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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Furukawa Ichibei</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichibei_Furukawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ichibei_Furukawa.JPG/220px-Ichibei_Furukawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Ichibei_Furukawa.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Furukawa Ichibei, "The Copper King of Japan"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">April 16, 1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5, 1903 (aged 70)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">古河市兵衛</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Industrialist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Group" title="Furukawa Group">Furukawa zaibatzu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Furukawa</i>.</div> <p><b>Furukawa Ichibei</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古河市兵衛</span></span>, April 16, 1832 - April 5, 1903)</span> was a Japanese businessman who founded one of the fifteen largest industrial conglomerates in Japan, specializing in electrical goods, chemicals and metals. He bought the <a href="/wiki/Ashio_copper_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashio copper mine">Ashio copper mine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government">Japanese government</a> in 1877, which he later organized, with his other holdings, into an <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">industrial conglomerate</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Group" title="Furukawa Group">Furukawa zaibatsu</a>, one of the most important in Japan. Japanese companies today with the names "Furukawa" and "Fuji", often belong to this group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Furukawa's school education began and ended before <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Commodore Perry</a>'s ships entered Japanese waters. His parents were lower middle-class and could not afford to give him a higher education. It was about the time of the treaty that opened Japan to commerce with the United States and other civilized nations, that the strong traits manifested by the boy attracted the attention of a business man in his native town. He was adopted by an eccentric man named Furukawa Tarozaemon, who gave his adopted son some schooling in business. The stepfather and son had frequent but respectful differences of opinion, but in time the father realized that Furukawa was usually right and in time gave him free rein – a Japanese instance of <i><a href="/wiki/Fortiter_in_re_suaviter_in_modo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortiter in re suaviter in modo">fortiter in re, suaviter in modo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce_and_foreign_trade">Commerce and foreign trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commerce and foreign trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Furukawa made large profits in the raw silk trade, exporting his stock for foreign consumption. He also did well in the rice trade, while suffering severe losses at times - an early example of the vicissitudes of commodities trading.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of his successes in commerce, Furukawa felt the need to be directly involved with the working man. He yearned to be a captain of industry, desirous of expanding employment opportunities for his compatriots, as unemployment was a serious problem in Japan. He had aspirations similar to a few pioneering industrialists in the West who wished to improve the lot of the working man and to expand the demand for his services. He also had benevolent ideas on raising the standard of living for the working classes, espousing methods of making provision for old age, and suitable foundations to help toward that end.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opportunity to fulfill his dream came about as the result of the failure of a Japanese firm, which has considerable consequence in the business of the empire. Furukawa had reflected upon the opportunities in mining. He bought out a failing copper mine and as he found <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> to his liking, he bought another after a while. This second mine was old and had been worked for decades. It had always produced fairly, but was thought to be pretty well spent. Furukawa's purchase was laughed at by a few of the initiated and not even his own miners encouraged him in the venture. As operations in the mine improved under his ownership and management, it turned out to be one of the greatest mines of Japan, the now-famous <a href="/wiki/Ashio_Copper_Mine" title="Ashio Copper Mine">Ashio Copper Mine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His management of the Ashio Copper Mine caused a major <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution disaster</a> that rendered large swaths of farmland downstream of the Copper Mine unusable and resulted in major health damage of the people that lived in the affected area.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this workers of the mine rioted in 1907 due to the low wages, initiating the 1907 Ashio Riot that resulted in them receiving higher wages and triggered other strikes and riots in similar industries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copper">Copper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Copper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At greater depths, he found huge deposits of ore and production increased immensely. He used the great wealth he accumulated to establish his ideal industrial city in the mountains of Ashio. He built better homes for the miners, he installed schools for the young, he endowed hospitals, he built roads throughout the district, he provided instructive amusements for the working men, which was an unheard of thing in Japan at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lived among the miners so far as the outside demands of his business would permit; when away from them he was nothing more than a plain citizen of Tokyo. All the while he was extending his operations. He bought ten more mines of coal and of copper, in different districts of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So huge was his wealth and influence that superstitious people began to believe that he might be a demon and that all his beneficence was simply a ploy to gain control over them. This was especially so among neighbouring communities who did not benefit directly from the wealth of the mines, in spite of the fact that the wealth of the whole region and nation benefited from it. When the enormous pollution from the mines began to affect the health of the inhabitants of the region, they felt that their suspicions were confirmed. After riots ensued, the government stepped in and demanded a remedy. In response, Furukawa built a system of tunnels and canals to carry the industrial waste to a remote coast. The cost was great, but the work was completed under his own supervision in a short time. It was a triumph for the government and the people took it as an evidence that even the devil himself was no match for the imperial power of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Furukawa might be seen as patriarchal in his ideas, and his scheme of government as monarchal, his influence remains, and he is remembered in Japan as the highest example of a far-sighted, public-spirited man, who accomplished great things, and deserved his title of the "Copper King."<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his seventy-second year, the year prior to his death, he went to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> to open a gold mine. He also had in mind great plans to open mines in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, cut short by his death. His great wealth and ripe old age, did not cause him to slow down. He refused to listen to the remonstrances of his friends and relatives, and remained busy, and with his usual amazing success, until the end.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He first introduced machinery in the <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> of Japan, thereby extending the production of silk. He preceded all others in the use of electric lights and power in his coal mines and he established the first <a href="/wiki/Coke_oven" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke oven">coke ovens</a> in Japan. He eagerly adopted all modern improvements, and was a good customer for American inventors and manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-gateway_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gateway-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gateway_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gateway</i> Vol.1, No.3, p.5 (Oct. 1903)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Magee, Darrin (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-011-0021-4">"Brett L. Walker, Toxic archipelago: a history of industrial disease in Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010)"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 156–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JEnSS...1..156M">2011JEnSS...1..156M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13412-011-0021-4">10.1007/s13412-011-0021-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2190-6483">2190-6483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Studies+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Brett+L.+Walker%2C+Toxic+archipelago%3A+a+history+of+industrial+disease+in+Japan+%28Seattle%3A+University+of+Washington+Press%2C+2010%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-158&rft.date=2011-06&rft.issn=2190-6483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13412-011-0021-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JEnSS...1..156M&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Darrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13412-011-0021-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFurukawa+Ichibei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/104.3.883">"Nimura Kazuo. The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan. Edited by Andrew Gordon. Translated by Terry Boardman and Andrew Gordon. (Comparative and International Working-Class History.) Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. 1997. Pp. xviii, 275. Cloth $54.95, paper $17.95"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. June 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F104.3.883">10.1086/ahr/104.3.883</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Nimura+Kazuo.+The+Ashio+Riot+of+1907%3A+A+Social+History+of+Mining+in+Japan.+Edited+by+Andrew+Gordon.+Translated+by+Terry+Boardman+and+Andrew+Gordon.+%28Comparative+and+International+Working-Class+History.%29+Durham%2C+N.C.%3A+Duke+University+Press.+1997.+Pp.+xviii%2C+275.+Cloth+%2454.95%2C+paper+%2417.95&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F104.3.883&rft.issn=1937-5239&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F104.3.883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFurukawa+Ichibei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><i>This article incorporates text from OpenHistory.</i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001049370">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00710631">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&oldid=1216848427">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furukawa_Ichibei&oldid=1216848427</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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