole. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: Taylor Maury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Being+his+Autobiography%2C+Correspondence%2C+Reports%2C+Messages%2C+Addresses%2C+and+Other+Writings%2C+Official+and+Private.+Published+by+the+Order+of+the+Joint+Committee+of+Congress+on+the+Library%2C+from+the+Original+Manuscripts%2C+Deposited+in+the+Department+of+State%2C+With+Explanatory+Notes%2C+Tables+of+Contents%2C+and+a+Copious+Index+to+Each+Volume%2C+as+well+as+a+General+Index+to+the+Whole&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Taylor+Maury&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKee1983" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Howard Clark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingnew0000keeh_l8f2">Understanding the New Testament</a>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-936591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-936591-1"><bdi>978-0-13-936591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-13-936591-1&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Howard+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingnew0000keeh_l8f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeller2010" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Marie Noël (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPXJmAEACAAJ">Priscilla and Aquila: Paul's Coworkers in Christ Jesus</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5284-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-5284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Priscilla+and+Aquila%3A+Paul%27s+Coworkers+in+Christ+Jesus&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5284-8&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Marie+No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPXJmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Suk_Kim" title="Yung Suk Kim">Kim, Yung Suk</a>. A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0">978-1-60899-793-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirk2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, J. R. Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSTnGu9InSYC">Jesus Have I Loved, but Paul?: A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3625-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3625-8"><bdi>978-1-4412-3625-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Have+I+Loved%2C+but+Paul%3F%3A+A+Narrative+Approach+to+the+Problem+of+Pauline+Christianity&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3625-8&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSTnGu9InSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoester2000" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Helmut (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&pg=107">History and Literature of Early Christianity</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014970-8"><bdi>978-3-11-014970-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Literature+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014970-8&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthXUHM5udTcC%26pg%3D107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, Leonard Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&pg=PA400">The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. B&H. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=B%26H&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+Leonard+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-MG9sFLAz0C%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKroegerKroeger1998" class="citation book cs1">Kroeger, Richard Clark; Kroeger, Catherine Clark (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kuxgEACAAJ">I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking I Timothy 2:11–15 in Light of Ancient Evidence</a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5250-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-5250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Suffer+Not+a+Woman%3A+Rethinking+I+Timothy+2%3A11%E2%80%9315+in+Light+of+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-5250-7&rft.aulast=Kroeger&rft.aufirst=Richard+Clark&rft.au=Kroeger%2C+Catherine+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8kuxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKümmel1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Georg_K%C3%BCmmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Georg Kümmel">Kümmel, Werner Georg</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00kum_u2q">Introduction to the New Testament</a>. Abingdon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-19576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-19576-3"><bdi>978-0-687-19576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-687-19576-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Werner+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00kum_u2q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLadeuze1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ladeuze, Paulin (1909). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians">"Epistle to the Ephesians" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistle+to+the+Ephesians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Ladeuze&rft.aufirst=Paulin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLake1911" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Kirsopp (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlierepistleso00lakeuoft#page/320/mode/2up">The earlier Epistles of St. Paul, their motive and origin</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earlier+Epistles+of+St.+Paul%2C+their+motive+and+origin&rft.place=London&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Kirsopp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fearlierepistleso00lakeuoft%23page%2F320%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Langton" title="Daniel Langton">Langton, Daniel R.</a> (2010). The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51740-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostle+Paul+in+the+Jewish+Imagination&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51740-9&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangton2011a" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Daniel (2011). Westerholm, Stephen (ed.). Jewish Readings of Paul in Blackwell Companion to Paul. Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Readings+of+Paul+in+Blackwell+Companion+to+Paul&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangton2011b" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Daniel (2011). Levine, Amy-Jill (ed.). Paul in Jewish Thought in The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+in+Jewish+Thought+in+The+Jewish+Annotated+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation cs2">Lee, Michelle V. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLzErItyonUC">Paul, the Stoics, and the Body of Christ</a>, Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series, vol. 137, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511584541">10.1017/CBO9780511584541</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-51-158454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-51-158454-1"><bdi>978-0-51-158454-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+the+Stoics%2C+and+the+Body+of+Christ&rft.series=Society+for+New+Testament+Studies+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511584541&rft.isbn=978-0-51-158454-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Michelle+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLzErItyonUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles, eds. (1879). <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1890" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html">The Apostolic Fathers: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations</a>. Macmillan. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-5612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-5612-8"><bdi>0-8010-5612-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54248207">54248207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+A+Revised+Text+with+Introductions%2C+Notes%2C+Dissertations%2C+and+Translations&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54248207&rft.isbn=0-8010-5612-8&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Barber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2F1clement-lightfoot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaccoby1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Maccoby, Hyam</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=co_CxizRbTAC&pg=PA14">The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity</a>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0787-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0787-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-0787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythmaker%3A+Paul+and+the+Invention+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0787-6&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dco_CxizRbTAC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ronald_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Ronald MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis Ronald</a>, 1983. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664244644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664244644">978-0664244644</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldHarrington2000" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Margaret Y.; Harrington, Daniel J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zy2Qr9lXOMC&pg=PA58">Colossians and Ephesians</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5819-2"><bdi>978-0-8146-5819-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossians+and+Ephesians&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5819-2&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Y.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zy2Qr9lXOMC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2004" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Margaret Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1I04xHK4gW0C&pg=PA109">The Pauline Churches: A Socio-Historical Study of Institutionalization in the Pauline and Deutrero-Pauline Writings</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61605-8"><bdi>978-0-521-61605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pauline+Churches%3A+A+Socio-Historical+Study+of+Institutionalization+in+the+Pauline+and+Deutrero-Pauline+Writings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61605-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1I04xHK4gW0C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Mack, Burton L.</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowrotenewtesta00mack_0">Who wrote the New Testament? The making of the Christian myth</a>, Harper San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065517-4"><bdi>978-0-06-065517-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+wrote+the+New+Testament%3F+The+making+of+the+Christian+myth&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-065517-4&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhowrotenewtesta00mack_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1997" class="citation cs2">Mack, Burton L. (1997) [1995], Wie schreven het Nieuwe Testament werkelijk? Feiten, mythen en motieven. (Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth), Uitgeverij Ankh-Hermes bv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wie+schreven+het+Nieuwe+Testament+werkelijk%3F+Feiten%2C+mythen+en+motieven.+%28Who+Wrote+the+New+Testament%3F+The+Making+of+the+Christian+Myth%29&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Ankh-Hermes+bv&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalherbe1986" class="citation journal cs1">Malherbe, Abraham J. (1986). "A Physical Description of Paul". Harvard Theological Review. 79 (1–3): 170–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000020435">10.1017/S0017816000020435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509409">1509409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162687215">162687215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=A+Physical+Description+of+Paul&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162687215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000020435&rft.aulast=Malherbe&rft.aufirst=Abraham+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarrow1986" class="citation book cs1">Marrow, Stanley B. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulhislettershi00marr">Paul: His Letters and His Theology: An Introduction to Paul's Epistles</a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulhislettershi00marr/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809127443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809127443"><bdi>978-0809127443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+His+Letters+and+His+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Paul%27s+Epistles&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0809127443&rft.aulast=Marrow&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulhislettershi00marr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1980" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I. Howard (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofapostles00mars/page/42">The Acts of the Apostles</a>. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1423-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1423-9"><bdi>0-8028-1423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8028-1423-9&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=I.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofapostles00mars%2Fpage%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2016" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Sean (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIm1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03190-1"><bdi>978-1-317-03190-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Apostles%3A+Examining+the+Martyrdom+Accounts+of+the+Closest+Followers+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03190-1&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdIm1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYN3Rowp8ZYC">Christianity: An Introduction</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0901-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-0901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0901-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYN3Rowp8ZYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcRay2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McRay" title="John McRay">McRay, John</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvgexcfnWC0C">Paul: His Life and Teaching</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441205742" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441205742"><bdi>978-1441205742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1441205742&rft.aulast=McRay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvgexcfnWC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeissner1996" class="citation book cs1">Meissner, Stefan (1996). Die Heimholung des Ketzers. 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Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-864-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-864-0"><bdi>978-0-86554-864-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-864-0&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNLZYtBEw0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontague1966" class="citation book cs1">Montague, George T. (1966). The Living Thought of St. Paul. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Thought+of+St.+Paul&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Bruce+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMount2022" class="citation book cs1">Mount, Christopher (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VW5sEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">"Acts"</a>. In Schellenberg, Ryan S.; Wendt, Heidi (eds.). T&T Clark Handbook to the Historical Paul. T&T Clark Handbooks. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-69199-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-69199-6"><bdi>978-0-567-69199-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acts&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Handbook+to+the+Historical+Paul&rft.series=T%26T+Clark+Handbooks&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-567-69199-6&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVW5sEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgg1962" class="citation book cs1">Ogg, George (1962). "Chronology of the New Testament". In Black, Matthew (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Peake%27s_Commentary_on_the_Bible" title="Peake's Commentary on the Bible">Peake's Commentary on the Bible</a>. Nelson. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5847288M">5847288M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=Peake%27s+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5847288M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiswonger1992" class="citation book cs1">Niswonger, Richard L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC">New Testament History</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-31201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-31201-7"><bdi>978-0-310-31201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+History&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-31201-7&rft.aulast=Niswonger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyAXaNnz9sUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrr1915" class="citation book cs1">Orr, James, ed. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168697/page/n177/mode/2up?q=Gamaliel">The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia</a>. Vol. IV. Chicago: Howard-Severance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopaedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Howard-Severance&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.168697%2Fpage%2Fn177%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DGamaliel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagels1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggWpAwAAQBAJ">The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85539-591-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85539-591-6"><bdi>978-1-85539-591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Paul%3A+Gnostic+Exegesis+of+the+Pauline+Letters&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85539-591-6&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggWpAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1993" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Thomas Henry Louis. (1993). Calvin's New Testament commentaries. T. and T. Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-29241-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-29241-X"><bdi>0-567-29241-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/716774834">716774834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin%27s+New+Testament+commentaries&rft.pub=T.+and+T.+Clark&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716774834&rft.isbn=0-567-29241-X&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry+Louis.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1988" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingnewtesta00perk">Reading the New Testament: An Introduction</a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingnewtesta00perk/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2939-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-2939-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2939-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingnewtesta00perk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolhill1999" class="citation book cs1">Polhill, John B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_adrslNlSgC&dq=Paul+Rome+60+house+arrest&pg=PA80">Paul and His Letters</a>. Broadman & Holman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805-41097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-805-41097-6"><bdi>978-0-805-41097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+His+Letters&rft.pub=Broadman+%26+Holman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-805-41097-6&rft.aulast=Polhill&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_adrslNlSgC%26dq%3DPaul%2BRome%2B60%2Bhouse%2Barrest%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetit1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Petit, Louis (1909). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Archdiocese_of_Durazzo">"Archdiocese of Durazzo" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Durazzo&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark Allan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe">Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey</a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-2868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical%2C+Literary%2C+and+Theological+Survey&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2868-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingnewte00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrat1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Prat, Ferdinand (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Paul">"St. Paul" </a>. 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Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0617-7"><bdi>978-1-4514-0617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Diversity%3A+The+Witness+of+Paul+and+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0617-7&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgxiyTZZUQ0C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiddell2001" class="citation book cs1">Riddell, Peter G. 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Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0740-2"><bdi>978-1-4514-0740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+Palestinian+Judaism%3A+A+Comparison+of+Patterns+of+Religion&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0740-2&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwLYbNMZA50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders1983" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E.P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAQ8VuUoxIC">Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People</a>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0741-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0741-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-0741-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+the+Law%2C+and+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0741-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuAQ8VuUoxIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sanders, E.P. (27 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle">"Saint Paul, the Apostle"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C">"Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme"</a>, Novum Testamentum Supplements, Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7"><bdi>90-04-09521-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum+Supplements&rft.atitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=90-04-09521-7&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShillington2007" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, V. George (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgDdKRKoZtwC&pg=PA18">An Introduction to the Study of Luke-Acts</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03053-5"><bdi>978-0-567-03053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Luke-Acts&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03053-5&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=V.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgDdKRKoZtwC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpence-Jones2015" class="citation book cs1">Spence-Jones, Henry (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91xfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">The Pulpit Commentary</a>. Vol. 8. Delmarva Publications. GGKEY:EER24GEUYX4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pulpit+Commentary&rft.pub=Delmarva+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Spence-Jones&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91xfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">Spong, John Shelby</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806022207/http://www.escapefromwatchtower.com/spong7%268.html">The Man From Tarsus</a>", in Rescuing the Bible From Fundamentalism, reprint ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaggStagg1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Stagg" title="Evelyn Stagg">Stagg, Evelyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(theologian)" title="Frank Stagg (theologian)">Stagg, Frank</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGwRAQAAIAAJ">Woman in the World of Jesus</a>. Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24195-7"><bdi>978-0-664-24195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+in+the+World+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24195-7&rft.aulast=Stagg&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft.au=Stagg%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGwRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dburnett.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/The-Apostle-Paul-and-the-Introspective-Conscience-of-the-West.pdf">"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"</a> (PDF). Harvard Theological Review. 56 (3): 199–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000024779">10.1017/S0017816000024779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331485">170331485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Apostle+Paul+and+the+Introspective+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000024779&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dburnett.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F07%2FThe-Apostle-Paul-and-the-Introspective-Conscience-of-the-West.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1976" class="citation book cs1">Stendahl, Krister (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulamongjewsgen00sten">Paul Among Jews and Gentiles, and Other Essays</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1224-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-1224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Among+Jews+and+Gentiles%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1224-5&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulamongjewsgen00sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabor2013" class="citation web cs1">Tabor, James D. 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B. R. Tucker. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchandstatea00yarrgoog/page/n23">17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+and+Other+Essays%3A+Including+Money%3B+Man+and+Woman%3A+Their+Respective+Functions%3B+The+Mother%3B+A+Second+Supplement+to+the+Kreutzer+Sonata&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=B.+R.+Tucker&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchandstatea00yarrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaardenburg1999" class="citation book cs1">Waardenburg, Jacques (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC">Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535576-5"><bdi>978-0-19-535576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Perceptions+of+Other+Religions%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535576-5&rft.aulast=Waardenburg&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLDPuc4SL_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWesterholm2015" class="citation journal cs1">Westerholm, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directionjournal.org/44/1/new-perspective-on-paul-in-review.html">"The New Perspective on Paul in Review"</a>. Direction. 44 (1): 4–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Direction&rft.atitle=The+New+Perspective+on+Paul+in+Review&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Westerholm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.directionjournal.org%2F44%2F1%2Fnew-perspective-on-paul-in-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">White, L. Michael</a> (2007). From Jesus to Christianity. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081610-0"><bdi>978-0-06-081610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jesus+to+Christianity&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-081610-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=L.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiley2002" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Tatha (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUVrj1R8f2oC&pg=PA21">Original Sin: Origins, Developments, Contemporary Meanings</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4128-9"><bdi>978-0-8091-4128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Sin%3A+Origins%2C+Developments%2C+Contemporary+Meanings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4128-9&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Tatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUVrj1R8f2oC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilken2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA17">"Ephesus, Rome, and Edessa: The Spread of Christianity"</a>. The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press. pp. 17–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bd7m.6">j.ctt32bd7m.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012021755">2012021755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160590164">160590164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephesus%2C+Rome%2C+and+Edessa%3A+The+Spread+of+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT+%2F+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012021755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160590164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bd7m.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1957" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Charles Stephan Conway (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6Q9AAAAYAAJ">A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles</a>. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Stephan+Conway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6Q9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Wilson" title="Barrie Wilson">Wilson, Barrie</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoPjQ3lVFTYC">How Jesus Became Christian: The Early Christians And The Transformation Of A Jewish Teacher Into The Son Of God</a>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-206-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-206-6"><bdi>978-1-78022-206-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+Christian%3A+The+Early+Christians+And+The+Transformation+Of+A+Jewish+Teacher+Into+The+Son+Of+God&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-206-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoPjQ3lVFTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrede1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wrede" title="William Wrede">Wrede, William</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Paulpaulus/page/n193/mode/2up">Paul</a>. Translated by Edward Lummis. London: Philip Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Philip+Green&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Wrede&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPaulpaulus%2Fpage%2Fn193%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1974" class="citation book cs1">Wright, G. Ernest (1974). Great People of the Bible and How They Lived. Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+People+of+the+Bible+and+How+They+Lived&rft.place=Pleasantville%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Reader%27s+Digest+Association%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=G.+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, N. T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jbl/1996-4_683.pdf">"Paul, Arabia, and Elijah (Galatians 1:17)"</a> (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 115 (4): 683–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3266349">10.2307/3266349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3266349">3266349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Paul%2C+Arabia%2C+and+Elijah+%28Galatians+1%3A17%29&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3266349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3266349&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fjbl%2F1996-4_683.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, N.T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213073958/https://www.cbeinternational.org/sites/default/files/v20n4p1.pdf">"The Biblical Basis for Women's Service in the Church"</a> (PDF). Priscilla Papers. 20 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbeinternational.org/sites/default/files/v20n4p1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Priscilla+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Basis+for+Women%27s+Service+in+the+Church&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeinternational.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fv20n4p1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPall2013" class="citation book cs1">Pall, Zoltan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-t3RAysVJkC">Lebanese Salafis Between the Gulf and Europe: Development, Fractionalization and Transnational Networks of Salafism in Lebanon</a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-451-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-451-0"><bdi>978-90-8964-451-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanese+Salafis+Between+the+Gulf+and+Europe%3A+Development%2C+Fractionalization+and+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafism+in+Lebanon&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-451-0&rft.aulast=Pall&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-t3RAysVJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgosto2012" class="citation book cs1">Agosto, Efrain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nw7Yp2WFBmMC&pg=PA201">Servant Leadership: Jesus and Paul</a>. Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-3506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-3506-9"><bdi>978-0-8272-3506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servant+Leadership%3A+Jesus+and+Paul&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8272-3506-9&rft.aulast=Agosto&rft.aufirst=Efrain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnw7Yp2WFBmMC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Bradford" title="Ernle Bradford">Bradford, Ernle</a>. Paul the Traveller: Saint Paul and his World. Allen Lane, 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Davies" title="W. D. Davies">Davies, W. D.</a> Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology. S.P.C.K., 3rd ed., 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-281-02449-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-281-02449-9">0-281-02449-9</a>.</li> <li>Davies, W. D. "The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul" in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Black" title="Matthew Black">Matthew Black</a> (ed.), Peake's Commentary on the Bible. London: T. Nelson, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8407-5019-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8407-5019-6">0-8407-5019-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, Paula (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ">When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24074-0"><bdi>978-0-300-24074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24074-0&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Schoeps" title="Hans-Joachim Schoeps">Hans-Joachim Schoeps</a>. Paul: The Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History (Library of Theological Translations); 34 pages, Lutterworth Press (July 2002); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17013-7">978-0-227-17013-7</a>.</li> <li>Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Bedeutung d. Kündereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan. Doppelwerk, in: Jesus als Bote d. Heils. Stuttgart 2008, 166–72.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome</a>. Jesus and Paul: Parallel Lives (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5173-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5173-9">0-8146-5173-9</a>.</li> <li>Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5845-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5845-8">0-8146-5845-8</a>.</li> <li>Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826749-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826749-5">0-19-826749-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Lapide" title="Pinchas Lapide">Pinchas Lapide</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuhlmacher" title="Peter Stuhlmacher">Peter Stuhlmacher</a>. Paul: Rabbi and Apostle; 77 pages, Augsburg Publishing House; (December 1984).</li> <li>Pinchas Lapide, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Swidler" title="Leonard Swidler">Leonard Swidler</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a>. Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarian Doctrine; 94 pages, Wipf & Stock Publishers (2002).</li> <li>Reece, Steve. Paul's Large Letters: Pauline Subscriptions in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions. London: T&T Clark, 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Rashdall" title="Hastings Rashdall">Rashdall, Hastings</a> (1919), The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology.</li> <li>Ruef, John, Paul's First Letter to Corinth (Penguin 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Segal, Alan F.</a> Paul, the Convert, (New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04527-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04527-1">0-300-04527-1</a>.</li> <li>Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World (Harvard University Press, 1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674750760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674750760">978-0674750760</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Paul_the_Apostle.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Paul_the_Apostle.ogg/Paul_the_Apostle.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_the_Apostle.ogg" title="File:Paul the Apostle.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 23 February 2019 (2019-2-23), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kjk8z">St Paul</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2013/10/17/paul-of-tarsus-the-origins-of-christianity-in-jewish-context/">Lecture on Paul of Tarsus</a> s by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Dr. Henry Abramson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11567b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Paul of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170617/http://zenit.org/rssenglish-20538">Documentary film on Apostle Paul</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlet1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bartlet, James Vernon (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Paul,_the_Apostle">"Paul, the Apostle" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 938–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%2C+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E938-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bartlet&rft.aufirst=James+Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+the+Apostle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.net/index.php?option=dedestaca&id=703">Novena to Saint Paul Apostle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/missions.html">Paul's mission and letters</a> From PBS Frontline series on the earliest Christians.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/showthread.php/iconografia_paolo_tarso-18221.html">Representations of Saint Paul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033913/http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/showthread.php/iconografia_paolo_tarso-18221.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447019/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle">"Saint Paul, the Apostle".</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spindleworks.com/library/rfaber/aratus.htm">The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus</a> Dr. Riemer Faber</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217101909/http://www.parsagard.com/shipwreck.htm">The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Examination of Acts 27 and 28</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831023851/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=37&Issue=1&ArticleID=10">Why Paul Went West: The Differences Between the Jewish Diaspora</a> Biblical Archaeology Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20400">Santiebeati: Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=91">Catholic Online: Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantours.com.my/footsteps-of-st-paul-greece/">Footsteps of St. Paul</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantours.com.my/">Christian Tours</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,paul%20map&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=topic,include,Paul,%20the%20Apostle,%20Saint,1&lang=en_US&came_from=sort">Old maps showing the travels of Paul</a> from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template talk:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journeys of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul the Apostle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>3a. <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li>3b. <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalea</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (returns to beginning of journey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>)</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (again)</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acts_of_the_Apostles158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template talk:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acts_of_the_Apostles158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_3" title="Acts 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_4" title="Acts 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_10" title="Acts 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_13" title="Acts 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_14" title="Acts 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_16" title="Acts 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology809" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template talk:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> (Prudentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a> (Iustitia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Fortitude</a> (Fortitudo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>, Book IV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faith,_Hope_and_Love,_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)"><img alt="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/120px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/250px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Three <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a> (Fides)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a> (Spes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Love</a> (Caritas)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul the Apostle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seven lively virtues versus <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> (Castitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a> (Caritas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a> (Diligentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a> (Humanitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a> (Patientia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a> (Humilitas)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> (Luxuria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a> (Gula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> (Avaritia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a> (Acedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a> (Ira)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a> (Invidia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> (Superbia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Source: <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomachia" title="Psychomachia">Psychomachia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>People: <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1047" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church1047" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominguito_del_Val" title="Dominguito del Val">Dominguito del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_couples" title="List of venerated couples">Venerated couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/20px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/40px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/20px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/26px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/34px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church668" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coptic_saints" title="Template talk:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church668" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Saints in the Coptic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/120px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/250px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, Our Lady of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assiut" title="Our Lady of Assiut">Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Warraq" title="Our Lady of Warraq">Warraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Zeitoun" title="Our Lady of Zeitoun">Zeitoun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Suriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zedekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe the Deaconess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tarn%C5%ABt" title="Abāmūn of Tarnūt">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tukh" title="Abāmūn of Tukh">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanoub" title="Abanoub">Abanoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaskhiron_the_Soldier" title="Abaskhiron the Soldier">Abaskhiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandrian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Arianus" title="Saint Arianus">Arianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Basilides and Potamiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Chrysanthus and Daria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaffredo" title="Chiaffredo">Chiaffredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Colluthus" title="Saint Colluthus">Colluthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian" title="Cosmas and Damian">Cosmas and Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Cyprian and Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">Cyrus and John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasya" title="Dasya">Dasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiana" title="Demiana">Demiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Alexandria" title="Dorothea of Alexandria">Dorothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_and_Companions" title="Elias and Companions">Elias and Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimachus_of_Pelusium" title="Epimachus of Pelusium">Epimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus,_Abibus_and_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria">Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Abdel_El-Metgaly" title="Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly">Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gallicanus" title="Saint Gallicanus">Gallicanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anba_George" title="Anba George">George Bishop of Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_El_Mozahem" title="George El Mozahem">George El Mozahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereon" title="Gereon">Gereon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor,_Besoy,_and_Daydara" title="Hor, Besoy, and Daydara">Hor, Besoy, and Daydara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">Imbaba Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Dafra" title="Isaac of Dafra">Isaac of Dafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Senhout" title="John of Senhout">John of Senhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Malati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Marina the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Memnon" title="Saint Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohrael" title="Mohrael">Mohrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Moura" title="Saint Moura">Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otimus" title="Otimus">Otimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philotheos" title="Saint Philotheos">Philotheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rais" title="Saint Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_the_Martyr" title="Sarah the Martyr">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Theoclia" title="Saint Theoclia">Theoclia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_and_Didymus" title="Theodora and Didymus">Theodora and Didymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">Theodore Stratelates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Varus" title="Saint Varus">Varus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria" title="Febronia of Syria">Veronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadamoun" title="Wadamoun">Wadamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanas" title="Wanas">Wanas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadiu_of_Antinoe" title="Abadiu of Antinoe">Abadiu of Antinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraam,_Bishop_of_Faiyum" title="Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum">Abraam of Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory of Neocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob of Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem"> John of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Karas" title="Bishop Karas">Karas of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Mikhail_of_Asyut" title="Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut">Mikhaeil of Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Bishop" title="Paphnutius the Bishop">Paphnutius of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Porphyrius" title="Saint Porphyrius">Porphyrius of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psote" title="Psote">Psote of Ebsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion of Thmuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_of_Gabala" title="Severian of Gabala">Severian of Gabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousab_El_Abah" title="Yousab El Abah">Yousab el-Abah of Girga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Messih_El-Makari" title="Abdel Messih El-Makari">Abdel Messih El-Makari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abib_and_Apollo" title="Abib and Apollo">Abib and Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Scetis" title="Abraham of Scetis">Abraham of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Awgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Awgin">Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsiesius" title="Horsiesius">Horsiesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitius" title="Hospitius">Hospitius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Irini" title="Mother Irini">Mother Irini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Pelusium" title="Isidore of Pelusium">Isidore of Pelusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">John the Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria" title="Macarius of Alexandria">Macarius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambo" title="Pambo">Pambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patapios_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patapios of Thebes">Patapios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah" title="Paul of Tammah">Paul of Tammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Simple" title="Paul the Simple">Paul the Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_of_Egypt" title="Petronius of Egypt">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishoy" title="Pishoy">Pishoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Samuel the Confessor">Samuel the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisoes_the_Great" title="Sisoes the Great">Sisoes the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Tabennese" title="Theodorus of Tabennese">Theodorus of Tabennese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Alexandria" title="Theodora of Alexandria">Theodora of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Karas" title="Saint Karas">Karas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misael_the_Anchorite" title="Misael the Anchorite">Misael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onuphrius" title="Onuphrius">Onuphrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Ascetic" title="Paphnutius the Ascetic">Paphnutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijimi" title="Pijimi">Pijimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Hermit" title="Thomas the Hermit">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine" title="Zosimas of Palestine">Zosimas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Other saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Alexandria" title="Euphrosyne of Alexandria">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Girgis" title="Habib Girgis">Habib Girgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Candidus" title="Saint Candidus">Candidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Maximus_and_Domatius" title="Saints Maximus and Domatius">Maximus and Domatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verena" class="mw-redirect" title="Verena">Verena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/20px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/26px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/34px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">List of martyrs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Centuries9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/40px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/60px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/40px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/60px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5671" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5671" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9200#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012283424X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100178828">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100178816">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72147118118426340361">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/775154381057130292520">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8145857075922922066">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56160483787104992131">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4224168049039038410000">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68937692">8</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8323159477652327990003">9</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1547167504509793090008">10</a></li><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f5b484c85-vj87c","wgBackendResponseTime":450,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.742","walltime":"4.219","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37167,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":842297,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48315,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":910289,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3335.291 1 -total"," 20.20% 673.821 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.93% 598.153 220 Template:Sfn"," 16.38% 546.330 117 Template:Cite_book"," 8.50% 283.655 44 Template:Cite_web"," 8.44% 281.437 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.00% 266.823 1 Template:Infobox_saint"," 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[\"CITEREFBoyarin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromiley1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFitzmyerMurphy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownMeier1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudge1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalisi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapesReevesRichards2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarsonMoo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrease2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuming1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LeonardisMasi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Young2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscoll1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnRogerson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskola2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEusebius1885\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFinlan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredriksen2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiguzzi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagner1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHengel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHengel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennacy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindsonCaner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Chrysostom1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKee1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazarzar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKontogiorgakis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroegerKroeger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKümmel1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLactantius\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLadeuze1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangton2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangton2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShort1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongenecker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonaldHarrington2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaccoby1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalherbe1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarrow1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeissner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontague1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMount2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiswonger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgg1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagels1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetit1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolhill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrat1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintus_Septimius_Florens_Tertullianus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhoads1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandayn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanidopoulos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanidopoulos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanidopoulos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeifrid1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence-Jones2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaggStagg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStendahl1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStendahl1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulpitius_Severus1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTajra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTertullian1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiessen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolstoy1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValsecchi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaardenburg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesterholm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrede1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 6,\n [\"Acts of the Apostles\"] = 1,\n [\"Apostles\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 183,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"C.\"] = 3,\n [\"Catholic philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian virtue ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coptic saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 8,\n [\"Hebrew name\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Catholic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox theologian\"] = 1,\n [\"Journeys of Paul of Tarsus\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"New Testament people\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 15,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 220,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 7,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","12.7"],["?","300","11.9"],["dataWrapper 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Apostle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_the_Apostle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9200","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9200","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T20:11:33Z","dateModified":"2025-03-10T13:40:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Rubens_apostel_paulus_grt.jpg","headline":"Early Christian apostle and missionary (c. AD 5 \u2013 c. 64\/65)"}</script> </body> </html>