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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of catering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_catering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of catering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Bogle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Bogle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Robert Bogle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Bogle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Evolution of catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Event catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mobile catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seat-back_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seat-back_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seat-back catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seat-back_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canapé_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canapé_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canapé catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canapé_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedding_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedding_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wedding catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedding_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipboard_catering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipboard_catering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shipboard catering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipboard_catering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تموين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تموين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketrinq" title="Ketrinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ketrinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toitlustamine" title="Toitlustamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toitlustamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1terin" title="Cáterin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáterin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پذیرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پذیرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiteur_organisateur_de_r%C3%A9ceptions" title="Traiteur organisateur de réceptions – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traiteur organisateur de réceptions" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%A7%81" title="케이터링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이터링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasa_boga" title="Jasa boga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jasa boga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%94" title="הסעדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסעדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9gl%C3%A1t%C3%A1s" title="Vendéglátás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vendéglátás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кетеринг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кетеринг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katering" title="Katering – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ケータリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケータリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кейтеринг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кейтеринг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catering" title="Catering – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Catering" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кейтеринг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кейтеринг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B0%E7%87%B4" title="到燴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="到燴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%87%B4" title="外燴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外燴" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Commercial food service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For food service in general, see <a href="/wiki/Food_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Food service">Food service</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Caterer" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/The_Caterer" title="The Caterer"><i>The Caterer</i></a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Caterer_(surname)" title="Caterer (surname)">Caterer (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Hong Kong constituency, see <a href="/wiki/Catering_(constituency)" title="Catering (constituency)">Catering (constituency)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Catering#Worldview" title="Talk:Catering">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochon_555_125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cochon_555_125.jpg/220px-Cochon_555_125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cochon_555_125.jpg/330px-Cochon_555_125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cochon_555_125.jpg/440px-Cochon_555_125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Caterers preparing for a formal event</figcaption></figure><p><b>Catering</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> of providing <a href="/wiki/Food_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Food service">food services</a> at a remote site or a site such as a <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filming_location" title="Filming location">filming location</a> or <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studio</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_catering">History of catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest account of major services being catered in the United States was an event for <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> of Philadelphia in 1778. The event served local foods that were a hit with the attendees, who eventually popularized catering as a career. The official industry began to be recognized around the 1820’s, with the caterers being disproportionately African-American.<sup id="cite_ref-feast_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feast-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catering business began to form around 1820, centered in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feast_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feast-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Bogle">Robert Bogle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Robert Bogle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The industry began to professionalize under the reigns of Robert Bogle who is recognized as "the originator of catering."<sup id="cite_ref-history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catering was originally done by servants of wealthy elites. Butlers and <a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">house slaves</a>, which were often black, were in a good position to become caterers. Essentially, caterers in the 1860s were "public butlers" as they organized and executed the food aspect of a social gathering. A public butler was a butler working for several households. Bogle took on the role of public butler and took advantage of the food service market in the hospitality field.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caterers like Bogle were involved with events likely to be catered today, such as weddings and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bogle also is credited with creating the Guild of Caterers and helping train other black caterers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is important because catering provided not only jobs to black people but also opportunities to connect with elite members of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> society. Over time, the clientele of caterers became the middle class, who could not afford lavish gatherings and increasing competition from white caterers led to a decline in black catering businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_catering">Evolution of catering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution of catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1840s many restaurant owners began to combine catering services with their shops. Second-generation caterers grew the industry on the East Coast, becoming more widespread. <sup id="cite_ref-history_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common usage of the word "caterer" came about in the 1880s at which point local directories began to use these term to describe the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-feast_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feast-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White businessmen took over the industry by the 1900’s, with the Black Catering population disappearing.<sup id="cite_ref-feast_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feast-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the Soviet Union, creating more simple menus, began developing state public catering establishments as part of its collectivization policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rationing system was implemented during World War II, and people became used to public catering. After the Second World War, many businessmen embraced catering as an alternative way of staying in business after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, the home-made food was overtaken by eating in public catering establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 2000s, personal chef services started gaining popularity, with more women entering the workforce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> People between 15 and 24 years of age spent as little as 11–17 minutes daily on food preparation and clean-up activities in 2006-2016, according to figures revealed by the American Time Use Survey conducted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of catering, including Event catering, Wedding Catering and Corporate Catering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Event_catering">Event catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Event catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An event caterer serves food at indoor and outdoor events, including corporate and workplace events and parties at home and venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_catering">Mobile catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mobile catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_catering" title="Mobile catering">Mobile catering</a></div> <p>A mobile caterer serves food directly from a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a>, cart or truck which is designed for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile catering is common at outdoor events such as <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Workplace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Workplace">workplaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtown</a> business districts. Mobile catering services require less maintenance costs when compared with other catering services. Mobile caterers may also be known as food trucks in some areas. Mobile catering is popular throughout <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, though sometimes can be unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_van" title="Ice cream van">Ice cream vans</a> are a familiar example of a catering truck in Canada, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seat-back_catering">Seat-back catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seat-back catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seat-back catering was a service offered by some charter airlines in the United Kingdom (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Court_Line" title="Court Line">Court Line</a>, which introduced the idea in the early 1970s, and <a href="/wiki/Dan-Air" title="Dan-Air">Dan-Air</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that involved embedding two meals in a single seat-back tray. "One helping was intended for each leg of a charter flight, but Alan Murray, of Viking Aviation, had earlier revealed that 'with the ingenious use of a nail file or coin, one could open the inbound meal and have seconds'. The intention of participating airlines was to "save money, reduce congestion in the cabin and give punters the chance to decide when to eat their meal".<sup id="cite_ref-calder_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By requiring less galley space on board, the planes could offer more passenger seats.<sup id="cite_ref-detective_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-detective-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>TravelUpdate</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s columnist, "The Flight Detective", "Salads and sandwiches were the usual staples," and "a small pellet of dry ice was put into the compartment for the return meal to try to keep it fresh."<sup id="cite_ref-detective_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-detective-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in addition to the fact that passengers on one leg were able to consume the food intended for other passengers on the following leg, there was a "food hygiene" problem,<sup id="cite_ref-calder_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the concept was discontinued by 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-detective_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-detective-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canapé_catering"><span id="Canap.C3.A9_catering"></span>Canapé catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canapé catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A canapé caterer serves <a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">canapés</a> at events. They have become a popular type of food at events, Christmas parties and weddings. A canapé is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">hors d'oeuvre</a>, a small, prepared, and often decorative food, consisting of a small piece of bread or pastry. They should be easier to pick up and not be bigger than one or two bites. The bite-sized food is usually served before the starter or main course or alone with drinks at a drinks party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wedding_catering">Wedding catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wedding catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wedding caterer provides food for a wedding reception and party, traditionally called a wedding breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wedding caterer can be hired independently or can be part of a package designed by the venue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catering service providers are often skilled and experienced in preparing and serving high-quality cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offer a diverse and rich selection of food, creating a great experience for their customers. There are many different types of wedding caterers, each with their approach to food. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_catering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedding_catering.jpg/220px-Wedding_catering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedding_catering.jpg/330px-Wedding_catering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wedding_catering.jpg/440px-Wedding_catering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>An example of wedding catering</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipboard_catering">Shipboard catering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shipboard catering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">Merchant ships</a> – especially <a href="/wiki/Ferries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferries">ferries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_liners" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise liners">cruise liners</a>, and large <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a> – often carry Catering Officers. In fact, the term "catering" was in use in the world of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a> long before it became established as a land-bound business.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/catering" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/catering">catering</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronorm" title="Gastronorm">Gastronorm</a>, a European standard for food container sizes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-feast-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feast_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feast_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feast_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feast_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChastain1987" class="citation news cs1">Chastain, Sue (March 5, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203184326/http://articles.philly.com/1987-03-05/news/26223512_1_black-industry-catering-exhibit">"Philadelphia's Historic Feasts How Blacks Carved Out A Niche In Society Through Catering"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/1987-03-05/news/26223512_1_black-industry-catering-exhibit">the original</a> on December 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philadelphia%27s+Historic+Feasts+How+Blacks+Carved+Out+A+Niche+In+Society+Through+Catering&rft.date=1987-03-05&rft.aulast=Chastain&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F1987-03-05%2Fnews%2F26223512_1_black-industry-catering-exhibit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2009" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Juliet E. K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfiV6kQm2OYC&pg=PA133"><i>The history of black business in America: capitalism, race, entrepreneurship</i></a> (2nd ed.). Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807832417" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807832417"><bdi>978-0807832417</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+black+business+in+America%3A+capitalism%2C+race%2C+entrepreneurship&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=133-134&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0807832417&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Juliet+E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfiV6kQm2OYC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libwww.freelibrary.org/blog/post/4847">"Blog: Robert Bogle and Philadelphia's Dynastic Black Caterers"</a>. <i>Free Library of Philadelphia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Library+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Blog%3A+Robert+Bogle+and+Philadelphia%27s+Dynastic+Black+Caterers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibwww.freelibrary.org%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F4847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsOddyAmilien2012" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Peter; Oddy, Derek J.; Amilien, Virginie (2012). <i>The Rise of Obesity in Europe: A Twentieth Century Food History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Food-Truck+Business+Stinks&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-food-truck-business-stinks.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (2013-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/12/ice-cream-vans-chimes">"Ice-cream vans granted more time to chime"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ice-cream+vans+granted+more+time+to+chime&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2013%2Fjul%2F12%2Fice-cream-vans-chimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danairremembered.com/on-board.php">"On-Board"</a>. <i>Dan Air Remembered</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dan+Air+Remembered&rft.atitle=On-Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danairremembered.com%2Fon-board.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span> Photo of seat back catering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calder-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calder_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calder_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder,_Simon1999" class="citation news cs1">Calder, Simon (May 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/travel-pioneering-airlines-set-standards-that-todays-carriers-could-only-exceed-1090730.html">"Travel" Pioneering Airlines Set Standards that Today's Carriers Could Only Exceed"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Travel%22+Pioneering+Airlines+Set+Standards+that+Today%27s+Carriers+Could+Only+Exceed&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft.au=Calder%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftravel-pioneering-airlines-set-standards-that-todays-carriers-could-only-exceed-1090730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-detective-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-detective_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-detective_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-detective_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Flight_Detective2018" class="citation web cs1">The Flight Detective (November 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travelupdate.boardingarea.com/seat-back-catering/">"HAVE YOU HEARD OF THE CONCEPT OF SEAT BACK CATERING ON FLIGHTS?"</a>. <i>Travel Update: Boarding Area</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Update%3A+Boarding+Area&rft.atitle=HAVE+YOU+HEARD+OF+THE+CONCEPT+OF+SEAT+BACK+CATERING+ON+FLIGHTS%3F&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.au=The+Flight+Detective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravelupdate.boardingarea.com%2Fseat-back-catering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1969" class="citation book cs1">Staff, Condé Nast Publications (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wDXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vogue's Book of Etiquette and Good Manners</i></a>. Condé Nast Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20138-8"><bdi>978-0-671-20138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogue%27s+Book+of+Etiquette+and+Good+Manners&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Publications&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-671-20138-8&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wDXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuỳnh_Nhi2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huỳnh Nhi (2024-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.vn/chi-hang-chuc-trieu-dong-thue-nguoi-len-ke-hoach-tiec-cuoi-18524010620290792.htm">"Chi hàng chục triệu đồng thuê người lên kế hoạch tiệc cưới"</a>. <i>thanhnien.vn</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhnien.vn&rft.atitle=Chi+h%C3%A0ng+ch%E1%BB%A5c+tri%E1%BB%87u+%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng+thu%C3%AA+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+l%C3%AAn+k%E1%BA%BF+ho%E1%BA%A1ch+ti%E1%BB%87c+c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft.au=Hu%E1%BB%B3nh+Nhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.vn%2Fchi-hang-chuc-trieu-dong-thue-nguoi-len-ke-hoach-tiec-cuoi-18524010620290792.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrí2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trí, Dân (2024-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dantri.com.vn/doi-song/dam-cuoi-o-yen-bai-dai-mon-son-nu-nem-con-va-to-thuc-don-la-gay-sot-mang-20241118144240956.htm">"Đám cưới ở Yên Bái đãi món "sơn nữ ném còn" và tờ thực đơn lạ gây sốt mạng"</a>. <i>Báo điện tử Dân Trí</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD+D%C3%A2n+Tr%C3%AD&rft.atitle=%C4%90%C3%A1m+c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi+%E1%BB%9F+Y%C3%AAn+B%C3%A1i+%C4%91%C3%A3i+m%C3%B3n+%22s%C6%A1n+n%E1%BB%AF+n%C3%A9m+c%C3%B2n%22+v%C3%A0+t%E1%BB%9D+th%E1%BB%B1c+%C4%91%C6%A1n+l%E1%BA%A1+g%C3%A2y+s%E1%BB%91t+m%E1%BA%A1ng&rft.date=2024-11-18&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fdoi-song%2Fdam-cuoi-o-yen-bai-dai-mon-son-nu-nem-con-va-to-thuc-don-la-gay-sot-mang-20241118144240956.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadgle" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leadgle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cukcuk.vn/">"MISA CukCuk"</a>. <i>Phần mềm quản lý nhà hàng, quán cafe, quán ăn CUKCUK.VN</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ph%E1%BA%A7n+m%E1%BB%81m+qu%E1%BA%A3n+l%C3%BD+nh%C3%A0+h%C3%A0ng%2C+qu%C3%A1n+cafe%2C+qu%C3%A1n+%C4%83n+CUKCUK.VN&rft.atitle=MISA+CukCuk&rft.au=Leadgle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cukcuk.vn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-trang-tre/co-that-su-can-thiet-thue-wedding-planner-cho-dam-cuoi-cua-ban-1851383386.htm">"Có thật sự cần thiết thuê wedding planner cho đám cưới của bạn?"</a>. <i>thanhnien.vn</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhnien.vn&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3+th%E1%BA%ADt+s%E1%BB%B1+c%E1%BA%A7n+thi%E1%BA%BFt+thu%C3%AA+wedding+planner+cho+%C4%91%C3%A1m+c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi+c%E1%BB%A7a+b%E1%BA%A1n%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.vn%2Fthoi-trang-tre%2Fco-that-su-can-thiet-thue-wedding-planner-cho-dam-cuoi-cua-ban-1851383386.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777754#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catering"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147391-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Caterers and catering"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020998">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284852505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 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