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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生命現象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生命現象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生命現象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生命現象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关定義子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳統定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳統定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>傳統定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳統定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">生命</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。167种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ህይወት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABf" title="Līf – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka%C3%B1a" title="Jakaña – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99yat" title="Həyat – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاشاییش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاشاییش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Тормош – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тормош" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Gīvībė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыццё – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыццё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыцьцё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыцьцё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="जिनगी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिनगी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཚོ་བ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཚོ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhez" title="Buhez – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolu" title="Ngolu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ngolu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амидарал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амидарал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-m%C3%AAng" title="Sĕng-mêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-mêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дахар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дахар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژین – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywyd" title="Bywyd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%9Bvili" title="Nyɛvili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyɛvili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Ζωή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo" title="Vivo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu" title="Elu – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa" title="Vía – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4" title="Elämä – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula_(kilanibula)" title="Bula (kilanibula) – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bula (kilanibula)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie" title="Vie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewent" title="Leewent – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leewent" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libben" title="Libben – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove" title="Tekove – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-miang" title="Sâng-miang – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-miang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindagi" title="Zindagi – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zindagi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89let" title="Élet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կյանք – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidup" title="Pengidup – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengidup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biag" title="Biag – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вахар – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вахар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADf" title="Líf – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laif" title="Laif – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_kamji%27e" title="lo kamji'e – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo kamji'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urip" title="Urip – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urip" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სიცოცხლე – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცოცხლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ГъащӀэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ГъащӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тіршілік – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіршілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜೀವನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="생명 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Джашау – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джашау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زِنٛدگی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زِنٛدگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyan" title="Jiyan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewnans" title="Bewnans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bewnans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тиричилик – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тиричилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leve" title="Leve – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitta" title="Vitta – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vitta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom%C9%94i" title="Bomɔi – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວິດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvyb%C4%97" title="Gyvybė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Dzīvība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana" title="Fiainana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduik" title="Hiduik – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hiduik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ജീവൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амьдрал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьдрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidupan" title="Hidupan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="သက်ရှိ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="उयिर् (सन् २००६या संकिपा) – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उयिर् (सन् २००६या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet" title="Livet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laaef" title="Laaef – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Laaef" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ژوند – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay" title="Kawsay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Жизнь – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Жывот – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жывот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima" title="Ubuzima – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuzima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Олох – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Олох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A" title="زندگي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زندگي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ජීවය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Življenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupenyu" title="Hupenyu – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hupenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolosha" title="Nolosha – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nolosha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta" title="Jeta – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirup" title="Hirup – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzip" title="uzip – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="uzip" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="జీవం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Зиндагӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зиндагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ชีวิต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Da%C5%9Fa%C3%BDy%C5%9F" title="Ýaşaýyş – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýaşaýyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ui" title="Mo'ui – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mo'ui" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam" title="Yaşam – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutomi" title="Vutomi – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тереклек – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тереклек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Життя – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayot" title="Hayot – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo" title="Elo – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Sự sống – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lif" title="Lif – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(biyolodjeye)" title="Veye (biyolodjeye) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თელარა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თელარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9F" title="לעבן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengmingh" title="Sengmingh – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sengmingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81" title="Sèⁿ-miā – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impilo" title="Impilo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名字空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="望内容页[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="有关内容页面个讨论（页面弗存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">原文</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&variant=wuu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu"><span>原文</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&variant=wuu-hans" lang="wuu-Hans" hreflang="wuu-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-wuu-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&variant=wuu-hant" lang="wuu-Hant" hreflang="wuu-Hant"><span>正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="视图"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=history" title="该只页面老早个版本[h]" accesskey="h"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="家生" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">家生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">家生</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=history"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="链到箇里个所有wiki页面个清单[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链进来点啥</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" rel="nofollow" title="箇页链出去个全部页箇阶段变化[k]" accesskey="k"><span>搭界个改动</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=wuu" title="上传文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特别页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&oldid=305136" title="箇页当前版本个老世链接"><span>老世链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&id=305136&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关哪亨引用箇页个信息"><span>引用箇篇文章</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%2591%25BD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%2591%25BD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD"><span>创建书本</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>作为PDF下载</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&printable=yes" title="箇页个打印版[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 别个项目里向 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3" title="链接到有关数据存储库项[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自维基百科，自由个百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align:center; padding:2.5px; width:200px; background: F9F9F9; border: 1px solid limegreen"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:limegreen;"><div class="floatleft" style="width:16px; height:16px;"> </div><span class="metadata"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%A1%86%E5%93%AA%E6%81%81%E8%AF%BB" title="Wikipedia:生物分类框哪恁读"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Torchlight_help_icon.svg/16px-Torchlight_help_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Torchlight_help_icon.svg/24px-Torchlight_help_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Torchlight_help_icon.svg/32px-Torchlight_help_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></span>生命 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="生物存活於石山之上"><img alt="生物存活於石山之上" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg/250px-Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg/375px-Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg/500px-Waitakere_Piha_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center">生物存活於石山之上</div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:limegreen;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="生物分类法">生物分类法</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>总域： </td> <td><span class="superdomain">生命</span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="background:limegreen;"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (生物)">域</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="界 (生物)">界</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 .5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li>生物 ** <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="古细菌">古细菌</a> ** <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="细菌">细菌</a> ** <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真核细胞（页面弗存在）">真核细胞</a> *** <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="动物">动物</a> *** <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a> *** <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> *** <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a> * <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="外星生命">外星生命</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg/250px-Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg/375px-Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg/500px-Hoh_rain_forest_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>是有生命特徵个生物</figcaption></figure> <p><b>生命</b>泛指一类具有稳定个<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物质</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="代谢">代谢</a>现象并且能回应<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刺激（页面弗存在）">刺激</a>、能进行自我复制（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>）个半开放物质系统。人个生命，有常时吴语也讲<b>性命</b>。簡單來講，也就是由有生命機制个物体<sup id="cite_ref-AHDLife_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHDLife-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。生命個体一定会经历<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="出生">出生</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成长（页面弗存在）">成长</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衰老（页面弗存在）">衰老</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="死亡">死亡</a>。生命种群则在一代代個体个更替中经过<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然选择</a>发生<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="进化">进化</a>以适应环境。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>嚜是以研究生命爲中心个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科學</a>。 </p><p>生命个頂小單位是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>，生物是由一個或多個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>組成，能够<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a>，維持<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" title="稳态">恆定性</a>，可以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发育生物学（页面弗存在）">成長</a>，回应<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刺激（页面弗存在）">刺激</a>，可以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>，以適應外界<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="环境">環境</a>，繼續繁殖并產生後代。在地球个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a>內可以尋著交關弗同个生物，在迭排生物中（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>），儕有共同个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特徵（页面弗存在）">特徵</a>，儕是由以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>爲基礎个<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>構成，有其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織（页面弗存在）">組織</a>以及可以<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="遗传">遺傳</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>資訊。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>大概是在45.4億年前形成功。顶早个生命至少大概在35億年產生。<sup id="cite_ref-Origin1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origin2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>當時是始太古代，冥古宙熔化个地殼已經固化。地球上顶早个生物證據是在西<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0" title="格陵兰">格陵蘭</a>發現个37億年前變質岩中个生物物質石墨<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，及西澳洲34.8億年前砂岩中个远古生物化石<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過交關研究推測地球在更早就已经有得生命<sup id="cite_ref-AB-20021014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-20021014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據其中一種研究，可能在42.5億年前就已有生命<sup id="cite_ref-NS-20080702_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-20080702-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，另一個研究嚜認爲是44億年前<sup id="cite_ref-RN-20090520_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RN-20090520-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。目前原旧弗確定地球上產生生命个機制，不過已有交關个生命起源假說。生命形成功仔以後，變成功交交關關形式，生物學家則擔其分類成交關分類單元个體系。生命好在各色各样條件下生存。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生命現象"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.91.BD.E7.8F.BE.E8.B1.A1"></span>生命現象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生命現象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>另外，新陈代谢搭自我复制个能力常时是看成功判断生命个根本条件，迭个称作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命现象（页面弗存在）">生命现象</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>在有寄主可<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>个辰光，會得表現出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命現象（页面弗存在）">生命現象</a>；但在嘸沒寄主可寄生个辰光咾，弗會得表現生命現象，个咾病毒是介於生命與非生命之間个一種有机物。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>生命嘸沒公認定義，弗同个科學家有曾提出歇各種定義。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傳統定義"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>傳統定義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：傳統定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>科學家經常認爲衹有生物體會展現以下全部現象： </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E5%85%A7%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體內平衡（页面弗存在）">體內平衡</a></b>：能够調節體內環境以維持身體處於一個相对恆定个狀態，譬如恒温动物能發汗来降低过热个體溫，也能靠发抖来产生额外个热量以保持体温。</li> <li><b>組織性</b>：由一個或以上个生物基本單位──細胞所組成。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a></b>：能够轉換非生物爲細胞成分（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E6%88%90%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組成代謝（页面弗存在）">組成代謝</a>）以及分解有機物（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分解代謝（页面弗存在）">分解代謝</a>）来获取搭转化能量。生物體需要能量来維持體內平衡及产生其他生命现象。</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞生長（页面弗存在）">生長</a></b>：使組成代谢个速率高於分解代谢个速率来让细胞体积增大，并在细胞分裂後使细胞成长。一個生長中个有機體增加其细胞个数量搭体积，而弗止是将得到个物質积存起来。某些物种个個体可以长得很巨大，譬如蓝鲸。</li> <li><b>適應</b>：對環境变化作出反應个能力，与生物当前个身体构造、生活习性及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="遗传">遺傳</a>有关。迭種能力對生存是交關重要个。生物可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化">進化</a>适应环境。</li> <li><b>對刺激作出反應</b>：反應可以以交關方式進行，从單細胞变形虫畀触碰辰光个收縮到高等生物在弗同情况下个複雜反射。最常见个反应是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动">運動</a>，譬如植物个葉片轉向太陽以及動物追捕其獵物。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a></b>：能够產生新个個體。包括衹需一個親本个<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="无性生殖">無性生殖</a>搭需要至少兩個親本个<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>。</li></ol> <p>但是，迭個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="定义">定義</a>也有局限性<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。譬如：有星生物体弗能繁殖，因爲佢拉是正常物种中自然形成个。迭眼生物体仍是生命。有種人話生命个特性是可<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="遗传">遺傳</a>个；因此，迭眼弗好繁殖个有機體也还是有生命个，佢拉仍可以通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E5%B1%AC%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親屬選擇（页面弗存在）">親屬選擇</a>等機理来产生新個体。 </p><p>有種人认为病毒搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%93" title="朊毒体">朊毒體</a>（能够进行自我复制个蛋白质）是可以自行複製个毒素而弗是生命体，因爲佢拉弗能在嘸沒其他细胞个情况下表现出生命现象。但是，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%AC%A1%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立克次體（页面弗存在）">立克次體</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A3%E5%8E%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衣原體屬（页面弗存在）">衣原體</a>等有类似<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>个细胞结构个生物也弗能獨立執行交關重要个生物過程，佢拉也要进入<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>宿主細胞个細胞質內進行生長搭自我複製。另外，幾乎所有个生命儕倚賴别他物種提供食物，并且归根结底需要地球丄某些细胞个特殊化學作用来提供能量源，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>搭海底热泉细菌个硫化作用。 </p><p>具系統性个生命定義是，生物是自我組織並自我製造个。迭種物質搭耗散結構弗好混淆（如：火）。 </p><p>迭個定義變種包括了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯图亚特·考夫曼（页面弗存在）">斯图亚特·考夫曼</a>（Stuart Kauffman）定義生命爲能夠複製自家或人家个一種自主主体（autonomous agent）或一種多主体系统（multi-agent system），並至少完成一次熱力學循環。 </p><p>别他定義包括： </p> <ol><li>生命是具自我組織、自相殘殺个<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="系统">系統</a>个特徵，而其中包含仔会得突變个族群。迭隻定義弗包括有排哲學定義爲有生命个火焰，但包括仔工蟻、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A1" title="骡">騾</a>。自我複製以及能量消耗衹不過系統要保持延續个方法之一。迭能便好解釋爲啥蜂有生命但又會爲了保護蜂巢而自殺。在迭個個案裏向整個群體運作个方式與生物無異。</li> <li>一種製造弗同且可變複雜性个互動物質組織，透過利用物質搭能量複製「接近完美」个個體。迭隻定義中个「接近完美」便是複製中有利於使生物適應環境个突變。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AHDLife-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AHDLife_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i> of the English Language, 4th edition, published by Houghton Mifflin Company, via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/life">Answers.com</a>:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Origin1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). <i>Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils.</i> Precambrian Research 158:141-155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Origin2_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schopf, JW (2006). <i>Fossil evidence of Archaean life.</i> Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RavenJohnson2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RavenJohnson2002_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Hamilton_Raven-2002">Hamilton Raven, Peter（2002）．<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GtlqPwAACAAJ">Biology</a>．McGraw-Hill Education．<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-112261-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-112261-0">ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0</a>．於2013-07-07参阅．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.aulast=Hamilton+Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.isbn=978-0-07-112261-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtlqPwAACAAJ"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohtomo, Yoko (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2025.html">Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks</a>. Nature Geoscience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20131113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20131113_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom</a>". <i>AP News</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.au=Borenstein%2C%26%2332%3BSeth&rft.date=13+November+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AB-20021014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AB-20021014_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenenbaum, David (October 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/293/when-did-life-on-earth-begin-ask-a-rock">When Did Life on Earth Begin? Ask a Rock</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. 访问日脚April 13, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-20080702-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NS-20080702_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Courtland, Rachel (July 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14245-did-newborn-earth-harbour-life.html">Did newborn Earth harbour life?</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Scientist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Scientist（页面弗存在）">New Scientist</a></i>. 访问日脚April 13, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RN-20090520-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RN-20090520_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steenhuysen, Julie (May 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/20/us-asteroids-idUSTRE54J5PX20090520">Study turns back clock on origins of life on Earth</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 访问日脚April 13, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226">http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html">Archive copy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html">原始文档</a>勒2012-03-14存档. 访问日脚2017-05-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://forums.hypography.com/biology/6702-what-exactly-constitutes-life.html">http://forums.hypography.com/biology/6702-what-exactly-constitutes-life.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427220202/http://forums.hypography.com/biology/6702-what-exactly-constitutes-life.html">档案</a>，存勒<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>当中。（2007年4月27号）　實際上是甚麼構成生命？</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wiktionary-logo-zh.png/36px-Wiktionary-logo-zh.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wiktionary-logo-zh.png/54px-Wiktionary-logo-zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wiktionary-logo-zh.png/72px-Wiktionary-logo-zh.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="150" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">勒中文維基辭典裡向尋<b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zh:Special:Search/生命">生命</a></b>。</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg/40px-Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg/60px-Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg/80px-Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上有关个摘錄： <div class="interProject" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/q:Special:Search/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:q:Special:Search/生命">生命</a></b></div> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">取自“<a dir="ltr" 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